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Niciura SCM, Cardoso TF, Ibelli AMG, Okino CH, Andrade BG, Benavides MV, Chagas ACDS, Esteves SN, Minho AP, Regitano LCDA, Gondro C. Multi-omics data elucidate parasite-host-microbiota interactions and resistance to Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:102. [PMID: 38429820 PMCID: PMC10908167 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The integration of molecular data from hosts, parasites, and microbiota can enhance our understanding of the complex biological interactions underlying the resistance of hosts to parasites. Haemonchus contortus, the predominant sheep gastrointestinal parasite species in the tropics, causes significant production and economic losses, which are further compounded by the diminishing efficiency of chemical control owing to anthelmintic resistance. Knowledge of how the host responds to infection and how the parasite, in combination with microbiota, modulates host immunity can guide selection decisions to breed animals with improved parasite resistance. This understanding will help refine management practices and advance the development of new therapeutics for long-term helminth control. METHODS Eggs per gram (EPG) of feces were obtained from Morada Nova sheep subjected to two artificial infections with H. contortus and used as a proxy to select animals with high resistance or susceptibility for transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) of the abomasum and 50 K single-nucleotide genotyping. Additionally, RNA-seq data for H. contortus were generated, and amplicon sequence variants (ASV) were obtained using polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of bacterial and archaeal 16S ribosomal RNA genes from sheep feces and rumen content. RESULTS The heritability estimate for EPG was 0.12. GAST, GNLY, IL13, MGRN1, FGF14, and RORC genes and transcripts were differentially expressed between resistant and susceptible animals. A genome-wide association study identified regions on chromosomes 2 and 11 that harbor candidate genes for resistance, immune response, body weight, and adaptation. Trans-expression quantitative trait loci were found between significant variants and differentially expressed transcripts. Functional co-expression modules based on sheep genes and ASVs correlated with resistance to H. contortus, showing enrichment in pathways of response to bacteria, immune and inflammatory responses, and hub features of the Christensenellaceae, Bacteroides, and Methanobrevibacter genera; Prevotellaceae family; and Verrucomicrobiota phylum. In H. contortus, some mitochondrial, collagen-, and cuticle-related genes were expressed only in parasites isolated from susceptible sheep. CONCLUSIONS The present study identified chromosome regions, genes, transcripts, and pathways involved in the elaborate interactions between the sheep host, its gastrointestinal microbiota, and the H. contortus parasite. These findings will assist in the development of animal selection strategies for parasite resistance and interdisciplinary approaches to control H. contortus infection in sheep.
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Zdybel JM, Karamon J, Sroka J, Wójcik-Fatla A, Skowron P, Kowalczyk K, Jadczyszyn J, Cencek T. Parasitological contamination of arable soil in selected regions of Poland - preliminary study. Ann Agric Environ Med 2023; 30:661-668. [PMID: 38153069 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/176816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE The hygienic status of arable soils in most developed countries has been unknown. In the presented study, a preliminary investigation was undertaken to determine the contamination with eggs of parasitic nematodes in the soil of arable fields in Poland. The aim of the study was to determine whether such contamination is common enough to constitute a significant problem and what factors may influence it. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted in 5 Polish provinces from autumn 2021 to spring 2022. The provinces differed significantly in terms of the area of agricultural land, agricultural suitability, type of soil, scale of cattle and pig breeding, production of manure and slurry, and the use of manures and organic fertilizers for fertilization. A total of 133 soil samples were collected. Parasitological examination of soil samples was carried out using the PN-Z-19006 method [1], with confirmed high sensitivity. RESULTS Parasite eggs were found in a total of 67 samples, of which 56 samples contained eggs of roundworms of the genus Ascaris (an average of 3.29 eggs/100 g of soil), 23 contained eggs of whipworms (an average of 1.22 eggs/100 g), and 3 contained eggs of Toxocara (1 egg/100 g). CONCLUSIONS Differences in the percentage of positive samples were found depending on the period in which the samples were taken. The percentage of positive samples collected in autumn (53.57%) was higher than the percentage of positive samples collected in spring (48.05%). Similarly, the average number of eggs of in positive samples collected in autumn (3.43 eggs/100 g) was higher than the average number of eggs in samples collected in spring (2.90 eggs/100 g). Differences in the percentage of positive samples were also found depending on the region of origin of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Małgorzata Zdybel
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute - State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute - State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute - State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Angelina Wójcik-Fatla
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Skowron
- Department of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kowalczyk
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jan Jadczyszyn
- Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute - State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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De Bock S, Duchateau L, Levecke B, Gabriël S. Performance evaluation of protocols for Taenia saginata and Ascaris suum egg recovery from the house fly's gastrointestinal tract and exoskeleton. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:459. [PMID: 38110985 PMCID: PMC10729472 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synanthropic house fly (Musca domestica) can potentially contribute to the mechanical spread of eggs of Taenia and Ascaris spp. in the environment and between hosts. However, the absence of validated protocols to recover eggs hampers an in-depth analysis of the house fly's role in parasite egg transmission. METHODS The gastrointestinal tract and exoskeleton of euthanized house flies were spiked with Taenia saginata eggs. The performance of several recovery protocols, in terms of both the recovery rate and ease-of-use, was (microscopically) evaluated and compared. These protocols employed steps such as washing, maceration, filtration, flotation and both passive and centrifugal sedimentation. The final validated protocols were subsequently evaluated for the recovery of Ascaris suum eggs. RESULTS The final protocol validated for the recovery of T. saginata eggs from the house fly's gastrointestinal tract involved homogenization in phosphate-buffered saline and centrifugation at 2000 g for 2 min, yielding a recovery rate of 79.7%. This protocol required 6.5 min to perform (which included 1.5 min of hands-on time) and removed large debris particles that could hinder the differentiation of eggs from debris. Similarly, the final protocol validated for the recovery of T. saginata eggs from the fly's exoskeleton involved washing by vortexing for 2 min in Tween 80 (0.05%), 15 min of passive sedimentation and centrifugation at 2000 g for 2 min, yielding a recovery rate of 77.4%. This protocol required 20.5 min to perform (which included 3.5 min of hands-on time) and successfully removed debris. The same protocols yielded recovery rates of 74.2% and 91.5% for the recovery of A. suum eggs from the fly's gastrointestinal tract and exoskeleton, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Effective, simple and easy-to-use protocols were developed and validated for the recovery of T. saginata and A. suum eggs from the house fly's gastrointestinal tract and exoskeleton. These protocols can be applied to investigate the importance of flies as parasite egg transmitters in laboratory and field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie De Bock
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Van de Weyer Y, Santos MC, Williams N, Gonçalves AM, Hawley W, McVay K, Bexton S. Efficacy of levamisole, ivermectin and moxidectin against Capillaria spp. in European hedgehogs ( Erinaceus europaeus). J Helminthol 2023; 97:e99. [PMID: 38095075 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
This randomised study aimed to assess and compare the efficacy of treatment protocols containing levamisole, ivermectin, or moxidectin against Capillaria spp. in naturally infected European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) presented to a British wildlife rehabilitation centre. Faecal analysis, consisting of wet mount and flotation, was performed for 229 hedgehogs weighing ≥200g. Animals testing positive for Capillaria spp. (81%), excluding pregnant females, were randomly allocated a treatment protocol. Initially, hedgehogs (n = 50) received one of six 'pilot' protocols, whereas the remaining animals (n = 97) received one of three 'main' protocols. Faecal analysis was repeated on day 8 and day 12 after treatment initiation. Efficacy of each treatment was assessed based on Capillaria reduction rate (CRR), weight gain, presence of respiratory clinical signs, and outcome. Pilot protocols containing only moxidectin had a significantly lower CRR (≥28.1%) compared to those with levamisole or ivermectin (≥86.6%), whereas the main protocols containing levamisole had a significantly higher CRR (≥93.0%) compared to those containing only ivermectin (≥69.3%). Clinical parameters did not differ significantly between treatments, but animals with respiratory clinical signs at the end of the trial were significantly more likely to have lower CRR and test positive for Crenosoma striatum. C. striatum often appeared refractory to treatment, and managing these infections requires additional anthelmintic therapy. Based on the formulations and dosages trialled, moxidectin is not recommended for treating capillariosis in European hedgehogs, whereas levamisole given orally for two consecutive days at 25-35 mg/kg is suggested as the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Van de Weyer
- RSPCA Stapeley Grange Wildlife Centre, CW5 7JW Nantwich, UK
| | - M C Santos
- RSPCA Stapeley Grange Wildlife Centre, CW5 7JW Nantwich, UK
| | - N Williams
- RSPCA Stapeley Grange Wildlife Centre, CW5 7JW Nantwich, UK
| | - A M Gonçalves
- RSPCA Stapeley Grange Wildlife Centre, CW5 7JW Nantwich, UK
| | - W Hawley
- RSPCA Stapeley Grange Wildlife Centre, CW5 7JW Nantwich, UK
| | | | - S Bexton
- RSPCA East Winch Wildlife Centre, PE32 1LG King's Lynn, UK
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Zwanenburg L, Borloo J, Decorte B, Bunte MJM, Mokhtari S, Serna S, Reichardt NC, Seys LJM, van Diepen A, Schots A, Wilbers RHP, Hokke CH, Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Plant-based production of a protective vaccine antigen against the bovine parasitic nematode Ostertagia ostertagi. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20488. [PMID: 37993516 PMCID: PMC10665551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective recombinant vaccines against parasitic nematodes has been challenging and so far mostly unsuccessful. This has also been the case for Ostertagia ostertagi, an economically important abomasal nematode in cattle, applying recombinant versions of the protective native activation-associated secreted proteins (ASP). To gain insight in key elements required to trigger a protective immune response, the protein structure and N-glycosylation of the native ASP and a non-protective Pichia pastoris recombinant ASP were compared. Both antigens had a highly comparable protein structure, but different N-glycan composition. After mimicking the native ASP N-glycosylation via the expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, immunisation of calves with these plant-produced recombinants resulted in a significant reduction of 39% in parasite egg output, comparable to the protective efficacy of the native antigen. This study provides a valuable workflow for the development of recombinant vaccines against other parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Zwanenburg
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Borloo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bregt Decorte
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Myrna J M Bunte
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanaz Mokhtari
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 194, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Niels-C Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 194, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Leen J M Seys
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Schots
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H P Wilbers
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Lopes KF, Freire ML, Souza Lima DC, Enk MJ, Oliveira E, Geiger SM. Development and evaluation of an indirect ELISA using a multiepitope antigen for the diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis. Parasitology 2023; 150:683-692. [PMID: 37092694 PMCID: PMC10410369 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The laboratory diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis, carried out by detecting parasite eggs in feces, has low sensitivity when applied to individuals with low parasitic load. Serological tests can be more sensitive for the diagnosis of the disease. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop and evaluate an ELISA-based immunoenzymatic assay, using a Schistosoma mansoni multiepitope antigen (ELISA IgG anti-SmME). For this, the amino acid sequences of S. mansoni cathepsin B and asparaginyl endopeptidase were submitted to the prediction of B cell epitopes and, together with peptide sequences obtained from earlier works, were used in the construction of a minigene. The multiepitope protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and the performance of the ELISA IgG anti-SmME for schistosomiasis was evaluated using serum samples from 107 individuals either egg positive or negative. In addition, 11 samples from individuals with other helminth infections were included. The ELISA IgG anti-SmME showed a sensitivity of 81.1% and a specificity of 46.1%. Further analysis revealed a 77.2% sensitivity in diagnosis of individuals with egg counts of ≤12 epg (eggs per gram feces) and 87.5% for individuals with 13–99 epg. It is worth mentioning that, to our knowledge, this was the first study using a multiepitope recombinant antigen in an ELISA for diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis, which demonstrated promising results in the diagnosis of individuals with low parasitic loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Ferreira Lopes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- René Rachou Institute – Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Dayane Costa Souza Lima
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Martin Johannes Enk
- Evandro Chagas Institute – Secretary of Health Vigilance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Edward Oliveira
- René Rachou Institute – Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stefan Michael Geiger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Amer AS, Othman AA, Dawood LM, El-Nouby KA, Gobert GN, Abou Rayia DM. The interaction of Schistosoma mansoni infection with diabetes mellitus and obesity in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9417. [PMID: 37296126 PMCID: PMC10256771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases worldwide. Various host factors can affect the host-parasite interactions. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to determine the parasitological, histopathological, biochemical, and immunological status of Schistosoma mansoni-infected hosts with metabolic disorders to identify the underlying possible mechanisms of these comorbidities. The study animals were divided into four groups. Group I represented the control groups, namely, the normal control group, the S. mansoni-infected control group, and the noninfected type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and obesity groups. The mice of the other three groups underwent induction of T1DM (Group II), T2DM (Group III) and obesity (Group IV) before being infected with S. mansoni. All mice were subjected to body weight measurement, blood glucose and insulin assessment, parasitological evaluation of adult worm count, tissue egg count and intestinal oogram. Histopathological and immunohistochemical study using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and image analysis of Masson's trichrome-stained liver sections using ImageJ (Fiji) software were carried out. Additionally, immunological analysis of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) beta, interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-10, Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) levels besides biochemical study of total lipid profile were evaluated. The present study revealed a significant increase in the adult worm count and tissue egg output in the obesity group compared to the infected control group. The oogram of counted eggs showed prevalence of immature eggs in T1DM group, while T2DM and obese groups showed prevalence of mature eggs. The fibrosis area percentage showed significant increase in T2DM and obese groups while it was decreased in T1DM group in comparison to infected control group. Our data also showed significant increase in the levels of TNF-β, IL-5, PTX3 in T1DM, T2DM and obesity groups in comparison to infected control group, whilst the levels of FOXP3 and IL-10 were increased in the infected groups in comparison to their noninfected controls. Moreover, infected T1DM, T2DM and obesity groups showed higher blood glucose and lipid profile in comparison to the infected control group. However, these parameters were improved in comparison to their noninfected controls. In sum, induction of T2DM and obesity increased tissue egg counts, mature egg percentage, and fibrosis density, while schistosome infection induced changes in the lipid profile and blood glucose levels in infected diabetic and obese groups and impacted favorably insulin levels in obese mice. By better understanding the complexities of host-parasite interactions, efforts to reduce the burden of these debilitating diseases can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S Amer
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Ahmad A Othman
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Lamees M Dawood
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Kholoud A El-Nouby
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- School of Biological Science, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Dina M Abou Rayia
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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Crellen T, Haswell M, Sithithaworn P, Sayasone S, Odermatt P, Lamberton PHL, Spencer SEF, Déirdre Hollingsworth T. Diagnosis of helminths depends on worm fecundity and the distribution of parasites within hosts. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222204. [PMID: 36651047 PMCID: PMC9845982 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth transmission and morbidity are dependent on the number of mature parasites within a host; however, observing adult worms is impossible for many natural infections. An outstanding challenge is therefore relating routine diagnostics, such as faecal egg counts, to the underlying worm burden. This relationship is complicated by density-dependent fecundity (egg output per worm reduces due to crowding at high burdens) and the skewed distribution of parasites (majority of helminths aggregated in a small fraction of hosts). We address these questions for the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini, which infects approximately 10 million people across Southeast Asia, by analysing five epidemiological surveys (n = 641) where adult flukes were recovered. Using a mechanistic model, we show that parasite fecundity varies between populations, with surveys from Thailand and Laos demonstrating distinct patterns of egg output and density-dependence. As the probability of observing faecal eggs increases with the number of mature parasites within a host, we quantify diagnostic sensitivity as a function of the worm burden and find that greater than 50% of cases are misdiagnosed as false negative in communities close to elimination. Finally, we demonstrate that the relationship between observed prevalence from routine diagnostics and true prevalence is nonlinear and strongly influenced by parasite aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Crellen
- School of Biodiversity One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, 82 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Melissa Haswell
- Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor, Indigenous Strategy and Services and School of Geosciences, John Woolley Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Kelvin Grove Campus, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Khon Kaen University, 123 Thanon Mittraphap, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Somphou Sayasone
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Samsenthai Road, Sisattanak district, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Peter Odermatt
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4001, Switzerland
| | - Poppy H. L. Lamberton
- School of Biodiversity One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, 82 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | | | - T. Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
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Francis EK, Šlapeta J. A new diagnostic approach to fast-track and increase the accessibility of gastrointestinal nematode identification from faeces: FECPAK G2 egg nemabiome metabarcoding. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:331-342. [PMID: 35218762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) management in livestock industries is becoming increasingly difficult due to the rise of anthelmintic resistance and changes in the temporal and geographical distribution of major GINs. Underpinning the response to these challenges is the need for a fast-tracked diagnostic identification technique, making it easier for livestock producers to make informed GIN management decisions. The traditional 'gold-standard' approach, larval culture followed by morphological differentiation, is laborious and potentially inaccurate. We developed a new diagnostic approach to identify GINs that integrates a remote-location digital faecal egg count platform, FECPAKG2, with internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) nemabiome metabarcoding. The technique involves a quick and simple protocol to harvest concentrated strongyle eggs from the FECPAKG2 cassette utilising a repurposed pipette tip, followed by DNA isolation and Illumina next generation amplicon sequencing. The GIN compositions and alpha diversity generated by our FECPAKG2 egg nemabiome metabarcoding approach was not significantly different to traditional morphological larval differentiation and nemabiome metabarcoding of larval and faecal samples. We demonstrated that storing FECPAKG2 harvested eggs in either DNA isolation lysis buffer or 80% ethanol (v/v) had no impact on GIN identification outcomes for at least 60 days; enabling the transport of biological samples from their remote origins to a molecular diagnostic facility for nemabiome metabarcoding, in the absence of a cold chain. We discovered that sustained GIN egg embryonation in the lysis buffer storage solution lead to higher yields of DNA compared with ethanol-stored GIN eggs or faeces with GIN eggs. Taking advantage of an already well-established platform such as FECPAKG2, and providing the livestock producers that use it with the option to identify GINs in their samples and contribute to large-scale GIN distribution and/or anthelmintic resistance surveys, is an important future direction for the FECPAKG2 egg nemabiome metabarcoding approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kate Francis
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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Yang ZY, Liu ZH, Zhang YN, Li C, Liu L, Pu WJ, Xie SQ, Xu J, Xia CM. Synergistic effect of combination chemotherapy with praziquantel and DW-3-15 for Schistosoma japonicum in vitro and in vivo. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:550. [PMID: 34702326 PMCID: PMC8549225 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a debilitating and neglected tropical disease for which praziquantel (PZQ) remains the first-choice drug for treatment and control of the disease. In our previous studies, we found that the patented compound DW-3-15 (patent no. ZL201110142538.2) displayed significant and stabilized antiparasitic activity through a mechanism that might be distinct from PZQ. Here, we investigated the antischistosomal efficacy of PZQ combined with DW-3-15 against schistosomula and adult worms of Schistosoma japonicum in vitro and in vivo, to verify whether there was a synergistic effect of the two compounds. METHODS The antischistosomal efficacy of PZQ combined with DW-3-15 in comparison with an untreated control and monotherapy group against schistosomula and adult worms was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Parasitological studies, scanning electron microscopy, combination index, and histopathological analysis were used for the assessment. RESULTS The results showed significantly reduced viability of schistosomes, achieving 100% viability reduction for juveniles and males by combination chemotherapy using PZQ together with DW-3-15 in vitro. The combination index was 0.28, 0.27, and 0.53 at the higher concentration of PZQ combined with DW-3-15 against juveniles, males, and females, respectively, indicating that the two compounds display strong synergism. Scanning electron microscopy observations also demonstrated that the compound combination induced more severe and extensive alterations to the tegument and subtegument of S. japonicum than those with each compound alone. In vivo, compared with the single-compound-treated group, the group treated with the higher-dose combination demonstrated the best schistosomicidal efficacy, with significantly reduced worm burden, egg burden, and granuloma count and area, which was evident against schistosomula and adult worms. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a potential novel chemotherapy for schistosomiasis caused by S. japonicum. It would improve the antischistosomal effect on schistosomula and adult worms of S. japonicum, and decrease individual dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yin Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Zi-Hao Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Wen-Jie Pu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Shi-Qi Xie
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Chao-Ming Xia
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
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11
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Nascimento RC, Melo GB, Fonseca PDM, Gryschek RCB, Paula FM. Evaluation of targets for Strongyloides genus specific molecular diagnosis in experimental strongyloidiasis. Exp Parasitol 2021; 230:108157. [PMID: 34543651 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides venezuelensis has been used in different experimental studies, such as those aimed at the evaluation of diagnostic techniques for human strongyloidiasis, mainly the molecular diagnosis. In this study, three regions (genus, 18S and 28S targets) of Strongyloides ribosomal DNA were evaluated for the molecular diagnosis of experimental strongyloidiasis. Rats were infected subcutaneously with 400 or 4000 S. venezuelensis infective larvae (400iL3 and 4000iL3), and kept for 35 days. Fecal samples were collected daily to count eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and to perform the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Egg count started on the 5th day post-infection (pi) and ended on days 33 and 34 pi, in 400iL3 and 4000iL3 groups, respectively. Based in EPG, fecal samples were selected from days 2, 5, 8, 11, 15, 23 and 35 pi for DNA extraction; PCR (genus, 18S and 28S); and sequencing. The PCR-28S products showed higher values of identity (95-100%) in the database with the Strongyloides sequences. Therefore, it is possible to reinforce the application of PCR-28S in the diagnosis of experimental and human strongyloidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Nascimento
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-06) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gessica B Melo
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-06) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscilla D M Fonseca
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-06) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo C B Gryschek
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-06) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F M Paula
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-06) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Reslova N, Skorpikova L, Kyrianova IA, Vadlejch J, Höglund J, Skuce P, Kasny M. The identification and semi-quantitative assessment of gastrointestinal nematodes in faecal samples using multiplex real-time PCR assays. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:391. [PMID: 34372893 PMCID: PMC8351436 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in ruminants is routinely based on morphological/morphometric analysis of parasite specimens recovered by coprological methods, followed by larval culture (LC) techniques. Such an approach is laborious, time-consuming, requires a skilled expert, and moreover suffers from certain limitations. Molecular tools are able to overcome the majority of these issues, providing accurate identification of nematode species and, therefore, may be valuable in sustainable parasite control strategies. METHODS Two multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for specific detection of five main and one invasive GIN species, including an internal amplification control to avoid false-negative results, were designed targeting SSU rRNA and COI genetic markers, as well as established ITS1/2 sequences. The assays were optimized for analysis of DNA extracted directly from sheep faeces and verified for Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Nematodirus battus, Chabertia ovina, and Ashworthius sidemi. Semi-quantitative evaluation of infection intensity was enabled using a plasmid construct and a dilution series of sheep faeces with a known number of nematode eggs. Assays were tested on 44 individually collected faecal samples from three farms, and results were compared to those from faecal egg counts (FEC) using the concentration McMaster technique and LC. RESULTS Multiplex real-time PCR assays showed great specificity to target nematodes. During the analysis of faecal samples, the assays proved to have higher sensitivity in strongylid-type egg detection over FEC by revealing three false-negative samples, while showing moderate agreement in evaluation of infection intensity. The multiplex assays further clarified GIN species identification compared to LC, which had confused determination of Teladorsagia spp. for Trichostrongylus spp. CONCLUSIONS Our multiplex assays proved to be a rapid and accurate approach enabling simultaneous and reliable GIN species identification from faeces and semi-quantitative estimation of the number of eggs present. This approach increases diagnostic value and may add a high degree of precision to evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy, where it is important to identify species surviving after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Reslova
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Skorpikova
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Angela Kyrianova
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Vadlejch
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philip Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin Kasny
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Kwong LH, Sen D, Islam S, Shahriar S, Benjamin-Chung J, Arnold BF, Hubbard A, Parvez SM, Islam M, Unicomb L, Rahman MM, Nelson K, Colford JM, Luby SP, Ercumen A. Effect of sanitation improvements on soil-transmitted helminth eggs in courtyard soil from rural Bangladesh: Evidence from a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008815. [PMID: 34319986 PMCID: PMC8351931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved sanitation has been hypothesized to reduce soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections by reducing the prevalence and concentration of STH eggs/larvae in soil. We evaluated the effect of a randomized sanitation program (providing households with an improved dual-pit latrine, tools for child/animal feces management, and behavioral messaging) on reducing the prevalence and concentration of STH eggs in soil from household courtyards. We collected soil samples from 1405 households enrolled in the sanitation intervention (n = 419) and control (n = 914) groups of a cluster-randomized controlled trial (WASH Benefits) in rural Bangladesh approximately 2 years after the initiation of the interventions. We analyzed samples for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm eggs by microscopy. We estimated prevalence ratios (PR) and egg count ratio (ECR) to compare the prevalence of STH eggs and arithmetic and geometric mean egg counts for STH eggs per gram of soil in the sanitation and control arms. Among intervention households, latrines achieved high and sustained user uptake by adults while child open defecation remained common and most households did not dispose of child feces hygienically. In courtyard soil from control households, the prevalence of any STH eggs was 75.7% and the prevalence of any larvated STH eggs was 67.3%. A. lumbricoides was detected in 63.0% of control samples and T. trichiura in 55.7% of control samples; hookworm was not detected in any sample. In the control arm, the arithmetic mean egg count for any STH was 3.96 eggs/dry gram, while the geometric mean was 1.58 eggs/dry gram. There was no difference between the intervention and control groups in the prevalence of any STH eggs (PR = 0.98 (95% CI: 0.91, 1.05)) or mean egg counts (ECR = 0.08 (95% CI: -0.10, 0.26) for geometric mean and 0.07 (95% CI: -0.22, 0.37) for arithmetic mean). Adjusted models gave similar results. A compound-level sanitation intervention that provided improved latrines and tools for disposal of child and animal feces did not have an impact on STH eggs in soil. In order to effectively reduce the prevalence and concentration of STH eggs in the environment, sustained, widespread use of sanitation strategies to isolate and hygienically dispose of child and animal feces may need to complement traditional strategies for containment of adult human feces. Trial Registration: NCT01590095.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H. Kwong
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Debashis Sen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sunny Shahriar
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jade Benjamin-Chung
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin F. Arnold
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alan Hubbard
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sarker Masud Parvez
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuza Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahbubur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kara Nelson
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - John M. Colford
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ayse Ercumen
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Keller L, Welsche S, Patel C, Sayasone S, Ali SM, Ame SM, Hattendorf J, Hürlimann E, Keiser J. Long-term outcomes of ivermectin-albendazole versus albendazole alone against soil-transmitted helminths: Results from randomized controlled trials in Lao PDR and Pemba Island, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009561. [PMID: 34191812 PMCID: PMC8277064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preventive chemotherapy is the cornerstone of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) control. Long-term outcomes and adequate treatment frequency of the recently recommended albendazole-ivermectin have not been studied to date. Methodology/principal findings Double-blind randomized controlled trials were conducted in Lao PDR, Pemba Island, Tanzania and Côte d’Ivoire between 2018 and 2020 to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ivermectin-albendazole versus albendazole-placebo in Trichuris trichiura-infected individuals aged 6 to 60. In the framework of this study, in Lao PDR 466 and 413 participants and on Pemba Island, 558 and 515 participants were followed-up six and 12 months post-treatment, respectively. From each participant at least one stool sample was processed for Kato-Katz diagnosis and cure rates (CRs), egg reduction rates (ERRs) and apparent reinfection rates were calculated. If found helminth-positive at six months, participants were re-treated according to their allocated treatment. Long-term outcomes against T. trichiura based on CRs and ERRs of ivermectin-albendazole compared to albendazole were significantly higher at six months in Lao PDR (CR, 65.8 vs 13.4%, difference; 52.4; 95% CI 45.0–60.0; ERRs, 99.0 vs 79.6, difference 19.4; 95% CI 14.4–24.4) and Pemba Island (CR, 17.8 vs 1.4%, difference; 16.4; 95% CI 11.6–21.0; ERRs, 84.9 vs 21.2, difference 63.8; 95% CI 50.6–76.9) and also at 12 months in Lao PDR (CR, 74.0 vs 23.4%, difference; 50.6; 95% CI 42.6–61.0; ERRs, 99.6 vs 91.3, difference 8.3; 95% CI 5.7–10.8) and Pemba Island (CR, 19.5 vs 3.4%, difference; 16.1; 95% CI 10.7–21.5; ERRs, 92.9 vs 53.6, difference 39.3; 95% CI 31.2–47.4) respectively. Apparent reinfection rates with T. trichiura were considerably higher on Pemba Island (100.0%, 95% CI, 29.2–100.0) than in Lao PDR (10.0%, 95% CI, 0.2–44.5) at 12 months post-treatment for participants treated with albendazole alone. Conclusions/significance The long-term outcomes against T. trichiura of ivermectin-albendazole are superior to albendazole in terms of CRs and ERRs and in reducing infection intensities. Our results will help to guide decisions on how to best use ivermectin-albendazole in the context of large-scale PC programs tailored to the local context to sustainably control STH infections. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov registered with clinicaltrials.gov, reference: NCT03527732, date assigned: 17 May 2018. Around 1.5 billion people are infected with the gastrointestinal dwelling nematodes, the so-called soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). Especially chronic high-intensity infections with these parasites can cause substantial morbidity in endemic regions. Preventive chemotherapy, which is the regular administration of a single dose of an anthelmintic drug to at-risk populations, aims to reduce morbidity by lowering the prevalence and intensity of STH infections. Due to the suboptimal efficacy of these recommended single dose monotherapies, particularly against Trichuris trichiura, the use of drug combinations with dissimilar modes of action may enhance treatment efficacy. In double-blind randomized controlled trials in Lao PDR and on Pemba Island, Tanzania, we examined the long-term outcomes of ivermectin-albendazole versus albendazole alone, against T. trichiura. We assessed the infection status, apparent reinfections, new infections and the change of infection intensity for the three major STH species six and 12 months post-treatment. The long-term outcomes (in terms of cure and egg-reduction rates) of the ivermectin-albendazole combination therapy against T. trichiura were significantly higher than that of albendazole alone at all-time points and in both countries. Bi-annual treatment intervals using the ivermectin-albendazole combination might be necessary to sustainably decrease transmission of STH infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladina Keller
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Helminth Drug Development Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Welsche
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Helminth Drug Development Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chandni Patel
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Helminth Drug Development Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Somphou Sayasone
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Helminth Drug Development Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of International Program for Health in the Tropics, Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Said M. Ali
- Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Shaali M. Ame
- Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Helminth Drug Development Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eveline Hürlimann
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Helminth Drug Development Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Helminth Drug Development Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Sarpong-Baidoo M, Ofori MF, Asuming-Brempong EK, Kyei-Baafour E, Idun BK, Owusu-Frimpong I, Amonoo NA, Quarshie QD, Tettevi EJ, Osei-Atweneboana MY. Associations of IL13 gene polymorphisms and immune factors with Schistosoma haematobium infection in schoolchildren in four schistosomiasis-endemic communities in Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009455. [PMID: 34185775 PMCID: PMC8274844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis remains a major public health issue with over 90% of the prevalence rates recorded in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, the relationships between different interleukin gene polymorphisms (IL-13-591A/G, IL-13-1055C/T, IL-13-1258A/G) and Schistosoma haematobium infection levels were evaluated; as well as the host plasma antibodies and cytokine profiles associated with schistosomiasis infection. METHODOLOGY A total of 469 school children aged 6 to 19 years from four schistosomiasis-endemic communities in Ghana were involved. Single urine and stool samples were obtained from each pupil, processed via sedimentation and Kato-Katz, and examined via microscopy for Schistosoma and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) eggs. Next, venous blood samples were drawn from 350 healthy pupils, and used to measure antibody and plasma cytokine levels by ELISA. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-13 gene were genotyped on 71 selected blood samples using the Mass Array technique. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION The overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was 21.11%. Community-level prevalences were 17.12%, 32.11%, 20.80%, and 15.32% for Asempaneye, Barikumah, Eyan Akotoguah, and Apewosika respectively. Generally, higher S. haematobium infection prevalence and intensity were recorded for participants with genotypes bearing the IL13-1055C allele, the IL13-591A, and the IL13-1258A alleles. Also, higher S. haematobium infection prevalence was observed among participants in the 12-14-year age group with the IL13-1055C, IL13-591A, and IL13-1258A alleles. Interestingly, higher STH prevalence was also observed among participants with the IL13-1055C, IL13-591A, and IL13-1258A alleles. Furthermore, the age-associated trends of measured antibodies and cytokines of S. haematobium-infected school-children depicted a more pro-inflammatory immune profile for pupils aged up to 1l years, and an increasingly anti-inflammatory profile for pupils aged 12 years and above. This work provides insight into the influence of IL-13 gene polymorphisms on S. haematobium, and STH infections, in school-aged children (SAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Sarpong-Baidoo
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, CSIR- Water Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Michael F. Ofori
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Elias Kwesi Asuming-Brempong
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, CSIR- Water Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric Kyei-Baafour
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bright K. Idun
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, CSIR- Water Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Owusu-Frimpong
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, CSIR- Water Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nana A. Amonoo
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, CSIR- Water Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Queenstar D. Quarshie
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, CSIR- Water Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Edward J. Tettevi
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, CSIR- Water Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mike Y. Osei-Atweneboana
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, CSIR- Water Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
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Saleh S, Abbas I, Al-Araby M, Hildreth M, Abu-Elwafa S. Combined Molecular and Lectin Binding Assays to Identify Different Trichostrongyle Eggs in Feces of Sheep and Goats from Egypt. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:384-396. [PMID: 33034823 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichostrongyles are common causes of parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep and goats worldwide. Accurate identification of these nematodes to the genus and/or species level is important for therapy selection and control strategies. In the present study, molecular and egg-lectin binding approaches were employed to identify the most economically important trichostrongyles circulating in sheep and goat herds from six districts in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. MATERIALS Fecal samples from 653 and 205 goats reared within 17 herds were collected and tested for the trichostrongyle eggs using the modified Wisconsin sucrose flotation method. For identification of the trichostrongyle(s) present, eggs from 75 (63 sheep and 12 goats) samples which had high egg count (EPG) and pooled eggs (n = 19 pools, 15 sheep and 4 goats) from samples with moderate or low EPGs were examined. Molecular examination was conducted amplifying the ITS2 region of the rDNA for six different trichostrongyles in individual PCR reactions. For egg-lectin bindings, 4 fluorescently-labeled specific lectins were used; peanut agglutinin (PNA) for Haemonchus contortus, Aleuria aurantia agglutinin (AAL) for Trichostrongylus species, Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) for Teladorsagia circumcnicta and Lotus tetragonolobus lectin (LTL) for Cooperia species. RESULTS Fourteen (82.3%) herds were found infected, of which trichostrongyle eggs were detected in fecal samples of 26.5% (173/653) of sheep and 10.2% (21/205) of goats. Results of the PCR and lectin bindings were compatible and 4 trichostrongyles were detected: H. contortus, T. circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Haemonchus contortus eggs were found in all the infected herds, and as the single species in 21 and 5 of sheep and goat samples, respectively. Lectin stained smears demonstrated the dominance of H. contortus eggs over eggs of the other detected trichostrongyles. Eleven herds were found infected with T. axei as the second most prevalent trichostrongyle; however, few AAL-stained eggs were noticed in the positive samples. Mixed infections were frequently detected as H. contortus-T. axei combination. Infections with T. circumcincta were noted in sheep samples from two herds, but not in any sample from the goats. No Ostertagia leptospicularis, Cooperia curticei or Nematodirus species were noted among the tested samples. CONCLUSIONS This is the first molecular and lectin binding survey to determine the species composition of trichostrongyles infecting sheep and goats from Egypt. Haemonchus contortus plays the principal role in small ruminant trichostrongylosis in Egypt. Egg-lectin staining shows promise for future for its application in routine diagnosis as a rapid and simple technique. Findings of the earlier reports from Egypt are tabulated and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaya Saleh
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Abbas
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Moustafa Al-Araby
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Michael Hildreth
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Salah Abu-Elwafa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Aboelhadid SM, Arafa WM, El-Ashram S, Noaman AF, Shokier KA, Darwish AB, Mahmoud MM, Gadelhaq SM. Haemonchus contortus Susceptibility and Resistance to Anthelmintics in Naturally Infected Egyptian Sheep. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:329-335. [PMID: 32979177 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Susceptibility and resistance of Haemonchus contortus to anthelmintic drugs, including ivermectin, levamisole, and albendazole in naturally infected sheep were investigated. METHODS Three sets of assays were conducted to detect drug efficacy. Firstly, in vivo estimation of drug resistance to H. contortus was explored in 80 sheep naturally infected with H. contortus. Sheep were divided into four equal groups (20 sheep for each group): the first group was treated with albendazole (5.00 mg/kg BW), the second with levamisole (7.50 mg/kg BW), the third with ivermectin (0.20 mg/kg BW), and the fourth group served as the untreated control. Fecal egg reduction test (FERT) was done at days 7 and 14 after treatment. Secondly, for in vitro egg hatching assay (EHA), H. contortus eggs from naturally infected sheep were collected and treated with 0.0002, 0.002, 0.02, 0.2, and 2.0 µg/mL albendazole. Thirdly, molecular detection of the albendazole resistance gene in adult male H. contortus worms and larvae from infected sheep was carried out using allele-specific PCR. RESULTS The FECRT results showed that the drug efficacy was 86.84% for albendazole and 100% for both levamisole and ivermectin. The result of EHA showed that eggs did not hatch at 2.0 µg/mL albendazole concentration. Molecular findings showed two forms, including H. contortus homozygous susceptible (SS) and heterozygous (RS) of "β-tubulin" gene at 200 sites, which were recorded in both single male worms and larvae. CONCLUSION H. contortus, which was susceptible to levamisole and ivermectin, had developed resistance to albendazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.
| | - Waleed M Arafa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Asmaa Fathy Noaman
- Parasitology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Khalid A Shokier
- Parasitology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed B Darwish
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Morad M Mahmoud
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Gadelhaq
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
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Sack A, Palanisamy G, Manuel M, Paulsamy C, Rose A, Kaliappan SP, Ward H, Walson JL, Halliday KE, Ajjampur SSR. A One Health Approach to Defining Animal and Human Helminth Exposure Risks in a Tribal Village in Southern India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:196-203. [PMID: 34029209 PMCID: PMC8274781 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The high burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections has been studied in India; however, little data exist on zoonotic helminths, and on animal-associated exposure to soil-transmitted helminths. Our study took place in the Jawadhu Hills, which is a tribal region in Tamil Nadu, India. Using a One Health approach, we included animal and environmental samples and human risk factors to answer questions about the associations among infected household soil, domestic animals, and human risk factors. Helminth eggs were identified by microscopy in animal and soil samples, and a survey about risk factors was administered to the head of the household. Contact with animals was reported in 71% of households. High levels of helminth infections were found across domestic animal species, especially in goats, chickens, and dogs. Helminth eggs were recorded in 44% of household soil (n = 43/97) and separately in 88% of soil near a water source (n = 28/32). Animal contact was associated with 4.05 higher odds of having helminth eggs in the household soil (P = 0.01), and also having a water source at the household was associated with a 0.33 lower odds of having helminth eggs in the household soil (P = 0.04). Soil moisture was a mediator of this association with a significant indirect effect (P < 0.001). The proportion mediated was 0.50. While our work does not examine transmission, these results support consideration of animal-associated exposure to STH and potentially zoonotic helminths in future interventions to reduce helminth burden. Our study provides support for further investigation of the effects of animals and animal fecal matter on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sack
- Clinical and Translational Science Graduate Program, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gokila Palanisamy
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Malathi Manuel
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chinnaduraipandi Paulsamy
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anuradha Rose
- Department of Community Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Honorine Ward
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Judd L. Walson
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine (Infectious Disease), Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- The DeWorm3 Project, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Katherine E. Halliday
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine (Infectious Disease), Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sitara Swarna Rao Ajjampur
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wiegand RE, Secor WE, Fleming FM, French MD, King CH, Deol AK, Montgomery SP, Evans D, Utzinger J, Vounatsou P, de Vlas SJ. Associations between infection intensity categories and morbidity prevalence in school-age children are much stronger for Schistosoma haematobium than for S. mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009444. [PMID: 34033646 PMCID: PMC8183985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for measuring global progress in schistosomiasis control classify individuals with Schistosoma spp. infections based on the concentration of excreted eggs. We assessed the associations between WHO infection intensity categories and morbidity prevalence for selected S. haematobium and S. mansoni morbidities in school-age children. METHODOLOGY A total of 22,488 children aged 6-15 years from monitoring and evaluation cohorts in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Uganda, Tanzania, and Zambia from 2003-2008 were analyzed using Bayesian logistic regression. Models were utilized to evaluate associations between intensity categories and the prevalence of any urinary bladder lesion, any upper urinary tract lesion, microhematuria, and pain while urinating (for S. haematobium) and irregular hepatic ultrasound image pattern (C-F), enlarged portal vein, laboratory-confirmed diarrhea, and self-reported diarrhea (for S. mansoni) across participants with infection and morbidity data. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS S. haematobium infection intensity categories possessed consistent morbidity prevalence across surveys for multiple morbidities and participants with light infections had elevated morbidity levels, compared to negative participants. Conversely, S. mansoni infection intensity categories lacked association with prevalence of the morbidity measures assessed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Current status infection intensity categories for S. haematobium were associated with morbidity levels in school-age children, suggesting urogenital schistosomiasis morbidity can be predicted by an individual's intensity category. Conversely, S. mansoni infection intensity categories were not consistently indicative of childhood morbidity at baseline or during the first two years of a preventive chemotherapy control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. Wiegand
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - W. Evan Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Charles H. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Arminder K. Deol
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan P. Montgomery
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Darin Evans
- United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Penelope Vounatsou
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sake J. de Vlas
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abd El Wahab WM, El-Badry AA, Mahmoud SS, El-Badry YA, El-Badry MA, Hamdy DA. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)-derived nanoparticles in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice: Hepatoprotective and enhancer of etiological treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009423. [PMID: 34014936 PMCID: PMC8171924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanotechnology has been manufactured from medicinal plants to develop safe, and effective antischistosmal alternatives to replace today's therapies. The aim of the study is to evaluate the prophylactic effect of ginger-derived nanoparticles (GNPs), and the therapeutic effect of ginger aqueous extract, and GNPs on Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infected mice compared to praziquantel (PZQ), and mefloquine (MFQ). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Eighty four mice, divided into nine different groups, were sacrificed at 6th, 8th, and 10th week post-infection (PI), with assessment of parasitological, histopathological, and oxidative stress parameters, and scanning the worms by electron microscope. As a prophylactic drug, GNPs showed slight reduction in worm burden, egg density, and granuloma size and number. As a therapeutic drug, GNPs significantly reduced worm burden (59.9%), tissue egg load (64.9%), granuloma size, and number at 10th week PI, and altered adult worm tegumental architecture, added to antioxidant effect. Interestingly, combination of GNPs with PZQ or MFQ gave almost similar or sometimes better curative effects as obtained with each drug separately. The highest therapeutic effect was obtained when ½ dose GNPs combined with ½ dose MFQ which achieved 100% reduction in both the total worm burden, and ova tissue density as early as the 6th week PI, with absence of detected eggs or tissue granuloma, and preservation of liver architecture. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE GNPs have a schistosomicidal, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective role. GNPs have a strong synergistic effect when combined with etiological treatments (PZQ or MFQ), and significantly reduced therapeutic doses by 50%, which may mitigate side effects and resistance to etiological drugs, a hypothesis requiring further research. We recommend extending this study to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wegdan M. Abd El Wahab
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ayman A. El-Badry
- Department of Microbiology-Medical Parasitology Section, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soheir S. Mahmoud
- Department of Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Yaser A. El-Badry
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Khurma, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Organic Chemistry Lab., Faculty of Specific Education, Ain Shams University, Abbasseya, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. El-Badry
- Research Institute of Medical Entomology, General Organization for Teaching Hospitals and Institutes (GOTHI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Doaa A. Hamdy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Vlaminck J, Lagatie O, Dana D, Mekonnen Z, Geldhof P, Levecke B, Stuyver LJ. Identification of antigenic linear peptides in the soil-transmitted helminth and Schistosoma mansoni proteome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009369. [PMID: 33909616 PMCID: PMC8081252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community identified non stool-based biomarkers as the way forward to support soil-transmitted helminth (STH; Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) and schistosome (S. mansoni and S. haematobium) deworming programs. This support is needed in making the decision of whether or not to stop preventive chemotherapy intervention efforts and to ultimately transition towards a post-intervention surveillance phase. We applied a two-step micro-array approach to identify antigenic linear epitopes in the STH and S. mansoni proteomes. In a first experiment, we identified antigenic peptides by applying sera from 24 STH and/or S. mansoni infected Ethiopian children on a high-density peptide microarray containing 3.3 million peptides derived from the complete STH and S. mansoni proteomes. A second array experiment with 170,185 peptides that were recognized in the first array was designed to identify non-specific antibody reactivity by applying sera from 24 healthy individuals from Belgium (a non-endemic country). From this array testing cascade, several peptides were identified for STH but none of them appeared to be unique for one species. We therefore concluded that for STH, none of the peptides revealed to be sufficiently sensitive or species specific. For S. mansoni, some promising peptides were identified prompting future investigation. Based on these results, it is unlikely that linear epitopes would be highly useful in detecting species-specific antibody responses to STH in endemic communities. For S. mansoni, one particular peptide of the micro-exon gene 12 (MEG-12) protein deserves further research. In addition, this study emphasizes the need of well-characterized biobanks for biomarker discovery, particularly when the integration of multiple disease programs is envisioned. Today, infections with intestinal (roundworms, whipworm and hookworms) and blood-dwelling worms (schistosomes) are traditionally diagnosed by demonstrating worm eggs in stool. This current practice comes with some important challenges, including but not limited to the low-throughput and the need of skilled operators. Especially in the context of monitoring and evaluation, there is a need for alternative tools. Therefore, one of the recommendations of the scientific community was to develop tests that are based on the detection of antibodies in blood, which reflect the natural immune response of the host to worm-specific components or antigens. In the present study, we screened the antigenicity of all the peptides that build up the proteome of intestinal and blood-dwelling worms. For intestinal worms, our results revealed that the antibody response to these peptides was either not unique for the worm species or absent in infected subjects. For blood-dwelling worms, the findings were less sobering, with a number of peptides inducing an antibody response that was only observed in infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Vlaminck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology and Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ole Lagatie
- Global Public Health R&D, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Dana
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology and Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- School of Laboratory Science, Faculty of health science, Institute of health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- School of Laboratory Science, Faculty of health science, Institute of health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology and Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology and Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Bärenbold O, Garba A, Colley DG, Fleming FM, Assaré RK, Tukahebwa EM, Kebede B, Coulibaly JT, N’Goran EK, Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Mwinzi P, Utzinger J, Vounatsou P. Estimating true prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni from population summary measures based on the Kato-Katz diagnostic technique. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009310. [PMID: 33819266 PMCID: PMC8062092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection is usually assessed by the Kato-Katz diagnostic technique. However, Kato-Katz thick smears have low sensitivity, especially for light infections. Egg count models fitted on individual level data can adjust for the infection intensity-dependent sensitivity and estimate the 'true' prevalence in a population. However, application of these models is complex and there is a need for adjustments that can be done without modeling expertise. This study provides estimates of the 'true' S. mansoni prevalence from population summary measures of observed prevalence and infection intensity using extensive simulations parametrized with data from different settings in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODOLOGY An individual-level egg count model was applied to Kato-Katz data to determine the S. mansoni infection intensity-dependent sensitivity for various sampling schemes. Observations in populations with varying forces of transmission were simulated, using standard assumptions about the distribution of worms and their mating behavior. Summary measures such as the geometric mean infection, arithmetic mean infection, and the observed prevalence of the simulations were calculated, and parametric statistical models fitted to the summary measures for each sampling scheme. For validation, the simulation-based estimates are compared with an observational dataset not used to inform the simulation. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Overall, the sensitivity of Kato-Katz in a population varies according to the mean infection intensity. Using a parametric model, which takes into account different sampling schemes varying from single Kato-Katz to triplicate slides over three days, both geometric and arithmetic mean infection intensities improve estimation of sensitivity. The relation between observed and 'true' prevalence is remarkably linear and triplicate slides per day on three consecutive days ensure close to perfect sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Estimation of 'true' S. mansoni prevalence is improved when taking into account geometric or arithmetic mean infection intensity in a population. We supply parametric functions and corresponding estimates of their parameters to calculate the 'true' prevalence for sampling schemes up to 3 days with triplicate Kato-Katz thick smears per day that allow estimation of the 'true' prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bärenbold
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amadou Garba
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel G. Colley
- Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE), Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Fiona M. Fleming
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rufin K. Assaré
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | | | - Jean T. Coulibaly
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eliézer K. N’Goran
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuenté
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pauline Mwinzi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Penelope Vounatsou
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Couto LFM, Zapa DMB, Heller LM, Cavalcante ASDA, Nicaretta JE, Cruvinel LB, Colli MHA, Ferreira LL, Alencar A, de Melo-Junior RD, Soares VE, Borges FDA, Lopes WDZ. Gastrointestinal nematode control programs in yearling Nellore heifers: Analysis of fecal egg counts, weight gain and reproductive indices. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 226:106695. [PMID: 33485086 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate two different gastrointestinal nematode treatment regimens. Fecal egg counts (FECs), proportion of nematode genera, weight gain, body condition score and reproductive indices (estrous cyclicity, conception and pregnancy rates) were evaluated in yearling heifers after imposing two treatment regimens for gastrointestinal nematodes: T1 = 306 calves treated in May and November with 3.5 % doramectin (700 μg/kg) and August (Aug) with saline solution; and T2 = 307 calves treated in May with 3.5 % doramectin (700 μg/kg), in August with 1% moxidectin (200 μg/kg) and in November with 3.5 % doramectin (700 μg/kg). The animals were weighed, and feces were collected for conducting FECs and coproculture. There was imposing of three fixed-time artificial inseminations (TAIs), and estrous cyclic and pregnancy statuses were determined. Cooperia was the most frequent genus detected in both groups. Heifers of the T2, as compared to those in the T1 group, had fewer FECs in November (P ≤ 0.05) and greater weight gain and average daily weight gain (P ≤ 0.05) from August to November. There tended to be more heifers of the T2 than T1 group estrous cycling (P = 0.07) at the beginning of the breeding season as well as greater pregnancy rates (P = 0.03) and conception rates (P = 0.03) as a result of the second FTAI. The results indicate there is greater reproduction outcomes as a result of strategic control of gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling Nellore heifers using the T1 as compared with T2 treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto
- Laboratório de Especialidades Parasitárias, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Dina María Beltrán Zapa
- Laboratório de Especialidades Parasitárias, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Laboratório de Especialidades Parasitárias, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Alliny Souza de Assis Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Especialidades Parasitárias, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Laboratório de Especialidades Parasitárias, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Bueno Cruvinel
- Laboratório de Especialidades Parasitárias, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda Alencar
- Veterinarian, Fazenda São Marcelo, Juruena, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Rubens Dias de Melo-Junior
- Laboratório de Especialidades Parasitárias, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Laboratório de Especialidades Parasitárias, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Fukushige M, Chase-Topping M, Woolhouse MEJ, Mutapi F. Efficacy of praziquantel has been maintained over four decades (from 1977 to 2018): A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors influence its efficacy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009189. [PMID: 33730095 PMCID: PMC7968639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antihelminthic drug praziquantel has been used as the drug of choice for treating schistosome infection for more than 40 years. Although some epidemiological studies have reported low praziquantel efficacy in cure rate (CR) and/or egg reduction rate (ERR), there is no consistent robust evidence of the development of schistosome resistance to praziquantel (PZQ). There is need to determine factors that lead to variable treatment CR and/or ERR. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to review CR and ERR as well as identify their predictors. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a literature review was conducted using Biosis Citation Index, Data Citation Index, MEDLINE, and Web of Science Core Collection all of which were provided through Web of Science. Alongside these, EMBASE, and CAB abstracts were searched to identify relevant articles. Random effect meta-regression models were used to identify the factors that influence CR and/or ERR by considering differences in host characteristics and drug dose. In total, 12,127 potential articles were screened and 146 eligible articles (published from 1979 to 2020) were identified and included for the meta-analysis. We found that there has been no significant reduction in CR or ERR over the study period. The results showed more variability in CR, compared with ERR which was more consistent and remained high. The results showed a positive effect of "PZQ treatment dose" with the current recommended dose of 40 mg/kg body weight achieving 57% to 88% CR depending on schistosome species, age of participants, and number of parasitological samples used for diagnosis, and ERR of 95%. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Based on a review of over 40 years of research there is no evidence to support concerns about schistosomes developing resistance to PZQ. These results indicate that PZQ remains effective in treating schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Fukushige
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Margo Chase-Topping
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Molehin AJ, Gray SA, Turner C, Davis J, Zhang W, Khatoon S, Rattan M, Kernen R, Peterson C, Sennoune SR, Carter D, Siddiqui AA. Process Development of Sj-p80: A Low-Cost Transmission-Blocking Veterinary Vaccine for Asiatic Schistosomiasis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:578715. [PMID: 33732227 PMCID: PMC7959798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.578715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asiatic schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum is a neglected tropical disease resulting in significant morbidity to both humans and animals - particularly bovines - in endemic areas. Infection with this parasite leads to less healthy herds, causing problems in communities which rely on bovines for farming, milk and meat production. Additionally, excretion of parasite eggs in feces perpetuates the life cycle and can lead to human infection. We endeavored to develop a minimally purified, inexpensive, and effective vaccine based on the 80 kDa large subunit of the calcium activated neutral protease (calpain) from S. japonicum (Sj-p80). Here we describe the production of veterinary vaccine-grade Sj-p80 at four levels of purity and demonstrate in a pilot study that minimally purified antigen provides protection against infection in mice when paired with a low-cost veterinary adjuvant, Montanide™ ISA61 VG. Preliminary data demonstrate that the vaccine is immunogenic with robust antibody titers following immunization, and vaccination resulted in a reduction of parasite eggs being deposited in the liver (23.4-51.4%) and intestines (1.9-55.1%) depending on antigen purity as well as reducing the ability of these eggs to hatch into miracidia by up to 31.6%. We therefore present Sj-p80 as a candidate vaccine antigen for Asiatic schistosomiasis which is now primed for continued development and testing in bovines in endemic areas. A successful bovine vaccine could play a major role in reducing pathogen transmission to humans by interrupting the parasitic life cycle and improving quality of life for people living in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo J. Molehin
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Sean A. Gray
- PAI Life Sciences Inc, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cheri Turner
- PAI Life Sciences Inc, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Weidong Zhang
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Sabiha Khatoon
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Madison Rattan
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Rebecca Kernen
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Christopher Peterson
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Souad R. Sennoune
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | | | - Afzal A. Siddiqui
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Albery GF, Morris A, Morris S, Kenyon F, Nussey DH, Pemberton JM. Fitness Costs of Parasites Explain Multiple Life-History Trade-Offs in a Wild Mammal. Am Nat 2021; 197:324-335. [PMID: 33625970 DOI: 10.1086/712633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractReproduction in wild animals can divert limited resources away from immune defense, resulting in increased parasite burdens. A long-standing prediction of life-history theory states that these parasites can harm the reproductive individual, reducing its subsequent survival and fecundity, producing reproduction-fitness trade-offs. Here, we examined associations among reproductive allocation, immunity, parasitism, and subsequent survival and fecundity in a wild population of individually identified red deer (Cervus elaphus). Using path analysis, we investigated whether costs of lactation in terms of downstream survival and fecundity were mediated by changes in strongyle nematode count and mucosal antibody levels. Lactating females exhibited increased parasite counts, which were in turn associated with substantially decreased fitness in the following year in terms of overwinter survival, fecundity, subsequent calf weight, and parturition date. This study offers observational evidence for parasite regulation of multiple life-history trade-offs, supporting the role of parasites as an important mediating factor in wild mammal populations.
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Mukendi JPK, Nakamura R, Uematsu S, Hamano S. Interleukin (IL)-33 is dispensable for Schistosoma mansoni worm maturation and the maintenance of egg-induced pathology in intestines of infected mice. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:70. [PMID: 33482904 PMCID: PMC7821721 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04561-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomes are trematode worms that dwell in their definitive host's blood vessels, where females lay eggs that need to be discharged into the environment with host excreta to maintain their life-cycle. Both worms and eggs require type 2 immunity for their maturation and excretion, respectively. However, the immune molecules that orchestrate such immunity remain unclear. Interleukin (IL)-33 is one of the epithelium-derived cytokines that induce type 2 immunity in tissues. The aim of this study was to determine the role of IL-33 in the maturation, reproduction and excretion of Schistosoma mansoni eggs, and in the maintenance of egg-induced pathology in the intestines of mice. METHODS The morphology of S. mansoni worms and the number of eggs in intestinal tissues were studied at different time points post-infection in S. mansoni-infected IL-33-deficient (IL-33-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice. IL-5 and IL-13 production in the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes were measured. Tissue histology was performed on the terminal ilea of both infected and non-infected mice. RESULTS Worms from IL-33-/- and WT mice did not differ morphologically at 4 and 6 weeks post-infection (wpi). The number of eggs in intestinal tissues of IL-33-/- and WT mice differed only slightly. At 6 wpi, IL-33-/- mice presented impaired type 2 immunity in the intestines, characterized by a decreased production of IL-5 and IL-13 in mesenteric lymph nodes and fewer inflammatory infiltrates with fewer eosinophils in the ilea. There was no difference between IL-33-/- and WT mice in the levels of IL-25 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in intestinal tissues. CONCLUSIONS Despite its ability to initiate type 2 immunity in tissues, IL-33 alone seems dispensable for S. mansoni maturation and its absence may not affect much the accumulation of eggs in intestinal tissues. The transient impairment of type 2 immunity observed in the intestines, but not spleens, highlights the importance of IL-33 over IL-25 and TSLP in initiating, but not maintaining, locally-induced type 2 immunity in intestinal tissues during schistosome infection. Further studies are needed to decipher the role of each of these molecules in schistosomiasis and clarify the possible interactions that might exist between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Kambala Mukendi
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Risa Nakamura
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Hamano
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Sanders J, Xie Y, Gazzola D, Li H, Abraham A, Flanagan K, Rus F, Miller M, Hu Y, Guynn S, Draper A, Vakalapudi S, Petersson KH, Zarlenga D, Li RW, Urban JF, Ostroff GR, Zajac A, Aroian RV. A new paraprobiotic-based treatment for control of Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2020; 14:230-236. [PMID: 33242790 PMCID: PMC7695930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a critical parasite of goats and sheep. Infection by this blood-feeding gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasite has significant health consequences, especially in lambs and kids. The parasite has developed resistance to virtually all known classes of small molecule anthelmintics used to treat it, giving rise in some areas to multidrug resistant parasites that are very difficult to control. Thus, new anthelmintics are urgently needed. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal protein 5B (Cry5B), a naturally occurring protein made by a bacterium widely and safely used around the world as a bioinsecticide, represents a new non-small molecule modality for treating GINs. Cry5B has demonstrated anthelmintic activities against parasites of monogastric animals, including some related to those that infect humans, but has not yet been studied in a ruminant. Here we show that H. contortus adults are susceptible to Cry5B protein in vitro. Cry5B produced in its natural form as a spore-crystal lysate against H. contortus infections in goats had no significant efficacy. However, a new Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) paraprobiotic form of Cry5B called IBaCC (Inactivated Bacterium with Cytosolic Crystals), in which Cry5B crystals are encapsulated in dead Bt cell wall ghosts, showed excellent efficacy in vitro against larval stages of H. contortus and relative protein stability in bovine rumen fluid. When given to sheep experimentally infected with H. contortus as three 60 mg/kg doses, Cry5B IBaCC resulted in significant reductions in fecal egg counts (90%) and parasite burdens (72%), with a very high impact on female parasites (96% reduction). These data indicate that Cry5B IBaCC is a potent new treatment tool for small ruminants in the battle against H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sanders
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Yue Xie
- United State Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - David Gazzola
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Hanchen Li
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Ambily Abraham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Kelly Flanagan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Florentina Rus
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Melanie Miller
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yan Hu
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Biology Department, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, 01602, USA
| | - Sierra Guynn
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Austin Draper
- Synthetic Biomanufacturing Facility, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Sridhar Vakalapudi
- Synthetic Biomanufacturing Facility, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Katherine H Petersson
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Dante Zarlenga
- United State Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Robert W Li
- United State Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United State Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA; United State Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Anne Zajac
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Raffi V Aroian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Du CH, Yang H, Yang MX, Zhang Y, Sun JY, Wang LF, Yan JQ, Shen MF, Dong Y. [Assessment of schistosomiasis transmission risk in Nanjian County of Yunnan Province in 2019]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2020; 32:531-533. [PMID: 33185069 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the schistosomiasis transmission risk in Nanjing County, so as to provide the scientific evidence for the development of the schistosomiasis control strategy and consolidation of the control achievements. METHODS On May 2019, the Deqiu Village in Deqiu Town and Baiyun Village in Nanjing Town of Yunnan Province, where schistosomiasis were historically relatively highly endemic, were selected to assess the risk of transmission of schistosomiasis by means of a retrospective review of the data pertaining to the historical endemic situation and schistosomiasis control, combined with a cross-sectional survey of snail and wild feces distribution. RESULTS During the period between 2017 and 2018, the mean sero-prevalence rates of Schistosoma japonicum infections were 6.76% (202/2 990) and 2.86% (142/4 971) in humans and 0 (0/1 160) and 10.65% (31/291) in bovines in Deqiu and Baiyun villages of Nanjian County, respectively; however, no egg-positives were identified; in addition, there were 21.06 hm2 snail habitats found, but no S. japonicum infections were detected in snails. In 2019, there was 6.17 hm2 snail habitats detected, with 2.17% (245/11 298) occurrence of frames with snails and a 0.06 snails/0.1 m2 density of living snails; however, no positives for nucleic acid detection were seen in snails; among the 136 wild fecal samples captures from 23 settings, no S. japonicum infections were identified. CONCLUSIONS The risk of schistosomiasis transmission remains at a low level in Nanjian County; however, the factors affecting the transmission of schistosomiasis have not been completed eliminated. The integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with an emphasis on the control of the source of S. japonicum infections requires to be reinforced to consolidate the control achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Du
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China
| | - H Yang
- Dali Institute of Schistosomiasis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Province, China
| | - M X Yang
- Nanjian County Station of Schistosomiasis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China
| | - J Y Sun
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China
| | - L F Wang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China
| | - J Q Yan
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China
| | - M F Shen
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China
| | - Y Dong
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China
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Leathwick DM, Miller CM, Waghorn TS, Schwendel H, Lifschitz A. Route of administration influences the concentration of ivermectin reaching nematode parasites in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2020; 14:152-158. [PMID: 33120249 PMCID: PMC7591328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An animal trial was conducted to measure the concentrations of ivermectin occurring in abomasal and small intestinal contents and mucosa, and in the target parasites (Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora) following administration by subcutaneous, oral and pour-on routes. Twenty-five steers were infected with ivermectin-resistant isolates of O. ostertagi and C. oncophora and following patency randomly allocated to 3 treatment groups of 7 and 1 untreated control group of four. On day 0, animals in the treatment groups were administered ivermectin via the oral, injectable or pour-on routes. On days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8, blood samples were collected from all live animals, one animal from each treatment group was euthanised and the abomasum and small intestine recovered. Control animals were euthanised on each of days 4, 5, 6 and 8. Samples of gastrointestinal tract organs, their contents, mucosa and parasites were collected and assayed for ivermectin concentration using HPLC. The highest plasma concentrations occurred following subcutaneous administration. In the gastrointestinal contents the highest levels occurred following oral administration, although one high value occurred following pour-on administration, which was attributed to self-licking by the treated animal. The lowest GI content levels followed subcutaneous injection. Ivermectin concentrations in the gastrointestinal mucosa were highest following subcutaneous injection. Drug levels in the abomasal parasite O. ostertagi were most closely correlated with levels in the abomasal mucosa whereas levels in the intestinal C. oncophora were most closely correlated with those in the intestinal contents. Thus, the maximun levels of drug reached C. oncophora in the small intestine following oral administration. In contrast, the highest levels of ivermectin in O. ostertagi followed subcutaneous injection. Therefore, route of administration is likely to influence the exposure to ivermectin for different parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Leathwick
- AgResearch Grassland, Private Bag 11008, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - C M Miller
- AgResearch Grassland, Private Bag 11008, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - T S Waghorn
- AgResearch Grassland, Private Bag 11008, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - H Schwendel
- AgResearch Grassland, Private Bag 11008, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - A Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario (7000), Tandil, Argentina
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Vlaminck J, Cools P, Albonico M, Ame S, Ayana M, Dana D, Keiser J, Matoso LF, Montresor A, Mekonnen Z, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Pinto SA, Sayasone S, Vercruysse J, Levecke B. An in-depth report of quality control on Kato-Katz and data entry in four clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of albendazole against soil-transmitted helminth infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008625. [PMID: 32956390 PMCID: PMC7549791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to control soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections have intensified over the past decade. Field-survey data on STH prevalence, infection intensity and drug efficacy is necessary to guide the implementation of control programs and should be of the best possible quality. METHODOLOGY During four clinical trials designed to evaluate the efficacy of albendazole against STHs in Brazil, Ethiopia, Lao PDR and Tanzania, quality control (QC) was performed on the duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears and the data entry. We analyzed datasets following QC on both fecal egg counts (FECs) and data entry, and compared the prevalence of any STH infection and moderate-to-heavy intensity (MHI) infections and the drug efficacy against STH infections. RESULTS Across the four study sites, a total of 450 out of 4,830 (9.3%) Kato-Katz thick smears were re-examined. Discrepancies in FECs varied from ~3% (hookworms) to ~6.5% (Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura). The difference in STH prevalence and prevalence of MHI infections using the datasets with and without QC of the FECs did not exceed 0.3%, except for hookworm infections in Tanzania, where we noted a 2.2 percentage point increase in MHI infections (pre-QC: 1.6% vs. post-QC: 3.8%). There was a 100% agreement in the classification of drug efficacy of albendazole against STH between the two datasets. In total, 201 of the 28,980 (0.65%) data entries that were made to digitize the FECs were different between both data-entry clerks. Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of STH, the prevalence of MHI infections and the classification of drug efficacy remained largely unaffected. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE In these trials, where staff was informed that QC would take place, minimal changes in study outcomes were reported following QC on FECs or data entry. Nevertheless, imposing QC did reduce the number of errors. Therefore, application of QC together with proper training of the personnel and the availability of clear standard operating procedures is expected to support higher data quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Vlaminck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JV); (BL)
| | - Piet Cools
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marco Albonico
- Center for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Shaali Ame
- Laboratory Division, Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Mio Ayana
- Jimma University Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Dana
- Jimma University Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo F. Matoso
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Research Center René Rachou—FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Nursing school, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antonio Montresor
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- Jimma University Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Simone A. Pinto
- Nursing school, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Somphou Sayasone
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JV); (BL)
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Kebede T, Bech N, Allienne JF, Olivier R, Erko B, Boissier J. Genetic evidence for the role of non-human primates as reservoir hosts for human schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008538. [PMID: 32898147 PMCID: PMC7500647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic disease, that affects over 207 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths annually, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Although many health measures have been carried out to limit parasite transmission, significant numbers of non-human primates such as Chlorocebus aethiops (Ch. aethiops) (vervet) and Papio anubis (baboon) are infected with S. mansoni, notably in Ethiopia, where they are expected to have potentially significant implications for transmission and control efforts. Objective The objective of this study was to assess and compare the genetic diversity and population structure of S. mansoni isolates from human and non-human primates free-ranging in close proximity to villages in selected endemic areas of Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in three transmission sites: Bochesa, Kime and Fincha. A total of 2,356 S. mansoni miracidia were directly isolated from fecal specimens of 104 hosts (i.e. 60 human hosts and 44 non-human primates). We performed DNA extraction and PCR amplification using fourteen microsatellite loci. Results At population scale we showed strong genetic structure between the three sample sites. At the definitive host scale, we observed that host factors can shape the genetic composition of parasite infra-populations. First, in male patients, we observed a positive link between parasite genetic diversity and the age of the patients. Second, we observed a difference in genetic diversity which was high in human males, medium in human females and low in non-human primates (NHPs). Finally, whatever the transmission site no genetic structure was observed between human and non-human primates, however, there appears to be little barriers, if any, host specificity of the S. mansoni populations with cross-host infections. Conclusion Occurrence of infection of a single host with multiple S. mansoni strains and inter- and intra-host genetic variations was observed. Substantial genetic diversity and gene flow across the S. mansoni population occurred at each site and non-human primates likely play a role in local transmission and maintenance of infection. Therefore, public health and wildlife professionals should work together to improve disease control and elimination strategies. Schistosomiasis is a chronic disease caused by flukes (trematodes). The definitive host spectrum of schistosomes, whether human, non-human primates (NHPs) or other mammals, is highly dependent on the schistosome species concerned. Genetic diversity and population structure studies of S. mansoni have provided insights into the variation of natural populations. Understanding S. mansoni genetic diversity and population structure of isolates from human and non-human primate hosts living in close proximity showed the occurrence of infection of a single host with multiple S. mansoni strains and inter- and intra-host genetic variations. In this article, the researchers assert the fact that genetic approach reveals that parasites from the three different sites are independent. Thus, we could consider the three sites as geographical replicates showing the influence of NHPs in parasitic transmission in Ethiopia. This study provides insights into the epidemiology, genetic diversity and population structure of S. mansoni in human and non-human primates in Ethiopia, all of which are crucial for the control of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Kebede
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Laboratoire Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), UMR 5244 CNRS, University of Perpignan, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicolas Bech
- Laboratory of Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions (EBI), UMR CNRS 7267, Poitiers University, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-François Allienne
- Laboratoire Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), UMR 5244 CNRS, University of Perpignan, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Rey Olivier
- Laboratoire Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), UMR 5244 CNRS, University of Perpignan, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jerome Boissier
- Laboratoire Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), UMR 5244 CNRS, University of Perpignan, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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Valero MA, Gironès N, Reguera-Gomez M, Pérez-Crespo I, López-García MP, Quesada C, Bargues MD, Fresno M, Mas-Coma S. Impact of fascioliasis reinfection on Fasciola hepatica egg shedding: relationship with the immune-regulatory response. Acta Trop 2020; 209:105518. [PMID: 32371223 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a disease caused by liver flukes. In human fascioliasis hyperendemic areas, reinfection and chronicity are the norm. Control strategies in humans require the use of egg count techniques to calculate the appropriate treatment dose for colic risk prevention. The present study investigates how fascioliasis reinfection affects liver fluke egg shedding and its relationship with the immune-regulatory response. The experimental design reproduced the usual reinfection/chronicity conditions in human fascioliasis endemic areas and included Fasciola hepatica primo-infected Wistar rats (PI) and rats reinfected at 4 weeks (R4), 8 weeks (R8), 12 weeks (R12), and negative control rats. In a longitudinal study (0-20 weeks post-infection, p.i.), serical IgG1 levels and eggs per gram of faeces (epg) were analyzed. In a cross-sectional study, the expression of the genes associated with Th1 (Ifng, Il12a, Il12b, Nos2), Th2 (Il4, Arg1), Treg (Foxp3, Il10, Tgfb, Ebi3), and Th17 (Il17) in the spleen and thymus was analyzed. In R8 and R12, transiently higher averages of epg and epg/worm in reinfected groups vs PI group were detected at least in the weeks following reinfection. The kinetics of IgG1 levels shows that reinfected groups followed a pattern similar to the one in the PI group, but transiently higher averages of IgG1 levels in reinfected groups vs the PI group were detected in the weeks following reinfection. Epg correlated with IgG1 levels and also with systemic Il10 and thymic Ifng, and Il10 expression levels. These results suggest that epg depends on the Th1 and Treg phenotype and that the determination of the fluke burden by epg is likely to be an overestimation in cases of recent reinfection in low burden situations. A strategy to facilitate the implementation of epg count techniques and the subsequent decision on the appropriate treatment dose for each patient to prevent colic risk is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nuria Gironès
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Reguera-Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Pérez-Crespo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Pilar López-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Quesada
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Kim SH, Stothard JR, Rinamalo M, Rainima-Qaniuci M, Talemaitoga N, Kama M, Rafai E, Jang S, Kim JY, Oh YM, Kim EM, Hong ST, Lowry JH, Verweij JJ, Kelly-Hope LA, Choi MH. A first nation-wide assessment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Fijian primary schools, and factors associated with the infection, using a lymphatic filariasis transmission assessment survey as surveillance platform. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008511. [PMID: 32976499 PMCID: PMC7518615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) is endemic in Fiji but its prevalence is not known and likely to have changed after a decade of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF). By linking with LF transmission assessment surveys (LF-TAS), we undertook the first nation-wide assessment of STH in Fijian primary schools, as well as an analysis of factors associated with STH infections. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cross-sectional assessment for STH was conducted in all four Divisions of Fiji from 2014 to 2015. In the Western, Central, and Northern Divisions, schools were sub-sampled after LF-TAS, while, in the Eastern Division, schools were selected via simple random sampling. For the diagnosis of STH, stool samples were examined by coproscopy with a single Kato-Katz thick smear (KK) and the formol-ether-acetate concentration technique, except for the samples from the Eastern Division where only KK was used. Mean prevalence of any STH among class 1-2 students at the national level was 10.5% (95% CI: 6.9-15.5). Across the three Divisions via LF-TAS, the prevalence levels for ascariasis were 8.7% (95% CI: 4.3-16.6), hookworm 3.9% (95% CI: 2.3-6.6) and trichuriasis 0%. In the Eastern Division, ascariasis prevalence was 13.3% (95% CI: 6.4-25.6), and hookworm 0.7% (95% CI: 0.2-2.5), with one case of trichuriasis. Among class 3-8 students, ascariasis prevalence was lower. Lower risk of any STH was associated with wearing shoes (adjusted OR 0.54, 95% CI: 0.32-0.90) and having piped water from the Fiji Water Authority at home (adjusted OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25-0.92). CONCLUSIONS After a decade of community-based LF-MDA, STH in school-age children in Fiji is now close to 10%, but localities of endemicity remain. Preventive chemotherapy should be maintained in areas with elevated STH prevalence alongside targeted delivery of integrated WASH interventions. LF-TAS has provided an opportunity to develop future public health surveillance platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hye Kim
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - J. Russell Stothard
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Mike Kama
- Ministry of Health, Dinem House, Suva, Republic of Fiji
| | - Eric Rafai
- Ministry of Health, Dinem House, Suva, Republic of Fiji
| | - Seoyun Jang
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Min Oh
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Min Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Research Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - John H. Lowry
- School of Geography, Earth Science, and Environment, The University of South Pacific, Suva, Republic of Fiji
| | - Jaco J. Verweij
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Louise A. Kelly-Hope
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Min-Ho Choi
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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da Silva Roberto FF, dos Santos Difante G, Giotto Zaros L, da Silva Souza J, Chaves Gurgel AL, Costa PR, Rocha de Medeiros H, da Silva CG, de Almeida Borges F, Ribeiro NL. The effect of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars on host-parasite-environment interactions in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238228. [PMID: 32857800 PMCID: PMC7454937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of different cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha on the dynamics and concentration of the larval stages of gastrointestinal nematodes in the soil and forage strata, as well as their effects on the performance of naturally infected lambs. Overall, 48 90-day-old lambs with an initial weight of 19.04 ± 0.96 kg were observed. Moreover, a randomised block factorial design with four cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha (Marandu, Xaraés, Piatã and Paiaguás grasses) under intermittent stocking (with a pre-grazing canopy height of 40 cm and post-grazing canopy height of 20 cm) for two grazing cycles was used. The following variables were analysed: faecal egg counting, faecal culture, mean corpuscular volume, FAMACHA© score, weight and body condition score, the recovery of larvae from pasture and soil samples, nutritional value and the production and structural components of forage. Lambs grazing Marandu grass demonstrated the highest level of nematode infection (P < 0.05). However, the nutritional value did not differ between cultivars. Marandu grass had the highest pasture density (P < 0.05), while Paiaguás grass had the highest percentage of dead material (P < 0.05). The various genera of gastrointestinal nematodes found in the faecal cultures, regardless of the cultivars, include Haemonchus (92.01%), Trichostrongylus (4.55%), Strongyloides (3.06%) and Oesophagostomum (0.37%). Lambs grazing Xaraés grass had the lowest body weight (P < 0.05). Furthermore, larvae concentrations were highest in Marandu and Paiaguás pastures; infective Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus larvae were recovered from pasture and soil samples. The different cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha produce diverse and relevant microclimatic conditions to contaminate soil, pastures and animals. Animal performance was not compromised despite the Marandu and Paiaguás cultivars having the highest levels of contamination and infection. Based on parasitological aspects, the Brachiaria brizantha cultivars Xaraés and Piatã are recommended for grass-based sheep production systems over the other cultivars since they contribute to the reduction of larval contamination and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gelson dos Santos Difante
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lilian Giotto Zaros
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Joelma da Silva Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Pablo Ramon Costa
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Henrique Rocha de Medeiros
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Carlikelly Gleicy da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Cho J, Jung BK, Chang T, Sohn WM, Sinuon M, Chai JY. Echinostoma mekongi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from Riparian People along the Mekong River in Cambodia. Korean J Parasitol 2020; 58:431-443. [PMID: 32871637 PMCID: PMC7462798 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Echinostoma mekongi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) is described based on adult flukes collected from humans residing along the Mekong River in Cambodia. Total 256 flukes were collected from the diarrheic stool of 6 echinostome egg positive villagers in Kratie and Takeo Province after praziquantel treatment and purging. Adults of the new species were 9.0-13.1 (av. 11.3) mm in length and 1.3-2.5 (1.9) mm in maximum width and characterized by having a head collar armed with 37 collar spines (dorsal spines arranged in 2 alternative rows), including 5 end group spines. The eggs in feces and worm uterus were 98-132 (117) μm long and 62-90 (75) μm wide. These morphological features closely resembled those of Echinostoma revolutum, E. miyagawai, and several other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma species. However, sequencing of the nuclear ITS (ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2) and 2 mitochondrial genes, cox1 and </>nad1, revealed unique features distinct from E. revolutum and also from other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma group available in GenBank (E. bolschewense, E. caproni, E. cinetorchis, E. deserticum, E. miyagawai, E. nasincovae, E. novaezealandense, E. paraensei, E. paraulum, E. robustum, E. trivolvis, and Echinostoma sp. IG). Thus, we assigned our flukes as a new species, E. mekongi. The new species revealed marked variation in the morphology of testes (globular or lobulated), and smaller head collar, collar spines, oral and ventral suckers, and cirrus sac compared to E. revolutum and E. miyagawai. Epidemiological studies regarding the geographical distribution and its life history, including the source of human infections, remain to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeeun Cho
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Taehee Chang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Muth Sinuon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Assaré RK, N’Tamon RN, Bellai LG, Koffi JA, Mathieu TBI, Ouattara M, Hürlimann E, Coulibaly JT, Diabaté S, N’Goran EK, Utzinger J. Characteristics of persistent hotspots of Schistosoma mansoni in western Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:337. [PMID: 32616074 PMCID: PMC7333430 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel is the cornerstone of schistosomiasis control. However, in some social-ecological settings, the prevalence and/or intensity of Schistosoma infection does not lower meaningfully despite multiple rounds of preventive chemotherapy, a phenomenon termed persistent hotspot (PHS). We assessed the characteristics of PHS in a Schistosoma mansoni-endemic area of Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS In October 2016, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 14 schools in the western part of Côte d'Ivoire, one year after multiple rounds of preventive chemotherapy. In each school, 50 children aged 9-12 years provided two stool samples and one urine sample. Stool samples were subjected to triplicate Kato-Katz thick smears for S. mansoni diagnosis. Urine samples were examined by a filtration method for S. haematobium eggs. PHS was defined as failure to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of S. mansoni infection of at least 35% and/or a reduction of infection intensity of at least 50%. Six schools underwent more detailed investigations, including a questionnaire survey for demographic characteristics and a malacological survey. RESULTS In the six schools subjected to detailed investigations, the overall prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium was 9.5% and 2.6%, respectively. Four schools were classified as PHS. The S. mansoni prevalence in the four PHS was 10.9% compared to 6.6% in the remaining two schools. The S. mansoni infection intensity, expressed as arithmetic mean eggs per gram of stool (EPG) among infected children, was 123.8 EPG in PHS and 18.7 EPG in the other two schools. Children bathing in open freshwater bodies were at higher odds of S. mansoni infection (odds ratio: 4.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.6-12.6). A total of 76 human-water contact sites (53 in PHS and 23 in the other schools) were examined and 688 snails were collected, including potential intermediate host snails of Schistosoma (Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus forskalii, Bu. globosus and Bu. truncatus). CONCLUSION Children in PHS schools bathed more frequently in open freshwater bodies, and hence, they are more exposed to Schistosoma transmission. Our findings call for an integrated control approach, complementing preventive chemotherapy with other interventions, particularly in PHS settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufin K. Assaré
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roméo N. N’Tamon
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Louise G. Bellai
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Judicaelle A. Koffi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Science de l’Homme et de la Société, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 08 BP 865, Abidjan 08, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Tra-Bi I. Mathieu
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Mamadou Ouattara
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eveline Hürlimann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean T. Coulibaly
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salia Diabaté
- Centre d’Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, 27 BP 529, Abidjan 27, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eliézer K. N’Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
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Olliaro PL, Coulibaly JT, Garba A, Halleux C, Keiser J, King CH, Mutapi F, N’Goran EK, Raso G, Scherrer AU, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Stete K, Utzinger J, Vaillant MT. Efficacy and safety of single-dose 40 mg/kg oral praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis in preschool-age versus school-age children: An individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008277. [PMID: 32569275 PMCID: PMC7360067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better knowledge of the efficacy and safety of single-dose 40 mg/kg oral praziquantel in preschool-age children is required, should preventive chemotherapy programs for schistosomiasis be expanded to include this age group. METHODOLOGY We analyzed individual participant-level data from 16 studies (13 single-arm or cohort studies and three randomized trials), amounting to 683 preschool-age children (aged <6 years) and 2,010 school-age children (aged 6-14 years). Children had a documented Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium infection, were treated with single 40 mg/kg oral praziquantel, and assessed between 21 and 60 days post-treatment. Efficacy was expressed as arithmetic mean and individual egg reduction rate (ERR) and meta-analyzed using general linear models and mixed models. Safety was summarized using reported adverse events (AEs). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Preschool-age children had significantly lower baseline Schistosoma egg counts and more losses to follow-up compared to school-age children. No difference in efficacy was found between preschool- and school-age children using a general linear model of individual-participant ERR with baseline log-transformed egg count as covariate and study, age, and sex as fixed variables, and a mixed model with a random effect on the study. Safety was reported in only four studies (n = 1,128 individuals); few AEs were reported in preschool-age children 4 and 24 hours post-treatment as well as at follow-up. Three severe but not serious AEs were recorded in school-age children during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE There is no indication that single-dose 40 mg/kg oral praziquantel would be less efficacious and less safe in preschool-age children compared to school-age children, with the caveat that only few randomized comparisons exist between the two age groups. Preventive chemotherapy might therefore be extended to preschool-age children, with proper monitoring of its efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero L. Olliaro
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean T. Coulibaly
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Amadou Garba
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christine Halleux
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles H. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eliézer K. N’Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Giovanna Raso
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra U. Scherrer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - José Carlos Sousa-Figueiredo
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Hospital Provincial, Bengo, Angola
| | - Katarina Stete
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michel T. Vaillant
- Centre of Competences for Methodology and Statistics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
- * E-mail:
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Bawm S, Win TZB, Win SY, Htun LL, Nakao R, Katakura K. First detection of Eimeria species in Myanmar domestic goats with both microscopic and molecular methods. Parasite 2020; 27:38. [PMID: 32425155 PMCID: PMC7236540 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is of great economic importance in many farm animals. This study involved analysis of 280 faecal samples collected from 12 traditional goat farms from Nay Pyi Taw area, Myanmar. Faecal samples were examined by the flotation method and concentrated oocysts were identified on the basis of morphological characters. Of 280 faecal samples examined, 168 (60.0%) were positive for Eimeria oocysts. Three different Eimeria species were identified and their positive detection rates in the herd were: E. arloingi (25.4%), followed by E. hirci (20.7%) and E. christenseni (13.9%). Identifications were confirmed by 18S rDNA and COI sequences. 18S rDNA sequences showed 100% homology with, respectively, E. christenseni reported from Australia, E. arloingi reported from Australia and Iran, and E. hirci from Australia. COI sequences of E. christenseni, E. hirci, and E. arloingi, respectively, exhibited 98.9%, 98.4%, and 98.5% similarities with those reported from Australia. This is the first report of Eimeria infection in Myanmar goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saw Bawm
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Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science Yezin 15013 Nay Pyi Taw Myanmar
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Department of International Relations and Information Technology, University of Veterinary Science Yezin 15013 Nay Pyi Taw Myanmar
| | - Tay Zar Bhone Win
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Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science Yezin 15013 Nay Pyi Taw Myanmar
| | - Shwe Yee Win
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Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science Yezin 15013 Nay Pyi Taw Myanmar
| | - Lat Lat Htun
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Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science Yezin 15013 Nay Pyi Taw Myanmar
| | - Ryo Nakao
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Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University 060-0818 Sapporo Japan
| | - Ken Katakura
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Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University 060-0818 Sapporo Japan
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delos Trinos JPC, Sison OT, Anino MRC, Lacuna JDM, Jorge MC, Belizario VY. Identification of suspected paragonimiasis-endemic foci using a questionnaire and detection of Paragonimus ova using the Ziehl-Neelsen technique in Zamboanga Region, the Philippines. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:127-135. [PMID: 32191613 PMCID: PMC7241446 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1741900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving paragonimiasis surveillance, which is crucial for disease control, requires adopting new tools and techniques useful in mapping endemic areas. This study aimed to (1) develop a questionnaire to identify suspected paragonimiasis-endemic foci, (2) describe the epidemiology of paragonimiasis, and (3) evaluate Ziehl-Nielsen Staining technique (ZNS) in detecting Paragonimus ova. The questionnaire, which municipal health officers filled out, was based on proposed site inclusion criteria utilized in the integrated tuberculosis (TB)-paragonimiasis surveillance and control project. Newly deployed medical technologists in Zamboanga Region underwent training, which included laboratory diagnosis of paragonimiasis using preserved and fresh specimens and an integrated tuberculosis-paragonimiasis survey in nine selected barangays (villages). Paragonimiasis cases were found in seven out of the nine barangays identified by the questionnaire. Of the 373 patients, three (0.80%) were TB-positive, and 29 (7.77%) were paragonimiasis-positive. The highest paragonimiasis prevalence (27%) was found in Barangay Libato. Ziehl-Neelsen Staining technique (ZNS) correctly detected 8 out of the 29 samples positive (sensitivity - 27.59%; 95% CI: 12.73-47.24%) and all the 334 samples negative (specificity - 100%; 95% CI: 98.90-100%) for Paragonimus ova. The questionnaire may be improved by refining the inclusion criteria. In paragonimiasis-endemic areas, the ZNS and the NaOH concentration technique may be used for detecting Paragonimus ova. Modifying the ZNS, for instance by including a concentration step, may improve its sensitivity. The model for the integrated capacity building of health workers and surveillance and research demonstrated in this project may contribute to improving surveillance and control of paragonimiasis and other neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Caesar delos Trinos
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health and Neglected Tropical Diseases Study Group, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Olivia T Sison
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria Reiza C Anino
- Department of Health Zamboanga Peninsula Center for Health Development, DOH ZP CHD, Zamboanga City, Philippines
| | - Jana Denise M. Lacuna
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health and Neglected Tropical Diseases Study Group, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Manuel C. Jorge
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Vicente Y. Belizario
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health and Neglected Tropical Diseases Study Group, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascaris lumbricoides is a common infection, and mainly affects children living in low-income areas. Water and sanitation improvement, health education, and drug treatment may help break the cycle of transmission, and effective drugs will reduce morbidity. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of anthelmintic drugs (albendazole, mebendazole, ivermectin) for treating people with Ascaris infection. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Infectious Disease Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, three other databases, and reference lists of included studies, without language restrictions, up to 4 July 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCT) that compared albendazole, mebendazole, and ivermectin in children and adults with confirmed Ascaris infection. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data from the included trials. A third review author checked the quality of data extraction. We used the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' assessment tool to determine the risk of bias in included trials. We used risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to compare dichotomous outcomes in treatment and control groups. We used the fixed-effect model for studies with low heterogeneity and the random-effects model for studies with moderate to high heterogeneity. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We used the control rate average to provide illustrative cure rates in the comparison groups. MAIN RESULTS We included 30 parallel-group RCTs, which enrolled 6442 participants from 17 countries across Africa, Asia, Central America and the Caribbean, and South America. Participants were from 28 days to 82 years of age, recruited from school, communities, and health facilities. Twenty studies were funded or co-funded by manufacturers, while 10 studies were independent of manufacturer funding. Twenty-two trials had a high risk of bias for one or two domains (blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting). Single dose of albendazole (four trials), mebendazole (three trials) or ivermectin (one trial) was compared to placebo. Parasitological cure at 14 to 60 days was high in all the studies (illustrative cure of 93.0% in the anthelmintic group and 16.1% in the placebo group; RR 6.29, 95% CI 3.91 to 10.12; 8 trials, 1578 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Single dose of albendazole is as effective as multiple doses of albendazole (illustrative cure of 93.2% with single dose, 94.3% with multiple doses; RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.05; 3 trials, 307 participants; high-certainty evidence); or as single dose of mebendazole (illustrative cure of 98.0% with albendazole, 96.9% with mebendazole; RR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.02; 6 trials, 2131 participants; high-certainty evidence). Studies did not detect a difference between a single dose of albendazole and a single dose of ivermectin (cure rates of 87.8% with albendazole, 90.2% with ivermectin; RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.08; 3 trials, 519 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Across all the studies, failure after single dose of albendazole ranged from 0.0% to 30.3%, mebendazole from 0.0% to 22.2%, and ivermectin from 0.0% to 21.6%. The egg reduction rate (ERR) measured up to 60 days after the treatment was high in all treated groups, regardless of the anthelmintic used (range 96% to 100%). It was not possible to evaluate parasitological cure by classes of infection intensity. No included trials reported complication or serious adverse events. Other adverse events were apparently similar among the compared anthelmintic groups (moderate- to low-certainty evidence). The most commonly reported other adverse events were nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, headache, and fever. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Single-dose of albendazole, mebendazole, and ivermectin all appeared effective against Ascaris lumbricoides infection, yielding high parasitological cure and large reductions in eggs excreted, with no differences detected between them. The drugs appear to be safe to treat children and adults with confirmed Ascaris infection. There is little to choose between drugs and regimens in terms of cure or adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucieni O Conterno
- State University of Campinas (UNICAMP)Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases DivisionRua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz"CampinasSão PauloBrazil13083‐887
| | - Marilia D Turchi
- Federal University of GoiasDepartment of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public HealthRua Amorinopolis QdR2 Lt13 Residencial GoiasAlphaville FlamboyantGoianiaGoiasBrazil74884‐540
| | - Ione Corrêa
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP ‐ Univ Estadual PaulistaDepartment of NursingDistrito de Rubião Júnior, s/nBotucatuSão PauloBrazil18603‐970
| | - Ricardo Augusto Monteiro de Barros Almeida
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP ‐ Univ Estadual PaulistaDepartment of Tropical Diseases and Imaging DiagnosisAv. Prof. Montenegro, s/nDistrito de Rubiao JrBotucatuSao PauloBrazil18618‐970
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Memon MA, Naqvi MAUH, Xin H, Meng L, Hasan MW, Haseeb M, Lakho SA, Aimulajiang K, Bu Y, Xu L, Song X, Li X, Yan R. Immunomodulatory dynamics of excretory and secretory products on Th9 immune response during Haemonchus contortus infection in goat. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008218. [PMID: 32243446 PMCID: PMC7159227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play critical roles in mediating adaptive immunity to a variety of pathogens. Recently, new subset of CD4+T named as T helper 9 cells that express the prototypical interleukin-9 (IL-9) cytokine have been recognized in human and mice models during different parasitic infections. Haemonchus contortus is a gastrointestinal nematode of small ruminants which cause high mortality in young animals. During infection, Excretory and Secretary Products (ESPs) are released in the host body. No other study has reported yet on immunomodulatory dynamics of H. contortus ESPs on Th9 immune response in vitro or in vivo. In this study, immunomodulatory effects of ESPs (5, 10, 20, 40, 80; μg/mL) incubated with goat PBMCs on Th9 cells, IL-9 immune response and TGF-β/Smad signaling regulator were evaluated in vitro. Moreover, for in vivo study, goats were infected with different doses (P-800, P-2400, and P-8000) of H. contortus infective larva (L3) and immunomodulatory effects on Th9 cells, IL-9 immune response and TGF-β/Smad signaling regulator were evaluated at 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 28 Days Post Infection (DPI). Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the effects on Th9 cells and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate the IL-9 cytokine transcription level. Additionally, fecal egg counting was also performed in parallel to confirm the infection. All goats were dewormed at 29 DPI and all experiments were also performed at 35 DPI, one week post deworming. The finding indicated that 10, 20, 40, 80 μg/mL concentration of ESPs incubated with goat PBMCs showed significant increase in the production of Th9 cells, signature cytokine IL-9 and expression of TGF-β/Smad signaling regulator as compared to control group in vitro.All infected groups showed significant increase in production of Th9 cells and IL-9 cytokine and expression of TGF-β/Smad key genes at 18, 21, and 28 DPI as compared to control group. Likewise, at 14 DPI, P-2400 and P-8000 groups showed significant increase in production of Th9 cells, IL-9 cytokine and expression of TGF-β/Smad key genes. While at 10 DPI, production of Th9 cells and IL-9 was significantly increased in P-2400 & P-8000 groups, and at 7 DPI only P-8000 showed significantly increase in IL-9 production. No immunomodulatory effects were observed at 0 and 3 DPI. Additionally, significant gradually up-regulated key genes expression of TGF-β/Smad signaling regulator in all infected groups confirmed the above results. After deworming, production of Th9 cells, associated immune response and expression of signaling regulator in each group were significantly decreased. Based on this study, it is concluded that Th9 immune response was induced during H. contortus infection in goat by up-regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling key genes. Haemonchus contortus is one of the most pathogenic nematodes of small ruminants in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. This parasite is responsible for anemia, edema, and death in young animal which can lead to billions of economic losses globally. Excretory and secretory products (ESPs) are produced by the parasite to modulate the immune response and to protect both parasite and the host. Th9 cells are a subset of CD4+ T cells producing IL-9 cytokine. Th9 cells were increasingly recognized for being important in immunity to intestinal infection with helminths. In this study, immunomodulatory effects of ESPs on PBMCs derived Th9 cells, IL-9 cytokine and TGF-β/Smad signalling were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Th9 cells production was significantly enhanced on 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, and 28 Days Post Infection (DPI), while no effect was observed at 0 and 3 DPI in vivo. Moreover, the production of IL-9 and TGF-β/Smad Pathway key genes increased gradually from 7 to 28 DPI in vivo. After deworming, production of Th9 cells was gradually decreased in each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Memon
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ali-ul-Husnain Naqvi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Huang Xin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liang Meng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Muhammad Waqqas Hasan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Muhammad Haseeb
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Lakho
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kalilixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yongqian Bu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Cao Y, Yang Y, Duszynski DW, Zhu Y, Shang G, Hou C, Zhang T, Bian J. PREVALENCE AND PARASITE COMPOSITION OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN THE ENDANGERED TIBETAN ANTELOPE ( PANTHOLOPS HODGSONII) FROM THE CALVING GROUND OF HOH XIL NATURE WORLD HERITAGE SITE, QINGHAI, CHINA. J Wildl Dis 2020; 56:372-377. [PMID: 31750770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to provide baseline information on the gastrointestinal parasites of the female Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) on its calving ground at the Zhuonai Lake region, in the Hoh Xil Nature World Heritage site, Qinghai, China. On 3 July 2018, 238 freshly deposited fecal samples were collected from the calving grounds and analyzed by flotation technique to recover eggs, oocysts, and nematode larvae. All fecal samples demonstrated the presence of gastrointestinal parasites: 93% (221/238) had nematodes, 36% (86/238) had cestodes, and 99% (235/238) had coccidian oocysts. For each Tibetan antelope, mean (SD) parasite species richness was 3.4 (1.3). Coinfections with five parasite genera were found in 19% (45/238) of fecal samples. These results showed that prevalence of Trichostrongylus, Marshallagia, and Eimeria infections in these Tibetan antelopes were sufficiently high to suggest long-term monitoring be implemented because the climate there is becoming warmer and moisture is increasing, both presumably due to the influence of global warming which, in turn, may be contributing to increased infection risks with these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuangang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Donald W Duszynski
- Biology Professor Emeritus, 76 Homesteads Rd., Placitas, New Mexico 87043, USA
| | - Yahui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhen Shang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongzuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghui Bian
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
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Huang D, Yu C, Shao Z, Cai M, Li G, Zheng L, Yu Z, Zhang J. Identification and Characterization of Nematicidal Volatile Organic Compounds from Deep-Sea Virgibacillus dokdonensis MCCC 1A00493. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030744. [PMID: 32050419 PMCID: PMC7037310 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematode diseases cause severe yield and economic losses each year in global agricultural production. Virgibacillus dokdonensis MCCC 1A00493, a deep-sea bacterium, shows a significant nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita in vitro. However, information about the active substances of V. dokdonensis MCCC 1A00493 is limited. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from V. dokdonensis MCCC 1A00493 were isolated and analyzed through solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Four VOCs, namely, acetaldehyde, dimethyl disulfide, ethylbenzene, and 2-butanone, were identified, and their nematicidal activities were evaluated. The four VOCs had a variety of active modes on M. incognita juveniles. Acetaldehyde had direct contact killing, fumigation, and attraction activities; dimethyl disulfide had direct contact killing and attraction activities; ethylbenzene had an attraction activity; and 2-butanone had a repellent activity. Only acetaldehyde had a fumigant activity to inhibit egg hatching. Combining this fumigant activity against eggs and juveniles could be an effective strategy to control the different developmental stages of M. incognita. The combination of direct contact and attraction activities could also establish trapping and killing strategies against root-knot nematodes. Considering all nematicidal modes or strategies, we could use V. dokdonensis MCCC 1A00493 to set up an integrated strategy to control root-knot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbe Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.H.); (C.Y.); (M.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Chen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbe Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.H.); (C.Y.); (M.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zongze Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; (Z.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Minmin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbe Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.H.); (C.Y.); (M.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Guangyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; (Z.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Longyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbe Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.H.); (C.Y.); (M.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ziniu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbe Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.H.); (C.Y.); (M.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbe Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.H.); (C.Y.); (M.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-87287701; Fax: +86-27-87287254
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Abstract
Duddingtonia flagrans is a nematode-trapping fungus that has shown promising results as a tool to combat parasitic nematode infections in livestock. The fungus interrupts the parasitic lifecycle by trapping and killing larval stages on pasture to prevent re-infection of animals. One barrier to the fungus' commercial use is scaling up production of the fungus, and specifically of chlamydospores, which survive the digestive tract to grow in fecal pats on pasture, thus have potential as a feed through anthelmintic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dehydration on sporulation of the fungus. Disks of Duddingtonia flagrans type strain (ATCC® 13423™) were grown on 17% cornmeal agar for 26 days at 30 °C, then split into three groups; dried quickly at 38 °C and 37% humidity over 48 h ("incubated"), dried more slowly at 24 °C and 55% humidity over 10 days ("air-dried"), or kept at 30 °C and sealed with parafilm to prevent loss of moisture as a control ("wet"). Half of each dried culture was resuspended in water, then heated to liquify and homogenized through vortexing. Spores were then counted in a Neubauer hematocytometer. Both the "air-dried" and "incubated" drying techniques yielded significantly more spores than the "wet" control (Welch's two sample t test p values of .0359 and .0411, respectively). The difference in average chlamydospores per milliliter was insignificant between the two drying techniques, although a visual representation of the data shows less spore count variability in the "air-dried" technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Blair
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, 034 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Amy Biddle
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, 034 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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Kuśmierek N, Babecka M, Osak O, Popiołek M. Occurrence of geohelminths in the soil of children's playgrounds and green areas in the city of Wrocław, Poland. Ann Parasitol 2020; 66:231-236. [PMID: 32592545 DOI: 10.17420/ap6602.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pets, strays, and wild animals that excrete dispersal forms of parasites into the soil may be a threat in urban areas. The aim of the study was to determine the level of contamination with geohelminth eggs in community playgrounds (fenced and unfenced), playgrounds in city parks, and a transect found along the banks of the River Oder. In 74 out of 424 examined soil samples, the presence of geohelminths was confirmed (Toxocara spp., Ancylostomatidae and Trichuris spp.). The highest prevalence was noted for Toxocara spp. roundworms. Both total and mean number of eggs in the examined samples, as well as the general prevalence, proved to be diversified in almost all types of development that were compared. Areas near the river emerged as places most exposed to the appearance of geohelminth eggs; playgrounds in city parks were less likely sites; community playgrounds in the city centre were the least common places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kuśmierek
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Babecka
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Olga Osak
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Popiołek
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
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Carneiro NFDF, Caldeira AP, Katz N, de Oliveira ÁA, Siqueira LMV, Oliveira E, Silveira MF, Enk MJ, Coelho PMZ. Transmission control of schistosomiasis mansoni in a low endemicity area through a single intervention with rigorous prospection of infected cases treated with praziquantel: evaluation after 7 years of intervention. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2019; 61:e64. [PMID: 31859841 PMCID: PMC6907418 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201961064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A prospective cohort study with rigorous searching for schistosomiasis cases was conducted among residents of Pedra Preta, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, seven years after an intervention. Kato-Katz (KK), Saline Gradient, Miracidia Hatch and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were used as the diagnostic methods in 2008. In the period of 2013-2016, 175 patients remaining in the area were examined using the diagnostic methods Kato-Katz (24 slides, 1 g of feces) and Saline Gradient (2 procedures, 1 g of feces). Sixty-eight out of the 69 infected and treated individuals in 2008 tested negative. The percentage of new cases was 2.29% (4/175), and the 4 infected individuals presented low parasitic load [1, 6, 7 and 19 eggs per gram (EPG)]. All the participants answered epidemiological questionnaires on risky behavior. All residences had pit latrines and domiciliary water supply. The primary transmission focus (lake) was dry for several months. Malacological surveys showed a few non-infected specimens of Biomphalaria glabrata . A clear dominance of Biomphalaria straminea was observed. It can be inferred that a significant decrease in the disease transmission occurred after a single action through an intense search for infected and treated cases under the ecoepidemiological conditions of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naftale Katz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Áureo Almeida de Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Liliane Maria Vidal Siqueira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edward Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Marcos Zech Coelho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ayana M, Cools P, Mekonnen Z, Biruksew A, Dana D, Rashwan N, Prichard R, Vlaminck J, Verweij JJ, Levecke B. Comparison of four DNA extraction and three preservation protocols for the molecular detection and quantification of soil-transmitted helminths in stool. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007778. [PMID: 31658264 PMCID: PMC6837582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A DNA extraction and preservation protocol that yields sufficient and qualitative DNA is pivotal for the success of any nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), but it still poses a challenge for soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), including Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the two hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale). In the present study, we assessed the impact of different DNA extraction and preservativation protocols on STH-specific DNA amplification from stool. Methodology and principal findings In a first experiment, DNA was extracted from 37 stool samples with variable egg counts for T. trichiura and N. americanus applying two commercial kits, both with and without a prior bead beating step. The DNA concentration of T. trichiura and N. americanus was estimated by means of qPCR. The results showed clear differences in DNA concentration across both DNA extraction kits, which varied across both STHs. They also indicated that adding a bead beating step substantially improved DNA recovery, particularly when the FECs were high. In a second experiment, 20 stool samples with variable egg counts for A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and N. americanus were preserved in either 96% ethanol, 5% potassium dichromate or RNAlater and were stored at 4°C for 65, 245 and 425 days. DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit with a bead beating step. Stool samples preserved in ethanol proved to yield higher DNA concentrations as FEC increased, although stool samples appeared to be stable over time in all preservatives. Conclusions The choice of DNA extraction kit significantly affects the outcome of NAATs. Given the clear benefit of bead beating and our validation of ethanol for (long-term) preservation, we recommend that these aspects of the protocol should be adopted by any stool sampling and DNA extraction protocol for downstream NAAT-based detection and quantification of STHs. DNA-based tools are increasingly being used for the diagnosis of intestinal worm infections in both clinical and research laboratories. However, recovering DNA from intestinal worm eggs in stool remains a challenge since this DNA is protected by a very rigid egg shell. Furthermore, stool contains inhibitors that can affect test results and these should be removed during DNA extraction. Prior to DNA extraction, samples are often preserved, but the impact of the type of preservatives and the duration of preservation remains poorly studied. In the present study, we assessed the impact of four DNA extraction and three preservation protocols on the downstream performance of a DNA-based diagnostic tool for intestinal worms. We found significant differences in DNA recovery across the DNA and preservation protocols, but DNA from worm eggs in stool proved to be stable over time in all preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Ayana
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Piet Cools
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Abdissa Biruksew
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Dana
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nour Rashwan
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roger Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johnny Vlaminck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jaco J. Verweij
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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49
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Li XX, Wang P, Li B, Wu Q. [Endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jiangshan City from 2008 to 2018]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2019; 32:103-105. [PMID: 32185939 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2019054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jiangshan City from 2008 to 2018, so as to provide evidence for formulating the future control strategy. METHODS The data regarding Oncomelania snail survey and control, schistosomiasis examinations and environmental improvements were collected in Jiangshan City from 2008 to 2018. The changes in snail status and morbidity due to Schistosoma japonicum infections were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of comprehensive schistosomiasis control. RESULTS From 2008 to 2018, a total of 61 220 person-times were examined for S. japonicum infections in Jiangshan City, and the overall seroprevalence of S. japonicum infections was 0.56% (343/61 220); however, no egg-positives were detected. Among 4 231 cattle screened for S. japonicum infections using blood tests in Jiangshan City during the period from 2008 to 2018, 12 were sero-positive, with sero-prevalence of 0.28% (12/4 231), and no egg-positives were identified. There were 422 snail habitats identified in Jiangshan City during the study period, covering an area of 46.915 hm2, and among the 31 686 snails dissected, no S. japonicum infections were detected. An area of 3 625.492 hm2 snail habitats were subjected to repeated snail control and 11 settings were given environmental improvements, covering snail habitats of 17.880 hm2 and historical snail habitats of 204.380 hm2. CONCLUSIONS Following the implementation of environmental improvements-based comprehensive schistosomiasis control, the endemic situation of schistosomiasis is stable in Jiangshan City; however, there is still a risk of snail importation and re-emerging schistosomiasis. Therefore, the monitoring of snails and morbidity due to S. japonicum infections should be intensified in the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- X X Li
- Jiangshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Province, Jiangshan 324100, China
| | - P Wang
- Jiangshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Province, Jiangshan 324100, China
| | - B Li
- Jiangshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Province, Jiangshan 324100, China
| | - Q Wu
- Jiangshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Province, Jiangshan 324100, China
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Teo SZ, Tuen AA, Madinah A, Aban S, Chong YL. Occurrence of gastrointestinal nematodes in captive nonhuman primates at Matang Wildlife Centre, Sarawak. Trop Biomed 2019; 36:594-603. [PMID: 33597481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes can cause assorted health problems to human and other primates. The status of gastrointestinal nematodes in non-human primates remained less documented in Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal nematodes recovered from the fecal samples of captive non-human primates at the Matang Wildlife Centre (MWC), Sarawak. Fresh fecal samples were collected from 60 non-human primates of six species (i.e. Orangutan, Bornean gibbon, Silvered Leaf monkey, Slow loris, Pig-tailed macaque, and Long-tailed macaque) and processed using simple fecal floatation method and fecal sedimentation method. This study shows high prevalence of nematode infection (>=50%) and co-infection (22 from 45 infected individuals) in all species of captive non-human primates found in MWC, except one individual of young Silvered Leaf monkey was negative for nematode. From these, eight genera of 11 species and one unknown nematode larvae were recovered and among them Oesophagostomum sp., Ascaris sp., and Strongyloides sp. were the most common nematodes infecting the non-human primates. All the Bornean gibbon (n=7) were found to be infected with nematodes. Moreover, Long-tailed macaques at the centre were heavily infected by Ascaris sp. (number of total count, nt = 2132; total mean abundance, MA=113.70). This is the first report of high prevalence nematode infection on multiple species of captive non-human primates in a wildlife centre located in Sarawak. Some of the nematodes are of zoonotic potential. This information is important for health care management, both in-situ and ex-situ conservations of captive and free-ranging nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Z Teo
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - A A Tuen
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - A Madinah
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - S Aban
- Matang Wildlife Centre, Jalan Sungai Rayu, Matang, 93050 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Y L Chong
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong
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