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Mir FH, Tanveer S, Bharti P, Para BA. Anthelmintic Activity of Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Against Ascaridia galli, a Pathogenic Nematode in Poultry: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Acta Parasitol 2024:10.1007/s11686-024-00837-8. [PMID: 38605153 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The growing resistance of helminth parasites to currently available commercial anthelmintic drugs, combined with apprehensions regarding detrimental chemical residues in livestock products, has sparked an interest in exploring medicinal plants as an alternative strategy for treating helminthiasis. As a result, this study was designed to investigate the anthelmintic activity of crude methanolic extracts (CME) of Saussurea costus root on Ascaridia.galli, a pathogenic nematode of poultry. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro, the anthelmintic effect of Saussurea costus root was evaluated in comparison to commercial anthelmintic, levamisole on the adult nematode parasites, A.galli using worm motility inhibition (WMI) test. The CME of S.costus was also evaluated for in vivo anthelmintic activity in chickens experimentally infected with Ascaridia galli. For the in vivo study, one hundred-day-old chickens were orally infected with embryonated eggs of A. galli worms. The efficacy of the plant extract as an anthelmintic was assessed through two tests: faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test and worm count reduction (WCR) test. The study investigated three distinct doses of plant extract under in vivo setup: 500 mg kg-1 body weight (bw), 1000 mg kg-1 bw, and 2000 mg kg-1 bw. RESULTS In vitro, all the tested concentrations of S.costus (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml) showed a significant (P < 0.001) anthelmintic effects on live adult A. galli worms in terms of inhibition of worm motility at different hours post-treatment. At the highest concentration of the extract, we observed worm motility inhibition of 100% at 24 h post-exposure. On day 14 post-treatment, all birds were slaughtered, and adult A. galli worms were subsequently retrieved from their small intestines. Birds treated with CME extract of S. costus root exhibited a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in faecal egg count. However, the administration of the extract at the dosage of 500 mg kg-1bw to the birds did not reveal any significant (P > 0.05) differences in the worm count compared to the negative control group. The CME of S. costus at a dose of 2000 mg kg-1bw showed the highest anthelmintic activity by inducing 83.10% FECR and 76.47% WCR. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the root extract of S. costus has a promising anthelmintic activity on A. galli as demonstrated by the results of the present experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz Hussain Mir
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Syed Tanveer
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Pooja Bharti
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Para
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, India
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Caña-Bozada VH, García-Gasca A, Martínez-Brown JM, Morales-Serna FN. Evaluation of bromocriptine and plumbagin against the monogenean Rhabdosynochus viridisi: Computational drug repositioning and in vitro approaches. Exp Parasitol 2024; 261:108748. [PMID: 38593863 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Monogeneans are parasitic platyhelminths that can harm the health of farmed fish. Few treatments are available against monogeneans, and the incentive to develop new antiparasitic agents is similar or even lower than the incentive for neglected parasitic diseases in humans. Considering that searching for and developing new antimonogenean compounds may require enormous investments of time, money, and animal sacrifice, the use of a computer-guided drug repositioning approach is a reasonable alternative. Under this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of plumbagin and bromocriptine against adults and eggs of the monogenean Rhabdosynochus viridisi (Diplectanidae). Plumbagin is a phytochemical compound that has recently emerged as a potent antimonogenean; however, further investigation is required to determine its effects on different monogenean species. Bromocriptine was selected through a computational approach that included molecular docking analyses of 77 receptors of monogeneans (putative drug targets) and 77 ligands (putative inhibitors). In vitro experiments showed that bromocriptine does not exhibit mortality at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L whereas plumbagin at 2 and 10 mg/L caused 100% monogenean mortality after 3 h and 30 min, respectively. The most effective concentration of plumbagin (10 mg/L) did not completely inhibit egg hatching. These findings underscore plumbagin as a highly effective agent against adult monogeneans and highlight the need for research to evaluate its effect(s) on fish. Although computational drug repositioning is useful for selecting candidates for experimental testing, it does not guarantee success due to the complexity of biological interactions, as observed here with bromocriptine. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the various compounds proposed by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan M Martínez-Brown
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 82112, Mexico
| | - F Neptalí Morales-Serna
- Instituto de Ciencias Del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán, 82040, Sinaloa, Mexico
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Nielsen MK, Finnerty CA, Ripley NE, Page AE, McClendon ME, Adams AA. Ivermectin performance in horses diagnosed with equine endocrine disorders. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110182. [PMID: 38603925 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Anthelmintic performance against equine cyathostomins can be evaluated by two different non-terminal measures; the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and the Egg Reappearance Period (ERP). Most available FECRT and ERP data have been determined in populations of young horses, and very little information is available from mature and senior horses. Furthermore, it is unknown how commonly occurring equine endocrine disorders such as Insulin dysregulation (ID) and Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) may interfere with these measurements, but it has been suggested that horses with these conditions could be more susceptible to parasitic infections. A research population of senior horses and horses with or without PPID, ID, or both were enrolled in this study. All strongylid egg count positive horses were included in an ivermectin (200 μg/kg) efficacy study. These were distributed among the following groups: ID: six, PPID: three, PPID and ID: seven, and healthy controls: three. Strongylid fecal egg counts were determined on the day of ivermectin administration, at two weeks post deworming, and on weekly intervals until eight weeks post treatment. Determination of FECRT and ERP were carried out following World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology guidelines. Results revealed high ivermectin efficacy with mean egg count reduction at 99.7% or above in all groups at two weeks post treatment. Egg reappearance was documented at six and seven weeks in the ID and PPID/ID groups, respectively, whereas the PPID and healthy control groups both had ERP at 8 weeks. Statistical analysis found no significant differences in egg count levels between groups during the study. The expected ERP for ivermectin is 8-10 weeks, meaning that two of the groups displayed shortened ERPs. However, due to the small group sizes, these data should be interpreted with caution. Nonetheless, results do indicate a need for further investigation of the possible influence of endocrine disorders on anthelmintic performance in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Nielsen
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA.
| | - C A Finnerty
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - N E Ripley
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - A E Page
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - M E McClendon
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - A A Adams
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
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Turani O, Castro MJ, Vazzana J, Mendioroz P, Volpe MA, Gerbino DC, Bouzat C. Potent Anthelmintic Activity of Chalcones Synthesized by an Effective Green Approach. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400071. [PMID: 38573571 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
There is currently an urgent need for new anthelmintic agents due to increasing resistance to the limited available drugs. The chalcone scaffold is a privileged structure for developing new drugs and has been shown to exhibit potential antiparasitic properties. We synthesized a series of chalcones via Claisen-Schmidt condensation, introducing a novel recoverable catalyst derived from biochar obtained from the pyrolysis of tree pruning waste. Employing microwave irradiation and a green solvent, this approach demonstrated significantly reduced reaction times and excellent compatibility with various functional groups. The result was the generation of a library of functionalized chalcones, exhibiting exclusive (E)-selectivity and high to excellent yields. The chalcone derivatives were evaluated on the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The chalcone scaffold, along with two derivatives incorporating a methoxy substituent in either ring, caused a concentration-dependent decrease of worm motility, revealing potent anthelmintic activity and spastic paralysis not mediated by the nematode levamisole-sensitive nicotinic receptor. The combination of both methoxy groups in the chalcone scaffold resulted in a less potent compound causing worm hypermotility at the short term, indicating a distinct molecular mechanism. Through the identification of promising drug candidates, this work addresses the demand for new anthelmintic drugs while promoting sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Turani
- National University of the South, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, ARGENTINA
| | - M Julia Castro
- National University of the South, Departamento de Química, ARGENTINA
| | - Juliana Vazzana
- National University of the South, Departamento de Química, ARGENTINA
| | - Pamela Mendioroz
- National University of the South, Departamento de Química, ARGENTINA
| | | | - Darío C Gerbino
- Instituto de Quimica del Sur, Departamento de Química, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000, Argentina, 8000, Bahía Blanca, ARGENTINA
| | - Cecilia Bouzat
- National University of the South, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, ARGENTINA
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Gajera G, Funde S, Palep H, Kothari V. Duration of fermentation affects microbiome composition and biological activity of an Indian traditional formulation - Panchagavya. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2024; 15:100880. [PMID: 38457966 PMCID: PMC10940934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating whether the duration of fermenting Panchagavya (PG) preparation in copper vessel affects its biological activity and microbiome composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prophylactic potential of PG against bacterial infection was assessed through an in vivo assay employing the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host. Bacterial diversity of the PG samples was revealed through metagenomic analysis. RESULTS Duration of fermentation was found to affect biological activity as well as microbiome composition of the PG samples. PG-samples fermented ≥60 min lost their prophylactic potential, and develop anthelmintic activity. Bacterial phyla whose relative abundance was significantly different between the prophylactic and anthelmintic PG samples were Planctomycetota, Proteabacteria, Bacteroidota, Verrucomicrobiota, Patescibacteria, Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes and Campilobacterota. CONCLUSION This study validates the prophylactic potential of Panchagavya against bacterial pathogens, and shows that duration of the fermentation time while preparing PG can have profound effect on its biological activities. Biological activities of PG samples seem to have a correlation with their inherent microbial community. Metagenomic profiling can be an effective tool for standardization of PG formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemini Gajera
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, India
| | - Snehal Funde
- Dr. Palep's Medical Research Foundation, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Vijay Kothari
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, India.
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Deori K, Yadav AK, Soren AD. Anthelmintic efficacy of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus leaf extract on juvenile and adult worms of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:26-32. [PMID: 38440768 PMCID: PMC10908689 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus are used as an anthelmintic remedy by the tribal communities of upper Assam in India. The present study was carried out to validate the anthelmintic credentials of this plant. Mature and larval Hymenolepis diminuta worms were exposed to varying concentration of methanolic leaf extract of plant and parasites were observed for paralysis and mortality. At the end of the experiment, worms were collected and processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study to observe the effect of extract on tegument of parasite. The in vivo study was carried out in H. diminuta-rat model with 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg concentrations of extract. The in vivo anthelmintic efficacy was assessed by reductions in egg per gram (EPG) and worm counts after necropsy of animals. In vitro studies revealed the earliest mortality of larval worms in 1.05 ± 0.04 h by 30 mg/ml concentration and of adult worms in 2.05 ± 0.08 h. SEM study revealed extensive damage to the suckers, body tegument and microtriches of worms treated with 30 mg/ml concentration of extract. In in-vivo studies, 800 mg/kg dose of extract showed highest efficacy, with 59% and 54.25% reduction in EPG counts and worm count against juvenile worms, and 63.16% and 66.75% reduction in EPG counts and worm counts, respectively against adult worms. Although the effects were comparatively less than the reference drug, nevertheless this study reveals that P. thyrsiflorus possess anthelmintic efficacy and justify its use in traditional medicine against intestinal-worm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khirod Deori
- Department of Zoology, Debraj Roy College, Golaghat, Assam 785621 India
| | - Arun K. Yadav
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya 793022 India
| | - Amar Deep Soren
- Department of Zoology, B. Borooah College, Guwahati, Assam 781007 India
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Ali SB, Mohamed AS, Fahmy SR, El–Garhy M, Mousa MR, Abdel-Ghaffar F. Anthelmintic and therapeutic effects of the biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles against acute kidney injury induced by Parascaris equorum Infection in rats. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:14-24. [PMID: 38440749 PMCID: PMC10908720 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Complications of parasite infections, especially kidney disease, have been linked to poorer outcomes. Acute kidney damage, glomerulonephritis, and tubular dysfunction are the most prevalent renal consequences of Parascaris equorum infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacological effects of green-produced zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on P. equorum infection in male Wistar rats. Thirty-six male rats were divided into two groups of 18 each: infected and non-infected. Both groups were separated into three subgroups, each of which received distilled water, 30 mg/kg ZnO NPs, and 60 mg/kg ZnO NPs. After 10 days of ZnO NPs administration, four larvae per gram of kidney tissue were present in the untreated infected group. While, no larvae were present in ZnO NPs (30 mg/kg) treated group, and one larva/g.tissue was present in ZnO NPs (60 mg/kg) treated group compared to untreated infected animals. P. equorum infected rats had increased kidney biomarkers (creatinine, urea, uric acid), malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide, with a significant decrease in their antioxidant systems. On the other hand, infected treated rats with green-produced zinc oxide nanoparticles had a substantial drop in creatinine, urea, uric acid, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide, as well as a significant rise in their antioxidant systems. P. equorum infection in rats caused severe degenerative and necrotic renal tissues. On the other hand, there were no detectable histopathological alterations in rats treated with ZnO NPs (30, 60 mg/kg) as compared to the infected untreated animals. When compared to infected untreated mice, immunohistochemical examination of nuclear factor-kappa B showed a significant decrease during treatment with ZnO NPs (30, 60 mg/kg). Green-produced zinc oxide nanoparticles are a viable therapeutic strategy for Parascaris equorum infection due to their potent anthelmintic activity, including a significant decrease in larval burden in infected treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bayoumi Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Sohair R. Fahmy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal El–Garhy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R. Mousa
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Shepherd F, Houdijk JGM, Chylinski C, Hutchings MR, Kelly RF, Macrae A, Maurer V, Salminen JP, Engström MT, Athanasiadou S. The feeding of heather (Calluna vulgaris) to Teladorsagia circumcincta infected lambs reduces parasitism but can detrimentally impact performance. Vet J 2024; 303:106066. [PMID: 38244671 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections impact small ruminant health, welfare, and production across farming systems. Rising anthelmintic resistance and regulation of synthetic drug use in organic farming is driving research and development of sustainable alternatives for GIN control. One alternative is the feeding of plants that contain secondary metabolites (PSMs) e.g., proanthocyanidins (PA, syn. condensed tannins) that have shown anthelmintic potential. However, PSMs can potentially impair performance, arising from reduced palatability and thus intake, digestibility or even toxicity effects. In this study, we tested the trade-off between the antiparasitic and anti-nutritional effects of heather consumption by lambs. The impact of additional feeding of a nematophagous fungus (Duddingtonia flagrans) on larval development was also explored. Lambs infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta or uninfected controls, were offered ad libitum heather, or a control chopped hay for 22 days during the infection patent period. Eight days into the patent period, parasitised lambs were supplemented (or remained unsupplemented) with D. flagrans for a 5-day period. Performance and infection metrics were recorded, and polyphenol levels in the heather and control hay were measured to investigate their association with activity. The lambs consumed heather at approximately 20% of their dry matter intake, which was sufficient to exhibit significant anthelmintic effects via a reduction in total egg output (P = 0.007), compared to hay-fed lambs; the magnitude of the reduction over time in heather fed lambs was almost 10-fold compared to control lambs. Negative effects on production were shown, as heather-fed lambs weighed 6% less than hay-fed lambs (P < 0.001), even though dry matter intake (DMI) of heather increased over time. D. flagrans supplementation lowered larval recovery in the faeces of infected lambs by 31.8% (P = 0.003), although no interactions between feeding heather and D. flagrans were observed (P = 0.337). There was no significant correlation between PA, or other polyphenol subgroups in the diet and egg output, which suggests that any association between heather feeding and anthelmintic effect is not simply and directly attributable to the measured polyphenols. The level of heather intake in this study showed no antagonistic effects on D. flagrans, demonstrating the methods can be used in combination, but provide no additive effect on overall anthelmintic efficacies. In conclusion, heather feeding can assist to reduce egg outputs in infected sheep, but at 20% of DMI negative effects on lamb performance can be expected which may outweigh any antiparasitic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shepherd
- Scotland's Rural College SRUC, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies R(D)SVS and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - J G M Houdijk
- Scotland's Rural College SRUC, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - C Chylinski
- Scotland's Rural College SRUC, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - M R Hutchings
- Scotland's Rural College SRUC, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - R F Kelly
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies R(D)SVS and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - A Macrae
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies R(D)SVS and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - V Maurer
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, CH-5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - J-P Salminen
- University of Turku, Department of Chemistry (Aurum), Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - M T Engström
- University of Turku, Department of Chemistry (Aurum), Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - S Athanasiadou
- Scotland's Rural College SRUC, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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Chen RP, Soren AD, Yadav AK. Anthelmintic evaluation of three ayurvedic formulations: a transmission electron microscopy study in Raillietina sp. (Cestoda). J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:837-842. [PMID: 38009143 PMCID: PMC10667176 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ayurveda is one of the ancient traditional medicine systems in India. However, several Ayurvedic medicines lack scientific evidence about their efficacy. This study reports the in vitro anthelmintic effects of three common Ayurvedic formulations, Krimimudgar Ras, Kriminol, and Birangasav on a poultry cestode Raillietina sp., using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Adult cestodes were exposed to different concentrations of Ayurvedic formulations and the paralyzed parasites from the highest concentration (50 mg/mL) of Ayurvedic formulations, the reference anthelmintic praziquantel (PZQ) together with control were picked up and processed for TEM. The TEM studies of control cestode parasites revealed a normal arrangement of microthrix layer, basal lamina, longitudinal muscle layer, and a normal nucleus and mitochondria. Importantly, the cestodes that were exposed to 50 mg/mL concentration of Krimimudgar Ras revealed the most prominent ultrastructural alterations in the body of parasites in the form of a disrupted microthrix layer, basal lamina, muscle layer and mitochondria. The nucleus also appeared dense and irregular in shape with scattered chromatin and disrupted nuclear membrane. Kriminol-treated worms revealed considerably less damage, whereas Birangasav-treated worms revealed destructive effects in microthrix layer, nucleus and mitochondria. Through the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that of the three common Ayurvedic formulations studied, Krimimudgar Ras causes maximum degree of internal alterations in cestode parasites and thus may be considered as a good anthelmintic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Parkordor Chen
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 India
| | - Amar Deep Soren
- Department of Zoology, B. Borooah College, Guwahati, 781007 India
| | - Arun K. Yadav
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 India
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Kamal M, Mukherjee S, Joshi B, Sindhu ZUD, Wangchuk P, Haider S, Ahmed N, Talukder MH, Geary TG, Yadav AK. Model nematodes as a practical innovation to promote high throughput screening of natural products for anthelmintics discovery in South Asia: Current challenges, proposed practical and conceptual solutions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 256:111594. [PMID: 37730126 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2023.111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in animals recorded globally, and the threat of resistance in human helminths, the need for novel anthelmintic drugs is greater than ever. Most research aimed at discovering novel anthelmintic leads relies on high throughput screening (HTS) of large libraries of synthetic small molecules in industrial and academic settings in developed countries, even though it is the tropical countries that are most plagued by helminth infections. Tropical countries, however, have the advantage of possessing a rich flora that may yield natural products (NP) with promising anthelmintic activity. Focusing on South Asia, which produces one of the world's highest research outputs in NP and NP-based anthelmintic discovery, we find that limited basic research and funding, a lack of awareness of the utility of model organisms, poor industry-academia partnerships and lack of technological innovations greatly limit anthelmintics research in the region. Here we propose that utilizing model organisms including the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, that can potentially allow rapid target identification of novel anthelmintics, and Oscheius tipulae, a closely related, free-living nematode which is found abundantly in soil in hotter temperatures, could be a much-needed innovation that can enable cost-effective and efficient HTS of NPs for discovering compounds with anthelmintic/antiparasitic potential in South Asia and other tropical regions that historically have devoted limited funding for such research. Additionally, increased collaborations at the national, regional and international level between parasitologists and pharmacologists/ethnobotanists, setting up government-industry-academia partnerships to fund academic research, creating a centralized, regional collection of plant extracts or purified NPs as a dereplication strategy and HTS library, and holding regional C. elegans/O. tipulae-based anthelmintics workshops and conferences to share knowledge and resources regarding model organisms may collectively promote and foster a NP-based anthelmintics landscape in South Asia and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntasir Kamal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol 713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Bishnu Joshi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zia-Ud-Din Sindhu
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Phurpa Wangchuk
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, QLD 4878, Australia
| | | | - Nurnabi Ahmed
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Timothy G Geary
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University-Belfast, Belfast, NI, UK
| | - Arun K Yadav
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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11
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Katiki LM, Giglioti R, Ferreira JFS, Pacheco PA, Barbosa HZ, Rodrigues L, Veríssimo CJ, Braga PAC, Amarante AFT, Louvandini H. Combined effects of Limonene and Ivermectin on P-glycoprotein-9 gene expression of lambs Infected with Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2023; 324:110069. [PMID: 37984155 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Although ivermectin (IVM) has a wide spectrum and long half-life, its frequent use as an anthelmintic for the last 42 years led to its worldwide tolerance by Haemonchus contortus. We evaluated the combination of limonene (LIM), a P-glycoprotein (Pgp) modulator, with IVM in lambs infected with a multidrug-resistant H. contortus. Twenty-four male Dorper lambs were artificially infected with two doses (seven days apart) of 8000 infective larvae of a multidrug-resistant isolate of H. contortus. The infection was patent 25 days later. Fifteen days before treatment with IVM (DAY -15), animals were divided into 4 groups: Infected-untreated control (CTL), IVM, LIM, and LIM+IVM. From DAY -15 to DAY + 14, groups LIM and LIM+IVM received 200 mg/kg of body weight/day of LIM via oral. On DAY 0, a single dose of IVM at 200 µg/kg of body weight was administered orally to groups IVM and LIM+IVM. On DAY + 7 and DAY + 14, fecal egg counts (FEC) were performed and on DAY + 14 animals were euthanized for total worm count (TWC), worm length, fecundity of females, and Pgp-9 gene expression. On DAY + 7, group LIM+IVM had 96.29% efficacy based on Fecal Egg Count Reduction TEST (FECRT) and a highly significant reduction in FEC (P = 0.0005) when compared to CTL. On DAY + 14, the efficacy of LIM+IVM was 82.87% on FECRT, although no differences were found among groups for FEC, TWC, worm length, or Pgp-9 gene expression. Female worms from the CTL group had higher egg counts in their uterus when compared to LIM. No differences were found for hematological or biochemical parameters, body weight, or weight gain among groups. Thus, LIM given daily at 200 mg/kg was safe for animals and, when combined with IVM, decreased egg shedding and could reduce pasture contamination, although it was unable to kill multidrug-resistant H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Katiki
- Instituto de Zootecnia, IZ, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil.
| | - R Giglioti
- Instituto de Zootecnia, IZ, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil
| | - J F S Ferreira
- United States Department of Agriculture, USDA, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - P A Pacheco
- Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - H Z Barbosa
- Instituto de Zootecnia, IZ, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil
| | - L Rodrigues
- Instituto de Zootecnia, IZ, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil
| | | | - P A C Braga
- Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - A F T Amarante
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - H Louvandini
- Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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12
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DeRosa AA, Nadrasik AN, Tena JK. Efficacy in US cattle of a novel fixed-dose combination injectable (0.2 mg/kg doramectin + 6.0 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride) against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infections. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323S:109987. [PMID: 37532652 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Reports of macrocyclic lactone (ML) loss of efficacy suggest ML resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) is a growing problem in the US cattle industry. Empirical and modeling data support combining an ML and second anthelmintic from a different drug class to help ML resistance development while effectively treating existing resistant parasite populations. Here, we present a novel fixed-dose combination injectable (FDCI) solution for cattle that delivers 0.2 mg of doramectin and 6.0 mg of levamisole hydrochloride (HCl) per kg of body weight. Field studies were conducted at six sites across the Midwest United States to investigate the efficacy of a single administration of the FDCI in treating common cattle GINs. Cattle (n = 425) with GIN infections confirmed by fecal egg count (FEC) on Day -10( ± 2) were randomly allocated to the control (saline) or treatment (FDCI) group. On Day 0, pre-treatment fecal samples were collected, and cattle were administered a single subcutaneous injection of saline (n = 106) or FDCI (n = 319). Post-treatment fecal samples were collected on Day 14. Fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRTs) were conducted using Day 0 and Day 14 FECs. Efficacy was evaluated using Day 14 FECs (FDCI-treated versus saline-treated). Within treatment, samples collected on Days 0 and 14 with ≥ 20 eggs per gram (EPG) were cultured for nematode larvae recovery and identification. Day -10 FECs for enrolled animals were similar between treatment groups. Coprocultures from cattle with FEC ≥ 20 EPG (n = 68 saline; n = 211, FDCI) on Day 0 showed the presence of Cooperia punctata, Ostertagia spp., Haemonchus spp., C. oncophora, Oesophagostomum spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. Day 14 FECs for FDCI-treated cattle were significantly reduced (0-3 EPG) compared to saline-treated cattle (0-1252 EPG) (p ≤ 0.0042). At all study sites, the efficacy of the new FDCI was ≥ 99.4% and the FECR was 0.99 or 1.00. Day 14 coprocultures from control cattle showed infections of common GIN genera, confirming the efficacy of the FDCI against GINs in the field. A single administration of the doramectin + levamisole HCl combination injectable effectively treats common and economically important cattle GINs.
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13
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Packianathan R, Hodge A, Wright J, DeRosa AA. Efficacy of a fixed-dose combination injectable (0.2 mg/kg doramectin + 6.0 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride) in New Zealand cattle against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode populations with demonstrated resistance to doramectin. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323S:109998. [PMID: 37537024 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Intensive farming practices and heavy reliance on anthelmintics have contributed significantly to the problem of macrocyclic lactone (ML) resistance in New Zealand. Farmers now have few options for effectively controlling cattle gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) and regularly experience sub-optimal efficacy against economically important species. We present a novel fixed-dose combination injectable (FDCI) that simultaneously delivers 0.2 mg/kg doramectin and 6 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride (HCl) to target a broad spectrum of cattle GINs in a single dose, providing an additional solution to endoparasite control in an environment of anthelmintic resistance. A dose confirmation study was conducted using naturally acquired infections of GINs in beef cattle in New Zealand. Cattle with GIN infections confirmed by fecal egg count (FEC) were randomly allocated (n = 12 per group) to the control (saline-treated), FDCI-treated or doramectin-treated group. On Day 0, cattle were weighed and administered a single subcutaneous injection of saline or endectocide. Rectal fecal samples were collected from each animal on Day 7 for individual duplicate fecal egg count (FEC) analysis, and coprocultures were conducted on pooled fecal samples within each treatment group. All animals were euthanized and necropsied for worm recovery on Days 14 through 16. Treatment efficacy was calculated based on reduction in FECs and worm burdens. All enrolled cattle were positive for GINs based on Day -5 FECs, with geometric mean (GM) FECs ranging from 337 to 521 eggs per gram (EPG). All saline-treated cattle remained positive for GIN infections for the study duration (Day 7 GM FEC = 427 EPG). Necropsy and worm recoveries revealed the presence of doramectin-resistant Cooperia oncophora, C. surnabada and Trichostrongylus longispicularis, as evidenced by ≤ 72.3 % efficacy of doramectin against these species. The new FDCI was ≥ 99.8 % effective against all GIN species, including ML-resistant C. oncophora, C. surnabada and T. longispicularis, providing broad-spectrum efficacy and eliminating economically important cattle GINs, including ML-resistant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Packianathan
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia
| | - Andrew Hodge
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Wright
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia
| | - Andrew A DeRosa
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA.
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14
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Krautmann MJ, Edmonds M, Edmonds J, Van Engen NK, Esch K, Frank RK, Quist E, Tena JK, Saad KM, Cotey N, DeRosa AA. Reproductive and margin of safety of a fixed-dose combination injectable endectocide (0.2 mg/kg doramectin; 6.0 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride) in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323S:110071. [PMID: 37951737 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a fixed-dose combination injectable (FDCI) solution for cattle formulated for a single subcutaneous administration at a dose rate of 1 ml/25 kg of body weight to deliver a dose of 0.2 mg/kg of doramectin and 6.0 mg/kg of levamisole hydrochloride (5.1 mg/kg base equivalent). This drug product is marketed in the United States under the tradename Valcor® and in Australia and New Zealand under the tradename Dectomax V®. Both levamisole and doramectin have histories of safe and effective use in ruminants, with safety margins of 3X and 25X, respectively. Three studies were conducted to demonstrate the safety of the new FDCI: margin of safety (Study 1), and reproductive safety in sexually nulliparous beef heifers (Studies 2 and 3). In Study 1, 3-month-old sexually intact male and female calves were given either saline (control) or 1X, 2X, or 3X FDCI on Days 0, 14, and 28. General health, clinical, and neurological observations were made throughout the study, and clinical and pathology evaluations were made at study end. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated the reproductive safety of the FDCI on sexually nulliparous beef heifers using estrus synchronization and timed artificial insemination. Treatments of either saline (control) or 3X FDCI were administered to coincide with either folliculogenesis, implantation, organogenesis, early gestation, or late gestation. Reproductive safety was demonstrated by evaluating rates of conception, calving, abortion, and stillbirth, dystocia scores, and calf health. In all studies, the FDCI at 1X, 2X, or 3X dosages was well tolerated. In the margin of safety study, 3X calves showed increased incidence of salivation for up to 8 h post-dosing compared to other groups. Injection sites were palpable post-dosing in all three FDCI groups but resolved by Day 28 in all but one animal each in 2X and 3X. In the reproductive safety studies, the FDCI had no effect on conception, pregnancy, fetal development, or postnatal viability. Injection site swelling was increased in frequency and duration compared to controls. The studies demonstrate the safety of the new FDCI in cattle from 3 months of age and in reproducing heifers during all reproductive stages from folliculogenesis through gestation and up to a month post-partum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Krautmann
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Esch
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
| | - Rodney K Frank
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA
| | - Erin Quist
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories Inc, 615 Davis Drive Ste 500, Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - Jezaniah Kira Tena
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA
| | - Kayla M Saad
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA
| | - Noelle Cotey
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA
| | - Andrew A DeRosa
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA
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15
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Packianathan R, Hodge A, Wright J, Pearce M, DeRosa AA. Efficacy of a fixed-dose combination injectable (0.2 mg/kg doramectin + 6.0 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride) in Australian cattle against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infections. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323S:110025. [PMID: 37723000 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Australian producers have long used macrocyclic lactones (MLs) to successfully control cattle gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) and consequently improve production parameters. However, the trajectory of ML resistance development in cattle GINs is following that of small ruminant nematode populations, highlighting a need for novel treatment options to provide efficacy in the current environment and interrupt the long-term establishment of ML-resistant GIN populations in Australian cattle. Here, we describe three field studies conducted in Australia to evaluate the efficacy of a single administration of a novel fixed-dose combination injectable (FDCI) endectocide against naturally acquired infections of cattle GINs. The FDCI is administered subcutaneously to deliver 0.2 mg/kg doramectin and 6 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride (HCl). Study sites consisted of three farms in New South Wales (n = 2) and Victoria (n = 1). At each site, cattle were randomly allocated into one of three treatment groups: (1) untreated control (saline), (2) FDCI (0.2 mg/kg doramectin, 6 mg/kg levamisole HCl) or (3) positive control (0.2 mg/kg ivermectin). All treatments were administered on Day 0. Fecal samples were collected prior to treatment on Days -1 (Study 3) or 0 (Studies 1 and 2) and again on Day 14 (post-treatment) to evaluate efficacy via fecal egg count (FEC) and for coproculture. Adequacy of infection was confirmed at all three study sites, with Day 14 geometric mean (GM) FECs for saline-treated cattle ranging from 32.5 eggs per gram (EPG) to 623.7 EPG. FECs for FDCI-treated cattle were significantly reduced compared to saline-treated cattle (p ≤ 0.0001) on Day 14, with GM-based efficacy ≥ 99.7% at all three study sites. In contrast, ivermectin was 97.4% effective against cattle GINs in Study 1 but was only 47.2% and 39.8% effective at study site 2 and 3, respectively. Genus-specific efficacies suggest the presence of ivermectin-resistant Cooperia spp. (Study 1), Haemonchus spp. (Study 2) and Ostertagia spp. (Study 3) populations in the naturally infected cattle used in these studies. The post-treatment FEC and genus-specific efficacy estimations indicate the doramectin + levamisole HCl FDCI was highly efficacious against cattle GINs even in the face of ivermectin LOE at study sites 2 and 3. The efficacy of the new FDCI against both ML-susceptible and ML-resistant economically important cattle GINs in Australia affirms it is a valuable treatment option for producers operating in an environment of ML loss of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Packianathan
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia
| | - Andrew Hodge
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Wright
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia
| | - Michael Pearce
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia
| | - Andrew A DeRosa
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA.
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16
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Davy JS, Forero LC, Strickler S, Gillespie J, Maier GU. Comparison of deworming strategies for pre-weaned beef calves. Vet Parasitol 2023; 322:110005. [PMID: 37729829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
While anthelmintic treatment in young calves at first vaccination has not proven repeatedly effective in improving weight gain, there is evidence that treatment 90 day prior to weaning can enhance weight gain. This is difficult in most California cow/calf operations as after initial vaccination, calves are not again handled until preconditioning just prior to weaning. In an attempt to increase weight gain without the need for anthelmintic retreatment prior to preconditioning, 130 cow/calf pairs were stratified and assigned to three treatments of eprinomectin extended release injection (150 d efficacy), doramectin conventional injection, and an untreated control. Dams and calves received the same treatment. All treatments were commingled on irrigated pasture in Northern California. Sampling included weight (d 0, 75, and 145), fecal parasite (d 0, 14, 75, and 145), cow body condition score (d 0, 75, and 145), and cow pregnancy detection (days bred). Calf weight gain was not impacted by anthelmintic treatment (P = 0.44). However, cow weight gain was impacted by treatment (P < 0.01), with eprinomectin extended release showing higher weight gain than both doramectin conventional and the control (ADG kg 0.29, 0.23, 0.22, respectively). Cow weight gain differences were expressed greater toward the end of the trial than early on. Fecal egg count sampling failed to explain the difference in cow weight gain. Cow body condition score (P = 0.15) and days bred (P = 0.50) were not significantly affected by treatment. Although cow weight gain increased with an extended release anthelmintic treatment, this effect did not seem to be evident in suckling calves on high quality irrigated pastures in Northern California when compared to a conventional injectable and control treatments. Neither anthelmintic treatment appeared beneficial over a control when administered to suckling calves during initial vaccination at approximately 90 days of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh S Davy
- UC Livestock and Range Advisor Tehama, Glenn, Colusa, 1754 Walnut St, Red Bluff, CA, USA.
| | - Larry C Forero
- UC Livestock and Range Advisor Shasta, Trinity, 1851 Hartnell Avenue, Redding, CA 96002, USA.
| | - Shane Strickler
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 3239 Satellite Blvd NW, Duluth, GA 30096, USA.
| | - Joe Gillespie
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 3239 Satellite Blvd NW, Duluth, GA 30096, USA.
| | - Gabriele U Maier
- School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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17
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Mondal C, Mandal S, Saha S, Ray MS, Lyndem LM. Gallic acid and Catechin induce morphological alterations on the zoonotic parasite Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2287-2299. [PMID: 37507540 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Tapeworm infections cause insidious and irreversible effects in the infected individuals and some of them have already shown resistance to available drugs. A search for alternative treatment is urgently required. Phenolic compounds are amongst the most researched natural substances for their medicinal use. The present study aims to determine anthelmintic efficacy of two polyphenols Gallic acid and Catechin against the zoonotic rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Both compounds are potent anti-oxidants and play major roles in combating pathogens, while their anthelmintic property according to our knowledge is yet to be explored. The parasite model H. diminuta was procured from intestine of infected rats raised in our laboratory. Two sets of parasites were treated in vitro with 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/ml concentrations of each Gallic Acid and Catechin separately, another set of parasites were treated with standard dose of Praziquantel in RPMI 1640, while still another set of worms were kept in RPMI 1640 at 37 ± 10C with 1% Dimethyl sulfoxide as control. Motility and structural alterations were the parameters assessed for anthelmintic efficacy of the compounds. After paralysis the worms were processed for morphological, histological, and ultrastructural study and observed under light and electron microscope. Dose-dependent efficacy was observed in both compounds. Shrinkage of suckers, deformed proglottids and architectural alteration of the tegument were observed throughout the body of treated parasites compared to control. Although in terms of time taken for paralysis and mortality Gallic acid was more effective than Catechin, the degree of morphological aberrations caused were almost similar, except histological alteration was more in Catechin treated worms than in Gallic acid. Nevertheless, both Gallic acid and Catechin are suggested to possess anthelmintic efficacy besides other health benefits but extended studies are required to compare their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrani Mondal
- Department of Zoology, Parasitology Research Laboratory, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Sudeshna Mandal
- Department of Zoology, Parasitology Research Laboratory, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Samiparna Saha
- Department of Zoology, Parasitology Research Laboratory, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Mou Singha Ray
- Department of Zoology, Parasitology Research Laboratory, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Larisha M Lyndem
- Department of Zoology, Parasitology Research Laboratory, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, India.
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18
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Detoni MB, Bortoleti BTDS, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Concato VM, Gonçalves MD, Silva TF, Ortiz LSF, Gomilde AC, Rodrigues ACJ, de Matos RLN, Bracarense APFRL, de Matos AMRN, Simão ANC, Endo TH, Kobayashi RKT, Nakazato G, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Oliveira FJDA, Pavanelli WR, Miranda-Sapla MM. Biogenic silver nanoparticle exhibits schistosomicidal activity in vitro and reduces the parasitic burden in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105145. [PMID: 37120010 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease that affects millions of people, being the second most prevalent parasitic disease worldwide. The current treatment has limited effectiveness, drug-resistant strains, and is not effective in different stages of the disease. This study investigated the antischistosomal activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles (Bio-AgNp) against Schistosoma mansoni. Bio-AgNp presented direct schistosomicidal activity on newly transformed schistosomula causing plasma membrane permeabilization. In S. mansoni adult worms, reduced the viability and affected the motility, increasing oxidative stress parameters, and inducing plasma membrane permeabilization, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, lipid bodies accumulation, and autophagic vacuoles formation. During the experimental schistosomiasis mansoni model, Bio AgNp restored body weight, reduced hepatosplenomegaly, and decrease the number of eggs and worms in feces and liver tissue. The treatment also ameliorates liver damage and reduces macrophage and neutrophil infiltrates. A reduction in count and size was evaluated in the granulomas, as well as a change to an exudative-proliferative phase, with a local increase of IFN-γ. Together our results showed that Bio-AgNp is a promising therapeutic candidate for studies of new therapeutic strategies against schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Barbosa Detoni
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Marcia Concato
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biotransformation and Phytochemistry, Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Taylon Felipe Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luryan Silvério Fidélis Ortiz
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amanda Caroliny Gomilde
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Jacob Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luís Nascimento de Matos
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andréa Name Colado Simão
- Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Department of Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thiago Hideo Endo
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Gerson Nakazato
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, University of Vale Do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Brauner de Mello A, Baccega B, Obelar Martins F, Ignês de Santi I, Islabão YW, de Giacometi M, Pereira Soares M, da Rosa Farias NA, Belmonte Oliveira C. Activity of cumin essential oil to control fascioliasis: Efficacy and changes in the tegument of Fasciola hepatica. Exp Parasitol 2023; 252:108587. [PMID: 37454922 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica, the liver trematode, infects ruminants and causes economic loss. Because parasites are developing resistance to commercial drugs, the negative effects of parasitism are increasing. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) essential oil against F. hepatica eggs and adults. The eggs were incubated with eight concentrations of the essential oil (0.031125-4.15 mg/mL), and viable eggs were counted after 14 days and classified as embryonated or non-embryonated. Adult flukes were incubated in Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium to ensure their viability and then incubated in essential oil. They were observed for 24 h after treatment. The adults were assessed with the two lowest effective oil concentrations used in the ovicidal test. Three controls were used for both tests: nitroxynil, a negative control, and Tween®80. After incubation in oil, the adult specimens were processed for histological analysis and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. In addition, the oil was tested for cytotoxicity using Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells to assess any possible effect on them. The oil was effective in ovicidal and adulticidal inhibition of the trematode, with statistically significant results. All concentrations assessed in the ovicidal test were 100% effective. The adult test was effective within 15 h and inactivated all the specimens at the highest concentration evaluated (0.06225 mg/mL). Histological analysis showed that cumin essential oil resulted in marked areas of vacuolization. The spines showed no structural changes but were surrounded by microvesicles. These findings indicated that cumin oil could be a potential compound in the control of fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Baccega
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Filipe Obelar Martins
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivandra Ignês de Santi
- Center for Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Yan Wahast Islabão
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marjorie de Giacometi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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20
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Gonzaga EA, Taño TV, Gonzaga LJA. In vivo anthelmintic activity of Eleusine indica extracts against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:342-346. [PMID: 37969803 PMCID: PMC10636077 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The study aimed to determine the potential anthelmintic activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Eleusine indica that will result in an effective reduction in fecal egg per gram (EPG) counts in naturally infected goats compared to the commercial anthelmintic levamisole. Materials and Methods The experimental animals were 21 goats naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. The goats were divided into groups that were given a single dose of E. indica extract. Five concentrations of E. indica were tested for anthelmintic activity: 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg extract/kg body weight. Fecal sample collection was done before treatment, during the first treatment, and every week thereafter for 28 days post-treatment (dpt). A modified McMaster technique was used to determine the EPG of feces, and the mean efficacies of the extracts were compared with those of the commercial anthelmintic levamisole. Results As early as 7 dpt, there was an observed reduction in the epg counts after the administration of E. indica extracts across all concentrations. Administering 500 mg of extract/kg body weight resulted in a maximum efficacy of 56.21%. However, the efficacy achieved was lower than that of levamisole (96.83%). Conclusion The results show that the E. indica extract can reduce the fecal EPG counts of naturally infected goats, thus creating a potential natural anthelmintic that can be developed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Amarille Gonzaga
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato, Philippines
| | - Tiffany Velasco Taño
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato, Philippines
| | - Loveille Jun Amarille Gonzaga
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato, Philippines
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21
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Gajera G, Godse C, DeSouza A, Mehta D, Kothari V. Potent anthelmintic activity of a colloidal nano-silver formulation (Silversol ®) against the model worm Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:130. [PMID: 37400872 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the background of a very small number of effective anthelmintics available today with a narrow activity spectrum, and a rise in resistance against them among parasitic helminths, there is an urgent need for discovery of novel broad-spectrum anthelmintics displaying no or minimal toxicity towards the host. Silver being used since centuries for therapeutic purposes and considered safe for human consumption, we investigated anthelmintic activity of a colloidal nanosilver formulation Silversol®. Anthelmintic efficacy of the test formulation was assayed employing the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model worm through a live-dead count. RESULTS Silversol® exerted anthelmintic action superior to one of the positive controls (Benzimidazole), and almost at par to another positive control (Ivermectin). At concentrations ≥ 2 ppm, it could kill all the worms present in the experimental well. Lower concentrations of silver were found to have a cuticle-damaging action on worms. Further investigation is warranted to assess whether Silversol® can exert similar potent activity against different species of parasitic helminths, and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemini Gajera
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, India
| | | | | | | | - Vijay Kothari
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, India.
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22
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Chulkov EG, Palygin O, Yahya NA, Park SK, Marchant JS. Electrophysiological characterization of a schistosome transient receptor potential channel activated by praziquantel. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:415-425. [PMID: 36610556 PMCID: PMC10258134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels have proved to be productive targets for anthelmintic chemotherapy. One example is the recent discovery of a parasitic flatworm ion channel targeted by praziquantel (PZQ), the main clinical therapy used for treatment of schistosomiasis. The ion channel activated by PZQ - a transient receptor potential ion channel of the melastatin subfamily, named TRPMPZQ - is a Ca2+-permeable ion channel expressed in all parasitic flatworms that are PZQ-sensitive. However, little is currently known about the electrophysiological properties of this target that mediates the deleterious action of PZQ on many trematodes and cestodes. Here, we provide a detailed biophysical characterization of the properties of Schistosoma mansoni TRPMPZQ channel (Sm.TRPMPZQ) in response to PZQ. Single channel electrophysiological analysis demonstrated that Sm.TRPMPZQ when activated by PZQ is a non-selective, large conductance, voltage-insensitive cation channel that displays distinct properties from human TRPM paralogs. Sm.TRPMPZQ is Ca2+-permeable but does not require Ca2+ for channel gating in response to PZQ. TRPMPZQ from Schistosoma japonicum (Sj.TRPMPZQ) and Schistosoma haematobium (Sh.TRPMPZQ) displayed similar characteristics. Profiling Sm.TRPMPZQ responsiveness to PZQ has established a biophysical signature for this channel that will aid future investigation of endogenous TRPMPZQ activity, as well as analyses of endogenous and exogenous regulators of this novel, druggable antiparasitic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny G Chulkov
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Nawal A Yahya
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sang-Kyu Park
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jonathan S Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Nielsen MK. Apparent treatment failure of praziquantel and pyrantel pamoate against anoplocephalid tapeworms. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 22:96-101. [PMID: 37354849 PMCID: PMC10331019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Anoplocephalid tapeworms are commonly occurring in grazing horses around the world. Two currently available anthelmintics have documented high efficacy against Anoplocephala perfoliata; praziquantel in various dosages ranging from 1.0 to 2.5 mg/kg and pyrantel pamoate administered at 13.2 mg base/kg. Anthelmintic resistance has not been reported in A. perfoliata, but anecdotal reports made during 2022 have suggested a possible loss of efficacy for both actives. This paper reports fecal egg count data from a Thoroughbred operation in Central Kentucky in 2023. Fifty-six yearlings were first dewormed with a combination of ivermectin (200 μg/kg) and praziquantel (1.5 mg/kg) and subsequently treated with pyrantel pamoate (13.2 mg base/kg). Fecal egg counts were determined at the day of treatment and again 14 days post-treatment. Two groups of mares (n = 39 and 45) were also treated with ivermectin/praziquantel and examined pre- and post-treatment. Low efficacy of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate was demonstrated against strongylid parasites in the yearlings with mean Fecal Egg Count Reductions (FECRs) at 75.6% or below and upper 95% credible interval (CI) limits below 90% in all cases. Overall anti-cestodal FECR levels in the yearlings were 23.5% (95% CI: 11.2-48.0) for praziquantel and 50.9% (20.5-72.0) for pyrantel pamoate. Praziquantel eliminated anoplocephalid eggs from three of 17 yearlings, but another 5 yearlings went from negative to positive status following treatment. Pyrantel pamoate failed to eliminate anoplocephalid eggs from any of 14 treated tapeworm-positive yearlings. Nine of 84 mares tested positive for anoplocephalid eggs, and seven of these were still positive post praziquantel treatment. These findings sharply contrast data from historic field efficacy studies conducted for both actives and raise concern about anthelmintic resistance having possibly developed. This emphasizes the need for developing and refining antemortem methodologies for evaluating anti-cestodal treatment efficacy and for searching for possible alternative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
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de Resende PE, Nisler J, Voller J, Kadlecová A, Gibbons S. Antimicrobial and anthelmintic activities of aryl urea agents. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 33:114-119. [PMID: 36906171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterise compounds with activity against carbapenemase-expressing Gram-negative bacteria and nematodes and evaluate their cytotoxicity to non-cancerous human cells. METHODS The antimicrobial activity and toxicity of a series of phenyl-substituted urea derivatives were evaluated using broth microdilution, chitinase, and resazurin reduction assays. RESULTS The effects of different substitutions present on the nitrogen atoms of the urea backbone were investigated. Several compounds were active against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli control strains. Specifically, derivatives 7b, 11b, and 67d exhibited antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae 16, a carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae species, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 100, 50, and 72 µM (32, 64, and 32 mg/L), respectively. In addition, the MICs obtained against a multidrug-resistant E. coli strain were 100, 50, and 36 µM (32, 16, and 16 mg/L) for the same compounds, respectively. Furthermore, the urea derivatives 18b, 29b, 50c, 51c, 52c, 55c-59c, and 62c were very active towards the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. CONCLUSIONS Testing on non-cancerous human cell lines suggested that some of the compounds have the potential to affect bacteria, especially helminths, with limited cytotoxicity to humans. Given the simplicity of synthesis for this class of compounds and their potency against Gram-negative, carbapenemase-expressing K. pneumoniae, aryl ureas possessing the 3,5-dichloro-phenyl group certainly warrant further investigation to exploit their selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ernesto de Resende
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Jaroslav Nisler
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Voller
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kadlecová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Gibbons
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery (CNPD), School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Parvin S, Dey AR, Shohana NN, Anisuzzaman M, Rony SA, Akter S, Talukder H, Alam MZ. Ex-vivo efficacy of commercially available anthelmintics against blood feeding stomach worm Haemonchus contortus of ruminants. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:250-256. [PMID: 37193493 PMCID: PMC10182220 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is the most prevalent and pathogenic gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in ruminants causing extensive economic losses. It is essential to estimate the efficacy of common commercially available anthelmintics against Haemonchus contortus parasite. Here, we standardized an ex-vivo culture platform for H. contortus and evaluated the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics namely, albendazole (ABZ), levamisole (LVM), ivermectin (IVM), closantel (CLS) and rafoxanide (RFX). Adult worms were collected from abomasa of slaughtered animals, cultured in MEM, DMEM, M199 or RPMI with or without 20% FBS for up to 72 h. Cultured worms were incubated with ABZ, LVM, IVM, RFX or CLS in DMEM supplemented with 20% FBS at different concentrations (0.5-50 µg/ml) in triplicates and examined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h post treatment. Of the culture conditions, DMEM supplemented with 20% FBS supported the survival of H. contortus for (P < 0.001) longer period of time which was used in the evaluation of anthelmintics. The efficacy of CLS and RFX were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than other drugs and 100% mortality was observed at 2 µg/ml of CLS and RFX within 12 h post treatment. However, ABZ, LVM, and IVM showed significant effect at the concentration of 50 µg/ml with 48, 36, and 24 h, respectively. Morphological changes included severe cuticle disruption around the buccal cavity, posterior region and vulva as well as loss of cuticle structure integrity coupled with expulsion and fragmentation of digestive components of parasites when treated with 50 µg/ml of ABZ, LVM, and IVM and 2 µg/ml of RFX and CLS. Collectively, DMEM supplemented with 20% FBS can be used as ex-vivo culture platform for maintenance of H. contortus, and RFX and CLS can be used as the promising drugs for the prevention, control and treatment of H. contortus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanaz Parvin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Anita Rani Dey
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Nowrin Shohana
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Anisuzzaman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Aqter Rony
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Shirin Akter
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Hasanuzzaman Talukder
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Zahangir Alam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
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Stoughton WB, Begin S, Outman S, Stryhn H, Yu J, Conboy G, Nielsen MK. Occurrence and control of equine strongyle nematode infections in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 40:100856. [PMID: 37068859 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Widespread overuse of anthelmintics has produced a growing population of intestinal parasites resistant to control measures. A paradigm shift in equine parasite control is warranted to prevent continued resistance development and maintain equine health. Small strongyles, which are ubiquitous in horses, are currently the most important intestinal parasites of adult horses. Sustainable management programs consider the variation in egg shedding by individual horses, and varied risks associated with age, use, density, climate, and environment. To develop regional recommendations for Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, it is important to first characterize strongyle egg shedding patterns and parasite management practices in use. Study objectives were to conduct a cross-sectional observational survey and risk factor analysis of parasite control programs, strongyle egg shedding and Strongylus vulgaris serology. A total of 339 horses from 40 PEI farms were sampled. Mean farm size was 8 horses and ranged from 2 to 30. Mean horse age was 11.6 years (Std. Dev. =7.2) and ranged from 2 months to 32 years. Mean fecal egg count (FEC) was 322 eggs per gram (EPG) (Std. Dev. =648). On average, 32% (Std. Dev. =16%) of horses shed 80% of strongyle eggs across 32 eligible farms. When considering all horses (n = 313) as one large herd, 18.7% of horses shed 80% of strongyle eggs. Use of FEC was identified in 4.6% of horses at 15% (n = 6) of PEI farms. Reported deworming intervals included 37.4% (n = 123) every 2-3 months and 58% (n = 191) every 3-4 months. Positive S. vulgaris titers were identified in 60% of horses (n = 200). Univariate analysis revealed that months since last deworming, age, and body condition score (BCS) were associated with strongyle shedding. The estimated odds of being in the high FEC category (>500 EPG) was 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.8) times higher when last deworming increased by one month. Under-conditioned (BCS <4.5) horses had 3.6 (95% CI, 1.2-10.6) times odds of being in the higher FEC category than over-conditioned horses. Non-racing horses had 5.4 times odds of having a positive S. vulgaris titer than racehorses. This cross-sectional observational study is the first to report on the occurrence, risk factors and control of equine strongyle nematode infections in PEI, Canada. We conclude that the 80:20 rule can be used to develop control recommendations in PEI. Very few farms in PEI currently use FEC to guide parasite management. These findings provide a basis for future client education and investigations aimed at providing region specific recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Stoughton
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Samantha Begin
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Susan Outman
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Jenny Yu
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Gary Conboy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
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Kuhn Agnes KN, Boeff DD, de Oliveira Carvalho L, Konrath EL. Ethnobotanical knowledge on native Brazilian medicinal plants traditionally used as anthelmintic agents - A review. Exp Parasitol 2023; 249:108531. [PMID: 37044282 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal helminthiasis is a neglected disease that affects a significant portion of the global population, specifically in developing countries, where medicinal plants are widely used for therapeutic purposes. With the purpose to identify the native species used in traditional Brazilian medicine for the management of helminthiasis, ethnopharmacological books edited in Brazil documenting the folk use of medicinal plants were analyzed. The native species cited in at least three studies were selected, and bibliographic research was performed using electronic databases to identify their scientifically validated anthelmintic properties. The search retrieved 133 native species belonging to 88 genera and 43 families from all six Brazilian biomes. Fabaceae (14 Genera and 25 Species) and Asteraceae (7 Genera and 8 Species) were the most frequently cited families. The most reported native species were Baccharis crispa Spreng., Hymenaea courbaril L., Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, Carapa guianensis Aubl., Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl, Annona glabra L., Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne, Spigelia anthelmia L., Simarouba versicolor A.St.-Hil. and Anacardium occidentale L. Bark (19%) and leaves (17%) were the most commonly used plant parts, and decoction (27%) was the most preferred method of preparation. Evidence of the anthelmintic properties of most species was confirmed using in vitro assays for key human and animal parasites, including Haemonchus contortus, Hymenolepis diminuta, Schistosoma mansoni and Trichostrongylus spp. The species S. alata, S. occidentalis, A. occidentale, and S. anthelmia have been the subject of many biological studies, supporting their use as vermicides. The overall results obtained in this review revealed that Brazil is rich in traditional herbal medicines used to manage helminthiasis; however pharmacological investigations are lacking to confirm their therapeutic properties. Thus, this study could serve as a baseline to validate their use and encourage further clinical investigation of their vermifuge potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelin Natalia Kuhn Agnes
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiana Daniele Boeff
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luis Konrath
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Nts'aoana ME, Molapo S, Kompi P, Phalatsi M. Awareness and control measures for gastrointestinal parasites in donkeys in Maseru district, Lesotho. Res Vet Sci 2023; 159:19-25. [PMID: 37062228 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infection is one of the major problems in equines which negatively influence their health. It hinders working performance of equines. This study was conducted to evaluate donkey owners' knowledge and control measures on prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) in three agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Maseru district. A total of 144 donkey owners were selected for individual interviews through a stratified random sampling. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze data. The significance (p <0.05) of different AEZs was tested using a post-hoc cell-wise adjusted standardized residual analysis. Majority of donkey owners were familiar with the GIPs especially nematodes as it seemed to be the most occurring, but there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) across the AEZs. The adult donkeys were mostly susceptible to different GIPs according to respondents and severe infection was experienced in summer and winter. Donkeys were dewormed seasonally using anthelmintics with inappropriate weighing instruments to establish the dosage, however, chi-square test pointed out the significance (p = 0.004) effect between types of medication used across the AEZs. Donkeys were kept in non-roofed stables that were not cleaned regularly hence, these compromised their welfare. However, communal grazing shared by different livestock species was the main source of animal feeding though it was found to be the major source of GIPs. Therefore, there is a need to equip them on the proper skills to improve on their management practices and the behaviour of parasites in different areas. This will help donkey owners adhere to appropriate control and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masara Elizabeth Nts'aoana
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho.
| | - Setsumi Molapo
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho.
| | - Paseka Kompi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho.
| | - Moeketsi Phalatsi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Maseru, lesotho
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Akhter N, Alam M, Amin Khan MR, Sharmin S, Emon NU, Bakar Siddique MA, Hossain KH, Rahman MA. Therapeutic potentials of Adenostemma lavenia (L.) O.Kuntze evidenced into an array of pharmacological effects and ligand-receptor interactions. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15541. [PMID: 37151655 PMCID: PMC10161694 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study constructed the phytochemical profiles of Adenostemma lavenia (L) methanol extract (MEAL) and investigated its anti-nociceptive, anti-diarrheal, antipyretic, thrombolytic and anthelmintic effects. The GC-MS characterized MEAL had undergone an in vivo antipyretic effect assayed on Swiss albino mice adopting the yeast-induced pyrexia model, antinociceptive activity tested following acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced licking paw models, anti-diarrheal effect in castor oil-induced diarrhea, castor oil-induced enteropooling, and charcoal-induced intestinal transit tests, in vitro thrombolytic effect using clot-lysis model and anthelmintic effects assayed on Tubifex tubifex nematode. The MEAL biometabolites and associated proteins of target diseases were interacted with computational analysis. The MEAL showed a significant dose-dependent percentage of inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking displaying inhibition of 80.40% in acetic acid-induced writhing and 36.23% and 58.21% in the second phase of the formalin-induced model. The MEAL inhibition of 34.37%, 35.29%, and 42.95% in castor oil-induced diarrhea, castor oil-induced enteropooling, and charcoal-induced gastrointestinal motility, respectively. The MEAL significantly reduced yeast-induced pyrexia. Its biometabolites showed remarkable (-4.1 kcal/mol to 7.4 kcal/mol) binding affinity with the protein receptors. Caryophyllene and Cyclobarbital yielded the best binding scores in this research. Results suggest that pure compounds-based pharmacological investigations are necessary to affirm the therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Akhter
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Munsur Alam
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ruhul Amin Khan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjida Sharmin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Nazim Uddin Emon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Bakar Siddique
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Helal Hossain
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, 9620 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Md Atiar Rahman
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh.
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Imran IB, Engström MT, Karonen M, Williams AR, Salminen JP. Alkaline oxidization can increase the in vitro antiparasitic activity of proanthocyanidin-rich plant extracts against Ascarissuum. Exp Parasitol 2023; 248:108493. [PMID: 36889503 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a class of plant specialized metabolites with well-documented bioactivities such as antiparasitic effects. However, little is known about how the modification of PAs influences their bioactivity. The objective of this study was to investigate a wide range of PA-containing plant samples to determine if extracts containing PAs modified by oxidation had altered antiparasitic activities, compared to the original extracts that had not been modified in alkaline conditions. We extracted and analyzed samples from 61 proanthocyanidin-rich plants. The extracts were then oxidized under alkaline conditions. We used these non-oxidized and oxidized proanthocyanidin-rich extracts to conduct a detailed analysis of direct antiparasitic effects against the intestinal parasite Ascaris suum in vitro. These tests showed that the proanthocyanidin-rich extracts had antiparasitic activity. Modification of these extracts significantly increased the antiparasitic activity for the majority the extracts, suggesting that the oxidation procedure enhanced the bioactivity of the samples. Some samples that showed no antiparasitic activity before oxidation showed very high activity after the oxidation. High levels of other polyphenols in the extracts, such as flavonoids, was found to be associated with increased antiparasitic activity following oxidation. Thus, our in vitro screening opens up the opportunity for future research to better understand the mechanism of action how alkaline treatment of PA-rich plant extracts increases their biological activity and potential as novel anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Bin Imran
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Marica T Engström
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Maarit Karonen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrew R Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
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Nagi KI, Roy B, Yadav AK. In vitro cestocidal activity of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre, a traditionally used anthelmintic plant in India. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:198-202. [PMID: 36910324 PMCID: PMC9998820 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Persicaria hydropiper is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of helminth infections among the Naga people of India. To verify the traditional claim of the plant, an in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of the methanol extract of P. hydropiper leaves was investigated based on the paralytic and mortality effects on Raillietina echinobothrida, an intestinal cestode parasite of domestic fowl, following exposure to 10, 20 and 30 mg/ml concentrations of extract. The effects of extract were also studied on the body surface of the parasites by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vitro results showed an efficacy that was dose-dependent. At the highest dose (30 mg/ml), mortality of parasites occurred in 4.79 ± 0.17 h, in comparison to control, where the parasites survived till 45.63 ± 0.18 h. The SEM observations of extract-treated parasites revealed notable impairment in scolex, with distorted suckers and eroded spines. Also, the tegument was observed to be shrunken with impaired microtriches. The results indicate that P. hydropiper leaves possess noteworthy anthelmintic efficacy and justify their use in traditional medicine against intestinal worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keleni-i Nagi
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 India
| | - Bishnupada Roy
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 India
| | - Arun K. Yadav
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 India
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Chylinski C, Athanasiadou S, Thüer S, Grovermann C, Moakes S, Hoste H, Petkevicius S, Verwer C, Verkaik J, Werne S. Reducing anthelmintic inputs in organic farming: Are small ruminant farmers integrating alternative strategies to control gastrointestinal nematodes? Vet Parasitol 2023; 315:109864. [PMID: 36638764 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To counter the global spread of anthelmintic resistance (AR), considerable efforts have been invested in the development and dissemination of sustainable alternatives to control gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in small ruminants. The degree to which these have been accepted and integrated by farmers, particularly in organic systems, where the drive to reduce chemical inputs is arguably even more pressing, has been little studied. To identify whether more comprehensive actions are needed to support the uptake of alternative GIN controls amongst organic farmers, this study conducted a survey in five European countries on organic dairy goat and meat sheep farmers to gain insight into current GIN control strategies and farmer attitudes towards AR and alternative measures in these countries. The structured survey was disseminated in the five European countries Switzerland, France, Netherlands, Lithuania and United Kingdom, receiving a total of 425 responses, 106 from organic dairy goat farmers and 319 from organic meat sheep farmers. Regression analyses were carried out to identify factors impacting anthelmintic drenching on meat sheep production systems, whereas all data were analysed descriptively. Four key findings emerged: i) The frequency of anthelmintic treatments averaged less than two per animal a year in all production systems; ii) Overall, organic farmers seemed well informed on the availability of alternative GIN control methods, but fewer stated to put them into practice; iii) Targeted selective treatment (TST) strategies of anthelmintics appears to be not commonly incorporated by organic farmers; iv) Despite operating under national and EU organic regulations, each of the organic dairy goat (Switzerland, France and Netherlands) and meat sheep (Switzerland, Lithuania and United Kingdom) production systems developed distinct approaches for GIN control. To increase uptake of alternatives to GIN control and optimise anthelmintic use, initiatives that promote research dissemination, farmer participatory and knowledge transfer activities at national level would be desirable.
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Rodrigues VD, de Freitas MG, Milan B, Reckziegel GH, Borges DGL, Nakatani MTM, Tutija JF, Borges FDA. Clinical and Parasitological Evaluation of Ivermectin and Ivermectin + Pyrantel Against Oxyuris Equi in Equines. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 121:104201. [PMID: 36574932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The equine pinworm could become an increasingly common problem, as there are reports of failure in the control of this parasite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ivermectin (IVM) and IVM combined with pyrantel pamoate (PYR). Thirteen parasitological positive equines were treated with oral IVM (200 µg/kg) and therapeutic efficacy, clinical recovery and the egg reappearance period (ERP) were evaluated. In cases for which ERP was shorter than the pre-patent period (PPP), a second treatment was performed with IVM (200 µg/kg) + PYR (6.6 mg/kg), followed by the same evaluation criteria described above. Therapeutic efficacy was 100% with IVM + PYR and 53.84% with IVM. The mean ERP was shorter than the PPP with both formulations, 77.55 days with IVM + PYR and 50 days with IVM. The presence of egg mass was always associated with a least one clinical sign. The reduction in the number of clinical signs per animal from Day 0 to Day 30 was greater in equines treated with IVM + PYR compared to those treated with IVM alone. The animals treated with IVM were 4.5-fold more likely to present clinical signs 30 days after treatment than those treated with IVM+PYR. A negative correlation was found between ERP and the number of clinical signs at 30 days in the animals treated with IVM. This clinical and parasitological evaluation demonstrated that the combination of IVM+PYR was more effective than IVM alone to control Oxyuris equi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius D Rodrigues
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FAMEZ), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana G de Freitas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FAMEZ), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruno Milan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FAMEZ), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Guilherme H Reckziegel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FAMEZ), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Dyego G L Borges
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FAMEZ), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Matheus T M Nakatani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FAMEZ), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliane F Tutija
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FAMEZ), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando de A Borges
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FAMEZ), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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Chulkov EG, Isaeva E, Stucky CL, Marchant JS. Use the force, fluke: Ligand-independent gating of Schistosoma mansoni ion channel TRPM PZQ. Int J Parasitol 2023:S0020-7519(22)00185-0. [PMID: 36610555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic flatworm ion channel, TRPMPZQ, is a non-selective cation channel that mediates Ca2+ entry and membrane depolarization when activated by the anthelmintic drug, praziquantel (PZQ). TRPMPZQ is conserved in all platyhelminth genomes scrutinized to date, with the sensitivity of TRPMPZQ in any particular flatworm correlating with the overall sensitivity of the worm to PZQ. Conservation of this channel suggests it plays a role in flatworm physiology, but the nature of the endogenous cues that activate this channel are currently unknown. Here, we demonstrate that TRPMPZQ is activated in a ligand-independent manner by membrane stretch, with the electrophysiological signature of channel opening events being identical whether evoked by negative pressure, or by PZQ. TRPMPZQ is therefore a multimodal ion channel gated by both physical and chemical cues. The mechanosensitivity of TRPMPZQ is one route for endogenous activation of this ion channel that holds relevance for schistosome physiology given the persistent pressures and mechanical cues experienced throughout the parasite life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny G Chulkov
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA
| | - Elena Isaeva
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA
| | - Cheryl L Stucky
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA
| | - Jonathan S Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA.
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Evans MJ, Kaona CL, Barros AK, Burdon Bailey JL, Chikungwa P, Costa-Junior LM, Gamble L, Hopker AM, Kelly RF, Lohr F, Silva R, Sargison ND. Modelling bodyweight to avoid anthelmintic underdosing of goats in resources-limited settings. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:72. [PMID: 36757509 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Improved management of livestock in resource-limited settings can provide a means towards improved human nutrition and livelihoods. However, gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a significant production-limiting factor. Anthelmintics play a role in GIN management; however, few anthelmintic classes are available in many low-middle-income countries. Utilising a limited range of classes may increase selection for anthelmintic resistance; therefore, strategies to reduce other selective pressures are of heightened importance. Avoiding anthelmintic underdosing is one such strategy, but it can be challenging without access to accurate bodyweight measurement. Many previous studies have used thoracic girth as a practical proxy for bodyweight in goats; however, they have rarely considered the potential impact of natural variation on therapeutic doses. Here, the relationship between bodyweight and thoracic girth was modelled using data from 820 goats from three Malawian biomes in two seasons, with the specific aim of avoiding underestimation of bodyweight. The internally cross-validated linear regression (∛Weight ~ 0.053 + 0.040*Girth, R2 = 0.92, rounded up to the nearest 5 kg) was validated against data from an additional 352 Malawian goats (1.4% of goats allocated an underdose and 10.2% allocated a dose > 200% of bodyweight). The equation was further externally validated using an historical dataset of 150 goats from Assam, India (2.7% of goats were allocated to an underdose and 24.8% allocated to a > 200% of bodyweight). These results suggest that a more globally generalisable approach may be feasible, provided the accuracy of the estimate is considered alongside the therapeutic index of the pharmaceutical.
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Sebai E, Abidi A, Benyedem H, Dhibi M, Hammemi I, Akkari H. Phytochemical profile and anthelmintic effects of Laurus nobilis essential oil against the ovine nematode Haemonchus contortus and the murine helminth model Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Vet Parasitol 2022; 312:109835. [PMID: 36306627 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant production in tropical and temperate countries faced substantial anthelmintic resistance due to the intensive use of commercial anthelmintic drugs. Therefore, alternative treatments including natural bioactive compounds with anthelmintic potential have been investigated looking for its successfully use in the parasite control. In the present study, we describe the chemical profile of Laurus nobilis essential oil (EO), the in vitro anthelmintic activity of L. nobilis EO against Haemonchus contortus and its in vivo anthelmintic effect against the murine helminth parasite model Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Chromatographic profile of L. nobilis (EO) extracted from the leaves of L. nobilis have shown the presence of monterpens 1,8-cineol (Eucalyptol) (29.47%), D-Limonène (18.51%) and Linalool (10.84%) in high fractions. The in vitro anthelmintic potential was expressed by an ovicidal effect against H. contortus egg hatching with inhibition value of 1.72 mg/mL and 87.5% of immobility of adult worms after 8 h of exposure to 4 mg/mL of L. nobilis EO. Regarding, the in vivo anthelmintic potential, L. nobilis (EO) at 2400 mg/kg bw completely eliminated the egg output of H. polygyrus after 7 days of oral treatment, together with a 79.2% of reduction in total worm counts. Based on the obtained results, L. nobilis EO showed promising in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic capacities against gastrointestinal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essia Sebai
- Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Manar II Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Amel Abidi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Manar II Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hayet Benyedem
- Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mokhtar Dhibi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Ines Hammemi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Hafidh Akkari
- Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Biswas H, Roy BC, Hasan MM, Ahmed N, Dutta PK, Begum N, Talukder MH. Efficacy of clinically used anthelmintics against toxocariasis of buffalo calves in Bangladesh. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:988-997. [PMID: 36457785 PMCID: PMC9606160 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a paramount parasitic disease having > 50% prevalence among newborn buffalo calves in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of clinically used anthelmintics and their subsequent effect on the haematological parameters and body weight in buffalo calves in commercial buffalo farms in coastal region. Thirty-two buffalo calves below 3 months of age with clinical Toxocara infection had been selected and treated with albendazole (ABZ), levamisole (LVM) and ivermectin (IVM). The EPG counts, hematological parameters and initial body weight of buffalo calves were recorded on the day of anthelmintic treatment (day 0). Fecal samples were collected on day 14 and 28 including hematological parameters and body weight were recorded on day 28 post-treatment. The efficacy (%) of anthelmintics were estimated by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The parameters like Hb, PCV, ESR, TEC, TLC were analyzed from the blood samples. The FECRT revealed 96.83% efficacy for IVM followed by 94.23% and 85.84% for LVM and ABZ, respectively. Anthelmintic treated calves showed significant (p < 0.01) increase in Hb, PCV, TEC and body weight, and decrease in ESR and TLC as a result of worm expulsion from buffalo calves after 28 days of post-treatment. Among the tested anthelmintics, IVM was found to be more effective against toxocariasis in buffalo calves. This is a novel information on anthelmintics efficacy in buffalo calves in Bangladesh. Details study is recommended on the efficacy of anthelmintics in different buffalo management systems by in vitro egg hatch assay (EHA) test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiranmoy Biswas
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Babul Chandra Roy
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | | | - Nurnabi Ahmed
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Pallab Kumar Dutta
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Nurjahan Begum
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
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Sattelle DB. Invertebrate neurones, genomes, phenotypic and target-based screening; their contributions to the search for new chemical leads and new molecular targets for the control of pests, parasites and disease vectors. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 187:105175. [PMID: 36127074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Insect-borne diseases of humans, animals and plants can be devastating. The direct damage to crops by insect and nematode pests can also severely reduce crop yields and threaten harvests. Parasitic nematodes can impair human health and the health of farm livestock. Effective control for all such pests, vectors and pathogens is required as the economic and health burden can be substantial. Insecticides, nematicides and anthelmintics have been at the forefront of control and will remain important in the immediate future, even as we explore new and more sustainable methods to maintain the necessary disease control and the growth in food supply. Many important chemicals deployed for the control of invertebrate disease vectors and pathogens of humans, agricultural crops and farm livestock are active on ion channels, resulting in rapid actions. Understanding their modes of action has been accelerated by studies on the physiology of identifiable invertebrate excitable cells. Nematode and insect genetic model organisms and comparative genomics have contributed to defining the molecular targets of insecticides and anthelmintics, facilitating target-based screening. Automated phenotyping, which allows high-throughput screening of chemical libraries for new and re-purposed compounds, has been increasingly deployed in the search for new molecules of interest. With a growing world population to be fed and a 20-49% loss of global harvest to pests, we need to maintain control of the pests, parasites and pathogens that threaten global food supply and global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sattelle
- Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK.
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Jacob J, Siraj MA, Steel A, Tan G, Jarvi S. Evaluation of the mechanism of action of albendazole on adult rat lungworm (Angiostrongyluscantonensis). Exp Parasitol 2022; 242:108355. [PMID: 35988809 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Albendazole is considered the anthelmintic of choice for the management of rat lungworm disease (neuroangiostrongyliasis), due to its broad spectrum of nematocidal activity and its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Albendazole binds to β-tubulin, preventing its polymerization into microtubules, thereby corrupting the cascade of cell division at metaphase, which ultimately leads to the death of individual cells and eventually the death of the parasite. Inhibition of microtubule formation will also hinder the axoplasmic transport system, affecting the neuronal activities of the parasite. While this mechanism has been explicated in other parasitic and non-parasitic nematodes, it has never been evaluated in Angiostrongylus cantonensis. This study evaluates the antimitotic effects of albendazole sulphoxide (active metabolite) on the microtubules of adult A. cantonensis using the tubulin polymerization assay and measures its effects on worm viability using the colorimetric MTT assay. Three different concentrations of albendazole (62.5 μM, 250 μΜ, and 1 mM) were evaluated. We saw a statistically significant dose-dependent reduction in the band intensity of polymerized tubulins (or microtubules) (P = 0.019), suggesting that albendazole imparts its antimitotic effect in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, our MTT assay showed a dose-dependent decrease in formazan intensity (proportional to cell viability), suggesting that the rate of nematocidal activity of albendazole is also proportional to its concentration. In compiling the results from both these experiments, a correlation between the microtubule assembly and worm viability is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Md Afjalus Siraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Argon Steel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Ghee Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Susan Jarvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, HI, 96720, USA.
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de Godoi SN, Gressler LT, de Matos AFIM, Gündel A, Monteiro SG, Vianna Santos RC, Machado AK, Sagrillo MR, Ourique AF. Eucalyptus oil nanoemulsions against eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Exp Parasitol 2022; 241:108345. [PMID: 35985513 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic and prevalent helminth that causes many deaths in sheep herds. Anthelmintics are usually employed to overcome this issue; however, they do not guarantee immediate and lasting efficacy because of the occurrence of drug-resistant parasites. Among substances that are used in scientific studies for parasitic control, essential oils are known to have different pharmacological properties. However, they demonstrate instability owing to several factors, and therefore, nanoemulsification is considered an alternative to control the instability and degradability of these compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of nanoemulsions containing essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus against the blood of healthy sheep and to verify their activity against the parasite H. contortus in sheep. The results presented adequate nanotechnological characteristics (diameter 72 nm, PDI 0.2, zeta -11 mV, and acidic pH) and adequate morphology. Further, the corona effect and cytotoxic profiles of the free oil and nanoemulsion against blood cells from healthy sheep were evaluated. The tests results did not present a toxicity profile. For evaluating efficacy, we observed an important anthelmintic action of the nanoemulsion containing oil in comparison to the free oil; the results demonstrate a potential role of the nanoemulsion in the inhibition of egg hatchability and the development of larvae L1 to L3 (infective stage). Based on these results, we developed an important and potential anthelmintic alternative for the control of the parasite H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Nunes de Godoi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Nanociências, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Trevisan Gressler
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - André Gündel
- Departamento de Microscopia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvia Gonzalez Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michele Rorato Sagrillo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Nanociências, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Ferreira Ourique
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Nanociências, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Valderas-García E, Häberli C, Álvarez-Bardón M, Escala N, Castilla-Gómez de Agüero V, de la Vega J, Del Olmo E, Balaña-Fouce R, Keiser J, Martínez-Valladares M. Benzimidazole and aminoalcohol derivatives show in vitro anthelmintic activity against Trichuris muris and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:243. [PMID: 35804427 PMCID: PMC9270828 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections by gastrointestinal nematodes cause significant economic losses and disease in both humans and animals worldwide. The discovery of novel anthelmintic drugs is crucial for maintaining control of these parasitic infections. Methods For this purpose, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential anthelmintic activity of three series of compounds against the gastrointestinal nematodes Trichuris muris and Heligmosomoides polygyrus in vitro. The compounds tested were derivatives of benzimidazole, lipidic aminoalcohols and diamines. A primary screening was performed to select those compounds with an ability to inhibit T. muris L1 motility by > 90% at a single concentration of 100 µM; then, their respective IC50 values were calculated. Those compounds with IC50 < 10 µM were also tested against the adult stage of T. muris and H. polygyrus at a single concentration of 10 µM. Results Of the 41 initial compounds screened, only compounds AO14, BZ6 and BZ12 had IC50 values < 10 µM on T. muris L1 assay, showing IC50 values of 3.30, 8.89 and 4.17 µM, respectively. However, only two of them displayed activity against the adult stage of the parasites: BZ12 killed 81% of adults of T. muris (IC50 of 8.1 µM) and 53% of H. polygyrus while BZ6 killed 100% of H. polygyrus adults (IC50 of 5.3 µM) but only 17% of T. muris. Conclusions BZ6 and BZ12 could be considered as a starting point for the synthesis of further structurally related compounds. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora Valderas-García
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, 24346, Grulleros, León, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Cécile Häberli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - María Álvarez-Bardón
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Nerea Escala
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Verónica Castilla-Gómez de Agüero
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, 24346, Grulleros, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 12, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Jennifer de la Vega
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Esther Del Olmo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, 24346, Grulleros, León, Spain. .,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 12, 24071, León, Spain.
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Sebai E, Abidi A, Serairi R, Ghawari B, Dhibi M, Benyedem H, Akkari H. Assessment of anthelmintic potentials of Myrtus communis against Haemonchus contortus and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Exp Parasitol 2022;:108320. [PMID: 35779645 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance in grazing livestock systems has been spreading worldwide in prevalence and severity. Therefore, alternative measures including the use of herbal anthelmintic is considered as one of the successful approaches for the control of anthelmintic resistance. In the present report, we describe the chemical constituents of Myrtus communis essential oil, its in vitro anthelmintic effect against the most pathogenic gastrointestinal parasite of sheep; Haemonchus contortus and its in vivo anthelmintic potential using an in vivo gastrointestinal parasite model of rodents; i.e. Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Chromatographic analyzes of the essential oil (EO) extracted from the leaves of M. communis have shown that this oil was composed mainly of a α-pinene (33.59%), eucalyptol (23.85%) and limonene (14.70%). Regarding the in vitro anthelmintic potential, the ovicidal effect was confirmed in an egg hatch inhibition assay at IC50 = 0.7 mg/mL and with 95.83% of immobility of adult worm's after 8 h of exposure to 2 mg/mL of M. communis EO. The anthelmintic capacity of M. communis EO was also confirmed by in vivo assays conducted against the murine parasite H. polygyrus. In fact, at 1200 mg/kg bw of M. communis EO, a reduction of 99.70% in faecal egg counts was observed after 7 days of oral treatment, together with a 71.12% reduction in total worm counts. Based on the obtained results, M. communis EO showed relevant in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic effects against gastro-intestinal parasites.
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Akande RT, Fouche G, Famuyide IM, Makhubu FN, Nkadimeng SM, Aro AO, Kayoka-Kabongo PN, McGaw LJ. Anthelmintic and antimycobacterial activity of fractions and compounds isolated from Cissampelos mucronata. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 292:115130. [PMID: 35292375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich., a perennial climber belonging to the family Menispermaceae, has been used traditionally to treat parasites and tuberculosis-related symptoms. Co-infection of helminth parasites and tuberculosis-causing pathogens heightens the risk of developing active tuberculosis. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim was to isolate and characterize antimycobacterial compounds from Cissampelos mucronata and to investigate their antibiofilm and anthelmintic efficacy as well as cytotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The acetone extract of C. mucronata leaves and stems was fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography using hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol:chloroform (3:7). Separation of the active ethyl acetate fraction by column and preparative thin layer chromatography led to the isolation and identification of five compounds using NMR and LC-MS, as well as GC-MS for non-polar compounds. The anthelmintic, antimycobacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as cytotoxicity of the fractions and compounds were determined. RESULTS The ethyl acetate fraction had the best antimycobacterial activity (MIC = 0.015-0.08 mg/ml). The fractions were relatively non-toxic to Vero cells (0.03-0.79 mg/ml) and had good anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm effects. Five compounds were identified as stigmasterol, hentriacontane, simiarenol, nonacosene and carbonic acid. Nonacosene had moderate anthelmintic effects but poor antimycobacterial activity (MIC = 0.375 mg/ml). Nonacosene and hentriacontane had good biofilm inhibitory effect (90-100%). CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that C. mucronata is a potential source of promising compounds with a range of useful bioactivities that support its use in traditional medicine. Development of plant-based remedies may assist in reducing the impact of co-infections with helminth parasites and tuberculosis-causing mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Akande
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa; Nuclear Technology Centre, Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission, Sheda, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - G Fouche
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - I M Famuyide
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - F N Makhubu
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - S M Nkadimeng
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - A O Aro
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort, 1710, South Africa.
| | - P N Kayoka-Kabongo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort, 1710, South Africa.
| | - L J McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Nielsen MK, Littman BA, Orzech SW, Ripley NE. Equine strongylids: Ivermectin efficacy and fecal egg shedding patterns. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1691-1697. [PMID: 35384503 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Equine cyathostomins are ubiquitous in grazing horses around the world and a main target in parasite control programs. Anthelmintic resistance has been reported with increasing frequency in these parasites over the past decades, and recent findings of fulminant resistance to the macrocyclic lactone class have raised severe concerns. This study aimed to evaluate ivermectin efficacy in cohorts of yearlings and mares present on four different farms in Central Kentucky. Strongylid egg counts were determined with an automated egg counting system, and the percent fecal egg count reduction (FECR) was calculated using a hierarchical Bayesian analysis. Novel principles were used for classification of groups to either no signs of anthelmintic resistance, evidence of resistance, or inconclusive. Furthermore, an epidemiological analysis was conducted evaluating the possible influence of pregnancy status, time of foaling, and year of arrival on mare strongylid egg shedding levels. A total of 102 yearlings and 247 mares were enrolled in the study. Evidence of ivermectin resistance was documented in one group of yearlings with a mean FECR of 91.2% and a 95% credible interval of 84.0-95.8. The results from one mare group and one additional yearling group were deemed inconclusive, whereas the remaining five groups displayed no evidence of ivermectin resistance. Strongylid shedding in the mares was not positively associated with any of the evaluated factors. This study is the first to demonstrate ivermectin resistance in US bred horses, and the findings emphasize the need for routine monitoring of anthelmintic efficacy on horse farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Nielsen
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Brooke A Littman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sierra W Orzech
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nichol E Ripley
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Nwosu RA, Suleiman MM, Makun HJ, Ameh MP, Shetshak MA, Akefe IO. In vitro anthelmintic activity of Dennettia tripetala G. Baker (Annonaceae) Fruits against Haemonchus contortus. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:220-229. [PMID: 35299909 PMCID: PMC8901835 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminthosis is one of the greatest causes of parasitic disease and loss in animal productivity. As such, the control of helminth parasites is of critical importance. This study was aimed to investigate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of Dennettia tripetala G. Baker (Annonaceae) fruits against Haemonchus contortus. Using in vitro techniques, the anthelmintic activity of extracts and fractions of D. tripetala G. Baker (Annonaceae) was evaluated for ovicidal (Egg hatch inhibition test) and larvicidal (larval mortality test) activity. Besides, the maximum tolerated dose was determined in adult albino rats administered, 300, 400, and 500 mg/kg body weight of the CME fraction, and observed over a period of 48 h for signs of toxicity and mortality. Phytochemical screening uncovered the occurrence of flavonoids, steroids/triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, and alkaloids in the crude methanol extract (CME), the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), and butanol fraction. The maximum tolerated dose of the CME of D. tripetala did not produce observable signs of toxicity or death in all the rats given up to 500 mg/kg. The CME and EAF of D. tripetala fruits produced a significant ( p < 0.05 ) reduction in the hatchability of H. contortus eggs in a concentration-dependent manner, while the CME at concentrations between 12.5 and 100 mg/ml completely inhibited the hatching of H. contortus eggs. Similarly, EAF at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml completely inhibited the hatching of H. contortus eggs. The CME and EAF of D. tripetala fruits produced significant ( p < 0.05 ) larvicidal activity against L3 of H. contortus in a concentration-dependent manner while the CME at concentrations between 6.25 and 100 mg/ml caused larval mortality of H. contortus L3 larvae completely. This study suggests that methanol extract and fractions of D. tripetala fruits possess beneficial anthelmintic (ovicidal and larvicidal) activity against H. contortus, and may be a suitable alternative anthelmintic candidate for the control of nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Nwosu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed M. Suleiman
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Hussaina J. Makun
- Small Ruminant Research Programme, National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Matthew P. Ameh
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Manji A. Shetshak
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Isaac O. Akefe
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
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Campos KFD, Monteiro ALG, Pontarolo DV, Molento MB. Suppressive treatment with monepantel and the fast selection for phenotypically resistant trichostrongylids of sheep. Parasitology 2022:1-5. [PMID: 35241201 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202200018x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasite control has been a major challenge to livestock due to the failure of anthelmintic treatments. Monepantel (MNT) was introduced in 2009 as an alternative treatment option showing a new mechanism of action against nematode parasites. To study the response of MNT in a suppressive regime, 45-Suffolk and White Dorper naturally infected sheep were divided into one of three groups, G1: control – with no treatment, G2: MNT at 2.5 mg kg−1 live weight (LW) PO every 30 days, and G3: MNT at 4.0 mg kgLW−1 PO every 30 days for 6 months. Every 15 days, the animals were individually weighed (body weight, BW) and checked for Famacha (FMC) and body condition score (BCS). The efficacy of MNT was evaluated weekly by fecal egg count (FEC) every month. FEC showed >97% efficacy at the start of the experiment, revealing a significant reduction for G2 (28%) and G3 (39%) in the following months. There was no treatment, BW or BCS effect between treatments; however, there was a period (P < 0.0001) and a treatment vs period interaction (P < 0.0001) for BW. The data revealed that MNT at a therapeutic and suppressive dose had a non-linear polynomial efficacy regression (R2) of 0.988 and 0.992, respectively. This original experiment demonstrates how short-interval and suppressive MNT treatments would rapidly select Haemonchus contortus, showing a fast susceptible-resistance phenotypic population replacement. Therefore, it is suggested that MNT might be carefully used in parasite control programmes alongside other management strategies (i.e. FMC, BCS) to reduce treatment frequency and the selection process for resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Francisca Duarte Campos
- Department of Animal Science, Sheep and Goat Production and Research Center, Federal University of Paraná, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alda Lúcia Gomes Monteiro
- Department of Animal Science, Sheep and Goat Production and Research Center, Federal University of Paraná, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Desiree Vera Pontarolo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Beltrão Molento
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Makhubu FN, Nkadimeng SM, Fouche G, Khosa MC, McGaw LJ. Isolation and characterisation of nematicidal compound, leolorin C, from Leonotis leonurus acetone leaf extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 284:114802. [PMID: 34752900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br. (Lamiaceae) is a perennial shrub native to South Africa used to treat various diseases including digestive tract problems, intestinal worms and constipation. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim was to isolate and characterise nematicidal compounds from leaves of L. leonurus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out using the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. Structural elucidation of the purified compound was carried out using NMR spectroscopic analyses and UPLC-QTOF-MS. The fractions and the isolated compound were tested for nematicidal activity on motility of plant-parasitic Meloidogyne incognita juveniles (J2s) and J2 hatch inhibition. Further screening was done to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fractions against bacterial phytopathogens and cytotoxicity against Vero kidney cells. RESULTS Leoleorin C isolated from L. leonurus had moderate activity against C. elegans juveniles (34%) but was not active against J2 motility and J2 hatch of M. incognita. Thus, activity against the free-living C. elegans did not correspond with efficacy against plant-parasitic nematodes. Leoleorin C was not active against the tested bacterial phytopathogens, but some activity was observed in the bioautography assay against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, the organism causing bacterial canker in tomatoes. The plant extract, fractions and leolorin C were relatively non-toxic to Vero cells with LC50 values greater than 0.01 mg/mL. CONCLUSION The crude extract of L. leonurus and fractions may be useful in developing complementary treatments for controlling nematodes and phytopathogens. This study does not support the use of free-living nematodes as a model to isolate anti-parasitic compounds from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Makhubu
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
| | - S M Nkadimeng
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
| | - G Fouche
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - M C Khosa
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Agricultural Research Council, Mbombela, South Africa.
| | - L J McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
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Higuera-Piedrahita RI, Dolores-Hernández M, de la-Cruz-Cruz HA, Andrade-Montemayor HM, Zamilpa A, López-Arellano R, González-Garduño R, Cuéllar-Ordaz JA, Mendoza-de-Gives P, López-Arellano ME. An Artemisia cina n-hexane extract reduces the Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta fecal egg count in naturally infected periparturient goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:95. [PMID: 35138496 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate an n-hexane extract of Artemisia cina (Acn-h) as a natural anthelmintic treatment for periparturient goats naturally infected with the nematodes Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta. A total of 200 periparturient Alpine and Nubian goats were used. Deworming criteria were based on the following parameters: fecal egg account (epg), ocular mucosa color (OMC), and body condition (BC). A previous analysis using coprocultures of the flock revealed the presence of H. contortus (80%) and T. circumcincta (20%). The Acn-h contained two new compounds identified by mass spectrometry data as isoguaiacin and norisoguaiacin at 284.14 and 315 m/z. The lethal effects of Acn-h at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL on H. contortus adult stages were 31.6, 66.5, 81.3, and 86.9%, respectively (p < 0.05), showing similar efficacy at 2 and 4 mg/mL with albendazole (positive control group). Then, two experimental groups, with 100 goats in peripartum in each, were distributed randomly and treated at day 0 as follows: group 1 = 4 mg/kg of Acn-h as single oral dose, and group 2 = control group, treated with water (as a placebo). The epg, OMC, and BC parameters were recorded at 0 (periparturient period), 7 (birth period), and 23 (postpartum) days and analyzed using a completely randomized design with Duncan's test for comparison of means and analysis of variance. The following epg reductions were recorded in the Acn-h-treated group as follows: 20.1 ± 34.4 and 31.7 ± 38.2% at days 7 and 23 compared to the control group. During the whole experiment, no significant differences in OMC or BC were observed in relation to the control group, excepting at day 23 (p < 0.05) for BC in the group treated with A. cina. Thus, Acn-h can be a useful natural alternative tool for the control of the nematodes H. contortus and T. circumcincta in periparturient goat flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Isabel Higuera-Piedrahita
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, C.P. 54714, Cuautitlán, México
| | - Mariana Dolores-Hernández
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, C.P. 54714, Cuautitlán, México
| | - Héctor Alejandro de la-Cruz-Cruz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, C.P. 54714, Cuautitlán, México
| | - Héctor Mario Andrade-Montemayor
- Granja La Negrita y Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, C.P. 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina #1, Col. Centro, C.P. 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Raquel López-Arellano
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, C.P. 54714, Cuautitlán, México
| | - Roberto González-Garduño
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Unidad Regional Universitaria Sursureste, Km 7.5 Carretera Teapa-Vicente Guerrero, C.P. 86800, Teapa, Tabasco, México
| | - Jorge Alfredo Cuéllar-Ordaz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, C.P. 54714, Cuautitlán, México
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de-Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal E Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas Y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534 Col. Progreso, C.P. 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, México
| | - Ma Eugenia López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal E Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas Y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534 Col. Progreso, C.P. 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, México.
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Wolstenholme AJ, Neveu C. The avermectin/milbemycin receptors of parasitic nematodes. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 181:105010. [PMID: 35082033 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-gated chloride channels are the most important target of ivermectin and related compounds in parasitic nematodes. A small family of genes encode subunits of these channels, allowing the assembly of multiple channel subtypes; the subunit composition of most of the native receptors is unknown. The members of the gene family vary between species, making extrapolation from C. elegans to parasites difficult. Expression of recombinant receptors in Xenopus oocytes can identify subunits that have the ability to co-assemble into novel channels, but localisation data, ideally at the single-cell level, is required to confirm that these subunits are expressed in the same cells and tissues. Fortunately, recent advances in this area are starting to make this information available; this information is adding to our understanding of how the drugs act and of the possible subunit combinations that create their targets in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Wolstenholme
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Cedric Neveu
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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Almeida BH, Medeiros MLS, Bezerra ACDS, Silva MDC. Nematicidal effect of a lectin preparation from Artocarpus heterophyllus (Moraceae) on larvae and adults of Haemonchus contortus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:409-415. [PMID: 35041887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a hematophagous parasite that causes damage to ruminant production worldwide. This study reported the in vitro nematicidal effect of a lectin preparation (LP) isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds on larvae and adults of H. contortus. The protein extraction was in phosphate-buffered saline followed by protein precipitation with ammonium sulfate 70% and dialysis. The dialyzed protein fraction was chromatographed to obtain isolated LP. The LP was characterized by hemagglutinating activity (HA) assays, protein dosage and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The motility index of H. contortus in the third larval stage (unsheathed L3 larvae) and adult stage was evaluated. The HA inhibition of LP by mannose and galactose as well as the electrophoretic profile indicated the presence of the lectins ArtinM and Jacalin. The motility index of H. contortus was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) during the first 8 h of LP exposure, both in larvae (lowest index 8.3% with LP at 1 mg mL-1) and female adults (lowest index 20% with LP at 500 μg mL-1; index 40% with LP at 1 mg mL-1). This research revealed that the LP has potential for being utilized in the development of natural nematicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno H Almeida
- Departamento de Biociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, 59625-900 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Mário L S Medeiros
- Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Rua Atirador Miguel Antônio da Silva Neto, s/n, Aeroporto, 59607-360 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Ana C D S Bezerra
- Departamento de Biociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, 59625-900 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Michele D C Silva
- Departamento de Biociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, 59625-900 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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