Worldwide prevalence of geographic tongue in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

To identify the prevalence of geographic tongue in patients >18 years. A systematic literature review was performed in search of population-based observational studies. Searches were performed using five main databases: Embase, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science; and three gray literature sources: Google Scholar, ProQuest, and OpenGrey. In addition, a manual search in the reference list and consultation with experts on the topic studied were performed. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's checklist for prevalence studies. Ratio meta-analyses were performed using JAMOVI. Initially, 3046 studies were identified. After a two-phase selection, 11 studies were included for quantitative synthesis. Two studies were classified as of low methodological quality, five studies as of moderate quality, and four as of high quality. Two types of prevalence were analyzed: by period and point. Three studies were included in the period prevalence meta-analysis, and the prevalence was 3% (Confidence interval [CI]: 0.4%-5.5%, n = 9813). Eight studies were included in the point-prevalence meta-analysis, and the prevalence was 3% (CI: -0.2% to 5.5%, n = 10,967). Although there are phases of exacerbation and remission in geographic tongue, prevalence and period prevalence were similar. Approximately one in 30 adults has a geographic tongue.

Palliative oral care in terminal cancer patients: Integrated review

BACKGROUND

Palliative care (PC) aims to improve quality of life in patients and its families against life threatening diseases, through suffering’s prevention and relief. It is the duty of the dental surgeon to possess the knowledge needed to treat a patient with little life span, in order to establish an adequate treatment plan for each situation.

AIM

To synthesize the published evidence on oral conditions, impact, management and challenges in managing oral conditions among palliative patients.

METHODS

Articles were selected from PubMed and Scopus electronic platforms, using a research strategy with diverse descriptors related to “palliative care”, “cancer” and “oral health”. The article’s selection was done in two phases. The first one was performed by the main researcher through the reading of the abstracts. In the second phase two researchers selected eligible articles after reading in full those previous selected. Data was tabulated and analyzed, obtaining information about what is found in literature related to this subject and what is necessary to be approached in future researches about PC.

RESULTS

As results, the total of 15 articles were eligible, being one a qualitative analysis, 13 (92.8%) clinical trials and one observational study. Of the 15 articles, 8 (53.4%) involved questionnaires, while the rest involved: one systematic review about oral care in a hospital environment, 2 oral exams and oral sample collection, one investigation of terminal patient’s (TP) oral assessment records, 2 collection of oral samples and their respective analysis and one treatment of the observed oral complications.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that the oral manifestations in oncologic patients in terminal stage are, oral candidiasis, dry mouth, dysphagia, dysgeusia, oral mucositis and orofacial pain. Determining a protocol for the care of these and other complications of cancer – or cancer therapy – based on scientific evidence with the latest cutting-edge research results is of fundamental importance for the multidisciplinary team that works in the care of patients in PC. To prevent complications and its needed to initial the dentist as early as possible as a multidisciplinary member. It has been suggested palliative care protocol based on the up to date literature available for some frequent oral complications in TP with cancer. Other complications in terminal patients and their treatments still need to have further studying.

Podoplanin Expression in Odontogenic Keratocysts Associated or not Associated With Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome

BACKGROUND

Podoplanin is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on various normal or neoplastic cells. Some studies have shown that podoplanin promotes the migration and invasion of tumor cells. This study evaluated a podoplanin expression in Odontogenic Keratocysts (OKs) associated or not associated with Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (NBCCS) and in Orthokeratinized Odontogenic Cysts (OOCs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 50 lesions were obtained in this study, 28 OKs, 18 OKs associated with NBCCS, and 4 OOCs. Immunohistochemical expression of podoplanin in epithelial cells was evaluated using the following score: (a) intensity of immunostaining: (0: absent, 1: weak, 2: moderate, 3: strong, and 4: very strong) and (b) number of positively cells (0: 0%, 1: <25%, 2: 25% to 50%, 3: 50% to 75%, and 4: >75%). The final score was determined by adding the scores of a and b and ranged from 0 to 8 (0: absent, 1 to 4: weak, and 5 to 8: strong).

RESULTS

Podoplanin expression was significantly stronger in the basal layer OKs and NBCCS lesions. Further, podoplanin expression was the highest in the suprabasal layer of NBCCS lesions, followed by the suprabasal layers of OK and OOC lesions.

CONCLUSIONS

Podoplanin expression is different in lesions of different biological behaviors. Podoplanin seems to play a role in cell proliferation and migration.

Effects of sclerosing agents on head and neck hemangiomas: A systematic review

Background

The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature for studies that investigated the effects of sclerosing agents on head and neck hemangiomas.

Material and Methods

Clinical trials, cohort studies, and descriptive studies were considered eligible and selected in a two-phase process. Six main electronic databases, in addition to three grey literature databases, were searched. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the “Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument” checklist. From fifty-six considered eligible, five were finally included.

Results

One article were judged at low, one at moderate, and three at high RoB. The sclerosing agents investigated were sodium tetradecyl sulphate (n=2), ethanolamine oleate (n=1), pingyangmycin (n=1) and bleomycin (n=1). Overall, good results were achieved on the treatment of head and neck hemangiomas with intralesional sclerotherapy. Most commonly reported adverse effects included pain, swelling, fever, necrosis, transient facial palsy, and anorexia.

Conclusions

Considering the limited number of included studies, intralesional sclerotherapy on the management of HN hemangiomas presented overall good results with minor adverse reactions, especially in regards to smaller lesions.

Key words:Sclerotherapy, sclerosing solutions, vascular neoplasms, hemangioma.

Surface Modifications on Aesthetically Restored Teeth following Home Bleaching with 16% Peroxide Carbamide

Objectives: This clinical study evaluated the effects of a highly concentrated home-bleaching agent on the surface morphology of aesthetically restored teeth. Methods: Specimens of human enamel and micro-hybrid composite resin were randomly adhered to the buccal side of right premolar and molar teeth of ten volunteers, who underwent a routine home-bleaching procedure with 16% carbamide peroxide on the upper jaw for 8 days. The mandibular unbleached specimens served as paired controls (n=10). Ultra-structural assessment of the sample was carried out by scanning electron microscopy, and the resulting images were blindly evaluated for topographical alterations. The differences between groups were calculated with the Mann-Whitney test adjusted at the 95% confidence interval. Results: The bleached enamel presented significantly more morphological changes than the control group. The aspect of resin composite exposed to the whitening substance was statistically similar to that observed in the corresponding control group (P<.05). Conclusions: The occurrence of surface topography changes during home bleaching of aesthetically restored teeth with 16% carbamide peroxide was restricted to enamel. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:157- 162)

Prevalence of oral mucosal disorders during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

OBJECTIVE

To assess the prevalence of oral mucosal disorders during pregnancy.

METHODS

Observational studies were selected by two reviewers in a two-phase process. Search strategies were applied at CINAHL, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, OpenGrey, and ProQuest. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data. Synthesis of results was calculated by the software R Statistics version 3.5.1 (The R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). Confidence in cumulative evidence was assessed by using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria.

RESULTS

Fifteen studies met the eligibility criteria and were selected for qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis, of which 5935 participants were enrolled. The overall prevalence of oral mucosal disorders was 11.8%. Gingival hyperplasia (17.1%), morsicatio buccarum (10%), oral candidiasis (4.4%), pyogenic granuloma (3%), and benign migratory glossitis (2.8%) were the most prevalent lesions. The overall risk of bias was considered moderate, and the quality of evidence was very low.

CONCLUSION

Disorders of the oral mucosa were present in approximately 1 out of 10 pregnant women. Gingival hyperplasia was the most prevalent lesion. Further studies should apply homogeneous methodology to improve the quality of evidence.

Autism spectrum disorder: Review of literature and dental management

With an increase in the number of cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), dental professionals need to be aware of the different techniques required to ensure safe dental treatments for affected patients. The concerns and preferences of the parents and the medical and dental history of each patient should be considered. The aim of this article was to provide a comprehensive update on the medical and dental health of patients with ASD. A detailed search of the electronic database PubMed/Medline/Lilacs was performed for the terms “Autism”, “Autistic”, “Autism Spectrum Disorder”, “ASD”, “Dentistry” and “Dentist”, in the period between 2006 and 2017. Systemic reviews, research articles, and literature reviews were included. Expert opinions, case series, and case reports were excluded from the search. A detailed family-centered approach based on the preferences and concerns of parents is an important foundation for appropriate individualized dental treatment of patients with ASD. In addition, the knowledge of disruptive behaviors and patient´s challenges may guide dental practitioners in improving treatment planning, oral management, and the overall oral health of patients with ASD.

Impact of Inorganic Xenograft on Bone Healing and Osseointegration: An Experimental Study in Rabbits

PURPOSE

To evaluate if an inorganic graft applied before implant insertion interferes with osseointegration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The bilateral mandibular incisors of 12 rabbits were extracted. One of the sockets was randomly filled with an inorganic xenogenic bone graft, whereas the remaining socket was allowed to heal naturally and served as a control. After 60 days, titanium implants were inserted into healing areas. The animals were killed 60 days after. Bone depositions were marked with fluorochrome oxytetracycline, alizarin, and calcein and evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area (BA) within the limits of the implant threads were analyzed. Data were compared statically by paired t tests, one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc tests (α = 0.05).

RESULTS

No differences between the control and experimental groups in bone deposition for each marker, in either the BIC or BA analysis were observed. The bone deposition marked by alizarin (14-21 days) was the highest, followed by oxytetracycline (0 and 7 days) and calcein (45 and 52 days) in both groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The bone healing or the course of osseointegration was not impaired by the use of an inorganic xenogenic graft before insertion of a titanium implant.

Tomographic late evaluation of xenogeneic bone grafts in sockets of impacted third molars

It is necessary to preserve height and thickness of the alveolar bone to facilitate rehabilitation with osteointegratable implants or simply to maintain bone integrity after extraction. Biomaterials associated with resorbable or non-resorbable membranes, when placed in the region of the socket, may contribute to avoid this unwanted reabsorption.

Oral health assessment for users of marijuana and cocaine/crack substances

The objective of this study was to assess the oral health status of users of illicit drugs such as marijuana and cocaine/crack and compare it with individuals not using these chemical substances. Questionnaires were applied to 35 illicit drugs users to gather information on demographic status, general health, and use of drugs. Then, a clinical assessment of the oral health condition was performed to collect data on decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index, salivary flow rate (SFR), and mucosal lesions. The control group was composed of 35 non-illicit drug users. In the experimental group, 91.43% were males, 80% were smokers, and 42.85% were alcoholics. Cocaine was the most common drug used (77.15%), followed by marijuana (68.6%), and crack (51.4%). The average DMFT index was 9.8 and the SFR was reduced in 60% of subjects. Mucosal alterations were detected, but no potentially malignant disorders or oral cancer were diagnosed. Compared to control group, significantly higher values for gender (40%, p = 0.0001), smoking (22.86%) and heavy drinking (5.7%) habits (p = 0.0001), SFR (31.4%; p = 0.0308), and oral lesions (p = 0.0488) were found for the experimental group, although significantly higher values were found in the control group for DMFT index (p = 0.0148). It can be concluded that the use of illicit drugs contributed to an increased prevalence of oral mucosa lesions. In addition, a decline on SFR and a reduced DMFT index was observed for illicit drug users.

Concepts and challenges of alveolar ridge preservation and augmentation

The loss of the post-extraction alveolar ridge vertical and horizontal volume constitutes an irreversible process and presents a considerable impact on the prosthetic rehabilitation, particularly when implant-supported. Therefore, alveolar ridge resorption has become a challenge in contemporary clinical dentistry and alveolar ridge preservation and augmentation are an interesting therapeutic approach. The employment of biomaterials, as a therapeutic alternative to preserve bone in height and volume, has been frequently studied over the years, due to its conceptual attractiveness and its simple technique. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss current methods to optimize the alveolar bone repair while maintaining its horizontal and vertical dimensions. This paper is based on scientific studies published in English including systematic reviews and also animal and human studies that were searched using the keywords “alveolar ridge preservation,”“bone substitute”, “biomaterials”, “bone graft” and “grafting”. Either autogenous bone as xenogenic and alloplastic materials, platelet rich plasma and use of membrane are alternatives. It becomes fundamental to understand that alveolar bone loss is still a clinical challenge and alveolar ridge preservation techniques can minimize, but not completely, eliminate the resorption process. The goal of alveolar ridge preservation and augmentation is to use a combination of bone or biomaterials to create bone which is sufficient for dental implant placement. Freeze-dried bone is generally recognized as giving more predictable treatment outcomes than synthetic materials or platelet rich plasma, and membranes must always be used to separate hard and soft tissues to promote optimal tissue healing.

Disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis diagnosis based on oral lesions

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a deep mycosis with primary lung manifestations that may present cutaneous and oral lesions. Oral lesions mimic other infectious diseases or even squamous cell carcinoma, clinically and microscopically. Sometimes, the dentist is the first to detect the disease, because lung lesions are asymptomatic, or even misdiagnosed. An unusual case of PCM with 5 months of evolution presenting pulmonary, oral, and cutaneous lesions that was diagnosed by the dentist based on oral lesions is presented and discussed.

Pigmented lesion with characteristics of malignancy: a case report

Pigmentations of the oral mucosa include a range of lesions or conditions that manifest as changes in the color of oral tissues; these changes may show melanocytic activity. A melanotic macule is a small, well-circumscribed melanocytic benign lesion. It can occur on the lips and intraorally and ranges in color from brown to black. Microscopically, it is characterized by elevated levels of melanin production by basal melanocytes, which appear normal in terms of number, morphology, and distribution. A 48-year-old woman sought treatment for a pigmented lesion that had been present for 4 months. Intraoral examination revealed a non-homogenous brownish spot (measuring 0.7 cm) with irregular borders on the left side of the soft palate. Since the lesion had an atypical clinical appearance, melanocytic nevus, oral melanoacanthoma, and oral malignant melanoma were considered in differential diagnoses. After an incisional biopsy, the lesion was diagnosed as a melanotic macule. Due to their varying clinical appearance, benign pigmented lesions can be mistaken for malignant tumors, especially when the lesions exhibit similar coloration, symmetry, and borders. Through this report on a case with atypical clinical characteristics, we aim to reinforce the ubiquitous nature of oral pigmented lesions, and the importance of employing different approaches to diagnosing these lesions.

Influence of root canal sealer on the radiographic appearance of filling voids in maxillary single-rooted teeth

OBJECTIVE

This study compared the influence of three epoxy resin-based sealers with distinct radiopacities on the observers' ability to detect root canal filling voids during radiographic analysis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The root canals of 48 extracted maxillary canines were prepared and divided into three groups. Each group was laterally condensed with one sealer (AH Plus®, Acroseal® or a non-radiopaque sealer), and a longitudinal void was simulated in half of the specimens from each group (n=8). Buccolingual radiographs were obtained and randomly interpreted for voids by a radiologist and an endodontist in a blinded fashion. Teeth were cut and inspected under a microscope to confirm the position of void. Differences in sensitivity and specificity between groups and examiners were compared using the Fisher's Exact and McNemar tests, respectively (α=0.05).

RESULTS

Significantly lower sensitivity levels (p<0.05) were observed in the coronal portion of fillings performed with both radiopaque sealers. Specificity values for Acroseal® were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the coronal and apical portions of fillings.

CONCLUSIONS

The type of root canal sealer can affect the observers' ability to detect root canal filling voids during radiographic analysis of upper single-rooted teeth.

Surface Modifications on Aesthetically Restored Teeth following Home Bleaching with 16% Peroxide Carbamide

OBJECTIVES

This clinical study evaluated the effects of a highly concentrated home-bleaching agent on the surface morphology of aesthetically restored teeth.

METHODS

Specimens of human enamel and micro-hybrid composite resin were randomly adhered to the buccal side of right premolar and molar teeth of ten volunteers, who underwent a routine home-bleaching procedure with 16% carbamide peroxide on the upper jaw for 8 days. The mandibular unbleached specimens served as paired controls (n=10). Ultra-structural assessment of the sample was carried out by scanning electron microscopy, and the resulting images were blindly evaluated for topographical alterations. The differences between groups were calculated with the Mann-Whitney test adjusted at the 95% confidence interval.

RESULTS

The bleached enamel presented significantly more morphological changes than the control group. The aspect of resin composite exposed to the whitening substance was statistically similar to that observed in the corresponding control group (P<.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The occurrence of surface topography changes during home bleaching of aesthetically restored teeth with 16% carbamide peroxide was restricted to enamel.

Long-term rabbits bone response to titanium implants in the presence of inorganic bovine-derived graft

This study evaluated bone responses to titanium implants in the presence of an inorganic graft material. The bilateral mandible incisors of 24 rabbits were surgically extracted and one of the exposed sockets, chosen at random, was filled with an inorganic xenogenic bone graft (Gen-ox®), whereas the remaining socket was left to heal naturally and served as a control. After 60 days, titanium implants were inserted in the specific areas, and on days 0, 30, 60, and 180 after the implant insertions, six animals of each group were killed. Digital periapical radiography of implant region was obtained and vertical bone height (VBH) and bone density (BD) were evaluated by digital analysis system. In the undecalcified tissue cuts, bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area (BA) within the limits of the implant threads were evaluated and compared statistically by means of two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (ρ < 0.05). No significant differences were detected in VBH and BA, either between groups or between different experimental intervals. The BD was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group in all the intervals tested, but there were no significant differences by interval. The BIC was statistically lower in the control group on day 0; however, a significant increase was observed on days 60 and 180 (ρ < 0.05). The use of an inorganic xenograft prior to insertion of a titanium implant did not interfere with the course of osseointegration.

Radiographic analysis of root canal fillings: influence of two sealers on the perception of voids

The aim of this ex vivo was to investigate if two radiopaque root canal sealers with different formulations would influence the radiographic perception of root canal fillings. The root canals of 48 extracted maxillary canines were prepared and randomly assigned to 3 groups of 16 specimens each. In each group, the root canals were filled by lateral condensation of gutta-percha and one of the tested sealers: Endométhasone, Sealer 26, or a non-radiopaque sealer. A through-and-through void was simulated in half of the specimens from each group (n=8). The buccolingual radiographic images obtained were randomly interpreted for voids existence by a radiologist and an endodontist. The differences in sensitivity and specificity between groups and examiners were compared using, respectively, Fisher's Exact and McNemar tests at 5% significance level. Both radiopaque sealers caused a significant decrease in sensitivity at the coronal part of fillings. The use of Endométhasone increased specificity values for both coronal and apical portions of the root canal fillings. In conclusion, the tested sealers influenced the radiographic perceptions of laterally condensed root canal fillings in a different way.

Biomechanical and microscopic response of bone to titanium implants in the presence of inorganic grafts

This study evaluated the biomechanical and microscopic response of previously grafted bone to titanium implants. The lower incisors of 16 rabbits were surgically extracted, and bilateral perforations communicating with the remaining sockets were created distally. A socket/perforation defect on each mandible was chosen at random to be immediately filled with a xenogenic graft, whereas the contralateral perforation was left to heal naturally and served as a paired control. After 60 days, titanium implants were installed in the previously operated areas. After periods of 2 and 6 months, the animals were killed, and the force necessary to retrieve implants as well as the bone-implant contact (BIC) and bone mass (BM) were quantified and statistically compared by 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α  =  .05). No significant differences in removal torque were observed, either by time or by treatment condition. Differences in BIC and BM between experimental and control groups were not statistically significant through the intervals studied (P < .05). The presence of a xenogenic graft did not influence the microscopic tissue response to titanium implants or fixation into newly formed or mature bone.

Panoramic radiography and its role in the diagnosis of systemic disorders

This article presents a case report in which a systemic disease was first suspected by viewing a panoramic radiograph. A 49-year-old man sought prosthetic rehabilitation with implants. Panoramic radiography revealed an osteolysis of poorly defined limits in the apical region of teeth No. 26 to 28. The patient's medical history included the recent removal of a giant cell lesion from the left tibia. During palpation of the neck, a fixed nodule was detected on the superior portion of the left thyroid gland. Biochemical tests showed elevated levels of serum alkaline osphatase, serum calcium, and parathyroid hormone. As the serum phosphate was low, the final diagnosis was primary hyperparathyroidism. A CT scan showed a hypodense lesion involving teeth No. 26 to 28, with preserved cortical bone. A whole-body bone scintigraphy showed lesions in the mandible and other long bones. A high radiopharmaceutical capitation was present in the left parathyroid gland. The patient was referred to a head and neck surgeon, who removed the left thyroid lobule and the parathyroid gland. The microscopic diagnosis was parathyroid carcinoma. After eight months of follow-up, the mandibular lesion disappeared.

Atypical clinical manifestation of mucoepidermoid carcinoma in the palate

A 62-year-old woman sought treatment for a red macule in her hard palate. Examination of the oral cavity revealed an ovoid-shaped erythematous macule on the right side of the hard palate. The patient was edentulous and used a poorly adapted maxillary denture. The initial diagnosis was chronic atrophic candidosis and trauma; however, when the lesion did not heal following removal of the prosthesis and application of topical antifungal medication, an incisional biopsy was performed, resulting in a final diagnosis of low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The patient was referred to a head and neck surgeon and the tumor was excised.

Chronic maxillary sinusitis associated with dental impression material

A 62-year-old man was referred for routine treatment of hyperplasia of the mucosa in the anterior lower jaw. An oroantral fistula was detected in the right superior alveolar ridge. The patient had no complaints. Plain radiographs showed a radiopaque foreign body in the posterior region associated with opacification of the maxillary sinus. Computed tomography showed the same hyperdense foreign body located in the posterior lower part of the sinus and an abnormal soft tissue mass in the entire right maxillary sinus. When asked about sinusitis, the patient mentioned occasional episodes of pus taste and intermittent crises of headache lasting for one week. The patient has been edentulous for 20 years. Sinus debridement was performed and the oroantral fistula was closed. The clinical suspicion of the presence of zinc oxide-eugenol paste was confirmed by microscopical and chemical analysis. After 6 months of follow-up, the fistula continued to be closed and sinusitis did not recur. This clinical case of maxillary chronic sinusitis illustrates a different odontogenic origin.

Unilateral patent nasopalatine duct: a case report and review of the literature

A 15-year-old white female sought our institution complaining of a chirping noise during speech and swallowing. The noise was spontaneous, perceptible, and enhanced when hard suction on the anterior palate was performed. The patient reported no trauma, infection, or other clinical feature related to the noise. Clinical examination showed 2 small grooves on both sides of the midline, lateral to the incisive papilla. The left groove was visually deeper. Careful probing with a gutta-percha cone revealed the existence of a communication on this side extending from the mouth to the nasal cavity, which was confirmed clinically and radiographically. Probing was not possible on the right side. The diagnosis was unilateral patent nasopalatine duct, which was surgically treated. We report here a new case of patent nasopalatine duct and also present a review of the pertinent literature.

Radiographic assessment of impacted mandibular third molar sockets filled with composite xenogenic bone graft

OBJECTIVES

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiographic aspect of the healing of extraction sockets filled with a xenogenic graft material (Gent-tech).

METHODS

Thirty-nine patients ranging in age from 15 years to 25 years with bilateral impacted mandibular molars were chosen based on bilateral mandibular similarities. After tooth extraction, the socket was filled with the graft. The opposite site was left to heal naturally and served as a control. The experimental and control sites were chosen randomly. Bone density and crest healing were evaluated on digital radiographs taken immediately, 2 months and 6 months after surgery. The respective pixels values obtained with the Digora software were compared statistically.

RESULTS

The results showed a significant decrease in the distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest, but no difference was found between the control and experimental groups. Bone density increased significantly, and there was difference between experimental and control groups.

CONCLUSION

The analysed parameters observed by the authors were similar to those of the control group, suggesting xenogenic graft being an acceptable material and a graft option.