Spontaneous Molecular Bromine Production in Sea-Salt Aerosols

Bromine chemistry is responsible for the catalytic ozone destruction in the atmosphere. The heterogeneous reactions of sea-salt aerosols are the main abiotic sources of reactive bromine in the atmosphere. Here, we present a novel mechanism for the activation of bromide ions (Br-) by O2 and H2O in the absence of additional oxidants. The laboratory and theoretical calculation results demonstrated that under dark conditions, Br-, O2 and H3O+ could spontaneously generate Br and HO2 radicals through a proton-electron transfer process at the air-water interface and in the liquid phase. Our results also showed that light and acidity could significantly promote the activation of Br- and the production of Br2. The estimated gaseous Br2 production rate was up to 1.55×1010 molecules cm-2 ⋅ s-1 under light and acidic conditions; these results showed a significant contribution to the atmospheric reactive bromine budget. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during Br- activation could promote the multiphase oxidation of SO2 to produce sulfuric acid, while the increase in acidity had a positive feedback effect on Br- activation. Our findings highlight the crucial role of the proton-electron transfer process in Br2 production; here, H3O+ facilitates the activation of Br- by O2, serves as a significant source of atmospheric reactive bromine and exerts a profound impact on the atmospheric oxidation capacity.

Characteristics, sources, and health risks of volatile organic compounds in different functional regions of Shenyang

The concentration of 56 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ambient air of Shenyang was continuously monitored at four sites in 2021. The characteristics, sources, secondary pollution potential and health risks of VOCs in different functional regions of Shenyang were discussed. The results indicate that the concentration of VOCs in industrial regions was significantly higher than that in non-industrial regions, with a mean of 41.09 ± 69.82 parts per billion volumes (ppbv) compared to 19.99 ± 17.86 ppbv (commercial & residential region in urban fringe), 27.51 ± 28.81 ppbv (educational & scenic region) and 29.71 ± 23.97 ppbv (commercial & residential region in urban center). The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was utilized to assign the sources of VOCs in Shenyang, and six factors were recognized: gasoline vehicles (34.8 %), diesel vehicles (28.3 %), combustion (11.4 %), biogenic emissions (9.7 %), industrial processes (8.2 %), and fuel evaporation (7.7 %). The results of the reactivity evaluation indicated that the ozone (O3) formation potential (OFP) was primarily influenced by industrial processes (29.2 %), diesel vehicles (25.7 %), biogenic emissions (17.0 %). These three factors were also the top three contributors to secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP), accounting for 44.2 %, 9.4 % and 30.3 %, respectively. At the all four sites, the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of VOCs ranged from 1.6 × 10-2 to 3.8 × 10-2 and from 2.3 × 10-6 to 3.3 × 10-6, respectively. And the main risks can be attributed to emissions from industrial processes and gasoline vehicles. These findings suggested to strengthen the control of vehicle emissions throughout all regions in Shenyang and industrial processes emissions in industrial regions.

Insights into the Formation Mechanism of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Interface Reaction of SO2 on Hematite

The interplay between sulfur and iron holds significant importance in their atmospheric cycle, yet a complete understanding of their coupling mechanism remains elusive. This investigation delves comprehensively into the evolution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the interfacial reactions involving sulfur dioxide (SO2) and iron oxides under varying relative humidity conditions. Notably, the direct activation of water by iron oxide was observed to generate a surface hydroxyl radical (•OH). In comparison, the aging of SO2 was found to markedly augment the production of •OH radicals on the surface of α-Fe2O3 under humid conditions. This augmentation was ascribed to the generation of superoxide radicals (•O2-) stemming from the activation of O2 through the Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle and its combination with the H+ ion to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the acidic surface. Moreover, the identification of moderate relative humidity as a pivotal factor in sustaining the surface acidity of iron oxide during SO2 aging underscores its crucial role in the coupling of iron dissolution, ROS production, and SO2 oxidation. Consequently, the interfacial reactions between SO2 and iron oxides under humid conditions are elucidated as atmospheric processes that enhance oxidation capacity rather than deplete ROS. These revelations offer novel insights into the mechanisms underlying •OH radical generation and oxidative potential within atmospheric interfacial chemistry.

Revealing the Contribution of Interfacial Processes to Atmospheric Oxidizing Capacity in Haze Chemistry

The atmospheric oxidizing capacity is the most important driving force for the chemical transformation of pollutants in the atmosphere. Traditionally, the atmospheric oxidizing capacity mainly depends on the concentration of O3 and other gaseous oxidants. However, the atmospheric oxidizing capacity based on gas-phase oxidation cannot accurately describe the explosive growth of secondary particulate matter under complex air pollution. From the chemical perspective, the atmospheric oxidizing capacity mainly comes from the activation of O2, which can be achieved in both gas-phase and interfacial processes. In the heterogeneous or multiphase formation pathways of secondary particulate matter, the enhancement of oxidizing capacity ascribed to the O2/H2O-involved interfacial oxidation and hydrolysis processes is an unrecognized source of atmospheric oxidizing capacity. Revealing the enhanced oxidizing capacity due to interfacial processes in high-concentration particulate matter environments and its contribution to the formation of secondary pollution are critical in understanding haze chemistry. The accurate evaluation of atmospheric oxidizing capacity ascribed to interfacial processes is also an important scientific basis for the implementation of PM2.5 and O3 collaborative control in China and around the world.

Additional HONO and OH Generation from Photoexcited Phenyl Organic Nitrates in the Photoreaction of Aromatics and NOx

HONO acts as a major OH source, playing a vital role in secondary pollutant formation to deteriorate regional air quality. Strong unknown sources of daytime HONO have been widely reported, which significantly limit our understanding of radical cycling and atmospheric oxidation capacity. Here, we identify a potential daytime HONO and OH source originating from photoexcited phenyl organic nitrates formed during the photoreaction of aromatics and NOx. Significant HONO (1.56-4.52 ppb) and OH production is observed during the photoreaction of different kinds of aromatics with NOx (18.1-242.3 ppb). We propose an additional mechanism involving photoexcited phenyl organic nitrates (RONO2) reacting with water vapor to account for the higher levels of measured HONO and OH than the model prediction. The proposed HONO formation mechanism was evidenced directly by photolysis experiments using typical RONO2 under UV irradiation conditions, during which HONO formation was enhanced by relative humidity. The 0-D box model incorporated in this mechanism accurately reproduced the evolution of HONO and aromatic. The proposed mechanism contributes 5.9-36.6% of HONO formation as the NOx concentration increased in the photoreaction of aromatics and NOx. Our study implies that photoexcited phenyl organic nitrates are an important source of atmospheric HONO and OH that contributes significantly to atmospheric oxidation capacity.

An Alternative Calibration Method for Measuring N2O5 with an Iodide-Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer and Influencing Factors

In this work, we developed an alternative calibration method for measuring N2O5 with an iodide adduct mass spectrometer (I-CIMS). In this calibration method, N2O5 is heated and then quantified based on the decrease in the amount of NO due to its reaction with the pyrolysis product (NO3). This alternative calibration method was compared with the commonly used method utilizing NOx analyzers equipped with a photolytic converter, which gauge NO2 reduction as a result of its reaction with O3 to quantify N2O5. It is notable that the two methodologies demonstrate favorable consistency in terms of calibrating N2O5, with a variance of less than 10 %. The alternative calibration method is a more reliable way to quantify N2O5 with CIMS, considering the instability of the NO2 conversion efficiency of photolytic converters in NOx analyzers and the loss of N2O5 in the sampling line. The effects of O3 and relative humidity (RH) on the sensitivity toward N2O5 were further examined. There was minimal perturbation of N2O5 quantification upon exposure to O3 even at high concentrations. The N2O5 sensitivity exhibited a nonlinear dependence on RH as it initially rose and then fell. Besides I(N2O5)-, the collisional interaction between I(H2O)- and N2O5 also forms I(HNO3)-, which may interfere with the accurate quantification of HNO3. As a consequence of the pronounced dependence on humidity, it is advisable to implement humidity correction procedures when conducting measurements of N2O5.

Radioactive seed localization is a safe and effective tool for breast cancer surgery: an evaluation of over 25,000 cases

Radioactive seed localization (RSL) provides a precise and efficient method for removing non-palpable breast lesions. It has proven to be a valuable addition to breast surgery, improving perioperative logistics and patient satisfaction. This retrospective review examines the lessons learned from a high-volume cancer center's RSL program after 10 years of practice and over 25 000 cases. We provide an updated model for assessing the patient's radiation dose from RSL seed implantation and demonstrate the safety of RSL to staff members. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of various aspects of presurgical evaluation, surgical techniques, post-surgical management, and regulatory compliance for a successful RSL program. Notably, the program has reduced radiation exposure for patients and medical staff.

Nonlinear effect of NOx concentration decrease on secondary aerosol formation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region: Evidence from smog chamber experiments and field observations

During the COVID-19 lockdown in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in China, large decrease in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, especially in the transportation sector, could not avoid the occurrence of heavy PM2.5 pollution where nitrate dominated the PM2.5 mass increase. To experimentally reveal the effect of NOx control on the formation of PM2.5 secondary components (nitrate in particular), photochemical simulation experiments of mixed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under various NOx concentrations with smog chamber were performed. The proportions of gaseous precursors in the control experiment were comparable to ambient conditions typically observed in the BTH region. Under relatively constant VOCs concentrations, when the initial NOx concentration was reduced to 40% of that in the control experiment (labelled as NOx,0), the particle mass concentration was not significantly reduced, but when the initial NOx concentration decreased to 20 % of NOx,0, the mass concentration of particles as well as nitrate and organics showed a sudden decrease. A "critical point" where the mass concentration of secondary aerosol started to decline as the initial NOx concentration decreased, located at 0.2-0.4 NOx,0 (or 0.18-0.44 NO2,0) in smog chamber experiments. The oxidation capacity and solar radiation intensity played key roles in the mass concentration and compositions of the formed particles. In field observations in the BTH region in the autumn and winter seasons, the "critical point" exist at 0.15-0.34 NO2,0, which coincided mostly with the laboratory simulation results. Our results suggest that a reduction of NOx emission by >60% could lead to significant reductions of secondary aerosol formation, which can be an effective way to further alleviate PM2.5 pollution in the BTH region.

Photoactivation of Chlorine and Its Catalytic Role in the Formation of Sulfate Aerosols

We present a novel mechanism for the formation of photocatalytic oxidants in deliquescent NaCl particles, which can greatly promote the multiphase photo-oxidation of SO2 to produce sulfate. The photoexcitation of the [Cl--H3O+-O2] complex leads to the generation of Cl and OH radicals, which is the key reason for enhancing aqueous-phase oxidation and accelerating SO2 oxidation. The mass normalization rate of sulfate production from the multiphase photoreaction of SO2 on NaCl droplets could be estimated to be 0.80 × 10-4 μg·h-1 at 72% RH and 1.33 × 10-4 μg·h-1 at 81% RH, which is equivalent to the known O3 liquid-phase oxidation mechanism. Our findings highlight the significance of multiphase photo-oxidation of SO2 on NaCl particles as a non-negligible source of sulfate in coastal areas. Furthermore, this study underscores the importance of Cl- photochemistry in the atmosphere.

Insight into the Mechanism and Kinetics of the Heterogeneous Reaction between SO2 and NO2 on Diesel Black Carbon under Light Irradiation

The heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 by NO2 has been extensively proposed as an important pathway of sulfate production during haze events in China. However, the kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of SO2 by NO2 on the surface of complex particles remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically explore the mechanism and kinetics of the reaction between SO2 and NO2 on diesel black carbon (DBC) under light irradiation. The experimental results prove that DBC photochemistry can not only significantly promote the heterogeneous reduction of NO2 to produce HONO via transferring photoinduced electrons but also indirectly promote OH radical formation. These reduction products of NO2 as well as NO2 itself greatly promote the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 on DBC. NO2 oxidation, HONO oxidation, and the surface photo-oxidation process are proven to be three major surface oxidation pathways of SO2. The kinetics results indicate that the surface photooxidation pathway accounts for the majority of the total SO2 uptake (∼63%), followed by the HONO oxidation pathway (∼27%) and direct oxidation by NO2 (∼10%). This work highlights the significant synergistic roles of DBC, NO2, and light irradiation in enhancing the atmospheric oxidation capacity and promoting the heterogeneous formation of sulfate.

The role of NOx in Co-occurrence of O3 and PM2.5 pollution driven by wintertime east Asian monsoon in Hainan

Clarifying the driving forces of O3 and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) co-pollution is important to perform their synergistic control. This work investigated the co-pollution of O3 and PM2.5 in Hainan Province using an observation-based model and explainable machine learning. The O3 and PM2.5 pollution that occurs in winter is affected by the wintertime East Asian Monsoon. The O3 formation shifts from a NOx-limited regime with a low O3 production rate (PO3) in the non-pollution season to a transition regime with a high PO3 in the pollution season due to an increase in NOx concentrations. Increased O3 and atmospheric oxidation capacity promote the conversion from gas-phase precursors to aerosols. Meanwhile, the high concentration of particulate nitrate favors HONO formation via photolysis, in turn facilitating O3 production. Machine learning reveals that NOx promotes O3 and PM2.5 co-pollution during the pollution period. The PO3 shows an upward trend at the observation site from 2018 to 2022 due to the inappropriate reduction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx in the upwind areas. Our results suggest that a deep reduction of NOx should benefit both O3 and PM2.5 pollution control in Hainan and bring new insights into improving air quality in other regions of China in the future.

Combined Smog Chamber/Oxidation Flow Reactor Study on Aging of Secondary Organic Aerosol from Photooxidation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a significant component of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and their physicochemical properties can be significantly changed in the aging process. In this study, we used a combination consisting of a smog chamber (SC) and oxidation flow reactor (OFR) to investigate the continuous aging process of gas-phase organic intermediates and SOA formed from the photooxidation of toluene, a typical aromatic hydrocarbon. Our results showed that as the OH exposure increased from 2.6 × 1011 to 6.3 × 1011 molecules cm-3 s (equivalent aging time of 2.01-4.85 days), the SOA mass concentration (2.9 ± 0.05-28.7 ± 0.6 μg cm-3) and corrected SOA yield (0.073-0.26) were significantly enhanced. As the aging process proceeds, organic acids and multiple oxygen-containing oxidation products are continuously produced from the photochemical aging process of gas-phase organic intermediates (mainly semi-volatile and intermediate volatility species, S/IVOCs). The multigeneration oxidation products then partition to the aerosol phase, while functionalization of SOA rather than fragmentation dominated in the photochemical aging process, resulting in much higher SOA yield after aging compared to that in the SC. Our study indicates that SOA yields as a function of OH exposure should be considered in air quality models to improve SOA simulation, and thus accurately assess the impact on SOA properties and regional air quality.

Impact of shield location on staff and caregiver dose rates for I-131 radiopharmaceutical therapy patients

The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of the location and width of a single lead shield on the dose rate of staff and caregivers in a hospital room with an I-131 patient. The best orientation of the patient and caregiver relative to the shield was determined based on minimizing staff and caregiver radiation dose rates. Shielded and unshielded dose rates were simulated using a Monte Carlo computer simulation and validated using real-world ionisation chamber measurements. Based on a radiation transport analysis using an adult voxel phantom published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, placing the shield near the caregiver yielded the lowest dose rates. However, this strategy reduced the dose rate in only a tiny area of the room. Furthermore, positioning the shield near the patient in the caudal direction provided a modest dose rate reduction while shielding a large room area. Finally, increased shield width was associated with decreasing dose rates, but only a four-fold dose-rate reduction was observed for standard width shields. The recommendations of this case study may be considered as potential candidate room configurations where radiation dose rates are minimized, however these findings must be weighed against additional clinical, safety, and comfort considerations.

Atmospheric heterogeneous reactions on soot: A review

Soot particles, composed of elemental carbon and organic compounds, have attracted widespread attention in recent years due to their significant impacts on climate, the environment and human health. Soot has been found to be chemically and physically active in atmospheric aging processes, which leads to alterations in its composition, morphology, hygroscopicity and optical properties and thus changes its environmental and health effects. The heterogeneous reactions on soot also have a significant impact on the transformation of gaseous pollutants into secondary aerosols. Therefore, the interactions between soot and atmospheric substances have been widely investigated to better understand the environmental behaviors of soot. In this review, we systematically summarize the progress and developments in the heterogeneous chemistry on soot over the past 30 years. Atmospheric trace constituents such as NO2, O3, SO2, N2O5, HNO3, H2SO4, OH radical, HO2 radical, peroxyacetyl nitrate etc., are presented in detail from the aspect of their heterogeneous reactions on soot. The possible mechanisms and the effects of environmental conditions on these heterogeneous reactions are also addressed. Further, the impacts of the heterogeneous reactions of soot on the atmospheric environment are discussed, and some aspects of soot-related research which require further investigation are proposed as well.

Effects of SO2 on NH4NO3 Photolysis: The Role of Reducibility and Acidic Products

Nitrate photolysis is a vital process in secondary NOx release into the atmosphere. The heterogeneous oxidation of SO₂ due to nitrate photolysis has been widely reported, while the influence of SO₂ on nitrate photolysis has rarely been investigated. In this study, the photolysis of nitrate on different substrates was investigated in the absence and presence of SO₂. In the photolysis of NH₄NO₃ on the membrane without mineral oxides, NO, NO₂, HONO, and NH₃ decreased by 17.1, 6.0, 12.6, and 57.1% due to the presence of SO₂, respectively. In the photolysis of NH₄NO₃ on the surface of mineral oxides, SO₂ also exhibited an inhibitory effect on the production of NOx, HONO, and NH₃ due to its reducibility and acidic products, while the increase in surface acidity due to the accumulation of abundant sulfate on TiO₂ and MgO promoted the release of HONO. On the photoactive oxide TiO₂, HSO₃^-, generated by the uptake of SO₂, could compete for holes with nitrate to block nitrate photolysis. This study highlights the interaction between the heterogeneous oxidation of SO₂ and nitrate photolysis and provides a new perspective on how SO₂ affects the photolysis of nitrate absorbed on the photoactive oxides.

The contribution of industrial emissions to ozone pollution: identified using ozone formation path tracing approach

Wintertime meteorological conditions are usually unfavorable for ozone (O₃) formation due to weak solar irradiation and low temperature. Here, we observed a prominent wintertime O₃ pollution event in Shijiazhuang (SJZ) during the Chinese New Year (CNY) in 2021. Meteorological results found that the sudden change in the air pressure field, leading to the wind changing from northwest before CNY to southwest during CNY, promotes the accumulation of air pollutants from southwest neighbor areas of SJZ and greatly inhibits the diffusion and dilution of local pollutants. The photochemical regime of O₃ formation is limited by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), suggesting that VOCs play an important role in O₃ formation. With the developed O₃ formation path tracing (OFPT) approach for O₃ source apportionment, it has been found that highly reactive species, such as ethene, propene, toluene, and xylene, are key contributors to O₃ production, resulting in the mean O₃ production rate (P_O3) during CNY being 3.7 times higher than that before and after CNY. Industrial combustion has been identified as the largest source of the P_O3 (2.6 ± 2.2 ppbv h^-1), with the biggest increment (4.8 times) during CNY compared to the periods before and after CNY. Strict control measures in the industry should be implemented for O₃ pollution control in SJZ. Our results also demonstrate that the OFPT approach, which accounts for the dynamic variations of atmospheric composition and meteorological conditions, is effective for O₃ source apportionment and can also well capture the O₃ production capacity of different sources compared with the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method.

[Comparison of the predictive value of Padua and the IMPEDE assessment scores for venous thromboembolism in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: A single institution experience]

Objective: To compare the predictive efficacy of the two thrombosis risk assessment scores (Padua and IMPEDE scores) in venous thromboembolism (VTE) within 6 months in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) in China. Methods: This study reviewed the clinical data of 421 patients with NDMM hospitalized in Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from April 2014 to February 2022. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and Youden index of the two scores were calculated to quantify the thrombus risk assessment of VTE by the Padua and IMPEDE scores. The receiver operating characteristics curves of the two evaluation scores were drawn. Results: The incidence of VTE was 14.73%. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and Youden index of the Padua score were 100%, 0%, 14.7%, and 0% and that of the IMPEDE score was 79%, 44%, 49.2%, and 23%, respectively. The areas under the curve of Padua and IMPEDE risk assessment scores were 0.591 and 0.722, respectively. Conclusion: IMPEDE score is suitable for predicting VTE within 6 months in patients with NDMM.

Synergistic Effects of SO2 and NH3 Coexistence on SOA Formation from Gasoline Evaporative Emissions

Vehicular evaporative emissions make an increasing contribution to anthropogenic sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), thus contributing to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. However, few studies have been conducted on SOA formation from vehicle evaporative VOCs under complex pollution conditions with the coexistence of NO_x, SO₂, and NH₃. In this study, the synergistic effects of SO₂ and NH₃ on SOA formation from gasoline evaporative VOCs with NO_x were examined using a 30 m³ smog chamber with the aid of a series of mass spectrometers. Compared with the systems involving SO₂ or NH₃ alone, SO₂ and NH₃ coexistence had a greater promotion effect on SOA formation, which was larger than the cumulative effect of the two promotions alone. Meanwhile, contrasting effects of SO₂ on the oxidation state (OSc) of SOA in the presence or absence of NH₃ were observed, and SO₂ could further increase the OSc with the coexistence of NH₃. The latter was attributed to the synergistic effects of SO₂ and NH₃ coexistence on SOA formation, wherein N-S-O adducts can be formed from the reaction of SO₂ with N-heterocycles generated in the presence of NH₃. Our study contributes to the understanding of SOA formation from vehicle evaporative VOCs under highly complex pollution conditions and its atmospheric implications.

Photocatalytic Oxidation of NO2 on TiO2: Evidence of a New Source of N2O5

N2O5 is an important intermediate in the atmospheric nitrogen cycle. Using a flow tube reactor, N2O5 was found to be released from the TiO2 surface during the photocatalytic oxidation of NO2, revealing a previously unreported source of N2O5. The rate of N2O5 release from TiO2 was dependent on the initial NO2 concentration, relative humidity, O2/N2 ratio, and irradiation intensity. Experimental evidences and quantum chemical calculations showed that NO2 can react with the surface hydroxyl groups and the generated electron holes on the TiO2, followed by combining with another NO2 molecule to form N2O5. The latter was physisorbed on TiO2 and had a low adsorption energy of -0.13 eV. Box model simulations indicated that the new source of N2O5 released from TiO2 can increase the daytime N2O5 concentration by up to 20% in urban areas if abundant TiO2-containing materials and high NOx concentrations were present. This joint experimental/theoretical study not only demonstrates a new chemical mechanism for N2O5 formation but also has important implications for air quality in urban areas.

Present Knowledge and Future Perspectives of Atmospheric Emission Inventories of Toxic Trace Elements: A Critical Review

Toxic trace elements (TEs) can pose serious risks to ecosystems and human health. However, a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric emission inventories for several concerning TEs has not yet been developed. In this study, we systematically reviewed the status and progress of existing research in developing atmospheric emission inventories of TEs focusing on global, regional, and sectoral scales. Multiple studies have strengthened our understanding of the global emission of TEs, despite attention being mainly focused on Hg and source classification in different studies showing large discrepancies. In contrast to those of developed countries and regions, the officially published emission inventory is still lacking in developing countries, despite the fact that studies on evaluating the emissions of TEs on a national scale or one specific source category have been numerous in recent years. Additionally, emissions of TEs emitted from waste incineration and traffic-related sources have produced growing concern with worldwide rapid urbanization. Although several studies attempt to estimate the emissions of TEs based on PM emissions and its source-specific chemical profiles, the emission factor approach is still the universal method. We call for more extensive and in-depth studies to establish a precise localization national emission inventory of TEs based on adequate field measurements and comprehensive investigation to reduce uncertainty.

Titanium Dioxide Promotes New Particle Formation: A Smog Chamber Study

TiO₂ is a widely used material in building coatings. Many studies have revealed that TiO₂ promotes the heterogeneous oxidation of SO₂ and the subsequent sulfate formation. However, whether and how much TiO₂ contributes to the gaseous H₂SO₄ and subsequent new particle formation (NPF) still remains unclear. Herein, we used a 1 m³ quartz smog chamber to investigate NPF in the presence of TiO₂. The experimental results indicated that TiO₂ could greatly promote NPF. The increases in particle formation rate (J) and growth rate due to the presence of TiO₂ were quantified, and the promotion effect was attributed to the production of gaseous H₂SO₄. The promotion effect of TiO₂ on SO₂ oxidation and subsequent NPF decreased gradually due to the formation of surface sulfate but did not disappear completely, instead partly recovering after washing with water. Moreover, the promotion effect of TiO₂ on NPF was observed regardless of differences in RH, and the most significant promotion effect of TiO₂ associated with the strongest NPF occurred at an RH of 20%. Based on the experimental evidence, the environmental impact of TiO₂ on gaseous H₂SO₄ and particle pollution in urban areas was estimated.

Promoted Activity of Surface Hydroxyls on γ-Al2O3 Mineral Dust with the Coexistence of SO2 and NH3

Sulfate and ammonium formed on mineral dust can be mutually accelerated through the heterogeneous reactions of coexisting SO₂ and NH₃. However, little is known about the underlying mechanism, especially the pivotal reactive sites. Using combined Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations, the results show that, compared to that of SO₂ or NH₃ alone on the γ-Al₂O₃ surface, the increased level of formation of sulfate and ammonium can be attributed to the promoted activity of the surface-bridged hydroxyl with the coexistence of SO₂ and NH₃. In the specific mechanism, the O and H of the surface-bridged hydroxyl group are attacked by the adjacent SO₂ and NH₃, respectively, which directly enhances the formation of absorbed sulfite and ammonium, and indirectly facilitates the production of sulfate by oxidation of atmospheric O₂. The proposed mechanisms can be broadly applied to other aluminum-based suspended dust particles, such as kaolinite, montmorillonite, and clay dust.

Smog Chamber Study on the Role of NOx in SOA and O3 Formation from Aromatic Hydrocarbons

China is facing dual pressures to reduce both PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution, the crucial precursors of which are NO_x and VOCs. In our study, the role of NO_x in both secondary organic aerosol (SOA, the important constituent of PM_2.5) and O₃ formation was examined in our 30 m³ indoor smog chamber. As revealed in the present study, the NO_x level can obviously affect the OH concentration and volatility distribution of gas-phase oxidation products and thus O₃ and SOA formation. Reducing the NO_x concentration to the NO_x-sensitive regime can inhibit O₃ formation (by 42%), resulting in the reduction of oxidation capacity, which suppresses the SOA formation (by 45%) by inhibiting the formation of O- and N-containing gas-phase oxidation products with low volatility. The contribution of these oxidation products to the formation of SOA was also estimated, and the results could substantially support the trend of SOA yield with NO_x at different VOC levels. The atmospheric implications of NO_x in the coordinated control of PM_2.5 and O₃ are also discussed.

High Gas-Phase Methanesulfonic Acid Production in the OH-Initiated Oxidation of Dimethyl Sulfide at Low Temperatures

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) influences climate via cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) formation resulting from its oxidation products (mainly methanesulfonic acid, MSA, and sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄). Despite their importance, accurate prediction of MSA and H₂SO₄ from DMS oxidation remains challenging. With comprehensive experiments carried out in the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at CERN, we show that decreasing the temperature from +25 to -10 °C enhances the gas-phase MSA production by an order of magnitude from OH-initiated DMS oxidation, while H₂SO₄ production is modestly affected. This leads to a gas-phase H₂SO₄-to-MSA ratio (H₂SO₄/MSA) smaller than one at low temperatures, consistent with field observations in polar regions. With an updated DMS oxidation mechanism, we find that methanesulfinic acid, CH₃S(O)OH, MSIA, forms large amounts of MSA. Overall, our results reveal that MSA yields are a factor of 2-10 higher than those predicted by the widely used Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.3.1), and the NO_x effect is less significant than that of temperature. Our updated mechanism explains the high MSA production rates observed in field observations, especially at low temperatures, thus, substantiating the greater importance of MSA in the natural sulfur cycle and natural CCN formation. Our mechanism will improve the interpretation of present-day and historical gas-phase H₂SO₄/MSA measurements.