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Casanova MI, Park S, Mayes MA, Roszak K, Ferneding M, Echeverria N, Bowman MAW, Michalak SR, Ardon M, Wong S, Le SM, Daley N, Leonard BC, Good KL, Li JY, Thomasy SM. Topical netarsudil for the treatment of primary corneal endothelial degeneration in dogs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6238. [PMID: 38485975 PMCID: PMC10940293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the tolerability and efficacy of the topical rho-kinase inhibitor netarsudil for canine primary corneal endothelial degeneration (PCED). Twenty-six eyes of 21 client-owned dogs with PCED were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, vehicle control clinical trial and received topical netarsudil 0.02% (Rhopressa®) or vehicle control twice daily (BID) for the first 4 months. Then, all patients received netarsudil for the next 4 or 8 months. Complete ophthalmic examination, ultrasonic pachymetry, Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography, and in vivo confocal microscopy were performed at baseline and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 months. Effect of netarsudil on central corneal thickness (CCT), percentage of cornea with edema, and endothelial cell density (ECD) were evaluated by repeated measures ANOVA. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test were used to compare corneal edema and clinical progression of eyes in netarsudil versus vehicle control groups. All dogs developed conjunctival hyperemia in at least one eye while receiving netarsudil. Unilateral transient reticulated intraepithelial bullae and stromal hemorrhage were observed respectively in 2 dogs in the netarsudil group. Two dogs showed persistently decreased tear production while receiving netarsudil, requiring topical immunomodulatory treatment. No significant differences in CCT, ECD, corneal edema or clinical progression were observed between netarsudil or vehicle treated eyes. When comparing efficacy of topical netarsudil BID and topical ripasudil 0.4% administered four times daily from our previous study, dogs receiving ripasudil had significantly less progression than those receiving netarsudil.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel Casanova
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sangwan Park
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Melaney A Mayes
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95161, USA
| | - Karolina Roszak
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Michelle Ferneding
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nayeli Echeverria
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Morgan A W Bowman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sarah R Michalak
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Monica Ardon
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sydni Wong
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sophie M Le
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nicole Daley
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Shahid S, Rizvi SWA, Khan AA, Ashraf H, Akhter A. Comparison of safety and efficacy of Netarsudil 0.02% and Bimatoprost 0.01% monotherapy and combination therapy in primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Indian J Ophthalmol 2024; 72:427-431. [PMID: 38146971 PMCID: PMC11001237 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1340_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study and compare the efficacy and safety profile of Rho-kinase inhibitor (netarsudil 0.02%) and prostaglandin analog (bimatoprost 0.01%) both as monotherapy and in combination. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, monocentric, open-label clinical trial. METHODS Patients ≥20 years of age with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension (IOP >21 mmHg) were recruited and randomized to receive either netarsudil 0.02%, netarsudil 0.02% + bimatoprost 0.01%, or bimatoprost 0.01% once daily for a period of 12 weeks. IOP and side effects were documented at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. RESULTS The mean treated IOP ranged 17.51-18.57 mmHg for netarsudil, 15.80-16.46 mmHg for bimatoprost, and 14.00-14.87 mmHg for the combination therapy group. The mean IOP reduction from baseline at 4, 8, and 12 weeks was found to be statistically significant ( P < 0.001) in all three groups. The safety profile of netarsudil/bimatoprost combination was consistent with each constituent individually. The only frequently observed ocular adverse event was conjunctival hyperemia, which was seen mostly in netarsudil and netarsudil + bimatoprost groups ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The IOP-lowering effect of netarsudil 0.02% once daily is non-inferior to bimatoprost 0.01% in patients with POAG and ocular hypertension with acceptable ocular safety, and the combination therapy achieved a higher IOP-lowering effect. This group of medications can be a useful adjunct in patients on maximal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Shahid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Syed Wajahat A Rizvi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Adeeb A Khan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Humayoun Ashraf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Afeefa Akhter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kantor ED, O'Connell K, Ergas IJ, Valice E, Roh JM, Bhimani J, Heon N, Griggs JJ, Lee J, Bowles EJ, Rivera DR, Kolevska T, Bandera EV, Kushi LH. Assessment of breast cancer chemotherapy dose reduction in an integrated healthcare delivery system. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 203:565-574. [PMID: 37923962 PMCID: PMC10885738 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-023-07126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most cytotoxic drugs are dosed using body surface area (BSA), yet not all cancer patients receive the full BSA-determined dose. Prior work suggests that breast cancer patients who are obese are more likely to experience dose reduction than normal weight patients. However, the factors driving dose reduction remain unclear. METHODS In 452 women diagnosed with stage I-IIIA primary breast cancer at Kaiser Permanente Northern California, we evaluated the association between obesity and dose reduction, and further explored other factors in relation to dose reduction, including various sociodemographic characteristics, tumor characteristics, and comorbidities. Study participants were a part of the Pathways Study, diagnosed between 2006 and 2013 and treated with cyclophosphamide + doxorubicin, followed by paclitaxel (ACT). Dose reduction was assessed using first cycle dose proportion (FCDP) and average relative dose intensity (ARDI), a metric of dose intensity over the course of chemotherapy. RESULTS Overall, 8% of participants received a FCDP < 90% and 21.2% had an ARDI < 90%, with dose reduction increasing with body mass index. In adjusted logistic regression models, obese women had 4.1-fold higher odds of receiving an ARDI < 90% than normal weight women (95% CI: 1.9-8.9; p-trend = 0.0006). Increasing age was positively associated with an ADRI < 90%, as was the presence of comorbidity. Dose reduction was less common in later calendar years. CONCLUSION Results offer insight on factors associated with chemotherapy dosing for a common breast cancer regimen. Larger studies are required to evaluate relevance to other regimens, and further work will be needed to determine whether dose reductions impact outcomes in obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Kantor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 633 3rd Ave, 3rd Floor, New York, NY, 10017, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kelli O'Connell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 633 3rd Ave, 3rd Floor, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Isaac J Ergas
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Emily Valice
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Janise M Roh
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Jenna Bhimani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 633 3rd Ave, 3rd Floor, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Narre Heon
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 633 3rd Ave, 3rd Floor, New York, NY, 10017, USA
- Office of Faculty Professional Development, Diversity & Inclusion, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer J Griggs
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology) and Health Management and Policy, Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jean Lee
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Erin Ja Bowles
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Donna R Rivera
- Surveillance Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tatjana Kolevska
- Kaiser Permanente Vallejo Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Elisa V Bandera
- Cancer Epidemiology and Health Outcomes, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, the State University of New Jersey, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lawrence H Kushi
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
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Futterknecht S, Chatzimichail E, Gugleta K, Panos GD, Gatzioufas Z. The Role of Rho Kinase Inhibitors in Corneal Diseases. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:97-108. [PMID: 38264539 PMCID: PMC10804875 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s435522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The cornea, as the outermost layer of the eye, plays a crucial role in vision by focusing light onto the retina. Various diseases and injuries can compromise its clarity, leading to impaired vision. This review aims to provide a thorough overview of the pharmacological properties, therapeutic potential and associated risks of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors in the management of corneal diseases. The article focuses on four key ROCK inhibitors: Y-27632, fasudil, ripasudil, and netarsudil, providing a comparative examination. Studies supporting the use of ROCK inhibitors highlight their efficacy across diverse corneal conditions. In Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy, studies on the application of Y-27632, ripasudil, and netarsudil demonstrated noteworthy enhancements in corneal clarity, endothelial cell density, and visual acuity. In pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, the injection of Y-27632 together with cultured corneal endothelial cells into the anterior chamber lead to enhanced corneal endothelial cell density and improved visual acuity. Animal models simulating chemical injury to the cornea showed a reduction of neovascularization and epithelial defects after application of fasudil and in a case of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome netarsudil improved corneal edema. Addressing safety considerations, netarsudil and ripasudil, both clinically approved, exhibit adverse events such as conjunctival hyperemia, conjunctival hemorrhage, cornea verticillata, conjunctivitis, and blepharitis. Monitoring patients during treatment becomes crucial to balancing the potential therapeutic benefits with these associated risks. In conclusion, ROCK inhibitors, particularly netarsudil and ripasudil, offer promise in managing corneal diseases. The comparative analysis of their pharmacological properties and studies supporting their efficacy underscore their potential therapeutic significance. However, ongoing research is paramount to comprehensively understand their safety profiles and long-term outcomes in diverse corneal conditions, guiding their optimal application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Futterknecht
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Konstantin Gugleta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georgios D Panos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
- Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Zisis Gatzioufas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Stalmans I, Lim KS, Oddone F, Fichtl M, Belda JI, Hommer A, Laganovska G, Schweitzer C, Voykov B, Zarnowski T, Holló G. MERCURY-3: a randomized comparison of netarsudil/latanoprost and bimatoprost/timolol in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:179-190. [PMID: 37615697 PMCID: PMC10806046 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE : To compare the efficacy and safety of the fixed-dose combination (FDC) of netarsudil 0.02%/latanoprost 0.005% ophthalmic solution (NET/LAT; Roclanda®) with bimatoprost 0.03%/timolol maleate 0.5% (BIM/TIM; Ganfort®) ophthalmic solution in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT). METHODS MERCURY-3 was a 6-month prospective, double-masked, randomized, multicenter, active-controlled, parallel-group, non-inferiority study. Patients (≥ 18 years) with a diagnosis of OAG or OHT in both eyes that was insufficiently controlled with topical medication (IOP ≥ 17 mmHg in ≥ 1 eye and < 28 mmHg in both eyes) were included. Following washout, patients were randomized to once-daily NET/LAT or BIM/TIM for up to 6 months; efficacy was assessed at Week 2, Week 4, and Month 3; safety was evaluated for 6 months. Comparison of NET/LAT relative to BIM/TIM for mean IOP at 08:00, 10:00, and 16:00 h was assessed at Week 2, Week 6, and Month 3. Non-inferiority of NET/LAT to BIM/TIM was defined as a difference of ≤ 1.5 mmHg at all nine time points through Month 3 and ≤ 1.0 mmHg at five or more of nine time points through Month 3. RESULTS Overall, 430 patients were randomized (NET/LAT, n = 218; BIM/TIM, n = 212), and all received at least one dose of study medication. Efficacy analyses were performed at Month 3 on 388 patients (NET/LAT, n = 184; BIM/TIM, n = 204). NET/LAT demonstrated non-inferiority to BIM/TIM, with a between-treatment difference in IOP of ≤ 1.5 mmHg achieved at all time points and ≤ 1.0 mmHg at the majority of time points (six of nine) through Month 3. Mean diurnal IOP during the study ranged from 15.4 to 15.6 mmHg and 15.2 to 15.6 mmHg in the NET/LAT and BIM/TIM groups respectively, with no between-group statistically significant difference. No significant differences were observed in key secondary endpoints. No serious, treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were observed, and AEs were typically mild/moderate in severity. The most common treatment-related AEs were conjunctival hyperemia (NET/LAT, 30.7%; BIM/TIM, 9.0%) and cornea verticillata (NET/LAT, 11.0%; BIM/TIM, 0%). CONCLUSIONS Once-daily NET/LAT was non-inferior to BIM/TIM in IOP reduction in OAG and OHT, with AEs consistent with previous findings. NET/LAT offers a compelling alternative FDC treatment option for OAG and OHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Stalmans
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.
- Research Group of Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, Catholic University KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Kin Sheng Lim
- KCL Frost Eye Research Department, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Marek Fichtl
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Ophthalmology for Children and Adults, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jose I Belda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario de Torrevieja, Alicante, Spain
- Visionker Eye Clinic, Torrevieja, Spain
| | - Anton Hommer
- Private Office for Ophthalmology and Optometry, Albertgasse 39/10, 1080, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guna Laganovska
- Riga Stradins University, P.Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Cédric Schweitzer
- CHU Bordeaux, Department of Ophthalmology, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bogomil Voykov
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tomasz Zarnowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Gábor Holló
- Tutkimusz Ltd, Solymár, Hungary
- Eye Center, Prima Medica Health Centers, Budapest, Hungary
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Kumar VS, Puthuran GV, Radhakrishnan N, Kohli P. Reticular epithelial corneal oedema secondary to topical netarsudil drops. Natl Med J India 2023; 36:274-275. [PMID: 38692630 DOI: 10.25259/nmji_675_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - George V Puthuran
- Department of Glaucoma, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Piyush Kohli
- Department of Vitreoretinal Services, CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Lee JW, Ahn HS, Chang J, Kang HY, Chang DJ, Suh JK, Lee H. Comparison of netarsudil/latanoprost therapy with latanoprost monotherapy for lowering intraocular pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J Ophthalmol 2022; 36:423-434. [PMID: 35989070 PMCID: PMC9582491 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2022.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Netarsudil is a Rho kinase inhibitor and the first new class of clinically useful ocular hypotensive agents. In this study, we conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to summarize and synthesize the available evidence on the efficacy and safety of fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapy with netarsudil/latanoprost in patients with glaucoma. Methods We identified relevant studies in PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central until April 2021. The quality of the studies and the level of evidence were assessed using the Risk of Bias tool. Efficacy was measured as the mean difference in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP), and safety was assessed by the risk of conjunctival hyperemia (CH) due to FDC therapy, netarsudil monotherapy, or latanoprost monotherapy. Results Four studies met the predefined eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The mean difference in the reduction in IOP after 2 weeks and 4 to 6 weeks of drug administration was −2.41 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI], −2.95 to −1.87) and −1.77 mmHg (95% CI, −2.31 to −1.87), respectively, in patients receiving FDC therapy versus those receiving latanoprost monotherapy. On the other hand, latanoprost monotherapy had a greater effect in reducing IOP than netarsudil monotherapy after 4 to 6 weeks of administration (mean difference, 0.95 mmHg; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.47). The risk of CH was significantly higher with both FDC therapy and netarsudil monotherapy compared to latanoprost monotherapy in week 12, where the relative ratio was 3.01 (95% CI, 1.95 to 4.66) and 2.33 (95% CI, 1.54 to 3.54), each. Conclusions Netarsudil/latanoprost FDC therapy has a significantly greater effect on reducing IOP than latanoprost alone. The symptoms of CH were mostly mild, and only a few glaucoma patients discontinued the medication owing to CH in earlier clinical trials. Therefore, it would be beneficial to consider the administration of netarsudil/latanoprost FDC therapy in patients with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Wook Lee
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon,
Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Pharmacy, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Hyeon-Soo Ahn
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Pharmacy, Incheon,
Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine and Regulatory Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon,
Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Pharmacy, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Hye-Young Kang
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Pharmacy, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Suh
- National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaboration Agency, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hankil Lee
- Ajou University College of Pharmacy, Suwon,
Korea
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Abstract
Netarsudil is a relatively new medication for the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. It has been associated with red eyes and burning after instillation. Reticular epitheliopathy is a relatively rare complication of netarsudil that has been described in patients with preexisting corneal edema. We report the case of a healthy 76-year-old woman who developed reticular epitheliopathy after full-thickness penetrating keratoplasty that completely resolved following discontinuation of the medication. In cases where netarsudil is initiated for treatment of glaucoma or, off-label, endothelial dysfunction, reticular epithelial edema should be considered in patients complaining of a decline in vision and severe pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sonal S. Tuli
- Cornea, External Disease and Refractive Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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9
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Barpete S, Gupta P, Sen Gupta D, Kumar J, Bhowmik A, Kumar S. Neurotoxin (N-Oxalyl-L-α,β-Diamino Propionic Acid) Content in Different Plant Parts of Grass Pea ( Lathyrus sativus L.) Spanning Seedling to Maturity Stage: Does It Increase over Time? Molecules 2022; 27:3683. [PMID: 35744809 PMCID: PMC9229872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ODAP (N-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid) is present in the seeds of grass pea. In this study, variation of total ODAP accumulation in leaves throughout the crop growth starting from 40 days after sowing to maturity, and the distribution pattern of ODAP in different plant parts including the seeds at the mature stage was analyzed. Five grass pea accessions were evaluated for two subsequent growing seasons in one location of ICARDA, Aleppo (Syria). The results found that the rate of accumulation of total ODAP varied during plant development. Increased rates of synthesis were noticed in young leaves of grass pea. The highest total ODAP content in leaves was noted in the early growth stage (40-50 days after sowing). Mean total ODAP content in leaves ranged from 0.17 to 0.96 percent during 2010-2011 and from 0.19 to 1.28 percent during 2011-2012. During maturity, the total ODAP content was lowest in the seeds than in leaves, stems, pod cover, seed coat, and cotyledons. The ranges of total ODAP content were 0.13 (seed)-0.34 (stem), 0.20 (seed)-1.01 (leaf), 0.22 (seed)-0.62 (leaf), 0.21 (seed)-0.66 (leaf), and 0.21 (seed)-0.78 (leaf) percent in B387, B222, B390, Bio-520, and B587 accessions, respectively, during maturity. The results indicated that the rate of accumulation and synthesis of total ODAP varied during the plant lifespan. The lowest total ODAP content of leaves was observed after 130 days of sowing. The lower total ODAP content after the early vegetative stage of grass pea plants makes them suitable as a feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Barpete
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat Institute, Rabat 6299, Morocco;
- ICARDA—Food Legume Research Platform, Amlaha 466113, India
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat Institute, Rabat 6299, Morocco;
| | - Debjyoti Sen Gupta
- ICAR—Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208024, India; (D.S.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- ICAR—Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208024, India; (D.S.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Arpan Bhowmik
- ICAR—Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Shiv Kumar
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat Institute, Rabat 6299, Morocco;
- ICARDA—Food Legume Research Platform, Amlaha 466113, India
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Kong HY, Zhu H, Zhou R, Akram NA, Wang YB, Jiao CJ, Xiong YC. Role of abscisic acid in modulating drought acclimation, agronomic characteristics and β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) accumulation in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.). J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:2553-2562. [PMID: 34687471 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) is a physiological indicator in response to drying soil. However, how abscisic acid (ABA) modulates β-ODAP accumulation and its related agronomic characteristics in drought stressed grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) continue to be unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of ABA addition on drought tolerance, agronomic characteristics and β-ODAP content in grass pea under drought stress. RESULTS Exogenous ABA significantly promoted ABA levels by 19.3% and 18.3% under moderate and severe drought stress, respectively, compared to CK (without ABA, used as control check treatment). ABA addition activated earlier trigger of non-hydraulic root-sourced signal at 69.1% field capacity (FC) (65.5% FC in CK) and accordingly prolonged its operation period to 45.6% FC (49.0% FC in CK). This phenomenon was mechanically associated with the physiological mediation of ABA, where its addition significantly promoted the activities of leaf superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase enzymes and the biosynthesis of leaf proline, simultaneously lowering the accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide under moderate and severe stresses. Interestingly, ABA application significantly increased seed β-ODAP content by 21.7% and 21.3% under moderate and severe drought stress, but did not change leaf β-ODAP content. Furthermore, ABA application produced similar shoot biomass and grain yield as control groups. CONCLUSION Exogenous ABA improved the drought adaptability of grass pea and promoted the synthesis of β-ODAP in seeds but not in leaves. Our findings provide novel insights into the agronomic role of ABA in relation to β-ODAP enrichment in grass pea subjected to drought stress. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Kong
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Nudrat A Akram
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yi-Bo Wang
- College of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
| | - Cheng-Jing Jiao
- College of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
| | - You-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Xu H, Thomas MT, Lee D, Hirabayashi MT, An JA. Response to netarsudil in goniotomy-treated eyes and goniotomy-naïve eyes: a pilot study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260:3001-3007. [PMID: 35275261 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effects of netarsudil on goniotomy-treated eyes versus goniotomy-naïve control eyes. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of 70 eyes from 49 adult glaucoma patients treated with netarsudil. Thirty-five eyes received sectoral goniotomy using Kahook Dual Blade (KDB) combined with cataract surgery with minimum of 3 months prior to netarsudil treatment. Thirty-five eyes in the control cohort received only cataract surgery prior to netarsudil. Primary outcome was treatment success, defined as ≥ 20% decrease in IOP at minimum 1 month follow-up. Secondary outcome measures included percent of IOP reduction, adverse effects of medication, medication discontinuation rate, and relationship between KDB goniotomy response and netarsudil response. RESULTS Eighty-three percent of KDB-treated eyes achieved netarsudil treatment success compared to 54% of control eyes (P = .012). IOP reduction was 30.3 ± 16.2% (IQR 21-38%) in KDB-treated eyes and 19.4 ± 12.4% (IQR 9.2-30.8) in control eyes (P = .007). History of prior KDB increased the likelihood of success to netarsudil treatment compared to eyes without prior KDB, regardless of surgical response to KDB (odds ratio 4.51, 95% CI 1.34-15.14, P = .015). The overall rate of adverse effects of netarsudil was 42%, most commonly reported as conjunctival hyperemia, allergy, and blurred vision. CONCLUSIONS Netarsudil had a greater IOP-lowering effect in eyes treated with prior goniotomy and may serve as a promising adjunctive ocular hypotensive agent to further reduce IOP in eyes with prior goniotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Xu
- Mason Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Marwa T Thomas
- Mason Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dayeong Lee
- Mason Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Matthew T Hirabayashi
- Mason Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jella A An
- Mason Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 6430 Rockledge Drive, Suite 600, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
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12
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Guo S, Wu Y, Xiao P, Li W. Benfuracarb inhibits body growth and causes oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere 2022; 291:132955. [PMID: 34801571 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Benfuracarb (BEN), a broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide used for crop protection, is considered toxic to humans and aquatic organisms. However, the potential risk level of BEN to aquatic organisms is still unclear. In this study, we exposed zebrafish embryos to BEN (0.08, 0.49, and 0.90 mg/L) from 3 to 96 hours post-fertilization (hpf). The results showed that BEN caused shorter body length in zebrafish larvae. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly increased after BEN exposure. Furthermore, the transcription levels of marker genes associated with early embryonic development (myoD, nkx2.4b, myh6, and gh) were disrupted after BEN treatment. Taken together, the data indicate that BEN possesses developmental toxicity to zebrafish. The results provide a valuable reference for assessing BEN's potentially harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis of Fujian Universities, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Yaqing Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Peng Xiao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis of Fujian Universities, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China.
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13
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Chang EL, Emmel DK, Teng CC, Sarrafpour S, Liu J. Anterior Subcapsular Cataract Formation With Long-term Topical Netarsudil Treatment for Glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2022; 31:60-63. [PMID: 34731868 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe anterior subcapsular cataract development in patients on long-term topical netarsudil use. PATIENTS AND METHODS This clinical observational study summarizes a similar cataract pattern demonstrated in a series of patients from a single physician practice and a university-based outpatient clinic during their routine clinical follow-up visits from October 2020 to August 2021. All patients have been using topical netarsudil once daily for at least 15 months. No anterior capsular changes have been observed in any patient at the time when netarsudil was initiated. RESULTS Five eyes from 4 patients between the ages of 41 and 61 and 1 eye from a patient aged 84 were found to develop anterior subcapsular opacities 15 to 37 months after beginning netarsudil. These cataracts were overall small, 1 to 3 mm, round, oval or ring-shaped, central or paracentral with mild density. No other risk factors for cataract development apart from age were found in these patients. CONCLUSION Patients on long-term netarsudil should be monitored for potential development of anterior subcapsular cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen L Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | | | - Christopher C Teng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | - Soshian Sarrafpour
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
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Jaber S, Nemska V, Iliev I, Ivanova E, Foteva T, Georgieva N, Givechev I, Naydenova E, Karadjova V, Danalev D. Synthesis and Biological Studies on (KLAKLAK) 2-NH 2 Analog Containing Unnatural Amino Acid β-Ala and Conjugates with Second Pharmacophore. Molecules 2021; 26:7321. [PMID: 34885902 PMCID: PMC8658989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Peptides are good candidates for anticancer drugs due to their natural existence in the body and lack of secondary effects. (KLAKLAK)2 is an antimicrobial peptide that also shows good anticancer properties. (2) Methods: The Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (Fmoc-strategy) was used for the synthesis of target molecules, analogs of (KLAKLAK)2-NH2. The purity of all compounds was monitored by HPLC, and their structures were proven using mass spectrometry. Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effects were studied using 3T3 NRU and MTT tests, respectively. For determination of antimicrobial activity, the disc-diffusion method was used. Hydrolytic stability at three pH values, which mimic the physiological pH in the body, was investigated by means of the HPLC technique. (3) Results: A good selective index against MCF-7 tumor cell lines, combined with good cytotoxicity and antiproliferative properties, was revealed for conjugates NphtG-(KLAKLAK)2-NH2 and Caf-(KLAKLAK)2-NH2. The same compounds showed very good antifungal properties and complete hydrolytic stability for 72 h. The compound Caf-(KLβ-AKLβ-AK)2-NH2 containing β-Ala in its structures exhibited good antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli K12 407 and Bacillus subtilis 3562, in combination with very good antiproliferative and cytotoxic properties, as well as hydrolytic stability. (4) Conclusions: The obtained results reveal that all synthesized conjugates could be useful for medical practice as anticancer or antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirine Jaber
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.J.); (V.N.); (T.F.); (N.G.); (E.N.); (V.K.)
| | - Veronica Nemska
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.J.); (V.N.); (T.F.); (N.G.); (E.N.); (V.K.)
| | - Ivan Iliev
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 25 A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.I.); (E.I.)
| | - Elena Ivanova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 25 A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.I.); (E.I.)
| | - Tsvetelina Foteva
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.J.); (V.N.); (T.F.); (N.G.); (E.N.); (V.K.)
| | - Nelly Georgieva
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.J.); (V.N.); (T.F.); (N.G.); (E.N.); (V.K.)
| | - Ivan Givechev
- Testing Center Global Test Ltd., 31 Krushovski vrah Street, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Emilia Naydenova
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.J.); (V.N.); (T.F.); (N.G.); (E.N.); (V.K.)
| | - Veronika Karadjova
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.J.); (V.N.); (T.F.); (N.G.); (E.N.); (V.K.)
| | - Dancho Danalev
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.J.); (V.N.); (T.F.); (N.G.); (E.N.); (V.K.)
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15
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Leary KA, Steibel JP, Harman CD, Anderson AL, Komáromy AM. Safety and efficacy of topically administered netarsudil-latanoprost fixed dose combination (FDC; Rocklatan™) in normal and glaucomatous dogs with ADAMTS10-open-angle glaucoma (ADAMTS10-OAG). Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:610-619. [PMID: 34085750 PMCID: PMC8633047 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of topically administered 0.02% netarsudil-0.005% latanoprost fixed-dose combination (FDC) (Rocklatan™; Aerie Pharmaceutical) in normal and glaucomatous dogs with ADAMTS10-open-angle glaucoma (ADAMTS10-OAG). ANIMALS STUDIED Five normal and five glaucomatous beagle dogs with ADAMTS10-OAG were the study animals. PROCEDURES In each dog, left (OS) or right eye (OD) was randomly selected for netarsudil-latanoprost FDC treatment. Contralateral eyes served as latanoprost-treated controls. The study was divided into four consecutive study periods: following a 4-day baseline period, two sequential 8-day study periods followed with once daily (q24h) and twice daily (q12h) treatments and ending with a washout period. Efficacy was measured by diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter. Safety was assessed by routine ophthalmic examination, gonioscopy, and pachymetry. Differences in least square means of quantitative outcome measures were compared between FDC and latanoprost treatments by using the linear Gaussian model. RESULTS Baseline IOPs were 13.6 ± 0.7 mmHg (mean ± SEM) in normal and 28.3 ± 1.4 mmHg in OAG-affected dogs. There was a significant decrease in mean diurnal IOP following FDC administration in both normal (q24h: -2.1 mmHg; q12h: -4.1 mmHg) and glaucomatous dogs (q24h: -14.2 mmHg; q12h: -17.7 mmHg; p < .0001). There was no significant difference in the treatment effect when comparing FDC to latanoprost. Both FDC and latanoprost administration resulted in similarly significant pupil constriction (p < .0001). The FDC administration was well-tolerated but resulted in conjunctival hyperemia. CONCLUSIONS Once or twice daily administration of netarsudil-latanoprost FDC (Rocklatan™) and latanoprost was equally effective in lowering IOP in normal and OAG-affected dogs. There was no netarsudil-related added treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Leary
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Juan P. Steibel
- Department of Animal Science & Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christine D. Harman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Amanda L. Anderson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - András M. Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Zagotta WN, Sim BS, Nhim AK, Raza MM, Evans EG, Venkatesh Y, Jones CM, Mehl RA, Petersson EJ, Gordon SE. An improved fluorescent noncanonical amino acid for measuring conformational distributions using time-resolved transition metal ion FRET. eLife 2021; 10:e70236. [PMID: 34623258 PMCID: PMC8500717 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent explosion in high-resolution protein structures, one of the next frontiers in biology is elucidating the mechanisms by which conformational rearrangements in proteins are regulated to meet the needs of cells under changing conditions. Rigorously measuring protein energetics and dynamics requires the development of new methods that can resolve structural heterogeneity and conformational distributions. We have previously developed steady-state transition metal ion fluorescence resonance energy transfer (tmFRET) approaches using a fluorescent noncanonical amino acid donor (Anap) and transition metal ion acceptor to probe conformational rearrangements in soluble and membrane proteins. Here, we show that the fluorescent noncanonical amino acid Acd has superior photophysical properties that extend its utility as a donor for tmFRET. Using maltose-binding protein (MBP) expressed in mammalian cells as a model system, we show that Acd is comparable to Anap in steady-state tmFRET experiments and that its long, single-exponential lifetime is better suited for probing conformational distributions using time-resolved FRET. These experiments reveal differences in heterogeneity in the apo and holo conformational states of MBP and produce accurate quantification of the distributions among apo and holo conformational states at subsaturating maltose concentrations. Our new approach using Acd for time-resolved tmFRET sets the stage for measuring the energetics of conformational rearrangements in soluble and membrane proteins in near-native conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Zagotta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Brandon S Sim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Anthony K Nhim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Marium M Raza
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Eric Gb Evans
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Yarra Venkatesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Chloe M Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Ryan A Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Sharona E Gordon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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17
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Kinoshita S, Colby KA, Kruse FE. A Close Look at the Clinical Efficacy of Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibitor Eye Drops for Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. Cornea 2021; 40:1225-1228. [PMID: 34481406 PMCID: PMC8423139 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The current understanding on the clinical efficacy of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor for treating Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy is summarized to clarify whether the "off-label" ROCK-inhibitor eye-drop application are appropriate. ROCK-inhibitor eye drops may eventually be deemed a cutting-edge therapy for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy patients with acute corneal endothelial defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kathryn A. Colby
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU), New York, NY; and
| | - Friedrich E. Kruse
- Department for Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Davies E, Jurkunas U, Pineda R. Pilot Study of Corneal Clearance With the Use of a Rho-Kinase Inhibitor After Descemetorhexis Without Endothelial Keratoplasty for Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. Cornea 2021; 40:899-902. [PMID: 33758139 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate corneal clearance time using a topical rho-kinase inhibitor, netarsudil, after descemetorhexis without endothelial keratoplasty (DWEK). METHODS Twenty eyes from 10 patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy had DWEK with cataract surgery. For the first eye of each participant, netarsudil was administered immediately after surgery until corneal clearance. For the second eye, netarsudil was withheld 2 weeks beyond the time for corneal clearance of the first eye and then administered only if corneal edema was still present. Interpatient and intrapatient comparisons were made for pachymetry, endothelial cell count, intraocular pressure, and time to corneal clearance. RESULTS Intrapatient comparison demonstrated no significant difference in preoperative pachymetry (P value 0.58), endothelial cell counts (P value 0.97), and intraocular pressure (P value 0.46) between eyes treated with netarsudil immediately after DWEK and those with delayed netarsudil use. Average time for corneal clearance in eyes treated with netarsudil immediately after surgery was 4.6 ± 1.7 weeks, which was significantly shorter than eyes not treated with netarsudil immediately at 8 ± 1.9 weeks (P < 0.01). Corneal clearance occurred in eyes between 1 and 2 weeks after addition of netarsudil as a "rescue" drop. Interpatient comparison demonstrated significantly greater endothelial cell counts in eyes treated with netarsudil immediately compared with eyes with a delay in netarsudil use (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Netarsudil significantly reduces the time to corneal clearance after DWEK. Furthermore, increased endothelial cell counts in eyes with immediate netarsudil use versus delayed netarsudil use suggests that the immediate perioperative period is crucial in cell regeneration and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Davies
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Sit AJ, Gupta D, Kazemi A, McKee H, Challa P, Liu KC, Lopez J, Kopczynski C, Heah T. Netarsudil Improves Trabecular Outflow Facility in Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension: A Phase 2 Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 226:262-269. [PMID: 33524367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction is key to controlling primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Pharmacotherapies for POAG or ocular hypertension (OHT) commonly lower IOP by increasing uveoscleral outflow or decreasing aqueous humor production. Netarsudil (Rhopressa), a Rho kinase inhibitor, reduces IOP by improving trabecular outflow facility, which is reduced in POAG. We investigated the effects of netarsudil on aqueous humor dynamics in patients with POAG or OHT. DESIGN Double-masked, randomized, vehicle-controlled, Phase 2 trial. METHODS Netarsudil 0.02% was instilled in 1 eye and vehicle into the contralateral eye of 20 patients once daily in the morning for 7 days. The primary endpoint was change in mean diurnal outflow facility on day 8 versus that on day 1 (baseline). Outflow facility was measured by using Schiøtz tonography, IOP by pneumotonometry, and episcleral venous pressure (EVP) by automated venomanometry. RESULTS Eighteen patients (90%) completed the study. Mean diurnal outflow facility increased 0.039 versus 0.007 µL/min/mm Hg from baseline in the netarsudil- and the vehicle-treated groups, respectively (P < .001 vs. baseline for netarsudil), a treatment difference of 0.03 µL/min/mm Hg (P ≤ .001). Mean diurnal IOP change from baseline at day 8 was -4.52 mm Hg for netarsudil versus -0.98 mm Hg for vehicle, a treatment difference of -3.54 mm Hg (P < .0001). Mean diurnal EVP change from baseline was -0.79 mm Hg in the netarsudil-treated group versus 0.10 mm Hg for vehicle, a treatment difference of -0.89 mm Hg (P < .001). All patients reporting an adverse event reported conjunctival hyperemia of mild or moderate severity. CONCLUSIONS Netarsudil acts on the conventional outflow pathway, both proximal and distal, to significantly reduce IOP in POAG and OHT by improving trabecular outflow facility and decreasing EVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Sit
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Divakar Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arash Kazemi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hayley McKee
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pratap Challa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katy C Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jae Lopez
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Theresa Heah
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Zaman F, Gieser SC, Schwartz GF, Swan C, Williams JM. A multicenter, open-label study of netarsudil for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension in a real-world setting. Curr Med Res Opin 2021; 37:1011-1020. [PMID: 33733980 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2021.1901222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess the real-world efficacy of netarsudil, either as monotherapy or concomitant therapy, in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT) requiring modification of intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering treatment. METHODS Multicenter, prospective, interventional, open-label, Phase 4 study, clinical trial registration number: NCT03808688. Netarsudil ophthalmic solution 0.02% was prescribed at the recommended once-daily dosage, with treatment regimens determined by the investigators. Netarsudil could be used alone or in combination with other IOP-lowering medications, consistent with standard clinical practice. Primary efficacy endpoint: percentage reduction from baseline IOP at week 12. RESULTS Among 261 enrolled patients, 242 received ≥1 netarsudil dose and had ≥1 follow-up IOP measurement (efficacy population). Mean IOP in patients who were treatment-naïve at baseline and using netarsudil as monotherapy (n = 24) decreased by 16.9%. Netarsudil monotherapy was comparable in efficacy to prior therapy across subgroups, and those who replaced prostaglandin analog (n = 57) monotherapy demonstrated reduction of 2.5% from prostaglandin analog-treated baseline values. Among patients who used netarsudil as concomitant therapy (n = 151), reductions in mean IOP (± standard deviation) to week 12 were seen across subgroups who added netarsudil to a single agent (4.3 ± 2.88 mmHg; 20.5%) or ≥2 classes of concomitant therapy (4.5 ± 4.08 mmHg; 20.9%) and who used netarsudil to replace ≥1 other drug classes (0.4 ± 2.47 mmHg; 1.7%). Of 260 netarsudil-treated patients, 41 (15.8%) discontinued, including 29 (11.2%) due to adverse events. CONCLUSIONS In the real-world treatment of patients with OAG or OHT, netarsudil consistently maintained IOP control when it replaced previous IOP-lowering therapies and provided additional IOP-lowering efficacy when added to other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiaz Zaman
- Houston Eye Associates, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Cayla Swan
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, NC, USA
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21
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Kaczmarek K, Pacholczyk-Sienicka B, Albrecht Ł, Zabrocki J, Nachman RJ. Solid-Phase Synthesis of an Insect Pyrokinin Analog Incorporating an Imidazoline Ring as Isosteric Replacement of a trans Peptide Bond. Molecules 2021; 26:3271. [PMID: 34071640 PMCID: PMC8198379 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile solid-phase synthetic method for incorporating the imidazoline ring motif, a surrogate for a trans peptide bond, into bioactive peptides is reported. The example described is the synthesis of an imidazoline peptidomimetic analog of an insect pyrokinin neuropeptide via a cyclization reaction of an iminium salt generated from the preceding amino acid and 2,4-diaminopropanoic acid (Dap).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kaczmarek
- Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research Unit, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F-B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA;
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (B.P.-S.); (Ł.A.)
| | | | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (B.P.-S.); (Ł.A.)
| | - Janusz Zabrocki
- Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research Unit, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F-B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA;
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (B.P.-S.); (Ł.A.)
| | - Ronald J. Nachman
- Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research Unit, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F-B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA;
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Angiolini E, Sandovici I, Coan PM, Burton GJ, Sibley CP, Fowden AL, Constância M. Deletion of the Imprinted Phlda2 Gene Increases Placental Passive Permeability in the Mouse. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050639. [PMID: 33922969 PMCID: PMC8146920 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting, an epigenetic phenomenon that causes the expression of a small set of genes in a parent-of-origin-specific manner, is thought to have co-evolved with placentation. Many imprinted genes are expressed in the placenta, where they play diverse roles related to development and nutrient supply function. However, only a small number of imprinted genes have been functionally tested for a role in nutrient transfer capacity in relation to the structural characteristics of the exchange labyrinthine zone. Here, we examine the transfer capacity in a mouse model deficient for the maternally expressed Phlda2 gene, which results in placental overgrowth and a transient reduction in fetal growth. Using stereology, we show that the morphology of the labyrinthine zone in Phlda2−/+ mutants is normal at E16 and E19. In vivo placental transfer of radiolabeled solutes 14C-methyl-D-glucose and 14C-MeAIB remains unaffected at both gestational time points. However, placental passive permeability, as measured using two inert hydrophilic solutes (14C-mannitol; 14C-inulin), is significantly higher in mutants. Importantly, this increase in passive permeability is associated with fetal catch-up growth. Our findings uncover a key role played by the imprinted Phlda2 gene in modifying placental passive permeability that may be important for determining fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Angiolini
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.A.); (I.S.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ionel Sandovici
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.A.); (I.S.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (P.M.C.); (G.J.B.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Philip M. Coan
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (P.M.C.); (G.J.B.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Graham J. Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (P.M.C.); (G.J.B.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Colin P. Sibley
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK;
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Abigail L. Fowden
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (P.M.C.); (G.J.B.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Miguel Constância
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.A.); (I.S.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (P.M.C.); (G.J.B.); (A.L.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1223-336873
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Araie M, Sugiyama K, Aso K, Kanemoto K, Kothapalli K, Kopczynski C, Senchyna M, Hollander DA. Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Study of Netarsudil Ophthalmic Solution in Japanese Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension. Adv Ther 2021; 38:1757-1775. [PMID: 33629227 PMCID: PMC8004483 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Netarsudil reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork (TM) pathway and decreasing episcleral venous pressure. The primary objective of this phase 2 study was to evaluate ocular hypotensive efficacy and safety of three netarsudil concentrations (0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.04%) relative to its placebo over 4 weeks in Japanese patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT). METHODS Patients were randomized to one of four treatment arms, netarsudil ophthalmic solution 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.04%, or placebo, and treated once-daily (QD) in the evening (P.M.) for 4 weeks. The primary efficacy variable was mean diurnal IOP (average of diurnal time points at 9 A.M., 11 A.M., and 4 P.M.) at week 4. RESULTS A total of 215 patients were randomized and 207 (96.3%) completed the study. The mean of mean diurnal IOP at baseline ranged from 20.28 to 21.14 mmHg across groups. At week 4, least squares (LS) mean of mean diurnal IOP adjusted for baseline was 16.53, 15.82, 16.06, and 18.94 mmHg in the netarsudil 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.04%, and placebo groups, respectively, demonstrating the superiority of netarsudil (all concentrations) over placebo. At week 4, mean reduction (mean percentage reduction) from baseline in mean diurnal IOP was 4.10 (19.8%), 4.80 (23.5%), 4.81 (23.8%), and 1.73 mmHg (8.2%), respectively, demonstrating statistically significant reductions (p < 0.0001) in all netarsudil concentrations over placebo. Adverse events (AEs) occurred in a concentration-dependent manner, and the incidence of ocular AEs was 34.5%, 42.6%, 68.6%, and 9.1% in the netarsudil 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.04%, and placebo groups, respectively. The most frequently reported AE was conjunctival hyperemia, with an incidence of 23.6%, 37.0%, 56.9%, and 1.8%, respectively. No serious AEs were reported. CONCLUSION Netarsudil ophthalmic solutions 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.04% dosed QD (P.M.) demonstrated superiority to placebo in terms of hypotensive effectiveness at week 4 and were found to be safe and generally well tolerated. Netarsudil 0.02% QD provided an optimal efficacy and safety profile for the treatment of Japanese patients with POAG or OHT. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03844945.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Araie
- Kanto Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuhisa Sugiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Aso
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals Ireland Ltd. (Japan Branch), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Kanemoto
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals Ireland Ltd. (Japan Branch), Tokyo, Japan
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Price MO, Feng MT, Price FW. Randomized, Double-Masked Trial of Netarsudil 0.02% Ophthalmic Solution for Prevention of Corticosteroid-Induced Ocular Hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 222:382-387. [PMID: 33045216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether prophylactic use of netarsudil 0.02% ophthalmic solution reduces the risk of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation associated with prolonged use of topical corticosteroids to prevent cornea transplantation rejection. DESIGN Prospective, randomized clinical trial. METHODS In this study, 120 subjects were randomized to use netarsudil (off-label) or placebo once daily for 9 months after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty, and 71 fellow eyes were enrolled and assigned to the opposite treatment arm. Participants concurrently used topical prednisolone acetate 1% 4× daily for 3 months, 3× daily for a month, twice daily for a month, and once daily for 4 months. The main outcome was IOP elevation (defined as IOP ≥24 mm Hg or an increase of ≥10 mm Hg over baseline) assessed by Kaplan-Meier and proportional hazards analyses, taking loss to follow-up into consideration. RESULTS Overall, 95 eyes were assigned to netarsudil and 96 to placebo; 15 eyes (16%) were withdrawn early from the netarsudil arm because of ocular irritation. The rate of IOP elevation was 14% with netarsudil and 21% with placebo (relative risk: 0.6; 95% confidence interval: 0.3-1.3; P = .23). IOP was >30 mm Hg in 7.8% assigned to netarsudil versus 7.4% assigned to placebo (P = .84). Median 6-month central endothelial cell loss was 31% versus 29% with netarsudil versus placebo, respectively (P = .49). CONCLUSIONS Netarsudil did not produce a statistically significant reduction in the risk of steroid-induced IOP elevation after corneal transplantation relative to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne O Price
- Cornea Research Foundation of America, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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25
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Ozaki Y, Imamaki H, Ikeda A, Oura M, Nakagawa S, Funakoshi T, Kataoka S, Nishikawa Y, Horimatsu T, Yonezawa A, Matsubara T, Yanagita M, Muto M, Watanabe N. Successful management of hyperammonemia with hemodialysis on day 2 during 5-fluorouracil treatment in a patient with gastric cancer: a case report with 5-fluorouracil metabolite analyses. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 86:693-699. [PMID: 33011861 PMCID: PMC7595983 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Hyperammonemia is an important adverse event associated with
5-fluorouracil (5FU) from 5FU metabolite accumulation. We present a case of an
advanced gastric cancer patient with chronic renal failure, who was treated with
5FU/leucovorin (LV) infusion chemotherapy (2-h infusion of LV and 5FU bolus followed
by 46-h 5FU continuous infusion on day 1; repeated every 2 weeks) and developed
hyperammonemia, with the aim of exploring an appropriate hemodialysis (HD) schedule
to resolve its symptoms. Methods The blood concentrations of 5FU and its metabolites, α-fluoro-β-alanine
(FBAL), and monofluoroacetate (FA) of a patient who had hyperammonemia from seven
courses of palliative 5FU/LV therapy for gastric cancer were measured by liquid
chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results On the third day of the first cycle, the patient presented with
symptomatic hyperammonemia relieved by emergency HD. Thereafter, the 5FU dose was
reduced; however, in cycles 2–4, the patient developed symptomatic hyperammonemia and
underwent HD on day 3 for hyperammonemia management. In cycles 5–7, the timing of
scheduled HD administration was changed from day 3 to day 2, preventing symptomatic
hyperammonemia. The maximum ammonia and 5FU metabolite levels were significantly
lower in cycles 5–7 than in cycles 2–4 (NH3 75 ± 38 vs 303 ± 119 μg/dL, FBAL
13.7 ± 2.5 vs 19.7 ± 2.0 μg/mL, FA 204.0 ± 91.6 vs 395.9 ± 12.6 ng/mL,
mean ± standard deviation, all p < 0.05). After
seven cycles, partial response was confirmed. Conclusion HD on day 2 instead of 3 may prevent hyperammonemia in 5FU/LV
therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00280-020-04158-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized
users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Ozaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hirakata Kohsai Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Imamaki
- Department of Nephrology, Hirakata Kohsai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aki Ikeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hirakata Kohsai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Oura
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taro Funakoshi
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kataoka
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nishikawa
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Horimatsu
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yonezawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsubara
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Muto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norihiko Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hirakata Kohsai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Chen A, Karanastasis A, Casey KR, Necelis M, Carone BR, Caputo GA, Palermo EF. Cationic Molecular Umbrellas as Antibacterial Agents with Remarkable Cell-Type Selectivity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:21270-21282. [PMID: 31917544 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a combinatorial library of dendrons that display a cluster of cationic charges juxtaposed with a hydrophobic alkyl chain, using the so-called "molecular umbrella" design approach. Systematically tuning the generation number and alkyl chain length enabled a detailed study of the structure-activity relationships in terms of both hydrophobic content and number of cationic charges. These discrete, unimolecular compounds display rapid and broad-spectrum bactericidal activity comparable to the activity of antibacterial peptides. Micellization was examined by pyrene emission and dynamic light scattering, which revealed that monomeric, individually solvated dendrons are present in aqueous media. The antibacterial mechanism of action is putatively driven by the membrane-disrupting nature of these cationic surfactants, which we confirmed by enzymatic assays on E. coli cells. The hemolytic activity of these dendritic macromolecules is sensitively dependent on the dendron generation and the alkyl chain length. Via structural optimization of these two key design features, we identified a leading candidate with potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity (4-8 μg/mL) combined with outstanding hemocompatibility (up to 5000 μg/mL). This selected compound is >1000-fold more active against bacteria as compared to red blood cells, which represents one of the highest selectivity index values ever reported for a membrane-disrupting antibacterial agent. Thus, the leading candidate from this initial library screen holds great potential for future applications as a nontoxic, degradable disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12054, United States
| | - Apostolos Karanastasis
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12054, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Edmund F Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12054, United States
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Asrani S, Bacharach J, Holland E, McKee H, Sheng H, Lewis RA, Kopczynski CC, Heah T. Fixed-Dose Combination of Netarsudil and Latanoprost in Ocular Hypertension and Open-Angle Glaucoma: Pooled Efficacy/Safety Analysis of Phase 3 MERCURY-1 and -2. Adv Ther 2020; 37:1620-1631. [PMID: 32166538 PMCID: PMC7140751 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT) therapies that reduce treatment burden and improve outcomes relative to currently available agents are needed. Netarsudil, a novel Rho kinase inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing trabecular outflow. Two phase 3 superiority studies compared a fixed-dose combination (FDC) of netarsudil and the prostaglandin latanoprost with each active component for IOP-lowering efficacy. METHODS Pooled efficacy and safety data were analyzed from MERCURY-1 and -2 studies in patients with OAG or OHT. Patients instilled one drop of netarsudil (0.02%)/latanoprost (0.005%) FDC (n = 483), netarsudil (0.02%, n = 499), or latanoprost (0.005%, n = 486) into each eye once-daily between 20:00 and 22:00. IOP was measured at 08:00, 10:00, and 16:00 at weeks 2, 6, and the primary endpoint at month 3. RESULTS Baseline mean diurnal IOP was 23.6, 23.6, and 23.5 mmHg in netarsudil/latanoprost FDC, netarsudil, and latanoprost groups, respectively. Mean diurnal IOP in each group was 15.3, 18.1, and 17.5 mmHg at week 2, 15.7, 18.4, and 17.4 mmHg at week 6, and 15.8, 18.4, and 17.3 mmHg at week 12. The netarsudil/latanoprost FDC met criteria for superiority compared with each active component (p < 0.0001 for all nine time points). At month 3, among patients randomized to netarsudil/latanoprost FDC or latanoprost, 58.4% vs 37.3% (p < 0.0001) achieved IOP ≤ 16 mmHg. Among patients randomized to netarsudil/latanoprost FDC or netarsudil or latanoprost, 30.9% vs 5.9% (p < 0.0001) vs 8.5% (p < 0.0001) achieved at least a 40% reduction from baseline in mean diurnal IOP. Pooled safety results were consistent with individual MERCURY studies. CONCLUSION Once-daily netarsudil/latanoprost FDC produced statistically significant and clinically relevant reductions in mean IOP that were statistically superior to IOP reductions achieved by netarsudil and latanoprost monotherapy. Results of the pooled efficacy and safety analyses were consistent with the individual studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers, NCT02558400 and NCT02674854.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Asrani
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Huan Sheng
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard A Lewis
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Durham, NC, USA
- Sacramento Eye Consultants, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Temperini A, Aiello D, Mazzotti F, Athanassopoulos CM, De Luca P, Siciliano C. 2,3-Diaminopropanols Obtained from d-Serine as Intermediates in the Synthesis of Protected 2,3-l-Diaminopropanoic Acid (l-Dap) Methyl Esters. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061313. [PMID: 32183079 PMCID: PMC7145313 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic strategy for the preparation of two orthogonally protected methyl esters of the non-proteinogenic amino acid 2,3-l-diaminopropanoic acid (l-Dap) was developed. In these structures, the base-labile protecting group 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) was paired to the p-toluensulfonyl (tosyl, Ts) or acid-labile tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) moieties. The synthetic approach to protected l-Dap methyl esters uses appropriately masked 2,3-diaminopropanols, which are obtained via reductive amination of an aldehyde prepared from the commercial amino acid Nα-Fmoc-O-tert-butyl-d-serine, used as the starting material. Reductive amination is carried out with primary amines and sulfonamides, and the process is assisted by the Lewis acid Ti(OiPr)4. The required carboxyl group is installed by oxidizing the alcoholic function of 2,3-diaminopropanols bearing the tosyl or benzyl protecting group on the 3-NH2 site. The procedure can easily be applied using the crude product obtained after each step, minimizing the need for chromatographic purifications. Chirality of the carbon atom of the starting d-serine template is preserved throughout all synthetic steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Temperini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Donatella Aiello
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche (CTC), Via Ponte P. Bucci, Cubo 12D, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (D.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Fabio Mazzotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche (CTC), Via Ponte P. Bucci, Cubo 12D, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; (D.A.); (F.M.)
| | | | - Pierantonio De Luca
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Energetica e Gestionale, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy;
| | - Carlo Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0984-493192
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29
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Wisely CE, Sheng H, Heah T, Kim T. Effects of Netarsudil and Latanoprost Alone and in Fixed Combination on Corneal Endothelium and Corneal Thickness: Post-Hoc Analysis of MERCURY-2. Adv Ther 2020; 37:1114-1123. [PMID: 31981106 PMCID: PMC7089717 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To describe the changes in endothelial cell density (ECD), the coefficient of variation (CV), the percentage of hexagonal cells (%HEX), and central corneal thickness (CCT) following 3 months of therapy with netarsudil 0.02%/latanoprost 0.005% fixed combination, and to compare these changes with those seen with netarsudil 0.02% or latanoprost 0.005% in eyes with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. METHODS A subset of subjects enrolled in a Phase 3 evaluation of the intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy and safety of netarsudil 0.02%/latanoprost 0.005% fixed combination once daily (QD) versus each of its individual components underwent corneal endothelial cell imaging by specular microscopy and ultrasound pachymetry at baseline and following 3 months of therapy. Images were evaluated in masked fashion at an independent reading center. Changes from baseline to 3 months in ECD, CV, %HEX, and CCT were compared between treatment groups. RESULTS Data from 415 subjects obtained at both baseline and Month 3 were included in this post hoc analysis. Changes from baseline to Month 3 in ECD, CV, and %HEX were clinically insignificant in all three groups, and the changes in the netarsudil/latanoprost fixed combination group demonstrated no statistical difference from those seen in the netarsudil and latanoprost groups. Mean CCT decreased more in the fixed combination group (- 6.4 µm) than in either the netarsudil group (- 3.3 µm, p = 0.0248) or the latanoprost group (- 1.2 µm, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Netarsudil 0.2%/latanoprost 0.005% fixed combination QD for 3 months in eyes with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma had no clinically significant effects on endothelial cell density or morphology. The significant decrease in CCT in the fixed combination group compared to the two individual component groups may indicate that the potential effects of each drug on CCT are additive, although the magnitude of the observed effects is likely of negligible clinical significance. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT02674854.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huan Sheng
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA.
| | | | - Terry Kim
- Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Mehran NA, Sinha S, Razeghinejad R. New glaucoma medications: latanoprostene bunod, netarsudil, and fixed combination netarsudil-latanoprost. Eye (Lond) 2020; 34:72-88. [PMID: 31695162 PMCID: PMC7002400 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction of intraocular pressure is the only proven method to treat glaucoma. Initial treatment of glaucoma commonly involves using anti-glaucoma medications either as monotherapy or combination therapy. Studies on aqueous humour dynamics have contributed to our understanding of aqueous outflow mechanisms that have led to the discovery of new drugs. Three new drugs (latanoprostene bunod 0.24%, netarsudil 0.02%, and fixed combination netarsudil 0.02% -latanoprost 0.005%) have been introduced recently in the market with novel mechanisms of action. Latanoprostene bunod 0.024% is a nitric oxide-donating prostaglandin F2α analogue which increases the aqueous outflow both by uveoscleral and trabecular pathways. Netarsudil 0.02% is a potent Rho kinase/norepinephrine transporter inhibitor acting by increasing the trabecular outflow, decreasing the aqueous production, and possibly decreasing the episcleral venous pressure. This review highlights the role of these drugs in the management of glaucoma, with an overview of the major clinical trials on their efficacy, safety, and tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki A Mehran
- Glaucoma Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sapna Sinha
- Glaucoma Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Reza Razeghinejad
- Glaucoma Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Khouri AS, Serle JB, Bacharach J, Usner DW, Lewis RA, Braswell P, Kopczynski CC, Heah T. Once-Daily Netarsudil Versus Twice-Daily Timolol in Patients With Elevated Intraocular Pressure: The Randomized Phase 3 ROCKET-4 Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 204:97-104. [PMID: 30862500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy and safety of netarsudil once daily (QD) and timolol twice daily (BID). DESIGN Double-masked, randomized, phase 3, noninferiority study. METHODS Patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension (unmedicated baseline IOP >20 to <30 mm Hg at 8:00 AM) were randomized to netarsudil ophthalmic solution 0.02% QD (PM) or timolol ophthalmic solution 0.5% BID. The primary endpoint was mean IOP at 8:00 AM, 10:00 AM, and 4:00 PM at week 2, week 6, and month 3 in patients with baseline IOP <25 mm Hg (per-protocol population). Safety was recorded over the 6-month treatment period. RESULTS A total of 186 patients from each treatment arm were included in the primary efficacy analysis. Netarsudil QD met the criteria for noninferiority to timolol BID. Mean treated IOP ranged from 16.3 to 17.9 mm Hg for netarsudil and 16.7 to 17.6 for timolol, with mean reductions from baseline of 3.9 to 4.7 mm Hg and 3.8 to 5.2 mm Hg, respectively. In prespecified secondary analyses, netarsudil demonstrated noninferiority to timolol in patients with baseline IOP <27 mm Hg and <30 mm Hg. The IOP-lowering effects of netarsudil were sustained over 6 months of treatment. No treatment-related serious adverse event (AE) was reported for either study drug. However, statistically significant reductions in mean heart rate were recorded at all study visits for the timolol group. The most frequent ocular AE among netarsudil-treated patients was conjunctival hyperemia (47.9%), which was predominately mild. CONCLUSIONS Netarsudil QD (PM), a first-in-class IOP-lowering medication, was noninferior to timolol BID and was associated with tolerable ocular AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert S Khouri
- Rutgers New Jersey School of Medicine, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Janet B Serle
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Dale W Usner
- Statistics & Data Corporation, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard A Lewis
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Irvine, California, USA; Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Bedminster, New Jersey, USA; Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Sacramento Eye Consultants, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Puiwah Braswell
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Irvine, California, USA; Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Bedminster, New Jersey, USA; Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Casey C Kopczynski
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Irvine, California, USA; Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Bedminster, New Jersey, USA; Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Theresa Heah
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Irvine, California, USA; Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Bedminster, New Jersey, USA; Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Kahook MY, Serle JB, Mah FS, Kim T, Raizman MB, Heah T, Ramirez-Davis N, Kopczynski CC, Usner DW, Novack GD. Long-term Safety and Ocular Hypotensive Efficacy Evaluation of Netarsudil Ophthalmic Solution: Rho Kinase Elevated IOP Treatment Trial (ROCKET-2). Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 200:130-137. [PMID: 30653957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate netarsudil 0.02% ophthalmic solution in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT). DESIGN Double-masked, randomized, multicenter, parallel-group, noninferiority clinical study. METHODS After a washout of all prestudy ocular hypotensive medications, 756 eligible patients with elevated IOP were randomized to receive netarsudil 0.02% once a day (q.d.) (251); netarsudil 0.02% twice a day (b.i.d.) (254); or timolol 0.5% b.i.d. (251) for 12 months, as well as a noninterventional Corneal Observation Study (COS) for patients manifesting cornea verticillata. RESULTS On treatment, mean IOP at 8:00 AM decreased from a baseline IOP of 22.5-22.6 mm Hg to 17.9-18.8 mm Hg, 17.2-18.0 mm Hg, and 17.5-17.9 mm Hg for netarsudil q.d., netarsudil b.i.d., and timolol, respectively, over 12 months. The most frequently reported adverse events (AEs) were ocular, with the most frequent ocular AE being conjunctival hyperemia, with an incidence of 61%, 66%, and 14%, respectively. The next most frequent AEs were corneal deposits (corneal verticillata), with an incidence of 26%, 25%, and 1%, respectively, and conjunctival hemorrhage (typically petechial), with an incidence of 20%, 19%, and 1%, respectively. All 3 AEs were generally scored as mild, with conjunctival hyperemia and/or hemorrhage appearing sporadically during the study. In the observational follow-up component of this study, there was no clinically meaningful impact of corneal verticillata on visual function in affected patients. CONCLUSIONS In this randomized, double-masked trial, once-daily dosing of netarsudil 0.02% was effective, consistently lowering IOP through 12 months, and was tolerated by the majority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Y Kahook
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Janet B Serle
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Terry Kim
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Theresa Heah
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Bedminster, New Jersey, USA; Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancy Ramirez-Davis
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Bedminster, New Jersey, USA; Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Casey C Kopczynski
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Bedminster, New Jersey, USA; Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gary D Novack
- PharmaLogic Development, Inc, San Rafael, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.
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Abstract
This article reviews seven drugs recently approved by the FDA, including indications, precautions, adverse reactions, and nursing considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hussar
- REMINGTON PROFESSOR OF PHARMACY • PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY • UNIVERSITY OF THE SCIENCES • PHILADELPHIA, PA
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Tanna AP, Johnson M. Rho Kinase Inhibitors as a Novel Treatment for Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension. Ophthalmology 2018; 125:1741-1756. [PMID: 30007591 PMCID: PMC6188806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In an elegant example of bench-to-bedside research, a hypothesis that cells in the outflow pathway actively regulate conventional outflow resistance was proposed in the 1990s and systematically pursued, exposing novel cellular and molecular mechanisms of intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation. The critical discovery that pharmacologic manipulation of the cytoskeleton of outflow pathway cells decreased outflow resistance placed a spotlight on the Rho kinase pathway that was known to regulate the cytoskeleton. Ultimately, a search for Rho kinase inhibitors led to the discovery of several molecules of therapeutic interest, leaving us today with 2 new ocular hypotensive agents approved for clinical use: ripasudil in Japan and netarsudil in the United States. These represent members of the first new class of clinically useful ocular hypotensive agents since the US Food and Drug Administration approval of latanoprost in 1996. The development of Rho kinase inhibitors as a class of medications to lower IOP in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension represents a triumph in translational research. Rho kinase inhibitors are effective alone or when combined with other known ocular hypotensive medications. They also offer the possibility of neuroprotective activity, a favorable impact on ocular blood flow, and even an antifibrotic effect that may prove useful in conventional glaucoma surgery. Local adverse effects, however, including conjunctival hyperemia, subconjunctival hemorrhages, and cornea verticillata, are common. Development of Rho kinase inhibitors targeted to the cells of the outflow pathway and the retina may allow these agents to have even greater clinical impact. The objectives of this review are to describe the basic science underlying the development of Rho kinase inhibitors as a therapy to lower IOP and to summarize the results of the clinical studies reported to date. The neuroprotective and vasoactive properties of Rho kinase inhibitors, as well as the antifibrotic properties, of these agents are reviewed in the context of their possible role in the medical and surgical treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo P Tanna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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Liang SL. The glutamine-glutamate cycle regulates synaptic glutamate release in the ventrolateral ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus of perinatal female rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12642. [PMID: 30168642 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The astrocytic glutamine (Gln)-glutamate (Glu) cycle (GGC) supplies Gln for the regulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission (GST) in the adult hippocampus. Increased synaptic Glu release in the perinatal ventrolateral ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (vlVMH) modulates sexual differentiation, however, whether GGC regulates GST in the perinatal vlVMH has not been determined. Sex differences in oestradiol (E2 ) levels exist in the neonatal hypothalamus, and E2 increases levels of glutamine synthetase and glutaminase, two key enzymes involved in the GGC. Thus, it is hypothesised that sexually dimorphic phenotypes may exist in glutamatergic synapses associated with the GGC in the vlVMH in perinatal rats. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in vlVMH neurones in brain slices from male and female pups revealed that pharmacological disruption of the GGC by α-(methylamino) isobutyric acid (5 mmol L-1 ), which blocks neuronal Gln uptake; or by l-methionine sulphoximine (1.5 mmol L-1 ), which inhibits astrocytic Gln synthesis, decreased miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) amplitudes in female but not male pups. By contrast, GGC interruptions decreased evoked (e)EPSC amplitudes in both sexes following increased synaptic activity produced by a period of stimulation. In male pups, the decreased eEPSCs were attributable to reduced Glu release, as assessed by paired-pulse stimulations, whereas, in female pups, they were attributable to decreased Glu content in the synaptic vesicles, as measured by strontium-evoked mEPSCs. The l-methionine sulphoximine-mediated decrease in eEPSCs was rapidly rescued by exogenous Gln in female but not male pups. The reductions in mEPSCs and eEPSCs in female pups were accompanied by enhanced blocking effects of the low-affinity Glu AMPA receptor antagonist, γ-d-glutamylglycine, consistent with diminished Glu release. In conclusion, female, but not male pups, rely on constitutive astrocytic Gln for sustained synaptic Glu release in the vlVMH. This glutamatergic synaptic phenotype may be associated with brain and behaviour feminisation and/or defeminisation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Kazierad DJ, Chidsey K, Somayaji VR, Bergman AJ, Calle RA. Efficacy and safety of the glucagon receptor antagonist PF-06291874: A 12-week, randomized, dose-response study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on background metformin therapy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2608-2616. [PMID: 29923286 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To conduct a dose-response assessment of the efficacy and safety of the glucagon receptor antagonist PF-06291874 in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) using stable doses of metformin. MATERIALS AND METHODS This randomized, double-blind, statin-stratified, placebo-controlled, 4-arm, parallel-group study was conducted in patients with T2DM who were receiving background metformin. After an 8-week, non-metformin oral antidiabetic agent washout period, 206 patients were randomized to placebo or PF-06291874 (30, 60 or 100 mg once daily) for 12 weeks. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and safety endpoints were assessed at baseline and post baseline. RESULTS Dose-dependent mean reductions from baseline in HbA1c for PF-06291874 ranged from -0.67% (-7.29 mmol/mol) to -0.93% (-10.13 mmol/mol), and for FPG from -16.6 to -33.3 mg/dL after 12 weeks of dosing. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was low and was similar between groups receiving PF-06291874 and placebo. Small, non-dose-dependent increases in LDL cholesterol (<10%) and blood pressure (BP) (systolic BP > 2 mm Hg; diastolic BP > 1 mm Hg) were observed with PF-06291874. Modest non-dose-dependent median increases were observed across PF-06291874 groups at 12 weeks for alanine aminotransferase (range, 37.6-48.7 U/L vs placebo) and aspartate aminotransferase (range, 33.3-36.6 U/L vs placebo); these were not associated with bilirubin changes. Small increases were observed in body weight (< 0.5 kg) in each PF-06291874 group vs placebo. CONCLUSIONS In patients with T2DM, PF-06291874 significantly lowered HbA1c and glucose, was well tolerated and carried a low risk of hypoglycaemia. Small, non-dose-related increases in BP, lipids and hepatic transaminases were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kazierad
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kristin Chidsey
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Veena R Somayaji
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Arthur J Bergman
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Roberto A Calle
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Two new drugs for glaucoma. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2018; 60:117-20. [PMID: 30036347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Kahale LA, Hakoum MB, Tsolakian IG, Matar CF, Terrenato I, Sperati F, Barba M, Yosuico VE, Schünemann H, Akl EA. Anticoagulation for the long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 6:CD006650. [PMID: 29920657 PMCID: PMC6389342 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006650.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer increases the risk of thromboembolic events, especially in people receiving anticoagulation treatments. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for the long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in people with cancer. SEARCH METHODS We conducted a literature search including a major electronic search of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 1), MEDLINE (Ovid), and Embase (Ovid); handsearching conference proceedings; checking references of included studies; use of the 'related citation' feature in PubMed and a search for ongoing studies in trial registries. As part of the living systematic review approach, we run searches continually, incorporating new evidence after it is identified. Last search date 14 May 2018. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the benefits and harms of long-term treatment with LMWHs, DOACs or VKAs in people with cancer and symptomatic VTE. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data in duplicate on study characteristics and risk of bias. Outcomes included: all-cause mortality, recurrent VTE, major bleeding, minor bleeding, thrombocytopenia, and health-related quality of life (QoL). We assessed the certainty of the evidence at the outcome level following the GRADE approach (GRADE handbook). MAIN RESULTS Of 15,785 citations, including 7602 unique citations, 16 RCTs fulfilled the eligibility criteria. These trials enrolled 5167 people with cancer and VTE.Low molecular weight heparins versus vitamin K antagonistsEight studies enrolling 2327 participants compared LMWHs with VKAs. Meta-analysis of five studies probably did not rule out a beneficial or harmful effect of LMWHs compared to VKAs on mortality up to 12 months of follow-up (risk ratio (RR) 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88 to 1.13; risk difference (RD) 0 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 45 fewer to 48 more; moderate-certainty evidence). Meta-analysis of four studies did not rule out a beneficial or harmful effect of LMWHs compared to VKAs on major bleeding (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.55 to 2.12; RD 4 more per 1000, 95% CI 19 fewer to 48 more, moderate-certainty evidence) or minor bleeding (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.27; RD 38 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 92 fewer to 47 more; low-certainty evidence), or thrombocytopenia (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.69). Meta-analysis of five studies showed that LMWHs probably reduced the recurrence of VTE compared to VKAs (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.77; RD 53 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 29 fewer to 72 fewer, moderate-certainty evidence).Direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonistsFive studies enrolling 982 participants compared DOACs with VKAs. Meta-analysis of four studies may not rule out a beneficial or harmful effect of DOACs compared to VKAs on mortality (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.21; RD 12 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 51 fewer to 37 more; low-certainty evidence), recurrent VTE (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.31; RD 14 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 27 fewer to 12 more; low-certainty evidence), major bleeding (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.57, RD 8 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 22 fewer to 20 more; low-certainty evidence), or minor bleeding (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.22; RD 21 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 54 fewer to 28 more; low-certainty evidence). One study reporting on DOAC versus VKA was published as abstract so is not included in the main analysis.Direct oral anticoagulants versus low molecular weight heparinsTwo studies enrolling 1455 participants compared DOAC with LMWH. The study by Raskob did not rule out a beneficial or harmful effect of DOACs compared to LMWH on mortality up to 12 months of follow-up (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.25; RD 27 more per 1000, 95% CI 30 fewer to 95 more; low-certainty evidence). The data also showed that DOACs may have shown a likely reduction in VTE recurrence up to 12 months of follow-up compared to LMWH (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.01; RD 36 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 62 fewer to 1 more; low-certainty evidence). DOAC may have increased major bleeding at 12 months of follow-up compared to LMWH (RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.88; RD 29 more per 1000, 95% CI 0 fewer to 78 more; low-certainty evidence) and likely increased minor bleeding up to 12 months of follow-up compared to LMWH (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.80; RD 35 more per 1000, 95% CI 6 fewer to 92 more; low-certainty evidence). The second study on DOAC versus LMWH was published as an abstract and is not included in the main analysis.Idraparinux versus vitamin K antagonistsOne RCT with 284 participants compared once-weekly subcutaneous injection of idraparinux versus standard treatment (parenteral anticoagulation followed by warfarin or acenocoumarol) for three or six months. The data probably did not rule out a beneficial or harmful effect of idraparinux compared to VKAs on mortality at six months (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.59; RD 31 more per 1000, 95% CI 62 fewer to 167 more; moderate-certainty evidence), VTE recurrence at six months (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.32; RD 42 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 65 fewer to 25 more; low-certainty evidence) or major bleeding (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.35 to 3.56; RD 4 more per 1000, 95% CI 25 fewer to 98 more; low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For the long-term treatment of VTE in people with cancer, evidence shows that LMWHs compared to VKAs probably produces an important reduction in VTE and DOACs compared to LMWH, may likely reduce VTE but may increase risk of major bleeding. Decisions for a person with cancer and VTE to start long-term LMWHs versus oral anticoagulation should balance benefits and harms and integrate the person's values and preferences for the important outcomes and alternative management strategies.Editorial note: this is a living systematic review (LSR). LSRs offer new approaches to review updating in which the review is continually updated, incorporating relevant new evidence as it becomes available. Please refer to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the current status of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Kahale
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Liu WC, Yang MC, Wu YY, Chen PH, Hsu CM, Chen LW. Lactobacillus plantarum reverse diabetes-induced Fmo3 and ICAM expression in mice through enteric dysbiosis-related c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathways. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196511. [PMID: 29851956 PMCID: PMC5978885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by increased fatality associated with the atherogenetic process. Circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels are closely associated with atherosclerosis. The flavin mono-oxygenase family (Fmo) members oxidize trimethylamine (TMA) to TMAO. The effect and the regulatory mechanism of intestinal microflora on diabetes-induced Fmo3 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) expression were examined in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (STZDM) and Akita mice (C57BL/6J-Ins2Akita). STZDM-JNK1-/- and Ins2Akita-JNK1-/- mice were produced and used to study the role of pJNK in the regulatory mechanisms. Diabetic mice exhibited decreased Lactobacilli growth and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the intestinal mucosa; increased levels of pJNK and iNOS proteins in the intestinal mucosa; increased levels of serum nitrate, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression in Kupffer cells; increased Fmo3 expression in the liver; and increased ICAM expression in the aorta. Reversal of diabetes-induced enteric dysbiosis by prebiotic (FOS) or probiotic (dead L. plantarum) treatment decreased diabetes-induced pJNK and iNOS expression in the intestine, Fmo3 expression in the liver, IL-1β expression in Kupffer cells, and ICAM expression in the aorta and liver. Ins2Akita-JNK1-/- and STZDM-JNK1-/- mice demonstrated decreased levels of serum NO, IL-1β expression in Kupffer cells, Fmo3 expression in the liver, and ICAM expression in the aorta. GF mice cohoused with DM mice demonstrated an increase in ICAM expression in the liver. In conclusion, diabetes induced the expression of both Fmo3 and ICAM expression and possible vascular impairment through enteric dysbiosis. Diabetes-induced Fmo3 and ICAM expression could be reversed by pJNK inhibition or by correcting enteric dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chung Liu
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Yang
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ying Wu
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Wei Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Tang Y, Tan B, Li G, Li J, Ji P, Yin Y. The Regulatory Role of MeAIB in Protein Metabolism and the mTOR Signaling Pathway in Porcine Enterocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030714. [PMID: 29498661 PMCID: PMC5877575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters play an important role in cell growth and metabolism. MeAIB, a transporter-selective substrate, often represses the adaptive regulation of sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2), which may act as a receptor and regulate cellular amino acid contents, therefore modulating cellular downstream signaling. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of MeAIB to SNAT2 on cell proliferation, protein turnover, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in porcine enterocytes. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC)-J2 cells were cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s (DMEM-H) medium with 0 or 5 mmoL/L System A amino acid analogue (MeAIB) for 48 h. Cells were collected for analysis of proliferation, cell cycle, protein synthesis and degradation, intracellular free amino acids, and the expression of key genes involved in the mTOR signaling pathway. The results showed that SNAT2 inhibition by MeAIB depleted intracellular concentrations of not only SNAT2 amino acid substrates but also of indispensable amino acids (methionine and leucine), and suppressed cell proliferation and impaired protein synthesis. MeAIB inhibited mTOR phosphorylation, which might be involved in three translation regulators, EIF4EBP1, IGFBP3, and DDIT4 from PCR array analysis of the 84 genes related to the mTOR signaling pathway. These results suggest that SNAT2 inhibition treated with MeAIB plays an important role in regulating protein synthesis and mTOR signaling, and provide some information to further clarify its roles in the absorption of amino acids and signal transduction in the porcine small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Tang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Bie Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Guangran Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Jianjun Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
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Ye ZN, Wu LY, Liu JP, Chen Q, Zhang XS, Lu Y, Zhou ML, Li W, Zhang ZH, Xia DY, Zhuang Z, Hang CH. Inhibition of leukotriene B4 synthesis protects against early brain injury possibly via reducing the neutrophil-generated inflammatory response and oxidative stress after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 339:19-27. [PMID: 29133197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a highly potent neutrophil chemoattractant and neutrophils induces inflammatory response and oxidative stress when they recruit to and infiltrate in the injuried/inflamed site, such as the brain parenchyma after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study is to investigate the potential effects of inhibition of LTB4 synthesis on neutrophil recruitment, inflammatory response and oxidative stress, as well as early brain injury (EBI) in rats after SAH. A pre-chiasmatic cistern SAH model of rats was used in this experiment. SC 57461A was used to inhibit LTB4 synthesis via intracerebroventricular injection. The brain tissues of temporal lobe after SAH were analyzed. Neuronal injury, brain edema and neurological function were evaluated to investigate the development of EBI. We found that inhibition of LTB4 synthesis after SAH could reduce the level of myeloperoxidase, alleviate the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, and reduce neuronal death in the brain parenchyma, and ameliorate brain edema and neurological behavior impairment at 24h after SAH. These results suggest that inhibition of LTB4 synthesis might alleviate EBI after SAH possibly via reducing the neutrophil-generated inflammatory response and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Nan Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical College of Medicine, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling-Yun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-Peng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical College of Medicine, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng-Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zi-Huan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongdu Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Da-Yong Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, 2 West Zheshan Road, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zong Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Chun-Hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Fink P, von Elert E. No effect of insect repellents on the behaviour of Lymnaea stagnalis at environmentally relevant concentrations. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:26120-26124. [PMID: 28944437 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insect repellents are widely applied to various materials and to both human and animal skin to deter mosquitoes and ticks. The most common deterrent compounds applied are DEET, EBAAP and icaridin (picaridin, Bayrepel). Due to their extensive application, these repellents are frequently detected in surface waters in considerable concentrations. As these compounds are designed to alter invertebrates' behaviour rather than to intoxicate them, we hypothesised that insect repellents have the potential to modify the natural behaviour of non-target invertebrates in natural freshwater bodies. To test this, we used a well-established laboratory assay designed to quantify the odour-mediated foraging behaviour of freshwater gastropods and the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) as a model organism to test for potential deterrent effects of insect repellents on aquatic snails. Using a wide concentration range from the picogramme per litre to microgramme per litre range (and by far exceeding the range of concentrations reported from natural waters), we found no evidence for a deterrent effect of either of the three repellents on foraging L. stagnalis. Our data and other recent studies give no indication for undesirable behavioural alterations by common insect repellents in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fink
- Cologne Biocenter, Workgroup Aquatic Chemical Ecology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674, Köln, Germany.
- Institute for Zoomorphology and Cell Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Eric von Elert
- Cologne Biocenter, Workgroup Aquatic Chemical Ecology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674, Köln, Germany
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Liebmann JM, Lee JK. Current therapeutic options and treatments in development for the management of primary open-angle glaucoma. Am J Manag Care 2017; 23:S279-S292. [PMID: 29164845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma, and is responsible for approximately 90% of glaucoma cases in North America. POAG is characterized by an asymptomatic onset, where patients do not present with symptoms until significant visual loss occurs in late stages of the disease. Importantly, while glaucoma is associated with several risk factors that contribute to damage and disease progression, intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only proven modifiable risk factor at this time. Treatments for POAG include use of pharmacologic and surgical interventions. As of this writing, available pharmacologic options reduce IOP through reduction of aqueous humor production or by facilitating aqueous humor drainage through the uveoscleral outflow pathway (the unconventional pathway). Although cholinergic agonists (eg, pilocarpine) indirectly targets aqueous humor draining through the trabecular meshwork/Schlemm's canal (the conventional outflow pathway), cholinergic agonists are not frequently used, and as of this writing, no agents are currently available that target both the conventional and unconventional outflow pathways. Therapies in late-stage development include trabodenoson, netardsudil, and latanoprostene bunod.
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Lin CW, Sherman B, Moore LA, Laethem CL, Lu DW, Pattabiraman PP, Rao PV, deLong MA, Kopczynski CC. Discovery and Preclinical Development of Netarsudil, a Novel Ocular Hypotensive Agent for the Treatment of Glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 34:40-51. [PMID: 28609185 PMCID: PMC5963640 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors lower intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork (TM). The preclinical characterization of netarsudil, a new ROCK/norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor currently in clinical development, is presented herein. METHODS The kinase inhibitory activity of netarsudil was compared to its esterase metabolite, netarsudil-M1, and 3 other ROCK inhibitors using a commercially available kinase assay kit. Disruption of actin stress fibers was measured in primary porcine TM cells and disruption of focal adhesions in transformed human TM (HTM) cells. Induction of fibrosis markers after exposure to transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) was conducted in primary HTM cells. Ocular hypotensive activity and tolerability of topical formulations were evaluated in normotensive Dutch Belted rabbits and Formosan Rock monkeys. In vitro corneal metabolism assays were conducted using dog, pig, rabbit, monkey, and human corneas. In vivo ocular pharmacokinetics was studied in Dutch Belted rabbits. RESULTS Netarsudil inhibited kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 with a Ki of 1 nM each, disrupted actin stress fibers and focal adhesions in TM cells with IC50s of 79 and 16 nM, respectively, and blocked the profibrotic effects of TGF-β2 in HTM cells. Netarsudil produced large reductions in IOP in rabbits and monkeys that were sustained for at least 24 h after once daily dosing, with transient, mild hyperemia observed as the only adverse effect. CONCLUSION Netarsudil is a novel ROCK/NET inhibitor with high potency in biochemical and cell-based assays, an ability to produce large and durable IOP reductions in animal models, and favorable pharmacokinetic and ocular tolerability profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Da-Wen Lu
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Ponugoti Vasantha Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Kagawa S, Nishii R, Higashi T, Yamauchi H, Ogawa E, Okudaira H, Kobayashi M, Yoshimoto M, Shikano N, Kawai K. Relationship between [ 14C]MeAIB uptake and amino acid transporter family gene expression levels or proliferative activity in a pilot study in human carcinoma cells: Comparison with [ 3H]methionine uptake. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 49:8-15. [PMID: 28284101 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To clarify the difference between system A and L amino acid transport imaging in PET clinical imaging, we focused on the use of α-[N-methyl-11C]-methylaminoisobutyric acid ([11C]MeAIB), and compared it with [S-methyl-11C]-L-methionine ([11C]MET). The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of accumulation of these two radioactive amino acid analogs with expression of amino acid transporters and cell proliferative activity in carcinoma cells. METHODS Amino acid uptake inhibitor studies were performed in four human carcinoma cells (epidermal carcinoma A431, colorectal carcinoma LS180, and lung carcinomas PC14/GL and H441/GL) using the radioisotope analogs [3H]MET and [14C]MeAIB. MeAIB was used to inhibit the A system and 2-amino-2-norbornane-carboxylic acid (BCH) was used to inhibit the L system. The carcinoma gene expression levels of a number of amino acid transporters were measured by microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Carcinoma proliferative activity was assessed using accumulation of [methyl-3H]-3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine ([3H]FLT). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION [14C]MeAIB uptake occurred principally via a Na+-dependent A type mechanism whereas [3H]MET uptake occurred predominantly via a Na+-independent L type mechanism although other transporters were also utilized depending on cell type. There was no correlation between [3H]MET uptake and total system L amino acid transporter (LAT) expression. In contrast, [14C]MeAIB uptake strongly correlated with total system A amino acid transporter (SNAT) expression and proliferative activity in this preliminary study using four human carcinoma cell lines. Carcinoma proliferative activity also correlated with total SNAT expression. Advances in Knowledge and Implications for Patient Care: Because there is a significant correlation between the accumulation of [14C]MeAIB and the gene expression level of total SNAT as well as the accumulation of [3H]FLT, it is suggested that use of the analog [11C]MeAIB in PET may provide an indication of tumor cell proliferative activity. [11C]MeAIB is therefore expected to be very useful in PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kagawa
- Division of PET Imaging, Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Shiga, Japan; Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishii
- Division of PET Imaging, Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Shiga, Japan; Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Division of PET Imaging, Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Shiga, Japan; Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamauchi
- Division of PET Imaging, Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Shiga, Japan
| | - Emi Ogawa
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | - Masato Kobayashi
- Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yoshimoto
- Division of Functional Imaging, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoto Shikano
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kawai
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Kim J, Lee GR, Kim H, Jo YJ, Hong SE, Lee J, Lee HI, Jang YS, Oh SH, Lee HJ, Lee JS, Jeong W. Effective killing of cancer cells and regression of tumor growth by K27 targeting sulfiredoxin. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:384-392. [PMID: 27825965 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells have been suggested to be more susceptible to oxidative damages and highly dependent on antioxidant capacity in comparison with normal cells, and thus targeting antioxidant enzymes has been a strategy for effective cancer treatment. Sulfiredoxin (Srx) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of sulfinylated peroxiredoxins and thereby reactivates them. In this study we developed a Srx inhibitor, K27 (N-[7-chloro-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-quinazolinyl]-N-(2-phenylethyl)-β-alanine), and showed that it induces the accumulation of sulfinylated peroxiredoxins and oxidative stress, which leads to mitochondrial damage and apoptotic death of cancer cells. The effects of K27 were significantly reversed by ectopic expression of Srx or antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine. In addition, K27 led to preferential death of tumorigenic cells over non-tumorigenic cells, and suppressed the growth of xenograft tumor without acute toxicity. Our results suggest that targeting Srx might be an effective therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment through redox-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Gong-Rak Lee
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Hojin Kim
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - You-Jin Jo
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Hong
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Jiae Lee
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Hye In Lee
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Su Jang
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Oh
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Hwa Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Woojin Jeong
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea.
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Dolgodilina E, Imobersteg S, Laczko E, Welt T, Verrey F, Makrides V. Brain interstitial fluid glutamine homeostasis is controlled by blood-brain barrier SLC7A5/LAT1 amino acid transporter. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1929-1941. [PMID: 26661195 PMCID: PMC5094305 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15609331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
L-glutamine (Gln) is the most abundant amino acid in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid and a precursor for the main central nervous system excitatory (L-glutamate) and inhibitory (γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)) neurotransmitters. Concentrations of Gln and 13 other brain interstitial fluid amino acids were measured in awake, freely moving mice by hippocampal microdialysis using an extrapolation to zero flow rate method. Interstitial fluid levels for all amino acids including Gln were ∼5-10 times lower than in cerebrospinal fluid. Although the large increase in plasma Gln by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 15N2-labeled Gln (hGln) did not increase total interstitial fluid Gln, low levels of hGln were detected in microdialysis samples. Competitive inhibition of system A (SLC38A1&2; SNAT1&2) or system L (SLC7A5&8; LAT1&2) transporters in brain by perfusion with α-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid (MeAIB) or 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) respectively, was tested. The data showed a significantly greater increase in interstitial fluid Gln upon BCH than MeAIB treatment. Furthermore, brain BCH perfusion also strongly increased the influx of hGln into interstitial fluid following IP injection consistent with transstimulation of LAT1-mediated transendothelial transport. Taken together, the data support the independent homeostatic regulation of amino acids in interstitial fluid vs. cerebrospinal fluid and the role of the blood-brain barrier expressed SLC7A5/LAT1 as a key interstitial fluid gatekeeper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dolgodilina
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP) and NCCR Kidney. CH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Imobersteg
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Endre Laczko
- Functional Genomic Center Zurich (FGCZ), ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Welt
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Francois Verrey
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP) and NCCR Kidney. CH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Makrides
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP) and NCCR Kidney. CH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sasaki M, Ishii N, Kikuchi Y, Kudoh Y, Sugiyama R, Hasebe M. [Occupational exposures among nurses caring for chemotherapy patients -Quantitative analysis of cyclophosphamide and α-fluoro-β-alanine in urine]. Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi 2016; 58:164-172. [PMID: 27488511 DOI: 10.1539/sangyoeisei.2016-005-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to measure the antineoplastic drug content in urine and verify the situation of occupational exposure of the antineoplastic drug among nurses who care for patients undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS Ten female nurses who were caring for patients receiving chemotherapy were the subjects of this study. Urine samples were collected over 24-hour periods, and each sample was analyzed. The excretion of cyclophosphamide (CP) and α-fluoro-β-alanine (FBAL) were measured in the urine of the 10 nurses. CP and FBAL were detected separately using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MSMS) methods (Exposure Control, the Netherlands). RESULT CP was detected in 24 urine samples of 9 nurses. The total amount of CP excreted ranged from 5.4 to 44.2 ng/24-hours. The mean amount of CP excreted per nurse was 16.8 ng/24-hours. No significant difference was observed between the hospital I and II. FBAL was not detected in any of the urine samples. CP was detected in the urine of the nurses prior to their work shift. Moreover, CP was detected in the urine of the nurses who were not caring for patients in the intravenous drip of CP. There was most what answered that there was hair loss in health condition. CONCLUSION The results reveal that almost all nurses were exposed to cyclophosphamide. Even when the patient in the intravenous drip of CP was not being cared for, it became clear that exposure by CP existed. As the route of the exposure to CP, the inhalation or dermal absorption can be considered. To ensure minimum exposed to antineoplastic drugs, suitable personal protective equipment needs to be equipped also of various scenes of caring for chemotherapy patients. Moreover, it is important to keep an eye on the monitoring of the antineoplastic drug in the environment and a nurse's health condition periodically going forward.
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Luginbühl S, Bertschi L, Willeke M, Schuler LD, Walde P. How Anionic Vesicles Steer the Oligomerization of Enzymatically Oxidized p-Aminodiphenylamine (PADPA) toward a Polyaniline Emeraldine Salt (PANI-ES)-Type Product. Langmuir 2016; 32:9765-9779. [PMID: 27570882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of the aniline dimer, p-aminodiphenylamine (PADPA), with Trametes versicolor laccase and O2 in an aqueous solution of pH 3.5 is controlled by negatively charged AOT (sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate) vesicles. With vesicles, a product resembling polyaniline in its emeraldine salt form (PANI-ES) is obtained, in contrast to the reaction without vesicles where no such product is formed. To understand this observation, the product distribution and structures from the reaction with and without vesicles were determined by using partially selectively deuterated PADPA as a starting material and analyzing the products with HPLC-MS. We found that in the presence of vesicles the main product is obtained in about 50% yield, which is the N-C-para-coupled PADPA dimer that has spectroscopic properties of PANI-ES, as determined by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. A secondary reaction route leads to longer PADPA oligomers that must contain a phenazine core. Without vesicles, PADPA and its products undergo partial hydrolysis, but in the presence of vesicles, hydrolysis does not occur. Because molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that the main intermediate oxidation product is embedded within the vesicle membrane, where the water content is very low, we propose that the microenvironment of the vesicle membrane protects the oxidation products from unwanted hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Luginbühl
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Louis Bertschi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Willeke
- Materials Science Education, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich , Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Pelantová H, Bugáňová M, Holubová M, Šedivá B, Zemenová J, Sýkora D, Kaválková P, Haluzík M, Železná B, Maletínská L, Kuneš J, Kuzma M. Urinary metabolomic profiling in mice with diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus after treatment with metformin, vildagliptin and their combination. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 431:88-100. [PMID: 27164444 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metformin, vildagliptin and their combination are widely used for the treatment of diabetes, but little is known about the metabolic responses to these treatments. In the present study, NMR-based metabolomics was applied to detect changes in the urinary metabolomic profile of a mouse model of diet-induced obesity in response to these treatments. Additionally, standard biochemical parameters and the expression of enzymes involved in glucose and fat metabolism were monitored. Significant correlations were observed between several metabolites (e.g., N-carbamoyl-β-alanine, N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, glucose, 3-indoxyl sulfate, dimethylglycine and several acylglycines) and the area under the curve of glucose concentrations during the oral glucose tolerance test. The present study is the first to present N-carbamoyl-β-alanine as a potential marker of type 2 diabetes mellitus and consequently to demonstrate the efficacies of the applied antidiabetic interventions. Moreover, the elevated acetate level observed after vildagliptin administration might reflect increased fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pelantová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Bugáňová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Holubová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Šedivá
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 8, 306 14, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zemenová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kaválková
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital in Prague, U nemocnice 1, 128 08, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Haluzík
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital in Prague, U nemocnice 1, 128 08, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Endocrinology, Národní 8, 116 94, Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kuzma
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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