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Pathakoti M, D V M, G S, Suryavanshi AS, Taori A, Kant Y, P R, Bothale RV, Chauhan P, K S R, Sinha PR, Chandra N, Dadhwal VK. Spatiotemporal atmospheric in-situ carbon dioxide data over the Indian sites-data perspective. Sci Data 2024; 11:385. [PMID: 38627446 PMCID: PMC11021437 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current study, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) data covering multiple locations in the Indian subcontinent are reported. This data was collected using a dedicated ground-based in-situ network established as part of the Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (CAP-IGBP) of the Climate and Atmospheric Processes of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Data are collected over Ponmudi, Ooty, Sriharikota, Gadanki, Shadnagar, Nagpur, and Dehradun during 2014-2015, 2017-2020, 2012, 2011-2015, 2014-2017, 2017 and 2008-2011, respectively. The atmospheric CO2 generated as part of the CAP-IGBP network would enhance the understanding of CO2 variability in different time scales ranging from diurnal, seasonal, and annual over the Indian region. Data available under this network may be interesting to other research communities for modeling studies and spatiotemporal variability of atmospheric CO2 across the study locations. The work also evaluated the CO2 observations against the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate version 4 atmospheric chemistry-transport model (MIROC4-ACTM) concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Pathakoti
- National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad, 500037, India.
- Lab for Spatial Informatics (LSI), International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad, 500032, India.
| | - Mahalakshmi D V
- National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Sreenivas G
- Department of Physics, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTU-H), Hyderabad, 500085, India
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, 411008, India
| | | | - Alok Taori
- National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Yogesh Kant
- Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), ISRO, Department of Space, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Raja P
- Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation (IISWC), Research Centre (RC), Ooty, The Nilgiris, 643001, India
- ICAR-IISWC, RC, Odisha, Koraput, 763002, India
| | - Rajashree Vinod Bothale
- National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Prakash Chauhan
- National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Rajan K S
- Lab for Spatial Informatics (LSI), International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - P R Sinha
- Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Valiamala, 695547, India
| | - Naveen Chandra
- Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, 2360001, Japan
| | - Vinay Kumar Dadhwal
- National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) campus, Bengaluru, 560012, India
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2
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Wang S, Li Q, Zhang R, Mahajan AS, Inamdar S, Benavent N, Zhang S, Xue R, Zhu J, Jin C, Zhang Y, Fu X, Badia A, Fernandez RP, Cuevas CA, Wang T, Zhou B, Saiz-Lopez A. Typhoon- and pollution-driven enhancement of reactive bromine in the mid-latitude marine boundary layer. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae074. [PMID: 38623452 PMCID: PMC11018124 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Tropospheric reactive bromine is important for atmospheric chemistry, regional air pollution, and global climate. Previous studies have reported measurements of atmospheric reactive bromine species in different environments, and proposed their main sources, e.g. sea-salt aerosol (SSA), oceanic biogenic activity, polar snow/ice, and volcanoes. Typhoons and other strong cyclonic activities (e.g. hurricanes) induce abrupt changes in different earth system processes, causing widespread destructive effects. However, the role of typhoons in regulating reactive bromine abundance and sources remains unexplored. Here, we report field observations of bromine oxide (BrO), a critical indicator of reactive bromine, on the Huaniao Island (HNI) in the East China Sea in July 2018. We observed high levels of BrO below 500 m with a daytime average of 9.7 ± 4.2 pptv and a peak value of ∼26 pptv under the influence of a typhoon. Our field measurements, supported by model simulations, suggest that the typhoon-induced drastic increase in wind speed amplifies the emission of SSA, significantly enhancing the activation of reactive bromine from SSA debromination. We also detected enhanced BrO mixing ratios under high NOx conditions (ppbv level) suggesting a potential pollution-induced mechanism of bromine release from SSA. Such elevated levels of atmospheric bromine noticeably increase ozone destruction by as much as ∼40% across the East China Sea. Considering the high frequency of cyclonic activity in the northern hemisphere, reactive bromine chemistry is expected to play a more important role than previously thought in affecting coastal air quality and atmospheric oxidation capacity. We suggest that models need to consider the hitherto overlooked typhoon- and pollution-mediated increase in reactive bromine levels when assessing the synergic effects of cyclonic activities on the earth system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Anoop Sharad Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune 411008, India
| | - Swaleha Inamdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nuria Benavent
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Sanbao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ruibin Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chenji Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Alba Badia
- Sostenipra Research Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza M5502JMA, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
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Ferracci V, Weber J, Bolas CG, Robinson AD, Tummon F, Rodríguez-Ros P, Cortés-Greus P, Baccarini A, Jones RL, Galí M, Simó R, Schmale J, Harris NRP. Atmospheric isoprene measurements reveal larger-than-expected Southern Ocean emissions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2571. [PMID: 38519467 PMCID: PMC10959939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Isoprene is a key trace component of the atmosphere emitted by vegetation and other organisms. It is highly reactive and can impact atmospheric composition and climate by affecting the greenhouse gases ozone and methane and secondary organic aerosol formation. Marine fluxes are poorly constrained due to the paucity of long-term measurements; this in turn limits our understanding of isoprene cycling in the ocean. Here we present the analysis of isoprene concentrations in the atmosphere measured across the Southern Ocean over 4 months in the summertime. Some of the highest concentrations ( >500 ppt) originated from the marginal ice zone in the Ross and Amundsen seas, indicating the marginal ice zone is a significant source of isoprene at high latitudes. Using the United Kingdom Earth System Model we show that current estimates of sea-to-air isoprene fluxes underestimate observed isoprene by a factor >20. A daytime source of isoprene is required to reconcile models with observations. The model presented here suggests such an increase in isoprene emissions would lead to >8% decrease in the hydroxyl radical in regions of the Southern Ocean, with implications for our understanding of atmospheric oxidation and composition in remote environments, often used as proxies for the pre-industrial atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Ferracci
- Cranfield Environment Centre, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, UK.
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, UK.
| | - James Weber
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Dept of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - Conor G Bolas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
- ITOPF, Old Broad Street, London, UK
| | - Andrew D Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
- Schlumberger Cambridge Research, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Tummon
- Swiss Federal Office for Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-Ros
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Marilles Foundation, Bisbe Perelló, Palma, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pau Cortés-Greus
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of atmospheric processes and their impact, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roderic L Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martí Galí
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rafel Simó
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julia Schmale
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neil R P Harris
- Cranfield Environment Centre, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, UK
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4
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Fang YG, Tang B, Yuan C, Wan Z, Zhao L, Zhu S, Francisco JS, Zhu C, Fang WH. Mechanistic insight into the competition between interfacial and bulk reactions in microdroplets through N 2O 5 ammonolysis and hydrolysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2347. [PMID: 38491022 PMCID: PMC10943240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive uptake of dinitrogen pentaoxide (N2O5) into aqueous aerosols is a major loss channel for NOx in the troposphere; however, a quantitative understanding of the uptake mechanism is lacking. Herein, a computational chemistry strategy is developed employing high-level quantum chemical methods; the method offers detailed molecular insight into the hydrolysis and ammonolysis mechanisms of N2O5 in microdroplets. Specifically, our calculations estimate the bulk and interfacial hydrolysis rates to be (2.3 ± 1.6) × 10-3 and (6.3 ± 4.2) × 10-7 ns-1, respectively, and ammonolysis competes with hydrolysis at NH3 concentrations above 1.9 × 10-4 mol L-1. The slow interfacial hydrolysis rate suggests that interfacial processes have negligible effect on the hydrolysis of N2O5 in liquid water. In contrast, N2O5 ammonolysis in liquid water is dominated by interfacial processes due to the high interfacial ammonolysis rate. Our findings and strategy are applicable to high-chemical complexity microdroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Guang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyi Wan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Chongqin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
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5
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Li K, Zhang J, Bell DM, Wang T, Lamkaddam H, Cui T, Qi L, Surdu M, Wang D, Du L, El Haddad I, Slowik JG, Prevot ASH. Uncovering the dominant contribution of intermediate volatility compounds in secondary organic aerosol formation from biomass-burning emissions. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae014. [PMID: 38390366 PMCID: PMC10883696 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic vapors from biomass burning are a major source of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Previous smog chamber studies found that the SOA contributors in biomass-burning emissions are mainly volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are efficient SOA precursors and contribute a considerable fraction of biomass-burning emissions, their contribution to SOA formation has not been directly observed. Here, by deploying a newly-developed oxidation flow reactor to study SOA formation from wood burning, we find that IVOCs can contribute ∼70% of the formed SOA, i.e. >2 times more than VOCs. This previously missing SOA fraction is interpreted to be due to the high wall losses of semi-volatile oxidation products of IVOCs in smog chambers. The finding in this study reveals that SOA production from biomass burning is much higher than previously thought, and highlights the urgent need for more research on the IVOCs from biomass burning and potentially other emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - David M Bell
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Lu Qi
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Mihnea Surdu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
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Abstract
All sectors of society must reduce their carbon footprint to mitigate climate change, and the healthcare community is no exception. This narrative review focuses on the environmental concerns associated with the emissions of volatile anaesthetic agents, some of which are potent greenhouse gases. This review provides an understanding of the global warming potential metric, as well as the concepts of atmospheric lifetime and radiative efficiency. The state of knowledge of the environmental impact and possible climate forcing of emitted volatile anaesthetic agents are reviewed. Additionally, the review discusses how climate metrics can guide mitigation strategies to reduce emissions and suggests present and future options for mitigating the climate impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Nielsen
- Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M P Sulbaek Andersen
- Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
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7
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Dong Q, Li Y, Wei X, Jiao L, Wu L, Dong Z, An Y. A city-level dataset of heavy metal emissions into the atmosphere across China from 2015-2020. Sci Data 2024; 11:258. [PMID: 38424081 PMCID: PMC10904851 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The absence of nationwide distribution data regarding heavy metal emissions into the atmosphere poses a significant constraint in environmental research and public health assessment. In response to the critical data deficiency, we have established a dataset covering Cr, Cd, As, and Pb emissions into the atmosphere (HMEAs, unit: ton) across 367 municipalities in China. Initially, we collected HMEAs data and covariates such as industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, meteorological variables, among other ten indicators. Following this, nine machine learning models, including Linear Regression (LR), Ridge, Bayesian Ridge (Bayesian), K-Neighbors Regressor (KNN), MLP Regressor (MLP), Random Forest Regressor (RF), LGBM Regressor (LGBM), Lasso, and ElasticNet, were assessed using coefficient of determination (R2), root-mean-square error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) on the testing dataset. RF and LGBM models were chosen, due to their favorable predictive performance (R2: 0.58-0.84, lower RMSE/MAE), confirming their robustness in modelling. This dataset serves as a valuable resource for informing environmental policies, monitoring air quality, conducting environmental assessments, and facilitating academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Dong
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Xiangtan Experimental Station of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411199, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xinhua Wei
- College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Le Jiao
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zexin Dong
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yi An
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- Xiangtan Experimental Station of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411199, China.
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8
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Koyama S, Kamada A, Furukawa Y, Terada N, Nakamura Y, Yoshida T, Kuroda T, Vandaele AC. Atmospheric formaldehyde production on early Mars leading to a potential formation of bio-important molecules. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2397. [PMID: 38336798 PMCID: PMC10858170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (H2CO) is a critical precursor for the abiotic formation of biomolecules, including amino acids and sugars, which are the building blocks of proteins and RNA. Geomorphological and geochemical evidence on Mars indicates a temperate environment compatible with the existence of surface liquid water during its early history at 3.8-3.6 billion years ago (Ga), which was maintained by the warming effect of reducing gases, such as H2. However, it remains uncertain whether such a temperate and weakly reducing surface environment on early Mars was suitable for producing H2CO. In this study, we investigated the atmospheric production of H2CO on early Mars using a 1-D photochemical model assuming a thick CO2-dominated atmosphere with H2 and CO. Our results show that a continuous supply of atmospheric H2CO can be used to form various organic compounds, including amino acids and sugars. This could be a possible origin for the organic matter observed on the Martian surface. Given the previously reported conversion rate from H2CO into ribose, the calculated H2CO deposition flux suggests a continuous supply of bio-important sugars on early Mars, particularly during the Noachian and early Hesperian periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shungo Koyama
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Arihiro Kamada
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Furukawa
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naoki Terada
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuroda
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
- Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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9
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Blichner SM, Yli-Juuti T, Mielonen T, Pöhlker C, Holopainen E, Heikkinen L, Mohr C, Artaxo P, Carbone S, Meller BB, Quaresma Dias-Júnior C, Kulmala M, Petäjä T, Scott CE, Svenhag C, Nieradzik L, Sporre M, Partridge DG, Tovazzi E, Virtanen A, Kokkola H, Riipinen I. Process-evaluation of forest aerosol-cloud-climate feedback shows clear evidence from observations and large uncertainty in models. Nat Commun 2024; 15:969. [PMID: 38326341 PMCID: PMC10850362 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural aerosol feedbacks are expected to become more important in the future, as anthropogenic aerosol emissions decrease due to air quality policy. One such feedback is initiated by the increase in biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions with higher temperatures, leading to higher secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production and a cooling of the surface via impacts on cloud radiative properties. Motivated by the considerable spread in feedback strength in Earth System Models (ESMs), we here use two long-term observational datasets from boreal and tropical forests, together with satellite data, for a process-based evaluation of the BVOC-aerosol-cloud feedback in four ESMs. The model evaluation shows that the weakest modelled feedback estimates can likely be excluded, but highlights compensating errors making it difficult to draw conclusions of the strongest estimates. Overall, the method of evaluating along process chains shows promise in pin-pointing sources of uncertainty and constraining modelled aerosol feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Blichner
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden.
- Stockholm University, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Taina Yli-Juuti
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tero Mielonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Christopher Pöhlker
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept., 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eemeli Holopainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Liine Heikkinen
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Stockholm University, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Mohr
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Stockholm University, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Fisica, 05508-090, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samara Carbone
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno Backes Meller
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Fisica, 05508-090, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Markku Kulmala
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Catherine E Scott
- University of Leeds, School of Earth and Environment, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Carl Svenhag
- Lund University, Department of Physics, 221-00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Nieradzik
- Lund University, Dept of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, 221-00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Moa Sporre
- Lund University, Department of Physics, 221-00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel G Partridge
- University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuele Tovazzi
- University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Annele Virtanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Harri Kokkola
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Stockholm University, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Felix JD. Modern analogs for ammonia flux from terrestrial hydrothermal features to the Archean atmosphere. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1544. [PMID: 38233446 PMCID: PMC10794450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The isotopic composition of nitrogen in the rock record provides valuable evidence of reactive nitrogen sources and processing on early Earth, but the wide range of δ15N values (- 10.2 to + 50.4‰) leads to ambiguity in defining the early Precambrian nitrogen cycle. The high δ15N values have been explained by large fractionation associated with the onset of nitrification and/or fractionation produced by ammonia-ammonium equilibrium and water-air flux in alkaline paleolakes. Previous flux sensitivity studies in modern water bodies report alkaline pH is not a prerequisite and temperature can be the dominate parameter driving water-air flux. Here, I use the chemical and physical components of 1022 modern hydrothermal features to provide evidence that water-air NH3 flux produced a significant source of fixed nitrogen to early Earth's atmosphere and biosphere. With regard to the modeled average NH3 flux (2.1 kg N m-2 year-1) and outlier removed average flux (1.2 kg N m-2 year-1), the Archean Earth's surface would need to be 0.0092, and 0.017% terrestrial hydrothermal features, respectively, for the flux to match the annual amount of N produced by biogenic fixation on modern Earth. Water-air NH3 flux from terrestrial hydrothermal features may have played a significant role in supplying bioavailable nitrogen to early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Felix
- Physical and Environmental Sciences Department, Center for Water Supply Studies, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, USA.
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11
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Paisi N, Kushta J, Pozzer A, Violaris A, Lelieveld J. Health effects of carbonaceous PM2.5 compounds from residential fuel combustion and road transport in Europe. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1530. [PMID: 38233477 PMCID: PMC10794246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. In Europe, residential fuel combustion and road transport emissions contribute significantly to PM2.5. Toxicological studies indicate that PM2.5 from these sources is relatively more hazardous, owing to its high content of black and organic carbon. Here, we study the contribution of the emissions from these sectors to long-term exposure and excess mortality in Europe. We quantified the impact of anthropogenic carbonaceous aerosols on excess mortality and performed a sensitivity analysis assuming that they are twice as toxic as inorganic particles. We find that total PM2.5 from residential combustion leads to 72,000 (95% confidence interval: 48,000-99,000) excess deaths per year, with about 40% attributed to carbonaceous aerosols. Similarly, road transport leads to about 35,000 (CI 23,000-47,000) excess deaths per year, with 6000 (CI 4000-9000) due to carbonaceous particles. Assuming that carbonaceous aerosols are twice as toxic as other PM2.5 components, they contribute 80% and 37%, respectively, to residential fuel combustion and road transport-related deaths. We uncover robust national variations in the contribution of each sector to excess mortality and emphasize the importance of country-specific emission reduction policies based on national characteristics and sectoral shares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Paisi
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Jonilda Kushta
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andrea Pozzer
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Angelos Violaris
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Hornby AJ, Ayris PM, Damby DE, Diplas S, Eychenne J, Kendrick JE, Cimarelli C, Kueppers U, Scheu B, Utley JEP, Dingwell DB. Nanoscale silicate melt textures determine volcanic ash surface chemistry. Nat Commun 2024; 15:531. [PMID: 38225238 PMCID: PMC10789741 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Explosive volcanic eruptions produce vast quantities of silicate ash, whose surfaces are subsequently altered during atmospheric transit. These altered surfaces mediate environmental interactions, including atmospheric ice nucleation, and toxic effects in biota. A lack of knowledge of the initial, pre-altered ash surface has required previous studies to assume that the ash surface composition created during magmatic fragmentation is equivalent to the bulk particle assemblage. Here we examine ash particles generated by controlled fragmentation of andesite and find that fragmentation generates ash particles with substantial differences in surface chemistry. We attribute this disparity to observations of nanoscale melt heterogeneities, in which Fe-rich nanophases in the magmatic melt deflect and blunt fractures, thereby focusing fracture propagation within aureoles of single-phase melt formed during diffusion-limited growth of crystals. In this manner, we argue that commonly observed pre-eruptive microtextures caused by disequilibrium crystallisation and/or melt unmixing can modify fracture propagation and generate primary discrepancies in ash surface chemistry, an essential consideration for understanding the cascading consequences of reactive ash surfaces in various environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Hornby
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität (LMU), München, Germany.
| | - Paul M Ayris
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität (LMU), München, Germany
| | - David E Damby
- U.S. Geological Survey, Volcano Science Center, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Julia Eychenne
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique Reproduction et Développement, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jackie E Kendrick
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität (LMU), München, Germany
| | - Corrado Cimarelli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität (LMU), München, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kueppers
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität (LMU), München, Germany
| | - Bettina Scheu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität (LMU), München, Germany
| | - James E P Utley
- Department of Earth, Ocean & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Donald B Dingwell
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität (LMU), München, Germany
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13
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Cazorla M, Giles DM, Herrera E, Suárez L, Estevan R, Andrade M, Bastidas Á. Latitudinal and temporal distribution of aerosols and precipitable water vapor in the tropical Andes from AERONET, sounding, and MERRA-2 data. Sci Rep 2024; 14:897. [PMID: 38195912 PMCID: PMC10776852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The aerosol and precipitable water vapor (PW) distribution over the tropical Andes region is characterized using Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations at stations in Medellin (Colombia), Quito (Ecuador), Huancayo (Peru), and La Paz (Bolivia). AERONET aerosol optical depth (AOD) is interpreted using PM2.5 data when available. Columnar water vapor derived from ozone soundings at Quito is used to compare against AERONET PW. MERRA-2 data are used to complement analyses. Urban pollution and biomass burning smoke (BBS) dominate the regional aerosol composition. AOD and PM2.5 yearly cycles for coincident measurements correlate linearly at Medellin and Quito. The Andes cordillera's orientation and elevation funnel or block BBS transport into valleys or highlands during the two fire seasons that systematically impact South America. The February-March season north of Colombia and the Colombian-Venezuelan border directly impacts Medellin. Possibly, the March aerosol signal over Quito has a long-range transport component. At Huancayo and La Paz, AOD increases in September due to the influence of BBS in the Amazon. AERONET PW and sounding data correlate linearly but a dry bias with respect to soundings was identified in AERONET. PW and rainfall progressively decrease from north to south due to increasing altitude. This regional diagnosis is an underlying basis to evaluate future changes in aerosol and PW given prevailing conditions of rapidly changing atmospheric composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cazorla
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones Atmosféricas, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - David M Giles
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (SSAI), Lanham, MD, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Edgar Herrera
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones Atmosféricas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Luis Suárez
- Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Huancayo, Peru
| | | | - Marcos Andrade
- Laboratorio de Física de la Atmósfera, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Álvaro Bastidas
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
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14
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Vömel H, Sorooshian A, Robinson C, Shingler TJ, Thornhill KL, Ziemba LD. Publisher Correction: Dropsonde observations during the Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment. Sci Data 2023; 10:910. [PMID: 38110492 PMCID: PMC10728120 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Vömel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 30301, USA.
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | | | | | - Luke D Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
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15
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Iyer S, Kumar A, Savolainen A, Barua S, Daub C, Pichelstorfer L, Roldin P, Garmash O, Seal P, Kurtén T, Rissanen M. Author Correction: Molecular rearrangement of bicyclic peroxy radicals is a key route to aerosol from aromatics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8303. [PMID: 38097590 PMCID: PMC10721788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anni Savolainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Shawon Barua
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christopher Daub
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Pontus Roldin
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL, SE-211 19, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olga Garmash
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Prasenjit Seal
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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16
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Passas-Varo M, Van der Velde O, Gordillo-Vázquez FJ, Gómez-Martín JC, Sánchez J, Pérez-Invernón FJ, Sánchez-Ramírez R, García-Comas M, Montanyà J. Spectroscopy of a mesospheric ghost reveals iron emissions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7810. [PMID: 38086836 PMCID: PMC10716262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesospheric Green emissions from excited Oxygen in Sprite Tops (ghosts) are infrequent and faint greenish transient luminous events that remain for hundreds of milliseconds on top of certain energetic sprites. The main hypothesis to explain this glow persistence is the long lifetime of excited atomic oxygen at 557.73 nm, a well-known emission line in aurora and airglow. However, due to the lack of spectroscopic campaigns to analyse such events to date, the species involved in the process can not yet be identified. Here we report observational results showing the temporal evolution of a ghost spectrum between 500 nm and 600 nm. Besides weak -but certain- traces of excited atomic oxygen, our results show four main contributors related to the slow decay of the glow: atomic iron and nickel, molecular nitrogen and ionic molecular oxygen. Additionally, we are able to identify traces of atomic sodium, and ionic silicon, these observations being consistent with previous direct measurements of density profiles of meteoric metals in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. This finding calls for an upgrade of current air plasma kinetic understanding under the influence of transient luminous events.
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Grants
- M.P.V., F.J.G.V. and J.S. acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, MCIN, under projects PID2019-109269RB-C43 and PID2022-136348NB-C31, and FEDER program (M.P.V., F.J.G.V. and J.S.). M.P.V., F.J.G.V., J.C.G.M., J.S., F.J.P.I., R.S.R. and M.G.C. acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, MCIN, under the research grant CEX2021-001131-S funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (M.P.V., F.J.G.V., J.C.G.M., J.S., F.J.P.I., R.S.R. and M.G.C.). F.J.P.I. acknowledges the financial support of a fellowship (LCF/BQ/PI22/11910026) from "la Caixa" Foundation (ID 100010434) (F.J.P.I.). O.V.V. and J.M. acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, MCIN, under project PID2019-109269RB-C42 and from the research grant ESP2017-86263-C4-2-R (O.V.V. and J.M.).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Passas-Varo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía sn, 18008, Granada, Spain.
| | - Oscar Van der Velde
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Colom 1, 08222, Terrassa, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos Gómez-Martín
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía sn, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Justo Sánchez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía sn, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Rubén Sánchez-Ramírez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía sn, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Maya García-Comas
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía sn, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Joan Montanyà
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Colom 1, 08222, Terrassa, Spain
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17
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Meinander O, Kouznetsov R, Uppstu A, Sofiev M, Kaakinen A, Salminen J, Rontu L, Welti A, Francis D, Piedehierro AA, Heikkilä P, Heikkinen E, Laaksonen A. African dust transport and deposition modelling verified through a citizen science campaign in Finland. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21379. [PMID: 38049489 PMCID: PMC10695925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African desert dust is emitted and long-range transported with multiple effects on climate, air quality, cryosphere, and ecosystems. On 21-23 February 2021, dust from a sand and dust storm in northern Africa was transported to Finland, north of 60°N. The episode was predicted 5 days in advance by the global operational SILAM forecast, and its key features were confirmed and detailed by a retrospective analysis. The scavenging of dust by snowfall and freezing rain in Finland resulted in a rare case of substantial mineral dust contamination of snow surfaces over a large area in the southern part of the country. A citizen science campaign was set up to collect contaminated snow samples prepared according to the scientists' instructions. The campaign gained wide national interest in television, radio, newspapers and social media, and dust samples were received from 525 locations in Finland, up to 64.3°N. The samples were utilised in investigating the ability of an atmospheric dispersion model to simulate the dust episode. The analysis confirmed that dust came from a wide Sahara and Sahel area from 5000 km away. Our results reveal the features of this rare event and demonstrate how deposition samples can be used to evaluate the skills and limitations of current atmospheric models in simulating transport of African dust towards northern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Meinander
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Rostislav Kouznetsov
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Uppstu
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikhail Sofiev
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kaakinen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin Katu 2, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Salminen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin Katu 2, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
- Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), Vuorimiehentie 2, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Laura Rontu
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Meteorological Research, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - André Welti
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Research Coordination, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diana Francis
- Earth Sciences Department, Khalifa University, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ana A Piedehierro
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Research Coordination, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Heikkilä
- Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), Vuorimiehentie 2, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Enna Heikkinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Laaksonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Research Coordination, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Ye C, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang C, Woodward-Massey R, Cantrell C, Mauldin RL, Campos T, Hornbrook RS, Ortega J, Apel EC, Haggerty J, Hall S, Ullmann K, Weinheimer A, Stutz J, Karl T, Smith JN, Guenther A, Song S. Synthesizing evidence for the external cycling of NO x in high- to low-NO x atmospheres. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7995. [PMID: 38042847 PMCID: PMC10693570 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
External cycling regenerating nitrogen oxides (NOx ≡ NO + NO2) from their oxidative reservoir, NOz, is proposed to reshape the temporal-spatial distribution of NOx and consequently hydroxyl radical (OH), the most important oxidant in the atmosphere. Here we verify the in situ external cycling of NOx in various environments with nitrous acid (HONO) as an intermediate based on synthesized field evidence collected onboard aircraft platform at daytime. External cycling helps to reconcile stubborn underestimation on observed ratios of HONO/NO2 and NO2/NOz by current chemical model schemes and rationalize atypical diurnal concentration profiles of HONO and NO2 lacking noontime valleys specially observed in low-NOx atmospheres. Perturbation on the budget of HONO and NOx by external cycling is also found to increase as NOx concentration decreases. Consequently, model underestimation of OH observations by up to 41% in low NOx atmospheres is attributed to the omission of external cycling in models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKL-ESPC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKL-ESPC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Youfeng Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKL-ESPC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianshu Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKL-ESPC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKL-ESPC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Robert Woodward-Massey
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKL-ESPC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christopher Cantrell
- Université Paris-est Créteil, LISA (Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques), Paris, France
| | - Roy L Mauldin
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Teresa Campos
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - John Ortega
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric C Apel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Julie Haggerty
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Samuel Hall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Karl
- Institute for Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James N Smith
- Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shaojie Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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19
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Magand O, Angot H, Bertrand Y, Sonke JE, Laffont L, Duperray S, Collignon L, Boulanger D, Dommergue A. Over a decade of atmospheric mercury monitoring at Amsterdam Island in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Sci Data 2023; 10:836. [PMID: 38016986 PMCID: PMC10684586 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Minamata Convention, a global and legally binding treaty that entered into force in 2017, aims to protect human health and the environment from harmful mercury (Hg) effects by reducing anthropogenic Hg emissions and environmental levels. The Conference of the Parties is to periodically evaluate the Convention's effectiveness, starting in 2023, using existing monitoring data and observed trends. Monitoring atmospheric Hg levels has been proposed as a key indicator. However, data gaps exist, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we present over a decade of atmospheric Hg monitoring data at Amsterdam Island (37.80°S, 77.55°E), in the remote southern Indian Ocean. Datasets include gaseous elemental and oxidised Hg species ambient air concentrations from either active/continuous or passive/discrete acquisition methods, and annual total Hg wet deposition fluxes. These datasets are made available to the community to support policy-making and further scientific advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Magand
- Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers à La Réunion (OSU-R), UAR 3365, CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo France, 97744, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Angot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France.
| | - Yann Bertrand
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Jeroen E Sonke
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Laure Laffont
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Solène Duperray
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Léa Collignon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Aurélien Dommergue
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France.
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20
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El Haber M, Ferronato C, Giroir-Fendler A, Fine L, Nozière B. Salting out, non-ideality and synergism enhance surfactant efficiency in atmospheric aerosols. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20672. [PMID: 38001267 PMCID: PMC10673862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In Earth's atmosphere, the surface tension of sub-micron aerosol particles is suspected to affect their efficiency in becoming cloud droplets. But this quantity cannot be measured directly and is inferred from the chemical compounds present in aerosols. Amphiphilic surfactants have been evidenced in aerosols but experimental information on the surface properties of their mixtures with other aerosol components is lacking. This work explores experimentally the surface properties of aqueous mixtures of amphiphilic surfactants (SDS, Brij35, TritonX100, TritonX114, and CTAC) with inorganic salts (NaCl, (NH4)2SO4) and soluble organic acids (oxalic and glutaric acid) using pendant droplet tensiometry. Contrary to what could be expected, inorganic salts and organic acids systematically enhanced the efficiency of the surfactants rather than reduced it, by further lowering the surface tension and, in some cases, the CMC. Furthermore, all the mixtures studied were strongly non-ideal, some even displaying some synergism, thus demonstrating that the common assumption of ideality for aerosol mixtures is not valid. The molecular interactions between the mixture components were either in the bulk (salting out), in the mixed surface monolayer (synergy on the surface tension) or in the micelles (synergy on the CMC) and need to be included when describing such aerosol mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella El Haber
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256 CNRS, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Corinne Ferronato
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256 CNRS, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Giroir-Fendler
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256 CNRS, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ludovic Fine
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256 CNRS, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Barbara Nozière
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Kessenich HE, Seppälä A, Rodger CJ. Potential drivers of the recent large Antarctic ozone holes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7259. [PMID: 37989734 PMCID: PMC10663519 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The past three years (2020-2022) have witnessed the re-emergence of large, long-lived ozone holes over Antarctica. Understanding ozone variability remains of high importance due to the major role Antarctic stratospheric ozone plays in climate variability across the Southern Hemisphere. Climate change has already incited new sources of ozone depletion, and the atmospheric abundance of several chlorofluorocarbons has recently been on the rise. In this work, we take a comprehensive look at the monthly and daily ozone changes at different altitudes and latitudes within the Antarctic ozone hole. Following indications of early-spring recovery, the October middle stratosphere is dominated by continued, significant ozone reduction since 2004, amounting to 26% loss in the core of the ozone hole. We link the declines in mid-spring Antarctic ozone to dynamical changes in mesospheric descent within the polar vortex, highlighting the importance of continued monitoring of the state of the ozone layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Seppälä
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Craig J Rodger
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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22
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Nishonov BE, Kholmatjanov BM, Labzovskii LD, Rakhmatova N, Shardakova L, Abdulakhatov EI, Yarashev DU, Toderich KN, Khujanazarov T, Belikov DA. Study of the strongest dust storm occurred in Uzbekistan in November 2021. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20042. [PMID: 37973804 PMCID: PMC10654516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied and reconstructed a severe Central Asian dust storm of November 4, 2021, through high-resolution TROPOMI UVAI spaceborne observations, ground-based aerosol measurements, and Lagrangian particle modeling. The dust storm was caused by the front part of a cold polar anticyclone front from the Ural-Volga regions, which struck the central and eastern parts of Uzbekistan under favorable atmospheric conditions. Two plumes spread out, causing a thick haze to blanket the region. The most severe dust storm effects hit the capital of Uzbekistan (Tashkent) and the Fergana Valley, where the thick atmospheric dust layer dropped the visibility to 200 m. PM10 concentrations reached 18,000 µg/m3 (260-fold exceedance of the local long-term average). The PM2.5 concentrations remained above 300 µg/m3 for nearly ten days, indicating an extremely long-lasting event. The dust storm was caused by an extremely strong summer heatwave of 2021 in Kazakhstan with unprecedentedly high temperatures reaching 46.5 °C. The long-lasting drought dried up the soil down to 50 cm depth, triggering the soil cover denudation due to drying out vegetation and losing its moisture. This event was the worst since 1871 and considering the increasing aridity of Central Asia, the onset of potentially recurring severe dust storms is alarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhriddin E Nishonov
- Hydrometeorological Research Institute, Center of Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 100052, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Lev D Labzovskii
- R&D Satellite and Observations Group, The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Natella Rakhmatova
- Hydrometeorological Research Institute, Center of Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 100052, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Lyudmila Shardakova
- Hydrometeorological Research Institute, Center of Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 100052, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Erkin I Abdulakhatov
- Hydrometeorological Research Institute, Center of Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 100052, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Darkhon U Yarashev
- Hydrometeorological Research Institute, Center of Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 100052, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Kristina N Toderich
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education (IPDRE), Tottori University, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Temur Khujanazarov
- Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Dmitry A Belikov
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
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23
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Wang P, Yang Y, Xue D, Ren L, Tang J, Leung LR, Liao H. Aerosols overtake greenhouse gases causing a warmer climate and more weather extremes toward carbon neutrality. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7257. [PMID: 37945564 PMCID: PMC10636203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate climate warming, many countries have committed to achieve carbon neutrality in the mid-21st century. Here, we assess the global impacts of changing greenhouse gases (GHGs), aerosols, and tropospheric ozone (O3) following a carbon neutrality pathway on climate and extreme weather events individually using the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1). The results suggest that the future aerosol reductions significantly contribute to climate warming and increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weathers toward carbon neutrality and aerosol impacts far outweigh those of GHGs and tropospheric O3. It reverses the knowledge that the changing GHGs dominate the future climate changes as predicted in the middle of the road pathway. Therefore, substantial reductions in GHGs and tropospheric O3 are necessary to reach the 1.5 °C warming target and mitigate the harmful effects of concomitant aerosol reductions on climate and extreme weather events under carbon neutrality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinya Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Daokai Xue
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Ren
- College of Environment and Ecology, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianping Tang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - L Ruby Leung
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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24
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Hübers HW, Richter H, Graf UU, Güsten R, Klein B, Stutzki J, Wiesemeyer H. Direct detection of atomic oxygen on the dayside and nightside of Venus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6812. [PMID: 37935682 PMCID: PMC10630385 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic oxygen is a key species in the mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus. It peaks in the transition region between the two dominant atmospheric circulation patterns, the retrograde super-rotating zonal flow below 70 km and the subsolar to antisolar flow above 120 km altitude. However, past and current detection methods are indirect and based on measurements of other molecules in combination with photochemical models. Here, we show direct detection of atomic oxygen on the dayside as well as on the nightside of Venus by measuring its ground-state transition at 4.74 THz (63.2 µm). The atomic oxygen is concentrated at altitudes around 100 km with a maximum column density on the dayside where it is generated by photolysis of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. This method enables detailed investigations of the Venusian atmosphere in the region between the two atmospheric circulation patterns in support of future space missions to Venus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Physics, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Heiko Richter
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany
| | - Urs U Graf
- I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Rolf Güsten
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Klein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Stutzki
- I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
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25
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Vömel H, Sorooshian A, Robinson C, Shingler TJ, Thornhill KL, Ziemba LD. Dropsonde observations during the Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment. Sci Data 2023; 10:753. [PMID: 37914778 PMCID: PMC10620406 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) field campaign provides accurate data for aerosol characterization and trace gas profiles, and establishes knowledge of the relationships between aerosols and water. The dropsonde dataset provides an in situ characterization of the vertical thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere during 165 research flights by NASA Langley's King Air research aircraft between February 2020 and June 2022 and four test flights between December 2019 and November 2021. The research flights covered the western North Atlantic region, off the coast of the Eastern United States and around Bermuda and covered all seasons. The dropsonde profiles provide observations of temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and horizontal and vertical winds between the surface and about 9 km. 801 dropsondes were released, of which 796 were processed and 788 provide complete profiles of all parameters between the flight level and the surface with normal parachute performance. Here, we describe the dataset, the processing of the measurements, general statistics, and applications of this rich dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Vömel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 30301, USA.
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | | | | | - Luke D Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
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26
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Lamb KD, Gentine P. Zero-shot learning of aerosol optical properties with graph neural networks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18777. [PMID: 37907512 PMCID: PMC10618469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), a strongly absorbing aerosol sourced from combustion, is an important short-lived climate forcer. BC's complex morphology contributes to uncertainty in its direct climate radiative effects, as current methods to accurately calculate the optical properties of these aerosols are too computationally expensive to be used online in models or for observational retrievals. Here we demonstrate that a Graph Neural Network (GNN) trained to predict the optical properties of numerically-generated BC fractal aggregates can accurately generalize to arbitrarily shaped particles, including much larger ([Formula: see text]) aggregates than in the training dataset. This zero-shot learning approach could be used to estimate single particle optical properties of realistically-shaped aerosol and cloud particles for inclusion in radiative transfer codes for atmospheric models and remote sensing inversions. In addition, GNN's can be used to gain physical intuition on the relationship between small-scale interactions (here of the spheres' positions and interactions) and large-scale properties (here of the radiative properties of aerosols).
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Lamb
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA.
| | - P Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
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27
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Vallieres M, Jones SH, Schwartz-Narbonne H, Donaldson DJ. Photochemical renoxification on commercial indoor photoactive paint. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17835. [PMID: 37857714 PMCID: PMC10587164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44927-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface chemistry plays an important role in the indoor environment owing to the large indoor surface to volume ratio. This study explores the photoreactivity of surfaces painted with a photoactive paint in the presence of NOx. Two types of experiments are performed; illumination of painted surfaces with a nitrate deposit and illumination of painted surfaces in the presence of gaseous NO. For both types of experiments, illumination with a fluorescent bulb causes the greatest change in measured gaseous NOx concentrations. Results show that relative humidity and paint composition play an important role in the photoreactivity of indoor painted surfaces. Painted surfaces could contribute to gas-phase oxidant concentrations indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - D James Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada.
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28
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Guo Y, Li K, Perrier S, An T, Donaldson DJ, George C. Spontaneous Iodide Activation at the Air-Water Interface of Aqueous Droplets. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:15580-15587. [PMID: 37804225 PMCID: PMC10586319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental evidence that atomic and molecular iodine, I and I2, are produced spontaneously in the dark at the air-water interface of iodide-containing droplets without any added catalysts, oxidants, or irradiation. Specifically, we observe I3- formation within droplets, and I2 emission into the gas phase from NaI-containing droplets over a range of droplet sizes. The formation of both products is enhanced in the presence of electron scavengers, either in the gas phase or in solution, and it clearly follows a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, suggesting an interfacial process. These observations are consistent with iodide oxidation at the interface, possibly initiated by the strong intrinsic electric field present there, followed by well-known solution-phase reactions of the iodine atom. This interfacial chemistry could be important in many contexts, including atmospheric aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Guo
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control,
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure
and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute
of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Université
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Kangwei Li
- Université
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Université
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control,
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure
and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute
of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - D. James Donaldson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Christian George
- Université
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
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29
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Pugliese G, Ingrisch J, Meredith LK, Pfannerstill EY, Klüpfel T, Meeran K, Byron J, Purser G, Gil-Loaiza J, van Haren J, Dontsova K, Kreuzwieser J, Ladd SN, Werner C, Williams J. Author Correction: Effects of drought and recovery on soil volatile organic compound fluxes in an experimental rainforest. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6372. [PMID: 37821456 PMCID: PMC10567787 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pugliese
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Johannes Ingrisch
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Universität Innsbruck, Department of Ecology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura K Meredith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Oracle, AZ, USA
| | - Eva Y Pfannerstill
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Klüpfel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Joseph Byron
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gemma Purser
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Juliana Gil-Loaiza
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joost van Haren
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Oracle, AZ, USA
| | - Katerina Dontsova
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Oracle, AZ, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Nemiah Ladd
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Werner
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
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30
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Heutte B, Bergner N, Beck I, Angot H, Dada L, Quéléver LLJ, Laurila T, Boyer M, Brasseur Z, Daellenbach KR, Henning S, Kuang C, Kulmala M, Lampilahti J, Lampimäki M, Petäjä T, Shupe MD, Sipilä M, Uin J, Jokinen T, Schmale J. Measurements of aerosol microphysical and chemical properties in the central Arctic atmosphere during MOSAiC. Sci Data 2023; 10:690. [PMID: 37821470 PMCID: PMC10567811 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arctic environment is transforming rapidly due to climate change. Aerosols' abundance and physicochemical characteristics play a crucial, yet uncertain, role in these changes due to their influence on the surface energy budget through direct interaction with solar radiation and indirectly via cloud formation. Importantly, Arctic aerosol properties are also changing in response to climate change. Despite their importance, year-round measurements of their characteristics are sparse in the Arctic and often confined to lower latitudes at Arctic land-based stations and/or short high-latitude summertime campaigns. Here, we present unique aerosol microphysics and chemical composition datasets collected during the year-long Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition, in the central Arctic. These datasets, which include aerosol particle number concentrations, size distributions, cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, fluorescent aerosol concentrations and properties, and aerosol bulk chemical composition (black carbon, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride, and organics) will serve to improve our understanding of high-Arctic aerosol processes, with relevance towards improved modelling of the future Arctic (and global) climate.
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Grants
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- 1010003826 EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
- 101003826 EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
- 101003826 EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
- 101003826 EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
- DE-SC0022046 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-SC0022046 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-SC0022046 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-SC0019251 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-SC0019251 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-SC0019251 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-SC0022046 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- 200021_188478 Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)
- 200021_188478 Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)
- 200021_188478 Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- Swiss Polar Institute (grant no. DIRCR-2018-004) Ferring Pharmaceuticals (sponsor)
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heutte
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Nora Bergner
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Beck
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Angot
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Lubna Dada
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Lauriane L J Quéléver
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiia Laurila
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew Boyer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zoé Brasseur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Henning
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04138, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chongai Kuang
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Lampilahti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Lampimäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew D Shupe
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janek Uin
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, P.O. Box 27456, Nicosia, 1645, Cyprus
| | - Julia Schmale
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland.
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31
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Springmann M, Van Dingenen R, Vandyck T, Latka C, Witzke P, Leip A. The global and regional air quality impacts of dietary change. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6227. [PMID: 37802979 PMCID: PMC10558460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution increases cardiovascular and respiratory-disease risk, and reduces cognitive and physical performance. Food production, especially of animal products, is a major source of methane and ammonia emissions which contribute to air pollution through the formation of particulate matter and ground-level ozone. Here we show that dietary changes towards more plant-based flexitarian, vegetarian, and vegan diets could lead to meaningful reductions in air pollution with health and economic benefits. Using systems models, we estimated reductions in premature mortality of 108,000-236,000 (3-6%) globally, including 20,000-44,000 (9-21%) in Europe, 14,000-21,000 (12-18%) in North America, and 49,000-121,000 (4-10%) in Eastern Asia. We also estimated greater productivity, increasing economic output by USD 0.6-1.3 trillion (0.5-1.1%). Our findings suggest that incentivising dietary changes towards more plant-based diets could be a valuable mitigation strategy for reducing ambient air pollution and the associated health and economic impacts, especially in regions with intensive agriculture and high population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Springmann
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | - Toon Vandyck
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Seville, Spain
- Department of Economics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catharina Latka
- Institute for Food and Resource Economics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Witzke
- Institute for Food and Resource Economics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- EuroCARE-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Adrian Leip
- European Commission, DG Research & Innovation, Bioeconomy and Food Systems Unit, Brussels, Belgium
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32
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Pöhlker ML, Pöhlker C, Quaas J, Mülmenstädt J, Pozzer A, Andreae MO, Artaxo P, Block K, Coe H, Ervens B, Gallimore P, Gaston CJ, Gunthe SS, Henning S, Herrmann H, Krüger OO, McFiggans G, Poulain L, Raj SS, Reyes-Villegas E, Royer HM, Walter D, Wang Y, Pöschl U. Global organic and inorganic aerosol hygroscopicity and its effect on radiative forcing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6139. [PMID: 37783680 PMCID: PMC10545666 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The climate effects of atmospheric aerosol particles serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) depend on chemical composition and hygroscopicity, which are highly variable on spatial and temporal scales. Here we present global CCN measurements, covering diverse environments from pristine to highly polluted conditions. We show that the effective aerosol hygroscopicity, κ, can be derived accurately from the fine aerosol mass fractions of organic particulate matter (ϵorg) and inorganic ions (ϵinorg) through a linear combination, κ = ϵorg ⋅ κorg + ϵinorg ⋅ κinorg. In spite of the chemical complexity of organic matter, its hygroscopicity is well captured and represented by a global average value of κorg = 0.12 ± 0.02 with κinorg = 0.63 ± 0.01 as the corresponding value for inorganic ions. By showing that the sensitivity of global climate forcing to changes in κorg and κinorg is small, we constrain a critically important aspect of global climate modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira L Pöhlker
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christopher Pöhlker
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Quaas
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Mülmenstädt
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Andrea Pozzer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karoline Block
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hugh Coe
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Barbara Ervens
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Peter Gallimore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cassandra J Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149-1031, USA
| | - Sachin S Gunthe
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Center for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Silvia Henning
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ovid O Krüger
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gordon McFiggans
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Subha S Raj
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Ernesto Reyes-Villegas
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Guadalajara, 45201, Mexico
| | - Haley M Royer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149-1031, USA
| | - David Walter
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuan Wang
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Itahashi S. Severe level of photochemical oxidants (O x) over the western coast of Japan during autumn after typhoon passing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16369. [PMID: 37773200 PMCID: PMC10541868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photochemical oxidants (Ox; mainly O3) are a concern in East Asia. Because of the prevailing westerly wind in the midlatitudes, O3 concentration generally shows a high in spring over Kyushu Island, western Japan, and Ox warnings have been issued in spring. However, the record from 2000 to 2021 of Ox warning days in Kyushu Island contains one warning case in autumn 2020. Interestingly, a typhoon had passed the day before this Ox warning. To relate these events, a modelling simulation was conducted and it showed the transboundary O3 transport from the Asian continent to the western coast of Japan due to the strong wind field determined by the location of Typhoon Haishen (2020). The sensitivity simulations for changing Chinese anthropogenic sources suggested that both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compound (VOC) emission regulations in China could decrease high O3 over the downwind region of Japan. Furthermore, VOC emission regulation in China led to an overall O3 decrease in East Asia, whereas NOx emission regulation in China had complex effects of decreasing (increasing) O3 during the daytime (nighttime) over China. The association between air quality and meteorology related to typhoons should be considered along with global warming in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuichi Itahashi
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory (SSRL), Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan.
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34
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Ceamanos X, Coopman Q, George M, Riedi J, Parrington M, Clerbaux C. Remote sensing and model analysis of biomass burning smoke transported across the Atlantic during the 2020 Western US wildfire season. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16014. [PMID: 37749077 PMCID: PMC10519943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass burning is the main source of air pollution in several regions worldwide nowadays. This predominance is expected to increase in the upcoming years as a result of the rising number of devastating wildfires due to climate change. Harmful pollutants contained in the smoke emitted by fires can alter downwind air quality both locally and remotely as a consequence of the recurrent transport of biomass burning plumes across thousands of kilometers. Here, we demonstrate how observations of carbon monoxide and aerosol optical depth retrieved from polar orbiting and geostationary meteorological satellites can be used to study the long-range transport and evolution of smoke plumes. This is illustrated through the megafire events that occurred during summer 2020 in the Western United States and the transport of the emitted smoke across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe. Analyses from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, which combine satellite observations with an atmospheric model, are used for comparison across the region of study and along simulated air parcel trajectories. Lidar observation from spaceborne and ground-based instruments are used to verify consistency of passive observations. Results show the potential of joint satellite-model analysis to understand the emission, transport, and processing of smoke across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Ceamanos
- CNRM, Météo-France, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Quentin Coopman
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maya George
- LATMOS/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Riedi
- CNRS, CNES, UAR 2877 - ICARE Data and Services Center, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8518 - LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Mark Parrington
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, RG2 9AX, UK
| | - Cathy Clerbaux
- LATMOS/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
- Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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35
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Abstract
PM2.5 is a nonhomogeneous mixture of complex components produced from multiple sources, and different components of this mixture have different chemical and biological toxicities, which results in the fact that the toxicity and hazards of PM2.5 may vary even for the same mass of PM2.5. Previous studies on PM2.5 and ischemic stroke have reached different or even opposing conclusions, and considering the heterogeneity of PM2.5 has led researchers to focus on the health effects of specific PM2.5 components. However, due to the complexity of PM2.5 constituents, assessing the association between exposure to specific PM2.5 constituents and ischemic stroke presents significant challenges. Therefore, this paper reviews and analyzes studies related to PM2.5 and its different components and ischemic stroke, aiming to understand the composition of PM2.5 and identify its harmful components, elucidate their relationship with ischemic stroke, and thus provide some insights and considerations for studying the biological mechanisms by which they affect ischemic stroke and for the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke associated with different components of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- First Clinical Medicine College, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Erqing Chai
- Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases of Gansu Province, Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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36
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Li P, Gemayel R, Li X, Liu J, Tang M, Wang X, Yang Y, Al-Abadleh HA, Gligorovski S. Formation of nitrogen-containing gas phase products from the heterogeneous (photo)reaction of NO 2 with gallic acid. Commun Chem 2023; 6:198. [PMID: 37717093 PMCID: PMC10505156 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous reaction of gas phase NO2 with atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) is potentially an important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including nitrogen (N)-containing compounds, a class of brown carbon of emerging importance. However, the role of ubiquitous water-soluble aerosol components in this multiphase chemistry, namely nitrate and iron ions, remains largely unexplored. Here, we used secondary electrospray ionization ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry for real-time measurements of VOCs formed during the heterogeneous reaction of gas phase NO2 with a solution containing gallic acid (GA) as a proxy of HULIS at pH 5 relevant for moderately acidic aerosol particles. Results showed that the number of detected N-containing organic compounds largely increased from 4 during the NO2 reaction with GA in the absence of nitrate and iron ions to 55 in the presence of nitrate and iron ions. The N-containing compounds have reduced nitrogen functional groups, namely amines, imines and imides. These results suggest that the number of N-containing compounds is significantly higher in deliquescent aerosol particles due to the influence of relatively higher ionic strength from nitrate ions and complexation/redox reactivity of iron cations compared to that in the dilute aqueous phase representative of cloud, fog, and rain water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rachel Gemayel
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (INERIS), Parc technologique Alata BP2, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiangping Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Mingjin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang, 515200, China.
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hind A Al-Abadleh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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37
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Xu Y, Huang Z, Ye J, Zheng J. Hourly emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases from open biomass burning in China during 2016-2020. Sci Data 2023; 10:629. [PMID: 37717027 PMCID: PMC10505139 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Open biomass burning (OBB) is a significant source of air pollutants and greenhouse gases that have contributed to air pollution episodes in China in recent years. An accurate emission inventory is critical for the precise control of OBB. Existing OBB emission datasets are commonly based on MODIS observations, and most only have a daily-scale temporal resolution. Daily OBB emissions, however, might not accurately represent diurnal variations, peak hours, or any open burning processes. The China Hourly Open Biomass Burning Emissions (CHOBE) dataset for mainland China from 2016 to 2020 was developed in this study using the spatiotemporal fusion of multiple active fires from MODIS, VIIRS S-NPP and Himawari-8 AHI detections. At a spatial resolution of 2 km, CHOBE provided gridded CO, NOx, SO2, NH3, VOCs, PM2.5, CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from OBB. CHOBE will enhance insight into OBB spatiotemporal variability, improves air quality and climate modelling and forecasting, and aids in the formulation of precise OBB preventive and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqian Xu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhijiong Huang
- Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Jiashu Ye
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511453, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511453, China.
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38
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Bannavti M, Marek RF, Just CL, Hornbuckle KC. Congener-Specific Emissions from Floors and Walls Characterize Indoor Airborne Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2023; 10:762-767. [PMID: 37719204 PMCID: PMC10501191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
To reconcile the federal regulation of material polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations with recently implemented state regulations of airborne PCBs, there is a need to characterize the relationship between PCB emissions from surfaces and air concentrations. We hypothesized that the magnitude and congener distribution of emissions from floors and walls fully account for the airborne PCBs measured in rooms constructed during the height of PCB production and sales. We measured emissions of PCB congeners from various wall and floor materials using polyurethane foam passive emission samplers before and after hexane wiping. Our results revealed that PCB emissions from flooring adequately predicted the magnitude and congener distribution of PCBs observed in the room air. Emissions varied by material within a single building (5 × 103 ng m-2 day-1 from wood panel walls to 3 × 104 ng m-2 day-1 from vinyl tile) and within the same room. Yet congener distributions between material emission PCB profiles and room air PCB profiles were statistically similar. Hexane wiping significantly reduced PCB emissions (>60%), indicating the importance of surface films as an ongoing source of airborne PCBs. The magnitude and congener distribution of material bulk concentrations did not explain that of material emissions or air concentrations. Passive measurements of polychlorinated biphenyl emissions from floors in a university building predict the concentrations of PCBs in room air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moala
K. Bannavti
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, IIHR−Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Rachel F. Marek
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, IIHR−Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Craig L. Just
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, IIHR−Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, IIHR−Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Ringsdorf A, Edtbauer A, Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J, Pfannerstill EY, Gromov S, Kumar V, Pozzer A, Wolff S, Tsokankunku A, Soergel M, Sá MO, Araújo A, Ditas F, Poehlker C, Lelieveld J, Williams J. Inferring the diurnal variability of OH radical concentrations over the Amazon from BVOC measurements. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14900. [PMID: 37689759 PMCID: PMC10492859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) by OH radicals over tropical rainforests impacts local particle production and the lifetime of globally distributed chemically and radiatively active gases. For the pristine Amazon rainforest during the dry season, we empirically determined the diurnal OH radical variability at the forest-atmosphere interface region between 80 and 325 m from 07:00 to 15:00 LT using BVOC measurements. A dynamic time warping approach was applied showing that median averaged mixing times between 80 to 325 m decrease from 105 to 15 min over this time period. The inferred OH concentrations show evidence for an early morning OH peak (07:00-08:00 LT) and an OH maximum (14:00 LT) reaching 2.2 (0.2, 3.8) × 106 molecules cm-3 controlled by the coupling between BVOC emission fluxes, nocturnal NOx accumulation, convective turbulence, air chemistry and photolysis rates. The results were evaluated with a turbulence resolving transport (DALES), a regional scale (WRF-Chem) and a global (EMAC) atmospheric chemistry model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ringsdorf
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
| | - A Edtbauer
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Meteorology and Air Quality Section, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Y Pfannerstill
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - S Gromov
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - V Kumar
- Satellite Remote Sensing Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Pozzer
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - S Wolff
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Tsokankunku
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Soergel
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Sachgebiet Arbeitssicherheit, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M O Sá
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, CEP 69067-375, Brazil
| | - A Araújo
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) Amazonia Oriental, Belém, CEP 66095-100, Brazil
| | - F Ditas
- Department of Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - C Poehlker
- Department of Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Lelieveld
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 1645, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - J Williams
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 1645, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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40
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Zieger P, Heslin-Rees D, Karlsson L, Koike M, Modini R, Krejci R. Black carbon scavenging by low-level Arctic clouds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5488. [PMID: 37679320 PMCID: PMC10485071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41221-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) from anthropogenic and natural sources has a pronounced climatic effect on the polar environment. The interaction of BC with low-level Arctic clouds, important for understanding BC deposition from the atmosphere, is studied using the first long-term observational data set of equivalent black carbon (eBC) inside and outside of clouds observed at Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard. We show that the measured cloud residual eBC concentrations have a clear seasonal cycle with a maximum in early spring, due to the Arctic haze phenomenon, followed by cleaner summer months with very low concentrations. The scavenged fraction of eBC was positively correlated with the cloud water content and showed lower scavenged fractions at low temperatures, which may be due to mixed-phase cloud processes. A trajectory analysis revealed potential sources of eBC and the need to ensure that aerosol-cloud measurements are collocated, given the differences in air mass origin of cloudy and non-cloudy periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zieger
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dominic Heslin-Rees
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linn Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Makoto Koike
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robin Modini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Radovan Krejci
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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Fu L, Legge AH. Uncertainty and bias in Liggio et al. (2019) on CO 2 emissions from oil sands operations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5406. [PMID: 37673887 PMCID: PMC10482826 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Long Fu
- Resource Stewardship Division, Alberta Environment and Protected Areas, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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42
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Zeng ZC, Pongetti T, Newman S, Oda T, Gurney K, Palmer PI, Yung YL, Sander SP. Decadal decrease in Los Angeles methane emissions is much smaller than bottom-up estimates. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5353. [PMID: 37660143 PMCID: PMC10475107 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, has a short atmospheric lifetime ( ~ 12 years), so that emissions reductions will have a rapid impact on climate forcing. In megacities such as Los Angeles (LA), natural gas (NG) leakage is the primary atmospheric methane source. The magnitudes and trends of fugitive NG emissions are largely unknown and need to be quantified to verify compliance with emission reduction targets. Here we use atmospheric remote sensing data to show that, in contrast to the observed global increase in methane emissions, LA area emissions decreased during 2011-2020 at a mean rate of (-1.57 ± 0.41) %/yr. However, the NG utility calculations indicate a much larger negative emissions trend of -5.8 %/yr. The large difference between top-down and bottom-up trends reflects the uncertainties in estimating the achieved emissions reductions. Actions taken in LA can be a blueprint for COP28 and future efforts to reduce methane emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Cheng Zeng
- Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Thomas Pongetti
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sally Newman
- Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Planning and Climate Protection Division, Bay Area Air Quality Management District, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tomohiro Oda
- Earth from Space Institute, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Columbia, MD, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kevin Gurney
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Paul I Palmer
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yuk L Yung
- Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Stanley P Sander
- Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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43
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Li C, van Donkelaar A, Hammer MS, McDuffie EE, Burnett RT, Spadaro JV, Chatterjee D, Cohen AJ, Apte JS, Southerland VA, Anenberg SC, Brauer M, Martin RV. Reversal of trends in global fine particulate matter air pollution. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5349. [PMID: 37660164 PMCID: PMC10475088 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is the world's leading environmental health risk factor. Quantification is needed of regional contributions to changes in global PM2.5 exposure. Here we interpret satellite-derived PM2.5 estimates over 1998-2019 and find a reversal of previous growth in global PM2.5 air pollution, which is quantitatively attributed to contributions from 13 regions. Global population-weighted (PW) PM2.5 exposure, related to both pollution levels and population size, increased from 1998 (28.3 μg/m3) to a peak in 2011 (38.9 μg/m3) and decreased steadily afterwards (34.7 μg/m3 in 2019). Post-2011 change was related to exposure reduction in China and slowed exposure growth in other regions (especially South Asia, the Middle East and Africa). The post-2011 exposure reduction contributes to stagnation of growth in global PM2.5-attributable mortality and increasing health benefits per µg/m3 marginal reduction in exposure, implying increasing urgency and benefits of PM2.5 mitigation with aging population and cleaner air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Melanie S Hammer
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erin E McDuffie
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Office of Atmospheric Protection, Climate Change Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Richard T Burnett
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph V Spadaro
- Spadaro Environmental Research Consultants (SERC), Philadelphia, PA, USA
- European Centre for Environment and Health, World Health Organization (Consultant), Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Deepangsu Chatterjee
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J Cohen
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua S Apte
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Veronica A Southerland
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Susan C Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Brauer
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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44
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Levy EJ, Vonhof HB, Bar-Matthews M, Martínez-García A, Ayalon A, Matthews A, Silverman V, Raveh-Rubin S, Zilberman T, Yasur G, Schmitt M, Haug GH. Weakened AMOC related to cooling and atmospheric circulation shifts in the last interglacial Eastern Mediterranean. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5180. [PMID: 37620353 PMCID: PMC10449873 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is limited understanding of temperature and atmospheric circulation changes that accompany an Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) slowdown beyond the North Atlantic realm. A Peqi'in Cave (Israel) speleothem dated to the last interglacial period (LIG), 129-116 thousand years ago (ka), together with a large modern rainfall monitoring dataset, serve as the base for investigating past AMOC slowdown effects on the Eastern Mediterranean. Here, we reconstruct LIG temperatures and rainfall source using organic proxies (TEX86) and fluid inclusion water d-excess. The TEX86 data show a stepwise cooling from 19.8 ± 0.2° (ca. 128-126 ka) to 16.5 ± 0.6 °C (ca. 124-123 ka), while d-excess values decrease abruptly (ca. 126 ka). The d-excess shift suggests that rainfall was derived from more zonal Mediterranean air flow during the weakened AMOC interval. Decreasing rainfall d-excess trends over the last 25 years raise the question whether similar atmospheric circulation changes are also occurring today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan J Levy
- Department of Climate Geochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
- The Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Hubert B Vonhof
- Department of Climate Geochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Avner Ayalon
- The Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alan Matthews
- The Fredy & Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vered Silverman
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shira Raveh-Rubin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Gal Yasur
- The Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mareike Schmitt
- Department of Climate Geochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerald H Haug
- Department of Climate Geochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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45
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Kalakoski N, Verronen PT, Szeląg ME, Jackman CH. Global ozone loss following extreme solar proton storms based on the July 2012 coronal mass ejection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13873. [PMID: 37620392 PMCID: PMC10449785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Large solar coronal mass ejections pose a threat in the near-Earth space. As a cause of extreme periods of space weather, they can damage satellite-based communications and create geomagnetically induced currents in power and energy grids. Further, the solar wind energetic particles can reduce the protecting layer of atmospheric ozone and pose a threat to life on Earth. The large coronal mass ejection (CME) of July 2012, although directed away from the Earth, is often highlighted as a prime example of a potentially devastating super storm. Here we show, based on proton fluxes recorded by the instruments aboard the STEREO-A satellite, that the atmospheric response to the July 2012 event would have been comparable to those of the largest solar proton events of the satellite era. Significant impact on total ozone outside polar regions would require a much larger event, similar to those recorded in historical proxy data sets. Such an extreme event would cause long-term ozone reduction all the way to the equator and increase the size, duration, and depth of the Antarctic ozone hole. The impact would be comparable to predicted drastic and sudden ozone reduction from major volcanic eruptions, regional nuclear conflicts, or long-term stratospheric geoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niilo Kalakoski
- Space and Earth Observation Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Pekka T Verronen
- Space and Earth Observation Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - Monika E Szeląg
- Space and Earth Observation Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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46
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Acharja P, Ghude SD, Sinha B, Barth M, Govardhan G, Kulkarni R, Sinha V, Kumar R, Ali K, Gultepe I, Petit JE, Rajeevan MN. Thermodynamical framework for effective mitigation of high aerosol loading in the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13667. [PMID: 37608151 PMCID: PMC10444748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) experiences severe air pollution every winter, with ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate as the major inorganic fractions of fine aerosols. Many past attempts to tackle air pollution in the IGP were inadequate, as they targeted a subset of the primary pollutants in an environment where the majority of the particulate matter burden is secondary in nature. Here, we provide new mechanistic insight into aerosol mitigation by integrating the ISORROPIA-II thermodynamical model with high-resolution simultaneous measurements of precursor gases and aerosols. A mathematical framework is explored to investigate the complex interaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC). Aerosol acidity (pH) and ALWC emerge as governing factors that modulate the gas-to-particle phase partitioning and mass loading of fine aerosols. Six "sensitivity regimes" were defined, where PM1 and PM2.5 fall in the "HCl and HNO3 sensitive regime", emphasizing that HCl and HNO3 reductions would be the most effective pathway for aerosol mitigation in the IGP, which is ammonia-rich during winter. This study provides evidence that precursor abatement for aerosol mitigation should not be based on their descending mass concentrations but instead on their sensitivity to high aerosol loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prodip Acharja
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sachin D Ghude
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India.
| | - Baerbel Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, India.
| | - Mary Barth
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA
| | - Gaurav Govardhan
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | | | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA
| | - Kaushar Ali
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - Ismail Gultepe
- Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Technical University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
- Civil and Environment Eng and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Pugliese G, Ingrisch J, Meredith LK, Pfannerstill EY, Klüpfel T, Meeran K, Byron J, Purser G, Gil-Loaiza J, van Haren J, Dontsova K, Kreuzwieser J, Ladd SN, Werner C, Williams J. Effects of drought and recovery on soil volatile organic compound fluxes in an experimental rainforest. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5064. [PMID: 37604817 PMCID: PMC10442410 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought can affect the capacity of soils to emit and consume biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here we show the impact of prolonged drought followed by rewetting and recovery on soil VOC fluxes in an experimental rainforest. Under wet conditions the rainforest soil acts as a net VOC sink, in particular for isoprenoids, carbonyls and alcohols. The sink capacity progressively decreases during drought, and at soil moistures below ~19%, the soil becomes a source of several VOCs. Position specific 13C-pyruvate labeling experiments reveal that soil microbes are responsible for the emissions and that the VOC production is higher during drought. Soil rewetting induces a rapid and short abiotic emission peak of carbonyl compounds, and a slow and long biotic emission peak of sulfur-containing compounds. Results show that, the extended drought periods predicted for tropical rainforest regions will strongly affect soil VOC fluxes thereby impacting atmospheric chemistry and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pugliese
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Johannes Ingrisch
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Universität Innsbruck, Department of Ecology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura K Meredith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Oracle, AZ, USA
| | - Eva Y Pfannerstill
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Klüpfel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Joseph Byron
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gemma Purser
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Juliana Gil-Loaiza
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joost van Haren
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Oracle, AZ, USA
| | - Katerina Dontsova
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Oracle, AZ, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Nemiah Ladd
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Werner
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
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48
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Iyer S, Kumar A, Savolainen A, Barua S, Daub C, Pichelstorfer L, Roldin P, Garmash O, Seal P, Kurtén T, Rissanen M. Molecular rearrangement of bicyclic peroxy radicals is a key route to aerosol from aromatics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4984. [PMID: 37591852 PMCID: PMC10435581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of aromatics contributes significantly to the formation of atmospheric aerosol. Using toluene as an example, we demonstrate the existence of a molecular rearrangement channel in the oxidation mechanism. Based on both flow reactor experiments and quantum chemical calculations, we show that the bicyclic peroxy radicals (BPRs) formed in OH-initiated aromatic oxidation are much less stable than previously thought, and in the case of the toluene derived ipso-BPRs, lead to aerosol-forming low-volatility products with up to 9 oxygen atoms on sub-second timescales. Similar results are predicted for ipso-BPRs formed from many other aromatic compounds. This reaction class is likely a key route for atmospheric aerosol formation, and including the molecular rearrangement of BPRs may be vital for accurate chemical modeling of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anni Savolainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Shawon Barua
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christopher Daub
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Pontus Roldin
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL, SE-211 19, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olga Garmash
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Prasenjit Seal
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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49
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Shen L, Jacob DJ, Gautam R, Omara M, Scarpelli TR, Lorente A, Zavala-Araiza D, Lu X, Chen Z, Lin J. National quantifications of methane emissions from fuel exploitation using high resolution inversions of satellite observations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4948. [PMID: 37587101 PMCID: PMC10432515 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing methane emissions from fossil fuel exploitation (oil, gas, coal) is an important target for climate policy, but current national emission inventories submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are highly uncertain. Here we use 22 months (May 2018-Feb 2020) of satellite observations from the TROPOMI instrument to better quantify national emissions worldwide by inverse analysis at up to 50 km resolution. We find global emissions of 62.7 ± 11.5 (2σ) Tg a-1 for oil-gas and 32.7 ± 5.2 Tg a-1 for coal. Oil-gas emissions are 30% higher than the global total from UNFCCC reports, mainly due to under-reporting by the four largest emitters including the US, Russia, Venezuela, and Turkmenistan. Eight countries have methane emission intensities from the oil-gas sector exceeding 5% of their gas production (20% for Venezuela, Iraq, and Angola), and lowering these intensities to the global average level of 2.4% would reduce global oil-gas emissions by 11 Tg a-1 or 18%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shen
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ritesh Gautam
- Environmental Defense Fund, Washington DC, 20009, USA
| | - Mark Omara
- Environmental Defense Fund, Washington DC, 20009, USA
| | - Tia R Scarpelli
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
| | - Alba Lorente
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Daniel Zavala-Araiza
- Environmental Defense Fund, Washington DC, 20009, USA
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiao Lu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zichong Chen
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jintai Lin
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
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50
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Di Biagio C, Doussin JF, Cazaunau M, Pangui E, Cuesta J, Sellitto P, Ródenas M, Formenti P. Infrared optical signature reveals the source-dependency and along-transport evolution of dust mineralogy as shown by laboratory study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13252. [PMID: 37582963 PMCID: PMC10427689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancing knowledge of the mineralogical composition of dust is key for understanding and predicting its climate and environmental impacts. The variability of dust mineralogy from one source to another and its evolution during atmospheric transport is not measured at large scale. In this study we use laboratory measurements to demonstrate that the extinction signature of suspended dust aerosols in the 740 - 1250 cm-1 atmospheric window can be used to derive dust mineralogy in terms of the main infrared - active minerals, namely quartz, clays, feldspars and calcite. Various spectral signatures in dust extinction enable to distinguish between multiple global sources with changing composition, whereas modifications of the dust extinction spectra with time inform on size - dependent particles mineralogy changes during transport. The present study confirms that spectral and hyperspectral infrared remote sensing observations offer great potential for elucidating the size - segregated mineralogy of airborne dust at regional and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Di Biagio
- Université Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Jean-François Doussin
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Juan Cuesta
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Pasquale Sellitto
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010, Créteil, France
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservartorio Etneo, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Paola Formenti
- Université Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013, Paris, France
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