Zhang L, Wang N, Zhou S, Ye W, Jing G, Zhang M. Propofol induces proliferation and invasion of gallbladder cancer cells through activation of Nrf2.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012;
31:66. [PMID:
22901367 PMCID:
PMC3502506 DOI:
10.1186/1756-9966-31-66]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Propofol is one of the most commonly used intravenous anaesthetic agents during cancer resection surgery, but the effect of propofol on gallbladder cancer is not clear. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is abundantly expressed in cancer cells and relates to proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance. The aims of the current study were to evaluate effects of propofol on the behavior of human GC cells and role of Nrf2 in these effects.
METHOD
The effects of propofol on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were detected by MTT assays, flow cytometry, and transwell assay. Also, activation of Nrf2 was determined by western blot, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence assays. Nrf2 was knocked-down in GBC-SD cells by shRNA before evaluating the role of Nrf2 in the influence of propofol on biological behaviors.
RESULTS
Propofol promoted the proliferation of GBC-SD cells in a dose- and time- dependent manner. After exposure to propofol for 48 h, GBC-SD cells showed decreased apoptosis and increased invasion. Also, propofol over-expressed Nrf2 at both the protein and mRNA levels and induced translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus. Finally, loss of Nrf2 by shRNA reversed the effect of propofol on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion.
CONCLUSION
Propofol induces proliferation and promotes invasion of GC cells through activation of Nrf2.
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