Glycyrrhizin ameliorates high fat diet-induced obesity in rats by activating NrF2 pathway

AIM

Obesity based on insulin resistance is a state of chronic oxidative stress and inflammation that are highly regulated through nuclear factor Erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NrF2) pathway.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

70 male Wistar rats were randomized into two models. The prophylactic model was 10weeks and rats were grouped into: normal group, GL group (received glycyrrhizin 50mg/kg/day orally along with normal pellet diet), HFD group and HFD+ GL group (received glycyrrhizin along with HFD). The treatment model was 14weeks and rats were grouped into: normal group, HFD group and HFD+GL group (received glycyrrhizin from the week 10).

KEY FINDINGS

Glycyrrhizin decreased significantly rat weights and insulin resistance, normalized lipid profile and reduced significantly the adipocytes size in adipose tissue and lipid deposition in the liver tissue through histopathologic examination. Furthermore, glycyrrhizin ameliorated obesity-induced oxidative stress which indicated by significant decrease in liver malondialdehyde level (P<0.001) and increase in the total antioxidant capacity (P<0.001). Interestingly, molecular mechanism of glycyrrhizin was explored, that included significant reduction of liver gluconeogenic enzymes mRNA expression (P<0.001), a significant increase of liver insulin receptor, NrF2 and homooxygenase-1 mRNA expressions (P<0.001) and significant increase and nuclear translocation of NrF2 in liver tissue.

SIGNIFICANCE

Glycyrrhizin ameliorates HFD-induced obesity in rats that may be attributed to its ability to increase insulin receptor expression and to activate NrF2 and subsequent homooxygenase-1 pathway. Thus, this work represents a safe natural compound (glycyrrhizin) that has a great role either as prophylaxis or treatment for insulin resistance related to obesity.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Curcumin on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Through Autophagic and Apoptic Pathways

BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE

Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II), and Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) are proteins that can be used as markers for autophagic pathway. Bcl-2 protein is reported to be inversely correlated with apoptosis. We aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin on liver inflammation and fibrosis up to the first dysplastic stage of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by Thioacetamide (TAA) in rats and to clarify the effects of curcumin on LC3-II, SQSTM1, and Bcl-2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups: Control group, TAA group, Curcumin low-dose group, and Curcumin highdose group. The last three groups received TAA 200 mg/kg i.p. twice weekly for 18 weeks. Oxidative stress markers as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured by colorimetric methods. Hepatic SQSTM1 concentration was measured by ELISA, and gene expression levels of Bcl-2, and LC3-II were measured by RT-PCR.We also investigated the in vitro effect of curcumin on HepG2 cells viability through MTT assay, and the involvement of autophagy in this effect.

RESULTS

Curcumin increased the survival percent in rats, decreased -fetoprotein (AFP) concentration, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, and increased serum albumin concentration. Curcumin also significantly reduced oxidative stress in liver, inhibited apoptosis, and induced autophagy. In vitro, curcumin (50 µM) decreased HepG2 cells viabilityand the concentration of SQSTM1.

CONCLUSIONS

Curcumin leads to protection against TAA induced HCC up to the first dysplastic stage through activating autophagic pathway and inhibiting apoptosis. Also, the antioxidant activity of curcumin almost prevents liver fibrosis.

Inhibition of the signaling pathway of syndecan-1 by synstatin: A promising anti-integrin inhibitor of angiogenesis and proliferation in HCC in rats

AIM OF WORK

The study was conducted for evaluation of the antitumor activity of SSTN_92-119 against HCC induced by thioacetamide in rats.

METHODS

Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four equal groups: Control, SSTN_92-119, HCC, and HCC + SSTN_92-119. Liver function tests were measured in serum. Liver homogenate was used for determination of: i) integrinαѴβ3 (ITGαѴβ3), insulin like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels by ELISA, ii) syndecan-1 (CD-138), IGF-1R and VEGF genes expressions by qRT-PCR, iii) MDA, NO, GSH concentrations and SOD activity. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of liver tissue was performed.

RESULTS

SSTN_92-119 decreased HCC-induced elevation in ALT, AST, ALP and GGT activities and reversed HCC-induced reduction in total protein and albumin concentrations significantly. SSTN_92-119 significantly elevated hepatic SOD and GSH and reduced both NO and MDA levels. Protein levels of ITGαѴβ3, IGF-1R, VEGF, FGF-2 and AFP were decreased in HCC- SSTN_92-119 group as well as gene expression of CD-138, IGF-1R and VEGF compared with HCC group.

CONCLUSIONS

SSTN_92-119 down regulates ITGαѴβ3 receptor and subsequently reduces the activation of angiogenic growth factors VEGF and FGF-2. Therefore, SSTN_92-119 is becoming a promising anti-integrin αѴβ3 that inhibits angiogenesis and proliferation in HCC.

Chemosensitizing effect of Alpinia officinarum rhizome extract in cisplatin-treated rats with hepatocellular carcinoma

This study was conducted to estimate the preventing and sensitizing efficiency of Alpinia officinarum rhizome extract (AORE) in an experimental model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) +/- cisplatin. HCC was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) dose of diethylnitrosamine (DENA, 200mg/kg). After 14 days, phenobarbitone (PB, 0.05%) was added to drinking water for 14 weeks to promote hepatocarcinogenesis. Cisplatin (CP) was given in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg (i.p), twice a week, alone or with AORE (400 mg/kg daily, orally) for 21 days. AORE was tried as a protective before the induction of HCC for three weeks as well. Results revealed that DENA/PB elevated hepatic indices as ALT and AST and total bilirubin with declining serum total protein. It increased oxidative stress, as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) with depressed hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities. This was accompanied by an increase in hepatic expression of antioxidant genes (thioredoxin and glutaredoxin). Hepatocarcinogenesis was detected by histopathological changes in liver sections and the elevation of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level. Treatment with CP partially restored altered hepatic functions and oxidative stress markers. It also showed a partial decrease in the expression of antioxidant genes, improving histopathological changes in the liver and AFP level in serum. The treatment with AORE alone or AORE+CP enhanced hepatic function and oxidative stress markers. It also caused a decrease in the expression of antioxidant genes and improved histopathological changes in liver and serum AFP level. This effect is more potent than the treatment with CP alone. Our study suggested that AORE can be used as a promising natural chemoprevention or a chemosensitizing agent against hepatocarcinogenesis.

Protective effect of vanillin on diabetic nephropathy by decreasing advanced glycation end products in rats

AIMS

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common chronic microvascular complication of both types of diabetes mellitus, which leads to renal dysfunction and subsequent need of dialysis and organ transplantation. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are metabolic consequence of hyperglycemia and are main contributory factor in the DN pathogenesis through mediating establishment of oxidative status and chronic inflammatory milieu. This study aimed to explore the impact of vanillin on preventing the progression of DN.

MAIN METHODS

Experimental DN model was established in rats utilizing streptozotocin. Serum concentration of AGEs and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) levels in kidney homogenate were assessed using ELISA technique. Also, we evaluated the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) using immunohistochemistry.

KEY FINDINGS

Treatment with vanillin for 8 weeks significantly ameliorated DN. Vanillin significantly decreased hyperglycemia and improved kidney function reflected by decreased serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and decreased proteinuria. Also, vanillin significantly decreased malondialdehyde content and elevated superoxide dismutase activity in renal tissues. Moreover, vanillin decreased renal expression of NF-κB and renal concentrations of IL-6, TGFβ1 and collagen. In addition, vanillin significantly decreased serum AGEs concentration. Also, vanillin attenuated histological abnormalities in kidney architecture.

SIGNIFICANCE

Vanillin, which is a cheap and abundant natural product, exhibited anti-AGEs, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities. These activities might be helpful and potent mechanisms in preventing the progression of DN.

Calcium channel α2δ1 subunit as a novel biomarker for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Objective:

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. The identification of new simple, inexpensive and highly accurate markers for HCC diagnosis and screening is needed. This case-control study evaluates the role of annexin A2 and voltage-gated calcium channels α2δ1 subunit as serum biomarkers for HCC diagnosis.

Methods:

The study comprised three groups: group 1, 50 patients with an initial diagnosis of HCC associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection; group 2, 25 patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and cirrhosis without any evidence of HCC; and group 3, 15 healthy controls. All participants were subjected to clinical and laboratory investigations, and radiological scanning. The serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), annexin A2, and the α2δ1 subunit were evaluated by using ELISA technique.

Results:

The serum levels of annexin A2 significantly increased in patients with HCC (10.4±2.5 ng/mL; P<0.001) or with cirrhosis (9.31±1.8 ng/mL;P<0.001) comparing to that of healthy controls (0.296±0.09 ng/mL). However, there was no significant difference in serum annexin A2 levels in patients with HCC comparing to those with cirrhosis. Serum α2δ1 subunit significantly increased in patients with HCC (20.12±3.7 ng/mL) comparing to that in patients with cirrhosis (10.41±3.4 ng/mL,P<0.001) and healthy controls (10.2±2.9 ng/mL,P<0.001).

Conclusions:

The serum α2δ1 subunit may function as a new biomarker for HCC diagnosis. Conversely, serum annexin A2 has low diagnostic value as an HCC marker, especially in patients with underlying cirrhosis.

Serum Cystatin C as a Biomarker in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Elevated serum levels of cystatin C are found to be related to poor outcome and metastatic potential of some malignant disorders. To evaluate the clinical prominence of serum cystatin C in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), blood samples were obtained from 58 patients at the time of diagnosis and paired blood samples were obtained from 22 patients at the time of remission. Also, serum cystatin C level was measured in matched healthy controls. Serum cystatin C levels were significantly more elevated in DLBCL patients than in controls (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, paired-sample analysis revealed that pretreatment cystatin C levels were reduced significantly in patients who achieved remission after therapy (p = 0.016). High serum cystatin C levels were correlated with age over 60 years (p = 0.049), extra-nodal involvement (p = 0.005) and with high serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p < 0.013). Elevated serum cystatin C levels were associated with extra-nodal involvement and they were significantly reduced to normal range after the remission. However, Kaplan-Meier curves revealed no survival difference in the pretreatment serum cystatin C levels. Therefore, serum cystatin C may be a novel biomarker that reflects tumor burden in DLBCL but bears no prognostic significance regarding survival.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Talin-1 and Midkine as Tumor Markers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Egyptian Patients

Background:

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a main cause of cancer death all over the world. Treatment and outcome of HCC based on its early diagnosis. This study was conducted to estimate the role of talin-1 and midkine in combination with total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as tumor markers in HCC patients.

Methods:

Serum levels of talin-1 and midkine were measured in 90 Egyptian subjects including 44 patients with HCC, 31patients with cirrhosis and 15 healthy controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. While a colorimetric method was used for measurement of TAC.

Results:

Serum talin-1 in HCC patients was significantly lower than that in patients with cirrhosis (P<0.001) and normal control (P<0.001). In addition, increased invasion and metastasis correlated with reduced talin-1 level. Serum midkine in HCC patients was significantly higher compared to cirrhotic patients (P<0.001) and normal control (P<0.001). Midkine at a cut off value of 1683 pg/ml showed a sensitivity of (81.82%) and specificity of (83.87%). While alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) at a cut off value of 200 ng/ml had a sensitivity of (52.27%), while specificity was (96.77%). Midkine was positive in 80.9% of HCC patients with negative AFP. Serum TAC was significantly decreased in HCC patients when compared with control group (P<0.001).

Conclusion:

Talin-1 may be implicated in the carcinogenesis and metastasis of HCC and can be used as a useful tumor marker for HCC. Midkine may be a potential diagnostic marker for HCC and may be used in addition to AFP to increase the sensitivity of HCC detection.

Sesamol protects against liver fibrosis induced in rats by modulating lysophosphatidic acid receptor expression and TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway

The present study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of sesamol (SML), a nutritional phenolic compound obtained from sesame seeds, in liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA) in rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Thirty-two male Sprague–Dawley rats were equally divided into four groups: control, TAA, TAA + SML 50 mg/kg, and TAA + SML 100 mg/kg groups. Liver functions and hepatic contents of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured colorimetrically. Gene expressions of lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR)-1 and -3, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, small mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad)-3 and -7, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and cytokeratin 19 (CK19) were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Moreover, phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3) was quantified by ELISA. Additionally, TGF-β1, α-SMA, CK19, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein concentrations were semi-quantitatively analyzed by immunostaining of liver sections. SML treatment markedly improved liver index and liver functions. Moreover, SML protected against liver fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner as indicated by down-regulation of LPAR1, LPAR3, CTGF, TGF-β1/Smad3, and α-SMA expressions and a decrease in pSmad3 level, as well as an up-regulation of Smad7 expression. In addition, SML suppressed ductular reaction hinted by the decrease in CK19 expression. These results reveal the anti-fibrotic effect of SML against liver fibrosis that might be attributed to down-regulation of LPAR1/3 expressions, inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway, and ductular reaction.

Efficacy and Safety of Neostigmine Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Sepsis or Septic Shock: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Neostigmine has been found to improve survival in animal models of sepsis. However, its feasibility, efficacy, and safety in patients with sepsis or septic shock have not been investigated. Aim: This parallel randomized controlled double-blinded design aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of neostigmine as an adjunctive therapy in patients with sepsis or septic shock. Patients and Methods: A total of 167 adult patients with sepsis or septic shock were assessed for eligibility; 50 patients were randomized to receive a continuous infusion of neostigmine (0.2 mg/h for 120 h; neostigmine arm) or 0.9% saline (control arm) in addition to standard therapy. The primary outcome was the change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores 120 h after therapy initiation. Secondary outcomes included mortality rates and changes in procalcitonin level. Results: The median (interquartile range) change in SOFA scores improved significantly in the neostigmine arm [-2 (-5, 1)] as compared with the control arm [1.5 (0, 2.8); p = 0.007]. Progression from sepsis to septic shock was more frequent in the control arm (p = 0.01). The incidence of shock reversal in patients with septic shock was significantly lower in the control arm than in the neostigmine arm (p = 0.04). Differences in 28-days mortality rates did not reach statistical significance between the control and neostigmine arms (p = 0.36). Percentage change in procalcitonin levels was similar in both arms (p = 0.74). Conclusion: Neostigmine adjunctive therapy may be safe and effective when administered in patients with sepsis or septic shock. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04130230.

Phenethyl isothiocyanate Triggers Apoptosis, Combats Oxidative Stress and Inhibits Growth of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Mouse Model

The aim of this study is to investigate the antitumor activity and possible molecular mechanism of Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in-vivo and in-vitro. In-vivo, ascetic fluid volume, body weight, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined using Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice. In-vitro, MTT assay was used. RT-PCR was used to investigate role of PEITC in apoptosis by analyzing the expression of Bax, caspase-9, and Bcl-2 genes. The effect of PEITC on caspase-9 enzyme activity was also tested. PEITC and/or Doxorubicin (Dox) treatment significantly suppressed EAC growth as compared to EAC/oil control mice. PEITC treatment showed a dose-dependent inhibition of EAC cells as indicated by MTT assay. We found that significant increase in MDA level and decrease in TAC caused by Dox treatment were significantly reduced by combination with PEITC treatment. Bax, caspase-9 genes' expression and caspase-9 enzymatic activity were significantly increased, while Bcl-2 gene expression was significantly decreased in PEITC treated mice. PEITC may act as a promising anticancer agent either alone or more effectively in combination with Dox through apoptotic cell death induction.