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Magand O, Angot H, Bertrand Y, Sonke JE, Laffont L, Duperray S, Collignon L, Boulanger D, Dommergue A. Over a decade of atmospheric mercury monitoring at Amsterdam Island in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Sci Data 2023; 10:836. [PMID: 38016986 PMCID: PMC10684586 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Minamata Convention, a global and legally binding treaty that entered into force in 2017, aims to protect human health and the environment from harmful mercury (Hg) effects by reducing anthropogenic Hg emissions and environmental levels. The Conference of the Parties is to periodically evaluate the Convention's effectiveness, starting in 2023, using existing monitoring data and observed trends. Monitoring atmospheric Hg levels has been proposed as a key indicator. However, data gaps exist, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we present over a decade of atmospheric Hg monitoring data at Amsterdam Island (37.80°S, 77.55°E), in the remote southern Indian Ocean. Datasets include gaseous elemental and oxidised Hg species ambient air concentrations from either active/continuous or passive/discrete acquisition methods, and annual total Hg wet deposition fluxes. These datasets are made available to the community to support policy-making and further scientific advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Magand
- Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers à La Réunion (OSU-R), UAR 3365, CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo France, 97744, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Angot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France.
| | - Yann Bertrand
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Jeroen E Sonke
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Laure Laffont
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Solène Duperray
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Léa Collignon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Aurélien Dommergue
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France.
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Touboul P, Métris G, Rodrigues M, Bergé J, Robert A, Baghi Q, André Y, Bedouet J, Boulanger D, Bremer S, Carle P, Chhun R, Christophe B, Cipolla V, Damour T, Danto P, Demange L, Dittus H, Dhuicque O, Fayet P, Foulon B, Guidotti PY, Hagedorn D, Hardy E, Huynh PA, Kayser P, Lala S, Lämmerzahl C, Lebat V, Liorzou F, List M, Löffler F, Panet I, Pernot-Borràs M, Perraud L, Pires S, Pouilloux B, Prieur P, Rebray A, Reynaud S, Rievers B, Selig H, Serron L, Sumner T, Tanguy N, Torresi P, Visser P. MICROSCOPE Mission: Final Results of the Test of the Equivalence Principle. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:121102. [PMID: 36179190 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.121102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The MICROSCOPE mission was designed to test the weak equivalence principle (WEP), stating the equality between the inertial and the gravitational masses, with a precision of 10^{-15} in terms of the Eötvös ratio η. Its experimental test consisted of comparing the accelerations undergone by two collocated test masses of different compositions as they orbited the Earth, by measuring the electrostatic forces required to keep them in equilibrium. This was done with ultrasensitive differential electrostatic accelerometers onboard a drag-free satellite. The mission lasted two and a half years, cumulating five months worth of science free-fall data, two-thirds with a pair of test masses of different compositions-titanium and platinum alloys-and the last third with a reference pair of test masses of the same composition-platinum. We summarize the data analysis, with an emphasis on the characterization of the systematic uncertainties due to thermal instabilities and on the correction of short-lived events which could mimic a WEP violation signal. We found no violation of the WEP, with the Eötvös parameter of the titanium and platinum pair constrained to η(Ti,Pt)=[-1.5±2.3(stat)±1.5(syst)]×10^{-15} at 1σ in statistical errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Touboul
- ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau, France
| | - Gilles Métris
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IRD, Géoazur, 250 avenue Albert Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | | | - Joel Bergé
- DPHY, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-92322 Châtillon, France
| | - Alain Robert
- CNES Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin-31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Quentin Baghi
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IRD, Géoazur, 250 avenue Albert Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France
- DPHY, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-92322 Châtillon, France
| | - Yves André
- CNES Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin-31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | - Stefanie Bremer
- ZARM, Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Patrice Carle
- ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau, France
| | - Ratana Chhun
- DPHY, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-92322 Châtillon, France
| | | | - Valerio Cipolla
- CNES Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin-31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Thibault Damour
- IHES, Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, 35 Route de Chartres, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pascale Danto
- CNES Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin-31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Louis Demange
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IRD, Géoazur, 250 avenue Albert Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | | | - Océane Dhuicque
- DPHY, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-92322 Châtillon, France
| | - Pierre Fayet
- Laboratoire de physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France, and CPhT, Ecole polytechnique, IPP, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Bernard Foulon
- DPHY, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-92322 Châtillon, France
| | | | - Daniel Hagedorn
- PTB, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emilie Hardy
- DPHY, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-92322 Châtillon, France
| | | | - Patrick Kayser
- DPHY, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-92322 Châtillon, France
| | - Stéphanie Lala
- ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau, France
| | - Claus Lämmerzahl
- ZARM, Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Vincent Lebat
- DPHY, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-92322 Châtillon, France
| | | | - Meike List
- ZARM, Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Frank Löffler
- PTB, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Laurent Perraud
- CNES Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin-31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Sandrine Pires
- Université Paris Saclay et Université de Paris, CEA, CNRS, AIM, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Pascal Prieur
- CNES Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin-31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Serge Reynaud
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Université, Collège de France, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Benny Rievers
- ZARM, Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Hanns Selig
- ZARM, Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Laura Serron
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IRD, Géoazur, 250 avenue Albert Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Timothy Sumner
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Tanguy
- DPHY, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-92322 Châtillon, France
| | - Patrizia Torresi
- CNES Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin-31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Pieter Visser
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands
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Touboul P, Métris G, Rodrigues M, André Y, Baghi Q, Bergé J, Boulanger D, Bremer S, Carle P, Chhun R, Christophe B, Cipolla V, Damour T, Danto P, Dittus H, Fayet P, Foulon B, Gageant C, Guidotti PY, Hagedorn D, Hardy E, Huynh PA, Inchauspe H, Kayser P, Lala S, Lämmerzahl C, Lebat V, Leseur P, Liorzou F, List M, Löffler F, Panet I, Pouilloux B, Prieur P, Rebray A, Reynaud S, Rievers B, Robert A, Selig H, Serron L, Sumner T, Tanguy N, Visser P. MICROSCOPE Mission: First Results of a Space Test of the Equivalence Principle. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:231101. [PMID: 29286705 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.231101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the weak equivalence principle, all bodies should fall at the same rate in a gravitational field. The MICROSCOPE satellite, launched in April 2016, aims to test its validity at the 10^{-15} precision level, by measuring the force required to maintain two test masses (of titanium and platinum alloys) exactly in the same orbit. A nonvanishing result would correspond to a violation of the equivalence principle, or to the discovery of a new long-range force. Analysis of the first data gives δ(Ti,Pt)=[-1±9(stat)±9(syst)]×10^{-15} (1σ statistical uncertainty) for the titanium-platinum Eötvös parameter characterizing the relative difference in their free-fall accelerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Touboul
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Métris
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IRD, Géoazur, 250 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Manuel Rodrigues
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Yves André
- CNES, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse, France
| | - Quentin Baghi
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IRD, Géoazur, 250 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Joël Bergé
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Damien Boulanger
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Stefanie Bremer
- ZARM, Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Patrice Carle
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Ratana Chhun
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Christophe
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | | | - Thibault Damour
- IHES, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, 35 route de Chartres, F-91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pascale Danto
- CNES, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Pierre Fayet
- LPTENS, École Normale Supérieure (PSL Research University), 24 Rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Bernard Foulon
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Claude Gageant
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | | | - Daniel Hagedorn
- PTB, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emilie Hardy
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Phuong-Anh Huynh
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Henri Inchauspe
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Kayser
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Lala
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Claus Lämmerzahl
- ZARM, Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Vincent Lebat
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Leseur
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Liorzou
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Meike List
- ZARM, Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Frank Löffler
- PTB, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Isabelle Panet
- IGN, Institut Géographique National, 73 Avenue de Paris, F-94160 Saint Mandé, France
| | | | - Pascal Prieur
- CNES, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Rebray
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Serge Reynaud
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Benny Rievers
- ZARM, Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alain Robert
- CNES, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse, France
| | - Hanns Selig
- ZARM, Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Laura Serron
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IRD, Géoazur, 250 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Timothy Sumner
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Tanguy
- ONERA, chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100, F-91123 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Pieter Visser
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
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Michel-Sendis F, Gauld I, Martinez J, Alejano C, Bossant M, Boulanger D, Cabellos O, Chrapciak V, Conde J, Fast I, Gren M, Govers K, Gysemans M, Hannstein V, Havlůj F, Hennebach M, Hordosy G, Ilas G, Kilger R, Mills R, Mountford D, Ortego P, Radulescu G, Rahimi M, Ranta-Aho A, Rantamäki K, Ruprecht B, Soppera N, Stuke M, Suyama K, Tittelbach S, Tore C, Winckel SV, Vasiliev A, Watanabe T, Yamamoto T, Yamamoto T. SFCOMPO-2.0: An OECD NEA database of spent nuclear fuel isotopic assays, reactor design specifications, and operating data. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Labbo R, Boulanger D, Brémond P, Chippaux JP. [Experimental infection of goats with Schistosoma bovis and S. curassoni: comparative pathogenic effects]. Parasite 2007; 14:77-82. [PMID: 17432060 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2007141077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific mortality and morbidity have been quantified in goats experimentally infected with Schistosoma bovis or S. curassoni strains from Niger. The study involved nine animals followed during 380 days after infection with, respectively, 1,800 or 2,400 cercariae. S. bovis was significatively more pathogenic than S. curossoni in terms of mortality, weight loss and packed cell volume decrease. In addition, the intensity of clinical symptoms was significatively and positively correlated to the levels of fecal egg excretion. Compared to non-infected controls, a growth differential of, respectively, 1,600 and 880 grams per month should incite to consider S. bovis and S. curassoni as parasites of serious economical impact in sahelian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Labbo
- Centre de recherche sur les méningites et les schistosomoses (CERMES, actuellement Centre de recherche médicale et sanitaire), BP 10887, Niamey, Niger
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de Dreuzy JR, Bodin J, Le Grand H, Davy P, Boulanger D, Battais A, Bour O, Gouze P, Porel G. General database for ground water site information. Ground Water 2006; 44:743-8. [PMID: 16961496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In most cases, analysis and modeling of flow and transport dynamics in ground water systems require long-term, high-quality, and multisource data sets. This paper discusses the structure of a multisite database (the H+ database) developed within the scope of the ERO program (French Environmental Research Observatory, http://www.ore.fr). The database provides an interface between field experimentalists and modelers, which can be used on a daily basis. The database structure enables the storage of a large number of data and data types collected from a given site or multiple-site network. The database is well suited to the integration, backup, and retrieval of data for flow and transport modeling in heterogeneous aquifers. It relies on the definition of standards and uses a templated structure, such that any type of geolocalized data obtained from wells, hydrological stations, and meteorological stations can be handled. New types of platforms other than wells, hydrological stations, and meteorological stations, and new types of experiments and/or parameters could easily be added without modifying the database structure. Thus, we propose that the database structure could be used as a template for designing databases for complex sites. An example application is the H+ database, which gathers data collected from a network of hydrogeological sites associated with the French Environmental Research Observatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Raynald de Dreuzy
- Géosciences Rennes (UMR CNRS 4661) Campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cédex, France.
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7
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Boulanger D, Brouillette E, Jaspar F, Malouin F, Mainil J, Bureau F, Lekeux P. Helenalin reduces Staphylococcus aureus infection in vitro and in vivo. Vet Microbiol 2006; 119:330-8. [PMID: 17010538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus (S.) aureus is a major udder pathogen causing bovine mastitis. Some pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), enhance extracellular and intracellular growth of S. aureus, indicating that the inflammatory process favors S. aureus infection. Helenalin is a sesquiterpene lactone with potent anti-inflammatory properties. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of helenalin on S. aureus infection. First, in vitro experiments were conducted. These studies revealed that proliferation of S. aureus in bovine mammary epithelial MAC-T cells treated in the presence or absence of TNF-alpha was markedly reduced in the presence of helenalin. Secondly, in vivo effects of helenalin were investigated. Lactating mice treated in the presence or absence of helenalin were challenged by the intramammary route with S. aureus and the bacteria in the mammary glands were counted 12 h after infection. Significantly less numbers of bacteria were recovered from the infected glands of helenalin-treated mice compared with untreated mice. Moreover, histological examination of mammary tissue from helenalin-treated mice that were challenged with S. aureus indicated that helenalin is able to significantly reduce leukocyte infiltration in the mammary gland following S. aureus inoculation. Our results show that helenalin reduces S. aureus intracellular growth and experimental S. aureus infection. We conclude that helenalin may be of potential interest in the treatment of S. aureus-induced mastitis in the bovine species.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Colony Count, Microbial/veterinary
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/microbiology
- Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology
- Mastitis, Bovine/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary
- Sesquiterpenes/administration & dosage
- Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology
- Sesquiterpenes, Guaiane
- Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
- Staphylococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary
- Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
- Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 20 Boulevard de Colonster, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Abstract
Bovine subclinical mastitis can be defined as a moderated inflammatory disease characterized by a persistent accumulation of neutrophils in milk. As GMCSF-mediated delay of neutrophil apoptosis contributes to the accumulation of inflammatory cells at the site of inflammation in many human diseases, we sought to determine whether subclinical mastitis in cows is also associated with a GMCSF-dependent increase in milk-neutrophil survival. We first addressed the hypothesis that GMCSF delays bovine neutrophil apoptosis by activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family members STAT3 and STAT5, which are critical regulators of the expression of various Bcl-2 family proteins. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor significantly delayed apoptosis of blood neutrophils obtained from healthy cows. In these cells, GMCSF activated STAT5, but not STAT3, and induced an increase in the mRNA of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 member, Bcl-xL. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent STAT5 activation and up-regulation of Bcl-xL mRNA were blocked by the Jak inhibitor, AG-490. This inhibition was associated with abrogation of the prosurvival effect of GMCSF, demonstrating a key role for STAT5 in delayed neutrophil apoptosis. We further found that GMCSF expression was increased in milk cells from cows affected with subclinical mastitis. Neutrophils from these cows demonstrated a significant delay of apoptosis as compared with neutrophils obtained from healthy cows and were unresponsive to GMCSF. Active STAT5 complexes were detected in these neutrophils. Finally, in the presence of AG-490, apoptosis was induced and a time-dependent down-regulation of Bcl-xL mRNA was observed in milk neutrophils from mastitis-affected cows. These results indicate that neutrophil survival is enhanced in milk of subclinical mastitis-affected cows and suggest a role for a GMCSF-activated STAT5 signaling pathway in this phenomenon. This pathway could thus represent a target for the control of persistent accumulation of neutrophils in the bovine mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boutet
- Department of Physiology, University of Liége, Belgium.
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9
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Abstract
Bacterial mastitis is accompanied by a drastic increase in milk somatic cell count (SCC), with neutrophils being the predominant cell type found in the infected quarters. Accumulation and activation of neutrophils at the site of infection require local expression of many inflammatory genes encoding adhesion molecules, chemokines and cytokines. Most of the inflammatory genes contain binding sites for the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) within their promoter and therefore partly depend on NF-kappaB for their expression. We thus hypothesized that an increase in NF-kappaB activity in the mammary gland could contribute to development of the neutrophilic inflammation that characterizes mastitis. In an attempt to verify this hypothesis, we first assessed milk cells from healthy and acute and chronic mastitis-affected cows for NF-kappaB activity using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. We next studied the relationships between the intensity of NF-kappaB activity in these cells and the degree of udder inflammation. Active NF-kappaB complexes were undetectable in milk cells from healthy cows, whereas high levels of NF-kappaB activity were always found in cells from cows with acute mastitis. In milk cells obtained from chronic mastitis-affected cows, NF-kappaB activity varied from low to high. Finally, the level of NF-kappaB activity measured in milk cells from chronic mastitis-affected cows was not correlated to SCC or to the proportion of neutrophils present in milk samples, but was highly correlated with the expression level of interleukin-8 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, two NF-kappaB-dependent cytokines crucially involved in initiation and perpetuation of neutrophilic inflammation. These results suggest that NF-kappaB might play a role in mastitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Abstract
Release of fowlpox virus (FWPV) as extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) appears to proceed both by the budding of intracellular mature virus (IMV) through the plasma membrane and by the fusion of intracellular enveloped virus (IEV) with the plasma membrane. Based on the frequency of budding events compared to wrapping events observed by electron microscopy, FWPV FP9 strain seems to exit chick embryo fibroblast cells predominantly by budding. In contrast to vaccinia virus (VV), the production of FWPV extracellular virus particles is not affected by N(1)-isonicotinoyl-N(2)-3-methyl-4-chlorobenzoylhydrazine (IMCBH). Comparison of the sequence of the VV F13L gene product with its FWPV orthologue showed a mutation, in the fowlpox protein, at the residue involved in IMCBH resistance in a mutant VV. Glucosamine, monensin or brefeldin A did not have any specific effect on FWPV extracellular virus production. Cytochalasin D, which inhibits the formation of actin filaments, reduces the production of extracellular virus particles by inhibiting the release of cell-associated enveloped virus (CEV) particles from the plasma membrane. Involvement of actin filaments in this mechanism is further supported by the co-localization of actin with viral particles close to the plasma membrane in the absence of cytochalasin D. Actin is also co-localized with virus factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK.
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11
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Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of 13 cold-adapted strains, isolated from cold soils and showing GDH and/or LDH activity in spectrophotometric assays, were revealed by the use of electrophoresis on a nondenaturing acrylamide gel (zymogram). Psychrophilic strains were grown at 4 degrees C and 10 degrees C and the psychrotolerant strains at 4 degrees, 20 degrees and 28 degrees C. Incubation with the specific substrate and staining were done at 4, 28 or 37 degrees C. In the most cold-adapted strains, LDH and GDH production was high at 4 degrees C. In psychrotrophic strains, enzyme production and activity were greater at 20 or 28 degrees C than at lower temperatures. LDH remained active up to 37 degrees C while GDH activity was more thermolabile. GDH activity was NAD-dependent in some psychrophilic strains. In other strains, it was dependent on NAD(P) only or on both NAD and NAD(P). Two bands were seen for GDH or LDH activity in some strains. This method, which does not require a dialysis step, can be used to study the influence of temperature on enzyme production and activity, and the co-factor dependence. It detects phenotypic differences between isozymes, providing data for systematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Berchet
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbieunne (UMR-CNRS 5557). Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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12
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Campagne G, Garba A, Fabre P, Schuchat A, Ryall R, Boulanger D, Bybel M, Carlone G, Briantais P, Ivanoff B, Xerri B, Chippaux JP. Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a Neisseria meningitidis A + C diphtheria conjugate vaccine in infants from Niger. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19:144-50. [PMID: 10694002 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200002000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High rates of endemic disease and recurrent epidemics of serogroup A and C meningococcal meningitis continue to occur in sub-Saharan Africa. A meningococcal A + C polysaccharide diphtheria-toxoid-conjugated vaccine may address this issue. METHODS In Niger three doses of a bivalent meningococcal A + C diphtheria-toxoid-conjugated vaccine (MenD), containing 1, 4 or 16 microg of each polysaccharide per dose, administered at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age, were compared with Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid-conjugated (PRP-T) vaccine given with the same schedule or with a meningococcal A + C polysaccharide vaccine (MenPS) given at 10 and 14 weeks of age. One blood sample was taken at the time of enrollment (6 weeks of age) and another was taken 4 weeks after the primary series. RESULTS All doses of MenD were well-tolerated. After the primary series a higher proportion of infants had detectable serum bactericidal activity against serogroup A for each dose of MenD (from 94% to 100%) than for MenPS (31%) or H. influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid-conjugated vaccine (18.9%); P < or = 0.05. Significant differences were also observed for serogroup C MenD 4 microg or MenD 16 microg (100%) vs. MenPS (69.7%) or Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid-conjugated vaccine (24.3%); P < or = 0.05. When MenPS vaccine was given to 11-month-old children, the immune response measured by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum bactericidal assay was greater in those previously immunized with MenD than in those immunized with MenPS vaccine. CONCLUSION MenD was safe among infants in Niger, and immunization led to significantly greater functional antibody activity than with MenPS. The 4-microg dose of MenD for both the A and C serogroups has been selected for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Campagne
- Centre de Recherche sur les Méningites et les Schistosomoses, Niamey, Niger, France
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13
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Campagne G, Garba A, Barkire H, Vera C, Boulanger D, Chippaux JP. [Quality control during ultrasonographic evaluation of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium in Niger]. Med Trop (Mars) 2000; 60:35-41. [PMID: 10989785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework of a campaign to control urinary schistosomiasis in Niger, a quality control audit was performed on ultrasonographic assessment of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium. The purpose of this audit was to determine variance and reproductibility of epidemiological data provided by two trained independent observers. Three parameters were studied, i.e.,: interobserver variability on matched data, interobserver variance at the community level on the same or different subjects, including some after treatment with praziquantel, and intra-observer variance. A total of 1750 ultrasound examinations were carried out on 1416 inhabitants from 10 hyperendemic villages (70 p. 100 schoolchildren) according to a slightly modified version of the WHO Cairo protocol. Inter-observer variance at the individual level was high for some elementary abnormalities of the bladder. Variance was around 20 p. 100 for the 2 main indicators, i.e. presence of at least one bladder lesion and dilatation of the upper urinary tract. At the community level, inter-observer variance was moderate and the two observers' global assessment of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium was the same. Variations of morbidity related to level of endemicity were given perceived in parallel. Similar findings were noted for the intra-observer variability at the individual or community level. Ultrasound examination is supposed to furnish reliable morbidity data for selecting communities at risk and scheduling treatments during schistosomiasis control programs. The results of this study show that the level of inter- and intra-observer variance in ultrasonographic assessment in Niger is compatible with this critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Campagne
- Centre Hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne, France.
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Chippaux JP, Garba A, Boulanger D, Ernould JC, Engels D. [Reduced morbidity of schistosomiasis: report from an expert workshop on the control of schistosomiasis held at CERMES (15-18 February 2000, Niamey, Niger)]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2000; 93:356-60. [PMID: 11775324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a problem for public health in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite past efforts, cases have not decreased significantly. Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni are endemic in all the West African countries. The distribution of both parasites is focal. During a workshop held at CERMES in Niamey, in February 2000, a group of experts recommended that schistosomiasis control be considered as a public health priority in all the endemic West African countries, and National Control Programmes rapidly implemented. The objective of these control programmes would be to reduce schistosomiasis-related morbidity. Case detection should be based on clinical symptoms such as haematuria or bloody diarrhoea, and be carried out at two levels: health care centres and schools, in order to reach patients and school-age children. Health workers should be trained in case detection and community based control of schistosomiasis. The assembled experts advocated the use of praziquantel dosed at 40 mg.kg-1, which therefore must be made available and accessible in outlying areas. Associated measures consist of sanitation, water supply and health education, especially aimed at improving patients' treatment-seeking behaviour. A West African network for schistosomiasis control was created during the workshop. It runs on the Web site of CERMES as network co-ordinator. (http://www.mpl.ird.fr/cermes/).
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Boulanger D, Schneider D, Sidikou F, Capron A, Chippaux JP, Sellin B. The oral route as a potential way of transmission of Schistosoma bovis in goats. J Parasitol 1999; 85:464-7. [PMID: 10386438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The infectivity of Schistosoma bovis cercariae administered orally was evaluated in Sahelian goats. Compared to the percutaneous route, a single massive oral dose resulted in a worm burden and in fecal egg excretion reduced by one-half. Surprisingly, tissue egg counts were increased by more than 4-fold. Fecundity of individual female schistosomes was, therefore, markedly increased. When infective doses were administered weekly for 20 wk, both worm and egg burdens were doubled without modification of the individual worm pair fecundity. Repeated oral infections seem to have induced an acquired tolerance toward parasite antigens. These results confirm the epidemiologic relevance of the oral route in a host species inclined to become infected through drinking water rather than percutaneous exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Centre de Recherche sur les Méningites et les Schistosomoses (CERMES/OCCGE/IRD, ex-ORSTOM), WHO Collaborating Centre for the Control of Schistosomosis, Niamey, Niger
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16
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Boulanger D, Schneider D, Chippaux JP, Sellin B, Capron A. Schistosoma bovis: vaccine effects of a recombinant homologous glutathione S-transferase in sheep. Int J Parasitol 1999; 29:415-8. [PMID: 10333324 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The economic importance of the trematode Schistosoma bovis in African livestock has justified the development of a specific vaccine. Administered preventively to sheep, rSb28GST--the only molecule cloned from S. bovis which has demonstrated vaccine potentialities in goats and cattle--reduced the mean worm burden in vaccinated animals and improved their health status compared with that of non-vaccinated controls. As in goats, but not in bovines, the fecundity of the settled worm pairs was not modified. Therefore, rSb28GST can be proposed as a universal tool for the prevention of clinical disorders engendered by the main schistosome species affecting domestic ruminants in the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Centre de Recherche sur les Méningites et Schistosomoses (CERMES/OCCGE/ORSTOM), WHO Collaborating Centre for the Control of Schistosomosis, Niamey, Niger.
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Boulanger D, Warter A, Sellin B, Lindner V, Pierce RJ, Chippaux JP, Capron A. Vaccine potential of a recombinant glutathione S-transferase cloned from Schistosoma haematobium in primates experimentally infected with an homologous challenge. Vaccine 1999; 17:319-26. [PMID: 9987169 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Patas monkeys were twice immunized with a Schistosoma haematobium-derived recombinant glutathione S-transferase (Sh28GST) then challenged with an homologous calibrated challenge. BCG and Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) were used as adjuvants in two distinct protocols. Specific IgG and IgA antibody responses were intense and homogeneous in the animals receiving Sh28GST in the presence of FCA, whereas BCG could only induce moderate and heterogeneous antibody titres. No significant effect on worm burdens was evidenced 36 weeks post-infection in either group of Sh28GST-immunized animals compared to their matched controls receiving an irrelevant protein. Although not significant, 50% reductions in the numbers of eggs located in all tissues (FCA group) and in the urogenital system (BCG group) were noted. Moreover, the total number of excreted eggs was dramatically diminished by 60% and 77% in the BCG and FCA groups, respectively. These reductions reached 75% and 80% in the urines of vaccinated monkeys. Bladder pathology was also reduced in the animals displaying the lowest urinary egg excretions. There was no clear positive or negative correlate between antibody responses and individual levels of protection. Taken as a whole, our results show that Sh28GST was capable of significantly reducing S. haematobium worm fecundity in experimentally infected primates. Although FCA induced higher levels of protection, the efficacy of BCG as an adjuvant appeared sufficient to justify consideration of the future application of this new formulation as a vaccine against human urogenital schistosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Centre de Recherche sur les Méningites et les Schistosomoses (CERMES/OCCGE/ORSTOM), W.H.O. Collaborating Centre for the Control of Schistosomosis, Niamey, Niger.
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18
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Campagne G, Garba A, Schuchat A, Boulanger D, Plikaytis BD, Ousseini M, Chippaux JP. Response to conjugate Haemophilus influenzae B vaccine among infants in Niamey, Niger. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 59:837-42. [PMID: 9840608 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite near elimination of Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) meningitis from several industrialized countries following introduction of conjugate Hib vaccines into infant immunization schedules, Hib remains a major cause of meningitis and pneumonia in resource-poor countries. In Niger, Hib causes nearly 200 cases of meningitis per 100,000 children < one year of age, and > 40% of cases are fatal. We evaluated the immunogenicity of Hib polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (PRP-T) administered in the same syringe as diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine among infants in Niger. Infants were randomized into group 1 (PRP-T at six, 10, and 14 weeks), group 2 (PRP-T at 10 and 14 weeks), or a control group (meningococcal A/C polysaccharide vaccine). By 14 weeks of age, all subjects in groups land 2 had > or = 0.15 microg/ml of anti-PRP antibody, and 82% versus 76% had > or = 1.0 microg/ml of antibody (P=not significant). By nine months of age the proportion of infants with > or = 0.15 and > or = 1.0 microg/ml was group I=97% and 76%; group 2=93% and 67%; controls=10% and 2.6%. Four weeks after the first, second, and third doses of PRP-T, infants in group 1 showed geometric mean titers (GMTs) of 0.19, 3.97, and 6.09 microg/ml while infants in group 2 had GMTs of 2.40 and 4.41 microg/ml four weeks after the delayed first and second doses. Both PRP-T groups had significantly higher GMTs at 18 weeks and nine months of age than infants in the control group. The Hib PRP-T vaccine was immunogenic in infants in Niger. The strong response after PRP-T was initiated one month after the first DTP vaccination may reflect carrier priming. Two dose schedules of PRP-T should be given serious consideration, particularly if their reduced cost permits vaccine introduction that would be otherwise unaffordable.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Campagne
- Centre de Recherche sur les Meningites et les Schistosomoses, Niamey, Niger
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Lane A, Boulanger D, Riveau G, Capron A, Wilson RA. Murine immune responses to Schistosoma haematobium and the vaccine candidate rSh28GST. Parasite Immunol 1998; 20:359-67. [PMID: 9767601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies of Schistosoma haematobium infection in CBA mice revealed a progressive down-regulation of cellular immune responses, as measured by mitogenic and antigenic stimulation of in vitro lymphocyte cultures. Antigen-stimulated production of the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma by splenocytes increased progressively up to 14 weeks post infection, (four weeks after the onset of parasite egg production), before declining swiftly. Levels of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 in the same cultures remained low until 14 weeks, after which they rose rapidly as IFN-gamma declined. High levels of IL-10 coincided with the peak in IFN-gamma production, suggesting a non Th2-restricted role for this cytokine. Both total and antigen-specific immunoglobulin production confirmed parasite egg deposition as being a major stimulus for host humoral responses. The S. haematobium infection failed to elicit detectable T cell responses to the antifecundity vaccine candidate rSh28GST. However, low levels of antibody were detectable in infected mouse serum and strong IgG and IgA production was induced by vaccination with rSh28GST plus adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lane
- Department of Biology, University of York, PO BOX 373, York YO1 5YW, UK
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20
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Campagne G, Garba A, Vera C, Barkiré H, Boulanger D, Sellin B, Chippaux J. Variability in ultrasonographical assessment of Schistosoma haematobium-related morbidity. Parasitol Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(98)80919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Boulanger D, Schneider D, Trottein F, Chippaux JP, Sellin B, Capron A. Differential effects of vaccination against Schistosoma bovis with a recombinant homologous glutathione S-transferase in ruminants. Parasitol Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(98)80679-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Boulanger D, Green P, Smith T, Czerny CP, Skinner MA. The 131-amino-acid repeat region of the essential 39-kilodalton core protein of fowlpox virus FP9, equivalent to vaccinia virus A4L protein, is nonessential and highly immunogenic. J Virol 1998; 72:170-9. [PMID: 9420213 PMCID: PMC109362 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.1.170-179.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunodominant, 39,000-molecular weight core protein (39K protein) of fowlpox virus (FP9 strain), equivalent to the vaccinia virus A4L gene product, contains highly charged domains at each end of the protein and multiple copies of a 12-amino-acid serine-rich repeat sequence in the middle of the protein. Similar repeats were also detected in other fowlpox virus strains, suggesting that they might confer a selective advantage to the virus. The molloscum contagiosum virus homolog (MC107L) also contains repeats, unlike the vaccinia virus protein. The number of repeats in the fowlpox virus protein does not seem to be crucial, since some strains have a different number of repeats, as shown by the difference in the size of the protein in these strains. The repeat region could be deleted, indicating that it is not essential for replication in vitro. It was not possible to delete the entire 39K protein, indicating that it was essential (transcriptional control signals for the flanking genes were left intact). The repeat region is partly responsible for the immunodominance of the protein, but the C-terminal part of the protein also contains highly antigenic linear epitopes. A role for the 39K protein in immune system modulation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, United Kingdom
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23
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Chippaux JP, Boulanger D, Brémond P, Campagne G, Véra C, Sellin B. The WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Schistosomiasis at Niamey, Niger. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1997; 92:725-8. [PMID: 9566246 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761997000500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Centre de Recherche sur les Méningites et les Schistosomes (CERMES) is a research institute depending on the Organisation de Coordination et de Coopération pour la lutte contre les Grandes Endémies--a West African Organization for Public Health--devoted to the studies on schistosomiasis and meningitis. The staff includes 32 persons with 11 scientists and one financial officer. The activities of the CERMES involving schistosomiasis concern three research units: (a) ecology of human and animal schistosomiasis transmission; the CERMES defined the different patterns of schistosomiasis transmission in Niger (involving African dry savana); in this field, we have shown, (i) the existence of important variability in conditions of transmission of S. haematobium and, (ii) natural hybridization between parasitic species of the ruminants (S. bovis and S. curassoni) and genetic interaction between human and animal parasites; (b) definition of morbidity indicators usable for rapid assessment methods, for appraisal of the severity of the disease and for the evaluation of the efficiency of control methods; we have established the correlation between ultrasonographic data and some cheap and simple field indicators; (c) immune response and protective immunity induced by recombinant glutathion S-transferase (Sm28, Sb28 and Sh28) in homologous and heterologous animal models including goats, sheep and non human primates (Erythrocebus patas). In Niger, we participate in all control programs against schistosomiasis to define control strategies, to supervise operations and to participate in their evaluation with external experts. International collaborations constitute a frame including four laboratories in Africa and six laboratories in developed countries (Europe and USA).
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Parrot R, Boulanger D, Diarra MN, Pohl UW, Litzenburger B, Gumlich HE. Model for the electronic and vibronic structure of 4T1 levels of d 5 ions coupled to E vibrational modes: Case of the fluorescent level of Mn2+ in ZnS. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1996; 54:1662-1672. [PMID: 9986010 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Boulanger D, Crouch A, Brochier B, Bennett M, Clément J, Gaskell RM, Baxby D, Pastoret PP. Serological survey for orthopoxvirus infection of wild mammals in areas where a recombinant rabies virus is used to vaccinate foxes. Vet Rec 1996; 138:247-9. [PMID: 8734505 DOI: 10.1136/vr.138.11.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Several fox vaccination campaigns against rabies have been undertaken in Belgium by using a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus distributed in baits in the field. However, foxes and other wild animals that may ingest the baits could be infected at the same time by another orthopoxvirus, such as cowpox virus, which circulates in wildlife. Recombination between the two viruses could therefore occur. A serological survey for antibodies to orthopoxvirus, and particularly to cowpox virus, was undertaken in foxes and in several other wild species. Antibodies were detected only in two rodent species, in 16 of 25 bank voles (64 per cent) and in two of 29 woodmice (7 per cent). The risk of virus recombination in wildlife can therefore be considered to be extremely low.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Department of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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Boulanger D, Parrot R. Extended Cluster Model and Spin-Dependent Interactions of d 5Ions in II–VI Compounds*. Z PHYS CHEM 1996. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.1996.1.1.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Parrot R, Boulanger D, Litzenburger B, Pohl UW, Gumlich HE, Diarra MN. High-resolution study of the magnetic-field effect on the 4E state of Mn2+ in cubic ZnS by laser spectroscopy. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 52:13983-13991. [PMID: 9980614 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Boulanger D, Warter A, Trottein F, Mauny F, Brémond P, Audibert F, Couret D, Kadri S, Godin C, Sellin E. Vaccination of patas monkeys experimentally infected with Schistosoma haematobium using a recombinant glutathione S-transferase cloned from S. mansoni. Parasite Immunol 1995; 17:361-9. [PMID: 8552409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1995.tb00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of a recombinant glutathione S-transferase from Schistosoma mansoni (rSm28GST) to vaccinate primates (Erythrocebus patas) against a heterologous infection with Schistosoma haematobium has been tested. Two injections of the purified molecule with Muramyl-Di-Peptide (MDP) as adjuvant resulted in a high level antibody response in the five immunized animals and in a significant reduction in worm fecundity compared to the controls which received adjuvant alone. Mean levels of daily egg excretion in urine an faeces were reduced by respectively 55% and 74% although perfusion revealed that worm burdens were similar in both groups. The protective effect was long lasting since it was maintained up to the end of the experiment, 42 weeks after infection. Hatching rates and the numbers of intra-uterine eggs were also significantly affected by the vaccination. Tissue eggs were also drastically diminished in the urogenital system (-80%) but the reduction was not statistically significant. One animal was not protected by the immunization. There was a good correlation between parasitological data and the intensity of bladder lesions assessed by microscopic examination. Polypoid formations together with an intense exudation of the lamina propria were frequently seen in the controls but rarely in the vaccinated group where formation of scar tissue was predominant. These results underline the vaccine potential of the recombinant Sm28GST as a possible valuable prophylactic tool for the control of egg-induced pathology and transmission of African schistosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Centre de Recherche sur les Méningites et les Schistosomiases (CERMES/OCCGE/ORSTOM), Niamey, Niger
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Capron A, Riveau G, Grzych JM, Boulanger D, Capron M, Pierce R. Development of a vaccine strategy against human and bovine schistosomiasis. Background and update. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1995; 90:235-40. [PMID: 8531664 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761995000200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating parasitic disease that affects over 200 million people throughout the world and causes about 500,000 deaths annually. Two specific characteristics of schistosome infection are of primordial importance to the development of a vaccine: schistosomes do not multiply within the tissues of their definitive hosts (unlike protozoan parasites) and a partial non-sterilizing immunity can have a marked effect on the incidence of pathology and on disease transmission. Since viable eggs are the cause of disease pathology, a reduction in worm fecundity whether or not accompanied by a reduction in parasite burden is a sufficient goal for vaccine induced immunity. We originally showed that IgE antibodies played in experimental models a pivotal role for the development of protective immunity. These laboratory findings have been now confirmed in human populations. Following the molecular cloning and expression of a protein 28 kDa protein of Schistosoma mansoni and its identification as a glutathion S-transferase, immunization experiments have been undertaken in several animal species (rats, mice, baboons). Together with a significant reduction in parasite burden, vaccination with Sm28 GST was recently shown to reduce significantly parasite fecundity and egg viability leading to a decrease in liver pathology. Whereas IgE antibodies were shown to be correlated with protection against infection, IgA antibodies have been identified as one of the factors affecting egg laying and viability. In human populations, a close association was found between IgA antibody production to Sm28 GST and the decrease of egg output.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Capron
- U 167 INSERM, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
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Abstract
To improve both safety and stability of the vaccines used in the field to vaccinate foxes against rabies by the oral route, a recombinant vaccinia virus, expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus (VVTGgRAB) has been developed. VVTGgRAB innocuity was verified in target species and in domestic animals as well as in numerous wild animal species that could compete with the red fox in consuming vaccine baits in Europe. Oral immunization of foxes, by distributing VVTGgRAB vaccine-baits, was undertaken for the whole infected area in Belgium (10,000 km2). Five campaigns of fox vaccination, were carried out from autumn 1989 until 1991. Each time, 150,000 vaccine-baits were dropped by air at a mean density of 15 per km2. These campaigns induced a drastic decrease in the incidence of rabies and the elimination of the disease from 80% of the initially infected area. Regarding the geographical evolution of rabies in Belgium and in adjacent regions in neighbouring countries, new spatial strategies for bait dispersal were planned for 1992, 1993 and 1994: successive confined campaigns were carried out along political borders only. These campaigns induced a new decrease of incidence; no rabid fox could be detected in 1993 in spite of an improved epidemiological surveillance. In 1994, rabies was again confirmed in 13 foxes collected in an area close to the French border. These cases demonstrated the persistence of a border rabies focus and justify further restricted vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Pastoret
- Department of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, Belgium
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Boulanger D, Brochier B, Crouch A, Bennett M, Gaskell RM, Baxby D, Pastoret PP. Comparison of the susceptibility of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) to a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus and to cowpox virus. Vaccine 1995; 13:215-9. [PMID: 7625119 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(95)93139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sylvatic rabies can be efficiently controlled by vaccination of foxes with a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus. However, the risk of recombination between the engineered vaccine virus and other orthopoxviruses endemic in wildlife, such as cowpox virus, still needs to be investigated. In this study, foxes inoculated orally and intradermally with cowpox virus were found to be not very susceptible to cowpox virus, which was isolated from only the oropharynx and tonsils, at low titre and for only five days after inoculation. Thus the risk of recombination between these viruses in foxes is very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Department of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, Belgium
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Brochier B, Boulanger D, Costy F, Pastoret PP. Towards rabies elimination in Belgium by fox vaccination using a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus. Vaccine 1994; 12:1368-71. [PMID: 7887012 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(94)90143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oral immunization of foxes by distributing vaccine baits was experimentally assessed and subsequently employed in the whole of the infected area of Belgium (10,000 km2). A vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus (VR-G) was used as vaccine because of its efficacy, safety and heat stability. Five 'full' campaigns of fox vaccination, carried out from 1989 until 1991, induced a drastic decrease in the incidence of rabies. The disease has disappeared from the major part of the initial infected area. In 1992 and 1993, three 'defence' campaigns, carried out along international borders, completely eliminated rabies virus infection from the fox population in 1993.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brochier
- Department of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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Boulanger D, Trottein F, Mauny F, Bremond P, Couret D, Pierce RJ, Kadri S, Godin C, Sellin E, Lecocq JP. Vaccination of goats against the trematode Schistosoma bovis with a recombinant homologous schistosome-derived glutathione S-transferase. Parasite Immunol 1994; 16:399-406. [PMID: 7808760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1994.tb00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We assayed the vaccine potentialities of a recombinant S. bovis-derived glutathione S-transferase (rSb28GST), member of a molecular family already shown to have protective capacities in the S. mansoni and S. japonicum models. Injection of the rSb28GST in Freund's Complete Adjuvant resulted in good specific IgG responses allowing all the animals to display high antibody titres on the day of experimental challenge with S. bovis cercariae. No statistically significant differences were observed in the faecal egg output. Although tissue egg counts in vaccinated animals were lower than in controls, the difference was not statistically significant, apart from the number of eggs trapped in the liver (P < 0.05). Likewise, PCV values remained parallel between the two groups. However, immunized goats gained 1.4 kg of body weight throughout the experiment whereas controls lost 1.2 kg (P < 0.05). In addition, the mean worm burden, assessed by perfusion 20 weeks after infection, was significantly reduced by 48% in the vaccinated group, the sex ratio being unaffected. It appears that a recombinant homologous protein can affect, in a natural host, the course of an experimental infection with a local strain of S. bovis, by affecting worm viability but not fecundity. These results also point to the striking differences in the effect of vaccination according to animal species. Because it has the capacity to prevent growth impairment due to schistosome pathogenicity, the molecule can be proposed as a valuable tool in the development of vaccine-based control programs in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Centre de Recherche sur les Méningites et les Schistosomiases (CERMES/OCCGE/ORSTOM), Niamey, Niger
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Parrot R, Boulanger D. Molecular spin-orbit interaction for d5 ions in covalent crystals: Spin-lattice coupling coefficients of Mn2+ in II-VI compounds. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 47:1849-1857. [PMID: 10006222 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Pastoret PP, Boulanger D, Mignon B, Waxweiler S. [Asymptomatic carriage of Pestivirus in ruminants]. REV SCI TECH OIE 1992; 11:1087-96. [PMID: 1339065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pestiviruses are enveloped single-chain ribonucleic acid viruses with a positive polarity. Pestiviruses include the viruses of classical swine fever (hog cholera), Border disease of sheep, mucosal disease of cattle, and isolates obtained from wild animals, such as red deer (Cervus elaphus). Among ruminants, pestiviruses have developed a remarkable strategy for assuring their persistence. Through epigenetic transmission, they lead to the birth of asymptomatic carrier animals harbouring non-cytopathic variants, which become immunotolerant to the strain of virus present. The presence of a small number of asymptomatic carriers enables the virus to circulate within a herd by horizontal transmission, leading to the birth of a new generation of asymptomatic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Pastoret
- Service de virologie-immunologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Sart Tilman-Liège, Belgique
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Mignon B, Waxweiler S, Thiry E, Boulanger D, Dubuisson J, Pastoret PP. Epidemiological evaluation of a monoclonal ELISA detecting bovine viral diarrhoea pestivirus antigens in field blood samples of persistently infected cattle. J Virol Methods 1992; 40:85-93. [PMID: 1331162 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(92)90010-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using monoclonal antibodies for capture and detection, was developed for detecting bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) antigens in blood samples. The test was evaluated using 761 field samples of known status (viraemic or not). When an appropriate cut-off value was chosen, the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the assay were 100%, higher than the values obtained by classical virus isolation. Correlation with the latter technique exceeded 90%. The ELISA is a good candidate for replacing virus isolation as a reference method for BVDV antigen detection in persistently infected carriers. A method based on the mean of the standard deviation ratio can be used to choose the cut-off value in order to optimise reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mignon
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Viral Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
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38
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Mignon B, Dubuisson J, Baranowski E, Koromyslov I, Ernst E, Boulanger D, Waxweiler S, Pastoret PP. A monoclonal ELISA for bovine viral diarrhoea pestivirus antigen detection in persistently infected cattle. J Virol Methods 1991; 35:177-88. [PMID: 1667787 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90133-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is crucial to controlling mucosal disease. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies raised against the 48-kDa glycoprotein and the 120/80-kDa protein was developed for detecting antigens in leucocytes of 3 persistently BVDV-infected calves. The test is simple, sensitive and rapid. Moreover the same ELISA was able to recognise Belgian field isolates of BVDV. These results show that the test can be applied in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mignon
- Department of Virology-Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institut de Chimie, Sart Tilman-Liège, Belgium
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39
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Boulanger D, Reid GD, Sturrock RF, Wolowczuk I, Balloul JM, Grezel D, Pierce RJ, Otieno MF, Guerret S, Grimaud JA. Immunization of mice and baboons with the recombinant Sm28GST affects both worm viability and fecundity after experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Parasite Immunol 1991; 13:473-90. [PMID: 1956696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1991.tb00545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A member of the glutathione S-transferase family, Sm28GST has previously demonstrated a good ability to protect rodents against experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni. In order to evaluate its efficacy in a model closer to man, two different protocols of immunization with recombinant Sm28GST were tested on baboons in a large-scale trial. Three injections in the presence of aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant resulted in a significant 38% reduction in the adult worm burden together with a trend for a lower percentage of inflammatory tissue in the liver. Individual levels of protection, ranging from 0 to 80%, underlined the heterogeneity of the immune response to this purified molecule in outbred primates. On the other hand, two injections of Sm28GST in the presence of aluminium hydroxide and Bordetella pertussis reduced female schistosome fecundity by 33%, with a more pronounced effect (66%) on faecal egg output; there was also a trend, in this protocol, for decrease of the mean granuloma surface in the liver. Individual anti-Sm28GST IgG antibodies were apparently unrelated to levels of immunity, but there was partial evidence that cytophilic IgE might play a role in the immune mechanisms affecting worm viability, but not fecundity. In the mouse model, Sm28GST vaccination resulted in a lower hatching ability of tissue eggs recovered from immunized mice whereas passive transfer of specific anti-Sm28GST T-lymphocytes, one day before infection, significantly reduced the number of eggs in the liver of mice. We propose that different protocols of immunization with a recombinant molecule can impede Schistosoma mansoni worm viability and fecundity, but can also affect miracidium physiology, with important consequences for disease transmission and granuloma-derived pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité Mixte INSERM 167-CNRS 624, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
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40
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Boulanger D, Waxweiler S, Karelle L, Loncar M, Mignon B, Dubuisson J, Thiry E, Pastoret PP. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus: evidence of a neutralizing activity against gp48 in the presence of goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin serum. J Gen Virol 1991; 72 ( Pt 5):1195-8. [PMID: 1851819 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-5-1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-one monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against the NY-1 and the Osloss-c strains of bovine viral diarrhoea virus were produced and characterized by indirect immunofluorescence assay, radioimmunoprecipitation and neutralization tests. Fourteen MAbs directed against the NY-1 strain recognized the gp48 and showed a weak neutralizing activity in the presence of goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Department of Virology-Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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41
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Wolowczuk I, Auriault C, Bossus M, Boulanger D, Gras-Masse H, Mazingue C, Pierce RJ, Grezel D, Reid GD, Tartar A. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of a multiple peptidic construction of the Schistosoma mansoni Sm-28 GST antigen in rat, mouse, and monkey. 1. Partial protection of Fischer rat after active immunization. J Immunol 1991; 146:1987-95. [PMID: 1900878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Among the schistosome proteins characterized as vaccine candidates, an Ag of 28 kDa (Sm-28-GST) has received considerable attention. It was shown to be antigenic in humans and protective in mice, rats, hamsters, and baboons. Synthetic peptides derived from its sequence have been used to characterize the immune response to the molecule and one of these, comprising aminoacids 115-131 has been shown to incorporate both T and B cell recognition sites in a variety of experimental models. An octameric ("octopus") construction of the 115-131 peptide has been synthesized and its antigenicity and immunogenicity have been examined. The octopus construct is immunogenic in rats, mice and baboons in the presence of CFA (for rodents) and Bacille-Calmette-Guérin vaccine (for primates) as adjuvants. This clearly indicates that the construction allowed the conservation of the immune sites of the cognate protein. Moreover, anti-octopus sera from immunized Fischer rats were able to mediate platelet-, macrophage-, and eosinophil-dependent cytotoxicity toward schistosomula. Rats immunized with the 115-131 octopus were partially protected against a challenge infection with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and this was paralleled by an increased level of IgG and more importantly, of IgE Sm-28-GST-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Wolowczuk
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité mixte INSERM 167-CNRS 624, Lille, France
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42
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Wolowczuk I, Auriault C, Bossus M, Boulanger D, Gras-Masse H, Mazingue C, Pierce RJ, Grezel D, Reid GD, Tartar A. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of a multiple peptidic construction of the Schistosoma mansoni Sm-28 GST antigen in rat, mouse, and monkey. 1. Partial protection of Fischer rat after active immunization. The Journal of Immunology 1991. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.146.6.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Among the schistosome proteins characterized as vaccine candidates, an Ag of 28 kDa (Sm-28-GST) has received considerable attention. It was shown to be antigenic in humans and protective in mice, rats, hamsters, and baboons. Synthetic peptides derived from its sequence have been used to characterize the immune response to the molecule and one of these, comprising aminoacids 115-131 has been shown to incorporate both T and B cell recognition sites in a variety of experimental models. An octameric ("octopus") construction of the 115-131 peptide has been synthesized and its antigenicity and immunogenicity have been examined. The octopus construct is immunogenic in rats, mice and baboons in the presence of CFA (for rodents) and Bacille-Calmette-Guérin vaccine (for primates) as adjuvants. This clearly indicates that the construction allowed the conservation of the immune sites of the cognate protein. Moreover, anti-octopus sera from immunized Fischer rats were able to mediate platelet-, macrophage-, and eosinophil-dependent cytotoxicity toward schistosomula. Rats immunized with the 115-131 octopus were partially protected against a challenge infection with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and this was paralleled by an increased level of IgG and more importantly, of IgE Sm-28-GST-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Wolowczuk
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité mixte INSERM 167-CNRS 624, Lille, France
| | - C Auriault
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité mixte INSERM 167-CNRS 624, Lille, France
| | - M Bossus
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité mixte INSERM 167-CNRS 624, Lille, France
| | - D Boulanger
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité mixte INSERM 167-CNRS 624, Lille, France
| | - H Gras-Masse
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité mixte INSERM 167-CNRS 624, Lille, France
| | - C Mazingue
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité mixte INSERM 167-CNRS 624, Lille, France
| | - R J Pierce
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité mixte INSERM 167-CNRS 624, Lille, France
| | - D Grezel
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité mixte INSERM 167-CNRS 624, Lille, France
| | - G D Reid
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité mixte INSERM 167-CNRS 624, Lille, France
| | - A Tartar
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité mixte INSERM 167-CNRS 624, Lille, France
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Auriault C, Wolowczuk I, Gras-Masse H, Marguerite M, Boulanger D, Capron A, Tartar A. Epitopic characterization and vaccinal potential of peptides derived from a major antigen of Schistosoma mansoni (Sm28 GST). Pept Res 1991; 4:6-11. [PMID: 1724945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The P28 antigen of Schistosoma mansoni has been shown to induce protective immunity against schistomiasis in rodents and primates. The analysis of the primary structure of the P28 molecule using various predictive algorithms led to the synthesis of seven peptides which were used to localize the major T cell epitopes of the P28. Two of these synthetic peptides (amino acids 24-43 and 115-131) were found to contain major T cell sites of the P28 antigen. Indeed, both 24-43 and 115-131 peptides stimulate T lymphocytes from Fischer rats and Balb/c mice immunized with the recombinant P28. Moreover, these localized moieties are exposed to the host's immune system during natural S. mansoni infection since they activate T cell populations of infected rats, mice and chronically infected Kenyan children. A multiple antigen peptide containing eight copies of peptide (MAP 115-131) has been prepared and used as immunogen in rats, mice and baboons. In all these models, the MAP 115-131 induces both humoral and cellular responses towards the P28. Preimmunization with the MAP 115-131 before a challenge with the whole P28 molecule increases T cell proliferation and antibody production. The active immunization of rats with the MAP 115-131 before a challenge with the whole P28 molecule increases the T cell proliferation and the antibody production. The active immunization of rats with the MAP 115-131 before challenge infection with the parasite achieved significant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Auriault
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité Mixte INSERM U167-CNRS 624, Lille
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Dubuisson J, Guillaume J, Boulanger D, Thiry E, Bublot M, Pastoret PP. Neutralization of bovine herpesvirus type 4 by pairs of monoclonal antibodies raised against two glycoproteins and identification of antigenic determinants involved in neutralization. J Gen Virol 1990; 71 ( Pt 3):647-53. [PMID: 1690263 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-3-647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In infected cattle, bovine herpesvirus type 4 (BHV-4) induces an immune response with low neutralizing antibody levels or in the absence of such antibodies. For the study of this phenomenon, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against two BHV-4 glycoproteins identified previously (150K/120K/51K and 120K/16.5K) were used in neutralization tests. None of the MAbs except for MAb 16 could neutralize alone; pairs of MAbs against the 150K/120K/51K and 120K/16.5K glycoproteins were able to neutralize BHV-4 infectivity. MAbs involved in neutralization were used in competitive binding assays to identify epitopes relevant for BHV-4 neutralization. These MAbs showed a low avidity and a weak neutralizing activity, and they partially decreased BHV-4 attachment to cells. These results suggest that the BHV-4 glycoprotein domains involved in viral infectivity are poorly exposed to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dubuisson
- Department of Virology-Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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Dubuisson J, Boulanger D, Bublot M, Thiry E, Pastoret PP. Proteins specified by bovine herpesvirus type 4: structural proteins of the virion and identification of two major glycoproteins by using monoclonal antibodies. J Gen Virol 1989; 70 ( Pt 7):1743-53. [PMID: 2472465 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-70-7-1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus type 4 proteins were identified by PAGE of [35S]methionine- or [3H]glucosamine-labelled purified virions. Thirty-one monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against the V. Test strain were used to identify 29 proteins, ten of which were glycosylated. All of these glycoproteins belonged to the viral envelope and a 140K non-glycosylated protein appeared to be the major nucleocapsid protein. The MAbs were classified into two groups. The first group precipitated three glycoproteins of Mr 150K, 120K and 51K. The 120K and 51K glycoproteins were linked by disulphide bonds and the 150K glycoprotein was linked to the others by non-covalent bonds. The second group precipitated a different 120K glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dubuisson
- Department of Virology-Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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Dubuisson J, Thiry E, Bublot M, Sneyers M, Boulanger D, Guillaume J, Pastoret PP. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to bovid herpesvirus-4. Vet Microbiol 1989; 19:305-15. [PMID: 2546320 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(89)90096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-five hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against bovid herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4) strain V. Test were produced. These hybrid cells resulted from the fusion of SP2/0 myeloma cells with splenocytes of BALB/c mice previously immunized with purified BHV-4. A modified indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was applied as a screening procedure and was compared with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The selected Mabs were tested by the same IFAT against a panel of BHV-4 field isolates and against bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine herpesvirus-2 and alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AHV-1). Comparison of BHV-4 field isolates with Mabs confirmed their close antigenic relationships, but slight antigenic differences were observed between different isolates. One of the Mabs also reacted against AHV-1, indicating an antigenic relationship between BHV-4 and AHV-1. None of the Mabs reacting with BHV-4 possessed neutralizing activity against the strain used for immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dubuisson
- Department of Virology-Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Brussels, Belgium
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Boulanger D, Parrot R. Ligand field theory for the orbit–lattice coupling coefficients to E strains of d5 ions in tetrahedral symmetry. J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.453256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Parrot R, Naud C, Gendron F, Porte C, Boulanger D. Angular overlap model for the Jahn–Teller coupling constants in the orbital triplet states of d5 ions: Case of Mn2+ in ZnS and ZnSe. J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.453255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pierce RJ, Balloul JM, Grzych JM, Dissous C, Auriault C, Boulanger D, Capron M, Sondermeyer P, Lecocq JP, Capron A. GP38, P28-I and P28-II: candidates for a vaccine against schistosomiasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987; 82 Suppl 4:111-4. [PMID: 2474122 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761987000800018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three antigens protective against Schistosoma mansoni have been extensively characterized. The schistosomulum surface antigen GP38 possesses an immunodominant carbohydrate epitope of which the structure has been defined. Protection can be achieved via the transfer of monoclonal antibodies recognizing the epitope or by immunization with anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies. The glycan epitope is shared with the intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata as well as being present on other molluscs, including the Keyhole Limpet. A group of molecules at 28 kDa were initially characterized in adult worms and shown to protect rats and mice against a challenge infection. One of these molecules, P28-I, was cloned and expressed in E. coli, yeast and vaccinia virus. The recombinant antigen significantly protected rats, hamsters and baboons against a challenge infection. P28-I is a glutathione-S-transferase and the recombinant antigen produced in yeast exhibits the enzyme activity and has been purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. A second P28 antigen, P28-II, has also been cloned, fully sequenced and expressed. This recombinant antigen also protects against S. mansoni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Pierce
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
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