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Duan Y, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Wang W, Zhang M, Tian J, Li Q, Ai J, Wang R, Xie Z. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by human adenovirus type 7 L4 100-kilodalton protein. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1294898. [PMID: 38660301 PMCID: PMC11041921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1294898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 7 (HAdV-7) is a significant viral pathogen that causes respiratory infections in children. Currently, there are no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines for children targeting HAdV-7, and the mechanisms of its pathogenesis remain unclear. The NLRP3 inflammasome-driven inflammatory cascade plays a crucial role in the host's antiviral immunity. Our previous study demonstrated that HAdV-7 infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Building upon this finding, our current study has identified the L4 100 kDa protein encoded by HAdV-7 as the primary viral component responsible for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. By utilizing techniques such as co-immunoprecipitation, we have confirmed that the 100 kDa protein interacts with the NLRP3 protein and facilitates the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome by binding specifically to the NACHT and LRR domains of NLRP3. These insights offer a deeper understanding of HAdV-7 pathogenesis and contribute to the development of novel antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Jingmei Group General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Beijing Boai Hospital, School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Ai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li T, Li F, Guo X, Hong C, Yu X, Wu B, Lian S, Song L, Tang J, Wen S, Gao K, Hao M, Cheng W, Su Y, Zhang S, Huang S, Fang M, Wang Y, Ng MH, Chen H, Luo W, Ge S, Zhang J, Xia N, Ji M. Anti-Epstein-Barr Virus BNLF2b for Mass Screening for Nasopharyngeal Cancer. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:808-819. [PMID: 37646678 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2301496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population screening of asymptomatic persons with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA or antibodies has improved the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and survival among affected persons. However, the positive predictive value of current screening strategies is unsatisfactory even in areas where nasopharyngeal carcinoma is endemic. METHODS We designed a peptide library representing highly ranked B-cell epitopes of EBV coding sequences to identify novel serologic biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. After a retrospective case-control study, the performance of the novel biomarker anti-BNLF2b total antibody (P85-Ab) was validated through a large-scale prospective screening program and compared with that of the standard two-antibody-based screening method (EBV nuclear antigen 1 [EBNA1]-IgA and EBV-specific viral capsid antigen [VCA]-IgA). RESULTS P85-Ab was the most promising biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening, with high sensitivity (94.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 86.4 to 97.8) and specificity (99.6%; 95% CI, 97.8 to 99.9) in the retrospective case-control study. Among the 24,852 eligible participants in the prospective cohort, 47 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (38 at an early stage) were identified. P85-Ab showed higher sensitivity than the two-antibody method (97.9% vs. 72.3%; ratio, 1.4 [95% CI, 1.1 to 1.6]), higher specificity (98.3% vs. 97.0%; ratio, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.01 to 1.02]), and a higher positive predictive value (10.0% vs. 4.3%; ratio, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.8 to 2.8]). The combination of P85-Ab and the two-antibody method markedly increased the positive predictive value to 44.6% (95% CI, 33.8 to 55.9), with sensitivity of 70.2% (95% CI, 56.0 to 81.4). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that P85-Ab is a promising novel biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening, with higher sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value than the standard two-antibody method. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04085900.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingdong Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Fugui Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Xiaoyi Guo
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Congming Hong
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Xia Yu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Biaohua Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Shifeng Lian
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Liuwei Song
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Jiabao Tang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Shunhua Wen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Kaimin Gao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Mengling Hao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Weimin Cheng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Yingying Su
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Shiyin Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Shoujie Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Mujin Fang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Yingbin Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Mun-Hon Ng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Honglin Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Wenxin Luo
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Ningshao Xia
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
| | - Mingfang Ji
- From the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University (T.L., X.G., C.H., J.T., M.H., Y.S., S.Z., S.H., M.F., Y.W., M.-H.N., W.L., S.G., J.Z., N.X.), and Xiamen Innodx Biotechnology (L.S., S.W., K.G.), Xiamen, the Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan (F.L., X.Y., B.W., W.C., M.J.), and the State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (H.C.) - all in China; and the Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S.L.)
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3
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Pan F, Gong J, Ma X, Tang X, Xing J, Sheng X, Chi H, Zhan W. Expression characteristics of non-virion protein of Hirame novirhabdovirus and its transfection induced response in hirame natural embryo cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124567. [PMID: 37100320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The non-virion (NV) protein is the signature of genus Novirhabdovirus, which has been of considerable concern due to its potential role in viral pathogenicity. However, its expression characteristics and induced immune response remain limited. In the present work, it was demonstrated that Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV) NV protein was only detected in the viral infected hirame natural embryo (HINAE) cells, but absent in the purified virions. Results showed that the transcription of NV gene could be stably detected in HIRRV-infected HINAE cells at 12 h post infection (hpi) and then reached the peak at 72 hpi. A similar expression trend of NV gene was also found in HIRRV-infected flounders. Subcellular localization analysis further exhibited that HIRRV-NV protein was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. To elucidate the biological function of HIRRV-NV protein, NV eukaryotic plasmid was transfected into HINAE cells for RNA-seq. Compared to empty plasmid group, some key genes in RLR signaling pathway were significantly downregulated in NV-overexpressed HINAE cells, indicating that RLR signaling pathway was inhibited by HIRRV-NV protein. The interferon-associated genes were also significantly suppressed upon transfection of NV gene. This research would improve our understanding of expression characteristics and biological function of NV protein during HIRRV infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghuang Pan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiaojiao Gong
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xinbiao Ma
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
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4
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Li D, Ren J, Zhu G, Wu P, Yang W, Ru Y, Feng T, Liu H, Zhang J, Peng J, Tian H, Liu X, Zheng H. Deletions of MGF110-9L and MGF360-9L from African swine fever virus are highly attenuated in swine and confer protection against homologous challenge. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104767. [PMID: 37142221 PMCID: PMC10236468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever, caused by a large icosahedral DNA virus (African swine fever virus, ASFV), is a highly contagious disease in domestic and feral swine, thus posing a significant economic threat to the global swine industry. Currently, there are no effective vaccines or the available methods to control ASFV infection. Attenuated live viruses with deleted virulence factors are considered to be the most promising vaccine candidates; however, the mechanism by which these attenuated viruses confer protection is unclear. Here, we used the Chinese ASFV CN/GS/2018 as a backbone and used homologous recombination to generate a virus in which MGF110-9L and MGF360-9L, two genes antagonize host innate antiviral immune response, were deleted (ASFV-ΔMGF110/360-9L). This genetically modified virus was highly attenuated in pigs and provided effective protection of pigs against parental ASFV challenge. Importantly, we found ASFV-ΔMGF110/360-9L infection induced higher expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mRNA compared with parental ASFV as determined by RNA-Seq and RT-PCR analysis. Further immunoblotting results showed that parental ASFV and ASFV-ΔMGF110/360-9L infection inhibited Pam3CSK4-triggered activating phosphorylation of proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB subunit p65 and phosphorylation of NF-κB inhibitor IκBα levels, although NF-κB activation was higher in ASFV-ΔMGF110/360-9L-infected cells compared with parental ASFV-infected cells. Additionally, we show overexpression of TLR2 inhibited ASFV replication and the expression of ASFV p72 protein, whereas knockdown of TLR2 had the opposite effect. Our findings suggest that the attenuated virulence of ASFV-ΔMGF110/360-9L might be mediated by increased NF-κB and TLR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Panxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiangling Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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Yang N, Wang Y, Dai P, Li T, Zierhut C, Tan A, Zhang T, Xiang JZ, Ordureau A, Funabiki H, Chen Z, Deng L. Vaccinia E5 is a major inhibitor of the DNA sensor cGAS. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2898. [PMID: 37217469 PMCID: PMC10201048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is critical in host antiviral immunity. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a large cytoplasmic DNA virus that belongs to the poxvirus family. How vaccinia virus antagonizes the cGAS-mediated cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway is not well understood. In this study, we screened 80 vaccinia genes to identify potential viral inhibitors of the cGAS/Stimulator of interferon gene (STING) pathway. We discovered that vaccinia E5 is a virulence factor and a major inhibitor of cGAS. E5 is responsible for abolishing cGAMP production during vaccinia virus (Western Reserve strain) infection of dendritic cells. E5 localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleus of infected cells. Cytosolic E5 triggers ubiquitination of cGAS and proteasome-dependent degradation via interacting with cGAS. Deleting the E5R gene from the Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) genome strongly induces type I IFN production by dendritic cells (DCs) and promotes DC maturation, and thereby improves antigen-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Yi Wang
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Peihong Dai
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tuo Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Christian Zierhut
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Adrian Tan
- Genomic Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Genomic Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jenny Zhaoying Xiang
- Genomic Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Alban Ordureau
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hironori Funabiki
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Liang Deng
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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6
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Zhou Y, Li J, Wu W, Chen Y, Cheng H, Li M, Sun Y, Yang J, Peng D, Xue Q, Ma H. Immunogenicity evaluation of viral peptides via nonspecific interactions between anti-peptide IgYs and non-cognate peptides. Int Immunol 2023; 35:243-253. [PMID: 36591893 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity can be evaluated by detecting antibodies (Abs) induced by an antigen. Presently deployed assays, however, do not consider the negative impacts of Ab poly-specificity, which is well established at the monoclonal antibody level. Here, we studied antibody poly-specificity at the serum level (i.e. nonspecific Ab-probe interactions, NSIs), and ended up establishing a new platform for viral peptide immunogenicity evaluation. We first selected three peptides of high, medium and low immunogenicity, using a 'vaccine serum response rate'-based approach (i.e. the gold standard). These three peptides (Pi) in the bovine serum albumin-Pi form were used to immunize chickens, resulting in longitudinal serum samples for screening with a non-cognate peptide library. The signal intensity of Ab-peptide specific binding and 'NSI count' was used to evaluate the viral peptides' immunogenicity. Only the NSI count agreed with the gold standard. The NSI count also provides more informative data on antibody production than the aggregated signal intensity by whole-protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhou
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jingzhi Li
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wenya Wu
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hu Cheng
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yiyue Sun
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qinghong Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
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7
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Stamos JD, Rahman MA, Gorini G, Silva de Castro I, Becerra-Flores M, Van Wazer DJ, N’Guessan KF, Clark NM, Bissa M, Gutowska A, Mason RD, Kim J, Rao M, Roederer M, Paquin-Proulx D, Evans DT, Cicala C, Arthos J, Kwong PD, Zhou T, Cardozo T, Franchini G. Effect of Passive Administration of Monoclonal Antibodies Recognizing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) V2 in CH59-Like Coil/Helical or β-Sheet Conformations on Time of SIV mac251 Acquisition. J Virol 2023; 97:e0186422. [PMID: 36976017 PMCID: PMC10134845 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01864-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) NCI05 and NCI09, isolated from a vaccinated macaque that was protected from multiple simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenges, both target an overlapping, conformationally dynamic epitope in SIV envelope variable region 2 (V2). Here, we show that NCI05 recognizes a CH59-like coil/helical epitope, whereas NCI09 recognizes a β-hairpin linear epitope. In vitro, NCI05 and, to a lesser extent, NCI09 mediate the killing of SIV-infected cells in a CD4-dependent manner. Compared to NCI05, NCI09 mediates higher titers of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to gp120-coated cells, as well as higher levels of trogocytosis, a monocyte function that contributes to immune evasion. We also found that passive administration of NCI05 or NCI09 to macaques did not affect the risk of SIVmac251 acquisition compared to controls, demonstrating that these anti-V2 antibodies alone are not protective. However, NCI05 but not NCI09 mucosal levels strongly correlated with delayed SIVmac251 acquisition, and functional and structural data suggest that NCI05 targets a transient state of the viral spike apex that is partially opened, compared to its prefusion-closed conformation. IMPORTANCE Studies suggest that the protection against SIV/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) acquisition afforded by the SIV/HIV V1 deletion-containing envelope immunogens, delivered by the DNA/ALVAC vaccine platform, requires multiple innate and adaptive host responses. Anti-inflammatory macrophages and tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC-10), together with CD14+ efferocytes, are consistently found to correlate with a vaccine-induced decrease in the risk of SIV/SHIV acquisition. Similarly, V2-specific antibody responses mediating ADCC, Th1 and Th2 cells expressing no or low levels of CCR5, and envelope-specific NKp44+ cells producing interleukin 17 (IL-17) also are reproducible correlates of decreased risk of virus acquisition. We focused on the function and the antiviral potential of two monoclonal antibodies (NCI05 and NCI09) isolated from vaccinated animals that differ in antiviral function in vitro and recognize V2 in a linear (NCI09) or coil/helical (NCI05) conformation. We demonstrate that NCI05, but not NCI09, delays SIVmac251 acquisition, highlighting the complexity of antibody responses to V2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Stamos
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giacomo Gorini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabela Silva de Castro
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Manuel Becerra-Flores
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - David J. Van Wazer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kombo F. N’Guessan
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Innate Immunology Laboratory, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Natasha M. Clark
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Gutowska
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rosemarie D. Mason
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiae Kim
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Innate Immunology Laboratory, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - David T. Evans
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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8
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Huang Z, Cao H, Zeng F, Lin S, Chen J, Luo Y, You J, Kong C, Mai Z, Deng J, Guo W, Chen X, Wang H, Zhou P, Zhang G, Gong L. African Swine Fever Virus MGF505-7R Interacts with Interferon Regulatory Factor 9 to Evade the Type I Interferon Signaling Pathway and Promote Viral Replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0197722. [PMID: 36815839 PMCID: PMC10062159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01977-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and severe infectious disease caused by the ASF virus (ASFV). The mortality rate of ASF in pigs can reach 100%, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry. Here, we found that ASFV protein MGF505-7R inhibited the beta interferon (IFN-β)-mediated Janus-activated kinase-signal transducer and activation of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling. Our results demonstrate that MGF505-7R inhibited interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3)-mediated IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activity. Importantly, we observed that MGF505-7R inhibits ISGF3 heterotrimer formation by interacting with interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and inhibits the nuclear translocation of ISGF3. Moreover, to demonstrate the role of MGF505-7R in IFN-I signal transduction during ASFV infection, we constructed and evaluated ASFV-ΔMGF505-7R recombinant viruses. ASFV-ΔMGF505-7R restored STAT2 and STAT1 phosphorylation, alleviated the inhibition of ISGF3 nuclear translocation, and showed increased susceptibility to IFN-β, unlike the parental GZ201801 strain. In conclusion, our study shows that ASFV protein MGF505-7R plays a key role in evading IFN-I-mediated innate immunity, revealing a new mode of evasion for ASFV. IMPORTANCE ASF, caused by ASFV, is currently prevalent in Eurasia, with mortality rates reaching 100% in pigs. At present, there are no safe or effective vaccines against ASFV. In this study, we found that the ASFV protein MGF505-7R hinders IFN-β signaling by interacting with IRF9 and inhibiting the formation of ISGF3 heterotrimers. Of note, we demonstrated that MGF505-7R plays a role in the immune evasion of ASFV in infected hosts and that recombinant viruses alleviated the effect on type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling and exhibited increased susceptibility to IFN-β. This study provides a theoretical basis for developing vaccines against ASFV using strains with MGF505-7R gene deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoxuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanliang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Sizhan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyi You
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuiying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanzhuo Mai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiongnan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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9
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Lam AK, Roshan R, Miley W, Labo N, Zhen J, Kurland AP, Cheng C, Huang H, Teng PL, Harelson C, Gong D, Tam YK, Radu CG, Epeldegui M, Johnson JR, Zhou ZH, Whitby D, Wu TT. Immunization of Mice with Virus-Like Vesicles of Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Reveals a Role for Antibodies Targeting ORF4 in Activating Complement-Mediated Neutralization. J Virol 2023; 97:e0160022. [PMID: 36757205 PMCID: PMC9972917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01600-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) can cause severe consequences, such as cancers and lymphoproliferative diseases. Whole inactivated viruses (WIV) with chemically destroyed genetic materials have been used as antigens in several licensed vaccines. During KSHV productive replication, virus-like vesicles (VLVs) that lack capsids and viral genomes are generated along with virions. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of KSHV VLVs produced from a viral mutant that was defective in capsid formation and DNA packaging. Mice immunized with adjuvanted VLVs generated KSHV-specific T cell and antibody responses. Neutralization of KSHV infection by the VLV immune serum was low but was markedly enhanced in the presence of the complement system. Complement-enhanced neutralization and complement deposition on KSHV-infected cells was dependent on antibodies targeting viral open reading frame 4 (ORF4). However, limited complement-mediated enhancement was detected in the sera of a small cohort of KSHV-infected humans which contained few neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, vaccination that induces antibody effector functions can potentially improve infection-induced humoral immunity. Overall, our study highlights a potential benefit of engaging complement-mediated antibody functions in future KSHV vaccine development. IMPORTANCE KSHV is a virus that can lead to cancer after infection. A vaccine that prevents KSHV infection or transmission would be helpful in preventing the development of these cancers. We investigated KSHV VLV as an immunogen for vaccination. We determined that antibodies targeting the viral protein ORF4 induced by VLV immunization could engage the complement system and neutralize viral infection. However, ORF4-specific antibodies were seldom detected in the sera of KSHV-infected humans. Moreover, these human sera did not potently trigger complement-mediated neutralization, indicating an improvement that immunization can confer. Our study suggests a new antibody-mediated mechanism to control KSHV infection and underscores the benefit of activating the complement system in a future KSHV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex K. Lam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Romin Roshan
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James Zhen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew P. Kurland
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Celine Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Haigen Huang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pu-Lin Teng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Claire Harelson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Danyang Gong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ying K. Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caius G. Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Z. Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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Cheng M, Kanyema MM, Sun Y, Zhao W, Lu Y, Wang J, Li X, Shi C, Wang J, Wang N, Yang W, Jiang Y, Huang H, Yang G, Zeng Y, Wang C, Cao X. African Swine Fever Virus L83L Negatively Regulates the cGAS-STING-Mediated IFN-I Pathway by Recruiting Tollip To Promote STING Autophagic Degradation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0192322. [PMID: 36779759 PMCID: PMC9973008 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01923-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating infectious disease of pigs caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which poses a great danger to the global pig industry. Many viral proteins can suppress with interferon signaling to evade the host's innate immune responses. Therefore, the development of an effective vaccine against ASFV has been dampened. Recent studies have suggested that the L83L gene may be integrated into the host genome, weakening the host immune system, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Our study found that L83L negatively regulates the cGAS-STING-mediated type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling pathway. Overexpression of L83L inhibited IFN-β promoter and ISRE activity, and knockdown of L83L induced higher transcriptional levels of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and phosphorylation levels of IRF3 in primary porcine alveolar macrophages. Mechanistically, L83L interacted with cGAS and STING to promote autophagy-lysosomal degradation of STING by recruiting Tollip, thereby blocking the phosphorylation of the downstream signaling molecules TBK1, IRF3, and IκBα and reducing IFN-I production. Altogether, our study reveals a negative regulatory mechanism involving the L83L-cGAS-STING-IFN-I axis and provides insights into an evasion strategy involving autophagy and innate signaling pathways employed by ASFV. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus that primarily infects porcine macrophages. The ASFV genome encodes a large number of immunosuppressive proteins. Current options for the prevention and control of this pathogen remain pretty limited. Our study showed that overexpression of L83L inhibited the cGAS-STING-mediated type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling pathway. In contrast, the knockdown of L83L during ASFV infection enhanced IFN-I production in porcine alveolar macrophages. Additional analysis revealed that L83L protein downregulated IFN-I signaling by recruiting Tollip to promote STING autophagic degradation. Although L83L deletion has been reported to have little effect on viral replication, its immune evade mechanism has not been elucidated. The present study extends our understanding of the functions of ASFV-encoded pL83L and its immune evasion strategy, which may provide a new basis for developing a live attenuated vaccine for ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Makoye Mhozya Kanyema
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiyuan Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunwei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wentao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanlong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guilian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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11
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McGinnes Cullen L, Luo B, Wen Z, Zhang L, Durr E, Morrison TG. The Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) G Protein Enhances the Immune Responses to the RSV F Protein in an Enveloped Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Candidate. J Virol 2023; 97:e0190022. [PMID: 36602367 PMCID: PMC9888267 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01900-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a serious human respiratory pathogen, but no RSV vaccine has been licensed. Many vaccine candidates are focused on the viral F protein since the F protein is more conserved than the viral G protein across RSV strains and serotypes; thus, the F protein is thought more likely to induce a broader range of protection from infection. However, it is the G protein that binds the likely receptor, CX3CR1, in lung ciliated epithelial cells, raising the question of the importance of the G protein in vaccine candidates. Using virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidates, we have directly compared VLPs containing only the prefusion F protein (pre-F), only the G protein, or both glycoproteins. We report that VLPs containing both glycoproteins bind to anti-F-protein-specific monoclonal antibodies differently than do VLPs containing only the prefusion F protein. In RSV-naive cotton rats, VLPs assembled with only the pre-F protein stimulated extremely weak neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers, as did VLPs assembled with G protein. However, VLPs assembled with both glycoproteins stimulated quite robust neutralizing antibody titers, induced improved protection of the animals from RSV challenge compared to pre-F VLPs, and induced significantly higher levels of antibodies specific for F protein antigenic site 0, site III, and the AM14 binding site than did VLPs containing only the pre-F protein. These results indicate that assembly of pre-F protein with G protein in VLPs further stabilized the prefusion conformation or otherwise altered the conformation of the F protein, increasing the induction of protective antibodies. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) results in significant disease in infants, young children, and the elderly. Thus, development of an effective vaccine for these populations is a priority. Most ongoing efforts in RSV vaccine development have focused on the viral fusion (F) protein; however, the importance of the inclusion of G in vaccine candidates is unclear. Here, using virus-like particles (VLPs) assembled with only the F protein, only the G protein, or both glycoproteins, we show that VLPs assembled with both glycoproteins are a far superior vaccine in a cotton rat model compared with VLPs containing only F protein or only G protein. The results show that the presence of G protein in the VLPs influences the conformation of the F protein and the immune responses to F protein, resulting in significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers and better protection from RSV challenge. These results suggest that inclusion of G protein in a vaccine candidate may improve its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori McGinnes Cullen
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bin Luo
- Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhiyun Wen
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lan Zhang
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eberhard Durr
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Trudy G. Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Liberti R, Colabella C, Anzalone L, Severi G, Di Paolo A, Casciari C, Casano AB, Giammarioli M, Cagiola M, Feliziani F, De Giuseppe A. Expression of a recombinant ASFV P30 protein and production of monoclonal antibodies. Open Vet J 2023; 13:358-364. [PMID: 37026062 PMCID: PMC10072831 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:
African Swine Fever (ASF) is an infectious disease that affects domestic pig and wild boar populations. The African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) has a genome characterized by a very complex DNA (170-193 kb) that encodes for more than 200 different proteins. Among these, the highly immunogenic phosphoprotein p30 plays a fundamental role in the induction of specific antibodies. To date, the lack of a vaccine against the disease requires continuous studies to improve knowledge about the virus and the development of new tests in addition to virological ones.
Aim:
The aim of this work was to produce specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the p30 protein of ASFV, which could find useful applications in routine diagnostics and the implementation of new diagnostic tools.
Methods:
ASFV p30 encoding gene was amplified and used for the generation of the recombinant baculovirus by transfection of the Sf21 insect cells. The recombinant protein was analyzed by immunofluorescence assay, purified, and used for mice Balb-c immunization. The hybridomas obtained were cultured and screened, using an indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA), in order to select clones that secrete the mAbs of interest.
Results:
The expression of recombinant p30 protein was assessed using direct Immunofluorescence. The purified p30 protein fractions were analyzed by Coomassie gels staining confirming the presence of bands with a molecular weight of 30 kDa and used for the immunization of Balb-c mice. Six clones of pure hybridomas secreting the specific mAbs against recombinant p30 were obtained and tested in iELISA. The mAbs were also characterized by Western blot and Immunofluorescence assay. The best results were obtained with the anti-p30 mAb 2B8E10 clone which showed high reactivity with both recombinant and viral p30 protein, respectively.
Conclusion:
In this work, a recombinant p30 protein produced in an insect cell system was purified and used to immunize Balb-c mice. Six anti-p30 mAbs-secreting hybridomas clone cells were obtained. These mAbs displayed high reactivity against the recombinant protein, but only 2B8E10 mAb showed excellent functionality against the p30 protein produced by ASFV. These results open the possibility to develop different diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Liberti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Colabella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Anzalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulio Severi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Paolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Casciari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Monica Giammarioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Cagiola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio De Giuseppe
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
- Corresponding Author: Antonio De Giuseppe. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy.
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13
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 wields versatile proteins to foil our immune system's counterattack.
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14
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Lu M, Chamblee M, Zhang Y, Ye C, Dravid P, Park JG, Mahesh KC, Trivedi S, Murthy S, Sharma H, Cassady C, Chaiwatpongsakorn S, Liang X, Yount JS, Boyaka PN, Peeples ME, Martinez-Sobrido L, Kapoor A, Li J. SARS-CoV-2 prefusion spike protein stabilized by six rather than two prolines is more potent for inducing antibodies that neutralize viral variants of concern. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110105119. [PMID: 35994646 PMCID: PMC9436349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the main target for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). The S protein trimer is anchored in the virion membrane in its prefusion (preS) but metastable form. The preS protein has been stabilized by introducing two or six proline substitutions, to generate stabilized, soluble 2P or HexaPro (6P) preS proteins. Currently, it is not known which form is the most immunogenic. Here, we generated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) expressing preS-2P, preS-HexaPro, and native full-length S, and compared their immunogenicity in mice and hamsters. The rVSV-preS-HexaPro produced and secreted significantly more preS protein compared to rVSV-preS-2P. Importantly, rVSV-preS-HexaPro triggered significantly more preS-specific serum IgG antibody than rVSV-preS-2P in both mice and hamsters. Antibodies induced by preS-HexaPro neutralized the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.427, and B.1.617.2 variants approximately two to four times better than those induced by preS-2P. Furthermore, preS-HexaPro induced a more robust Th1-biased cellular immune response than preS-2P. A single dose (104 pfu) immunization with rVSV-preS-HexaPro and rVSV-preS-2P provided complete protection against challenge with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 and B.1.617.2 variant, whereas rVSV-S only conferred partial protection. When the immunization dose was lowered to 103 pfu, rVSV-preS-HexaPro induced two- to sixfold higher antibody responses than rVSV-preS-2P in hamsters. In addition, rVSV-preS-HexaPro conferred 70% protection against lung infection whereas only 30% protection was observed in the rVSV-preS-2P. Collectively, our data demonstrate that both preS-2P and preS-HexaPro are highly efficacious but preS-HexaPro is more immunogenic and protective, highlighting the advantages of using preS-HexaPro in the next generation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Michelle Chamblee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Yuexiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227
| | - Piyush Dravid
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227
| | - KC Mahesh
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Sheetal Trivedi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Satyapramod Murthy
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Cole Cassady
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Supranee Chaiwatpongsakorn
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
| | - Xueya Liang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | | | - Amit Kapoor
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
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15
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Kong Z, Yin H, Wang F, Liu Z, Luan X, Sun L, Liu W, Shang Y. Pseudorabies virus tegument protein UL13 recruits RNF5 to inhibit STING-mediated antiviral immunity. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010544. [PMID: 35584187 PMCID: PMC9154183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has evolved various immune evasion mechanisms that target host antiviral immune responses. However, it is unclear whether and how PRV encoded proteins modulate the cGAS-STING axis for immune evasion. Here, we show that PRV tegument protein UL13 inhibits STING-mediated antiviral signaling via regulation of STING stability. Mechanistically, UL13 interacts with the CDN domain of STING and recruits the E3 ligase RING-finger protein 5 (RNF5) to promote K27-/K29-linked ubiquitination and degradation of STING. Consequently, deficiency of RNF5 enhances host antiviral immune responses triggered by PRV infection. In addition, mutant PRV lacking UL13 impaired in antagonism of STING-mediated production of type I IFNs and shows attenuated pathogenicity in mice. Our findings suggest that PRV UL13 functions as an antagonist of IFN signaling via a novel mechanism by targeting STING to persistently evade host antiviral responses. Induction of type I interferons mediated by cGAS-STING axis is critical for host against DNA virus infection whereas herpesviruses employ multiple strategies to antagonize this signaling pathway for immune evasion. Herein, our findings provide strong evidence that PRV tegument protein UL13 functions as a suppressor of STING-mediated antiviral response via recruitment of E3 ligase RNF5 to induce K27-/K29-linked ubiquitination and degradation of STING. Therefore, our study reveals a novel evasion strategy of PRV against host defense and suggests UL13 could be a promising target for development of gene-deleted vaccine for pseudorabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Kong
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyan Yin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohan Luan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingli Shang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Institute of Immunology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Service RF. Software-designed miniproteins could create new class of drugs. Science 2022; 376:17. [PMID: 35357932 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Small versions of antibodies bind to virtually any target protein.
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17
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Gong L, Ou X, Hu L, Zhong J, Li J, Deng S, Li B, Pan L, Wang L, Hong X, Luo W, Zeng Q, Zan J, Peng T, Cai M, Li M. The Molecular Mechanism of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 UL31 in Antagonizing the Activity of IFN-β. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0188321. [PMID: 35196784 PMCID: PMC8865407 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01883-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection triggers intricate signal cascade reactions to activate the host innate immunity, which leads to the production of type I interferon (IFN-I). Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a human-restricted pathogen, is capable of encoding over 80 viral proteins, and several of them are involved in immune evasion to resist the host antiviral response through the IFN-I signaling pathway. Here, we determined that HSV-1 UL31, which is associated with nuclear matrix and is essential for the formation of viral nuclear egress complex, could inhibit retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor pathway-mediated interferon beta (IFN-β)-luciferase (Luc) and (PRDIII-I)4-Luc (an expression plasmid of IFN-β positive regulatory elements III and I) promoter activation, as well as the mRNA transcription of IFN-β and downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as ISG15, ISG54, ISG56, etc., to promote viral infection. UL31 was shown to restrain IFN-β activation at the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)/IRF7 level. Mechanically, UL31 was demonstrated to interact with TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), inducible IκB kinase (IKKi), and IRF3 to impede the formation of the IKKi-IRF3 complex but not the formation of the IRF7-related complex. UL31 could constrain the dimerization and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Although UL31 was associated with the CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300 coactivators, it could not efficiently hamper the formation of the CBP/p300-IRF3 complex. In addition, UL31 could facilitate the degradation of IKKi and IRF3 by mediating their K48-linked polyubiquitination. Taken together, these results illustrated that UL31 was able to suppress IFN-β activity by inhibiting the activation of IKKi and IRF3, which may contribute to the knowledge of a new immune evasion mechanism during HSV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against the invasion of pathogens. Among its mechanisms, IFN-I is an essential cytokine in the antiviral response, which can help the host eliminate a virus. HSV-1 is a double-stranded DNA virus that can cause herpes and establish a lifelong latent infection, due to its possession of multiple mechanisms to escape host innate immunity. In this study, we illustrate for the first time that the HSV-1-encoded UL31 protein has a negative regulatory effect on IFN-β production by blocking the dimerization and nuclear translocation of IRF3, as well as promoting the K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of both IKKi and IRF3. This study may be helpful for fully understanding the pathogenesis of HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowen Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Jinming Yu Academician Workstation of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Shenyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingxia Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuejun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiyuan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Zan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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18
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Xie Q, Wang W, Kan Q, Mu Y, Zhang W, Chen J, Li L, Fu H, Li T, Wan Z, Gao W, Shao H, Qin A, Ye J. FAdV-4 without Fiber-2 Is a Highly Attenuated and Protective Vaccine Candidate. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0143621. [PMID: 35107364 PMCID: PMC8809343 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01436-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) caused by the highly pathogenic fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) has resulted in huge economic losses to the poultry industry globally. The fiber-2 gene, as a major virulence determiner, is also an important vaccine target against FAdV-4. In this study, we used a CRISPR/Cas9-based homology-dependent recombinant technique to replace the fiber-2 gene with egfp and generate a novel recombinant virus, designated FAdV4-EGFP-rF2. Although FAdV4-EGFP-rF2 showed low replication ability compared to the wild-type FAdV-4 in LMH cells, FAdV4-EGFP-rF2 could effectively replicate in LMH-F2 cells with the expression of Fiber-2. Moreover, FAdV4-EGFP-rF2 was not only highly attenuated in chickens, but also could provide efficient protection against a lethal challenge of FAdV-4. Moreover, FAdV4-EGFP-rF2 without fiber-2 could induce neutralizing antibodies at the same level as FA4-EGFP with fiber-2. These results clearly demonstrate that although fiber-2 affects the viral replication and pathogenesis of FAdV-4, it is not necessary for virus replication and induction of neutralizing antibodies; these findings provide novel insights into the roles of fiber-2 and highlight fiber-2 as an insertion site for generating live-attenuated FAdV-4 vaccines against FAdV-4 and other pathogens. IMPORTANCE Among all serotypes of fowl adenovirus, serotypes FAdV-1, FAdV-4, and FAdV-10 are unique members with two fiber genes (fiber-1 and fiber-2). Recent studies reveal that Fiber-1, not Fiber-2, directly triggers viral infection of FAdV-4, whereas Fiber-2, but not Fiber-1, has been identified as the major virulence determiner and an efficient protective immunogen for subunit vaccines. Here, we replaced fiber-2 with egfp to generate a novel recombinant virus, designated FAdV4-EGFP-rF2. In vitro and in vivo studies on FAdV4-EGFP-rF2 revealed that fiber-2 was not necessary for either virus replication or efficient protection for FAdV-4; these results not only provide a novel live-attenuated vaccine candidate against HHS, but also give new ideas for generating a FAdV-4 based vaccine vector against other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weikang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuqi Kan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaru Mu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co. Ltd., Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tuofan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhimin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Hovhannisyan A, Madelian V, Avagyan S, Nazaretyan M, Hyussyan A, Sirunyan A, Arakelyan R, Manukyan Z, Yepiskoposyan L, Mayilyan KR, Jordan F. HLA-C*04:01 Affects HLA Class I Heterozygosity and Predicted Affinity to SARS-CoV-2 Peptides, and in Combination With Age and Sex of Armenian Patients Contributes to COVID-19 Severity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:769900. [PMID: 35185875 PMCID: PMC8850920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.769900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection has become a global health concern, causing the COVID-19 pandemic. The disease symptoms and outcomes depend on the host immunity, in which the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules play a distinct role. The HLA alleles have an inter-population variability, and understanding their link to the COVID-19 in an ethnically distinct population may contribute to personalized medicine. The present study aimed at detecting associations between common HLA alleles and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in Armenians. In 299 COVID-19 patients (75 asymptomatic, 102 mild/moderate, 122 severe), the association between disease severity and classic HLA-I and II loci was examined. We found that the advanced age, male sex of patients, and sex and age interaction significantly contributed to the severity of the disease. We observed that an age-dependent effect of HLA-B*51:01 carriage [odds ratio (OR)=0.48 (0.28-0.80), Pbonf <0.036] is protective against severe COVID-19. Contrary, the HLA-C*04:01 allele, in a dose-dependent manner, was associated with a significant increase in the disease severity [OR (95% CI) =1.73 (1.20-2.49), Pbonf <0.021] and an advancing age (P<0.013). The link between HLA-C*04:01 and age was secondary to a stronger association between HLA-C*04:01 and disease severity. However, HLA-C*04:01 exerted a sex-dependent differential distribution between clinical subgroups [females: P<0.0012; males: P=0.48]. The comparison of HLA-C*04:01 frequency between subgroups and 2,781 Armenian controls revealed a significant incidence of HLA-C*04:01 deficiency in asymptomatic COVID-19. HLA-C*04:01 homozygous genotype in patients blueprinted a decrease in heterozygosity of HLA-B and HLA class-I loci. In HLA-C*04:01 carriers, these changes translated to the SARS-CoV-2 peptide presentation predicted inefficacy by HLA-C and HLA class-I molecules, simultaneously enhancing the appropriate HLA-B potency. In patients with clinical manifestation, due to the high prevalence of HLA-C*04:01, these effects provided a decrease of the HLA class-I heterozygosity and an ability to recognize SARS-CoV-2 peptides. Based on our observations, we developed a prediction model involving demographic variables and HLA-C*04:01 allele for the identification of potential cases with the risk of hospitalization (the area under the curve (AUC) = 86.2%) or severe COVID-19 (AUC =71%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit Hovhannisyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
- Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vergine Madelian
- Armenian Bone Marrow Donor Registry Charitable Trust, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Sevak Avagyan
- Armenian Bone Marrow Donor Registry Charitable Trust, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Mihran Nazaretyan
- Armenian Bone Marrow Donor Registry Charitable Trust, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Armine Hyussyan
- Armenian Bone Marrow Donor Registry Charitable Trust, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Alina Sirunyan
- Armenian Bone Marrow Donor Registry Charitable Trust, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | | | - Karine R. Mayilyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Frieda Jordan
- Armenian Bone Marrow Donor Registry Charitable Trust, Yerevan, Armenia
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Foix A, López D, Díez-Fuertes F, McConnell MJ, Martín-Galiano AJ. Predicted impact of the viral mutational landscape on the cytotoxic response against SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009726. [PMID: 35143484 PMCID: PMC8830725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The massive assessment of immune evasion due to viral mutations that increase COVID-19 susceptibility can be computationally facilitated. The adaptive cytotoxic T response is critical during primary infection and the generation of long-term protection. Here, potential HLA class I epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 proteome were predicted for 2,915 human alleles of 71 families using the netMHCIpan EL algorithm. Allele families showed extreme epitopic differences, underscoring genetic variability of protective capacity between humans. Up to 1,222 epitopes were associated with any of the twelve supertypes, that is, allele clusters covering 90% population. Next, from all mutations identified in ~118,000 viral NCBI isolates, those causing significant epitope score reduction were considered epitope escape mutations. These mutations mainly involved non-conservative substitutions at the second and C-terminal position of the ligand core, or total ligand removal by large recurrent deletions. Escape mutations affected 47% of supertype epitopes, which in 21% of cases concerned isolates from two or more sub-continental areas. Some of these changes were coupled, but never surpassed 15% of evaded epitopes for the same supertype in the same isolate, except for B27. In contrast to most supertypes, eight allele families mostly contained alleles with few SARS-CoV-2 ligands. Isolates harboring cytotoxic escape mutations for these families co-existed geographically within sub-Saharan and Asian populations enriched in these alleles according to the Allele Frequency Net Database. Collectively, our findings indicate that escape mutation events have already occurred for half of HLA class I supertype epitopes. However, it is presently unlikely that, overall, it poses a threat to the global population. In contrast, single and double mutations for susceptible alleles may be associated with viral selective pressure and alarming local outbreaks. The integration of genomic, geographical and immunoinformatic information eases the surveillance of variants potentially affecting the global population, as well as minority subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Foix
- European Bioinformatic Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel López
- Presentation and Immune Regulation Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Francisco Díez-Fuertes
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Michael J. McConnell
- Intrahospital Infections Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Martín-Galiano
- Intrahospital Infections Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
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21
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Smet A, Catani JPP, Ysenbaert T, Gonçalves A, Kleanthous H, Vogel TU, Saelens X, Job ER. Antibodies directed towards neuraminidase restrict influenza virus replication in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262873. [PMID: 35100294 PMCID: PMC8803191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza neuraminidase (NA) is implicated in various aspects of the virus replication cycle and therefore is an attractive target for vaccination and antiviral strategies. Here we investigated the potential for NA-specific antibodies to interfere with A(H1N1)pdm09 replication in primary human airway epithelial (HAE) cells. Mouse polyclonal anti-NA sera and a monoclonal antibody could block initial viral entry into HAE cells as well as egress from the cell surface. NA-specific polyclonal serum also reduced virus replication across multiple rounds of infection. Restriction of virus entry correlated with the ability of the serum or monoclonal antibody to mediate neuraminidase inhibition (NI). Finally, human sera with NI activity against the N1 of A(H1N1)pdm09 could decrease H6N1 virus infection of HAE cells, highlighting the potential contribution of anti-NA antibodies in the control of influenza virus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Smet
- VIB-UGent Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joao Paulo Portela Catani
- VIB-UGent Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tine Ysenbaert
- VIB-UGent Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amanda Gonçalves
- VIB BioImaging Core, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Harry Kleanthous
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thorsten U. Vogel
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Emma R. Job
- VIB-UGent Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Zhou G, Shi Z, Luo J, Cao L, Yang B, Wan Y, Wang L, Song R, Ma Y, Tian H, Zheng H. Preparation and epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies against African swine fever virus P30 protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1199-1210. [PMID: 35089400 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes acute, febrile, and highly contagious diseases in swine. Early diagnosis is critically important for African swine fever (ASF) prevention and control in the absence of an effective vaccine. P30 is one of the most immunogenic proteins that are produced during the early stage of an ASFV infection. This makes P30 a good serological target for ASF detection and surveillance. In this study, two P30-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 2H2 and 5E8, were generated from mice immunized with recombinant P30 protein (rP30). Epitope mapping was performed with overlapping polypeptides, alanine mutants, and synthetic peptides. The mapping results revealed that 2H2 recognized a region located in the N-terminal, 16-48 aa. In contrast, 5E8 recognized a linear epitope in the C-terminal, 122-128 aa. Further analysis indicated that the epitope recognized by 2H2 was highly conserved in genotypes I and II, while the 5E8 epitope was conserved in most genotypes and the Ser to Pro change at position 128 in genotypes IV, V, and VI did not affect recognition. Overall, the results of this study provide valuable information on the antigenic regions of ASFV P30 and lay the foundation for the serological diagnosis of ASF and vaccine research. KEY POINTS: • Two specific and reactive mAbs were prepared and their epitopes were identified. • 2H2 recognized a novel epitope highly conserved in genotypes I and II. • 5E8 recognized a seven-amino acid linear epitope highly conserved in most genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaijing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Zhengwang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Juncong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Liyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Ying Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Rui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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23
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Lee JH, Jung Y, Lee SK, Kim J, Lee CS, Kim S, Lee JS, Kim NH, Kim HG. Rapid Biosensor of SARS-CoV-2 Using Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Recognizing Conserved Nucleocapsid Protein Epitopes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020255. [PMID: 35215848 PMCID: PMC8879994 DOI: 10.3390/v14020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is characterized by symptoms such as fever, fatigue, a sore throat, diarrhea, and coughing. Although various new vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed, early diagnostics, isolation, and prevention remain important due to virus mutations resulting in rapid and high disease transmission. Amino acid substitutions in the major diagnostic target antigens of SARS-CoV-2 may lower the sensitivity for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. For this reason, we developed specific monoclonal antibodies that bind to epitope peptides as antigens for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 NP. The binding affinity between antigenic peptides and monoclonal antibodies was investigated, and a sandwich pair for capture and detection was employed to develop a rapid biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 NP. The rapid biosensor, based on a monoclonal antibody pair binding to conserved epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 NP, detected cultured virus samples of SARS-CoV-2 (1.4 × 103 TCID50/reaction) and recombinant NP (1 ng/mL). Laboratory confirmation of the rapid biosensor was performed with clinical specimens (n = 16) from COVID-19 patients and other pathogens. The rapid biosensor consisting of a monoclonal antibody pair (75E12 for capture and the 54G6/54G10 combination for detection) binding to conserved epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 NP could assist in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 NP under the circumstance of spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwan Lee
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (S.-K.L.); (J.K.); (S.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Yujin Jung
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (S.-K.L.); (J.K.); (S.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Sung-Kyun Lee
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (S.-K.L.); (J.K.); (S.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Jung Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (S.-K.L.); (J.K.); (S.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Chang-Seop Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea;
- Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (S.-K.L.); (J.K.); (S.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Ji-Seon Lee
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (S.-K.L.); (J.K.); (S.K.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Nam-Hoon Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (S.-K.L.); (J.K.); (S.K.); (J.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: (N.-H.K.); (H.-G.K.)
| | - Hong-Gi Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (S.-K.L.); (J.K.); (S.K.); (J.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: (N.-H.K.); (H.-G.K.)
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Chung H, Kim E, Kwon B, Cho YG, Bae S, Jung J, Kim MJ, Chong YP, Kim SH, Lee SO, Choi SH, Kim YS. Kinetics of Glycoprotein-Specific Antibody Response in Patients with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020256. [PMID: 35215849 PMCID: PMC8880780 DOI: 10.3390/v14020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tickborne disease in East Asia that is causing high mortality. The Gn glycoprotein of the SFTS virus (SFTSV) has been considered to be an essential target for virus neutralization. However, data on anti-Gn glycoprotein antibody kinetics are limited. Therefore, we investigated the kinetics of Gn-specific antibodies compared to those of nucleocapsid protein (NP)-specific antibodies. A multicenter prospective study was performed in South Korea from January 2018 to September 2021. Adult patients with SFTS were enrolled. Anti-Gn-specific IgM and IgG were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 111 samples from 34 patients with confirmed SFTS were analyzed. Anti-Gn-specific IgM was detected at days 5–9 and peaked at day 15–19 from symptom onset, whereas the anti-NP-specific IgM titers peaked at days 5–9. Median seroconversion times of both anti-Gn- and NP-specific IgG were 7.0 days. High anti-Gn-specific IgG titers were maintained until 35–39 months after symptom onset. Only one patient lost their anti-Gn-specific antibodies at 41 days after symptom onset. Our data suggested that the anti-Gn-specific IgM titer peaked later than anti-NP-specific IgM, and that anti-Gn-specific IgG remain for at least 3 years from symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (B.K.); (S.B.); (J.J.); (M.-J.K.); (Y.-P.C.); (S.-H.K.); (S.-O.L.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Eunsil Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (E.K.); (Y.-G.C.)
| | - Bomin Kwon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (B.K.); (S.B.); (J.J.); (M.-J.K.); (Y.-P.C.); (S.-H.K.); (S.-O.L.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Yeong-Geon Cho
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (E.K.); (Y.-G.C.)
| | - Seongman Bae
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (B.K.); (S.B.); (J.J.); (M.-J.K.); (Y.-P.C.); (S.-H.K.); (S.-O.L.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Jiwon Jung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (B.K.); (S.B.); (J.J.); (M.-J.K.); (Y.-P.C.); (S.-H.K.); (S.-O.L.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Min-Jae Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (B.K.); (S.B.); (J.J.); (M.-J.K.); (Y.-P.C.); (S.-H.K.); (S.-O.L.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Yong-Pil Chong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (B.K.); (S.B.); (J.J.); (M.-J.K.); (Y.-P.C.); (S.-H.K.); (S.-O.L.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (B.K.); (S.B.); (J.J.); (M.-J.K.); (Y.-P.C.); (S.-H.K.); (S.-O.L.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Sang-Oh Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (B.K.); (S.B.); (J.J.); (M.-J.K.); (Y.-P.C.); (S.-H.K.); (S.-O.L.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Sang-Ho Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (B.K.); (S.B.); (J.J.); (M.-J.K.); (Y.-P.C.); (S.-H.K.); (S.-O.L.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Yang-Soo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (B.K.); (S.B.); (J.J.); (M.-J.K.); (Y.-P.C.); (S.-H.K.); (S.-O.L.); (S.-H.C.)
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (E.K.); (Y.-G.C.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Müller MD, Holst PJ, Nielsen KN. A Systematic Review of Expression and Immunogenicity of Human Endogenous Retroviral Proteins in Cancer and Discussion of Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031330. [PMID: 35163254 PMCID: PMC8836156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections that have become fixed in the human genome. While HERV genes are typically silenced in healthy somatic cells, there are numerous reports of HERV transcription and translation across a wide spectrum of cancers, while T and B cell responses against HERV proteins have been detected in cancer patients. This review systematically categorizes the published evidence on the expression of and adaptive immune response against specific HERVs in distinct cancer types. A systematic literature search was performed using Medical Search Headings (MeSH) in the PubMed/Medline database. Papers were included if they described the translational activity of HERVs. We present multiple tables that pair the protein expression of specific HERVs and cancer types with information on the quality of the evidence. We find that HERV-K is the most investigated HERV. HERV-W (syncytin-1) is the second-most investigated, while other HERVs have received less attention. From a therapeutic perspective, HERV-K and HERV-E are the only HERVs with experimental demonstration of effective targeted therapies, but unspecific approaches using antiviral and demethylating agents in combination with chemo- and immunotherapies have also been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Dons Müller
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
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27
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Siering O, Cattaneo R, Pfaller CK. C Proteins: Controllers of Orderly Paramyxovirus Replication and of the Innate Immune Response. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010137. [PMID: 35062341 PMCID: PMC8778822 DOI: 10.3390/v14010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Particles of many paramyxoviruses include small amounts of proteins with a molecular weight of about 20 kDa. These proteins, termed “C”, are basic, have low amino acid homology and some secondary structure conservation. C proteins are encoded in alternative reading frames of the phosphoprotein gene. Some viruses express nested sets of C proteins that exert their functions in different locations: In the nucleus, they interfere with cellular transcription factors that elicit innate immune responses; in the cytoplasm, they associate with viral ribonucleocapsids and control polymerase processivity and orderly replication, thereby minimizing the activation of innate immunity. In addition, certain C proteins can directly bind to, and interfere with the function of, several cytoplasmic proteins required for interferon induction, interferon signaling and inflammation. Some C proteins are also required for efficient virus particle assembly and budding. C-deficient viruses can be grown in certain transformed cell lines but are not pathogenic in natural hosts. C proteins affect the same host functions as other phosphoprotein gene-encoded proteins named V but use different strategies for this purpose. Multiple independent systems to counteract host defenses may ensure efficient immune evasion and facilitate virus adaptation to new hosts and tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Siering
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany;
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906, USA
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Christian K. Pfaller
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (C.K.P.)
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Petrovan V, Rathakrishnan A, Islam M, Goatley LC, Moffat K, Sanchez-Cordon PJ, Reis AL, Dixon LK. Role of African Swine Fever Virus Proteins EP153R and EP402R in Reducing Viral Persistence in Blood and Virulence in Pigs Infected with BeninΔDP148R. J Virol 2022; 96:e0134021. [PMID: 34643433 PMCID: PMC8754224 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01340-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited knowledge on the role of many of the approximately 170 proteins encoded by African swine fever virus restricts progress toward vaccine development. Previously, the DP148R gene was deleted from the genome of genotype I virulent Benin 97/1 isolate. This virus, BeninΔDP148R, induced transient moderate clinical signs after immunization and high levels of protection against challenge. However, the BeninΔDP148R virus and genome persisted in blood over a prolonged period. In the current study, deletion of either EP402R or EP153R genes individually or in combination from BeninΔDP148R genome was shown not to reduce virus replication in macrophages in vitro. However, deletion of EP402R dramatically reduced the period of infectious virus persistence in blood in immunized pigs from 28 to 14 days and virus genome from 59 to 14 days while maintaining high levels of protection against challenge. The additional deletion of EP153R (BeninΔDP148RΔEP153RΔEP402R) further attenuated the virus, and no viremia or clinical signs were observed postimmunization. This was associated with decreased protection and detection of moderate levels of challenge virus in blood. Interestingly, the deletion of EP153R alone from BeninΔDP148R did not result in further virus attenuation and did not reduce the period of virus persistence in blood. These results show that EP402R and EP153R have a synergistic role in reducing clinical signs and levels of virus in blood. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a disease of domestic pigs and wild boar which results in death of almost all infected animals. The disease has a high economic impact, and no vaccine is available. We investigated the role of two ASFV proteins, called EP402R and EP153R, in determining the levels and length of time virus persists in blood from infected pigs. EP402R causes ASFV particles and infected cells to bind to red blood cells. Deletion of the EP402R gene dramatically reduced virus persistence in blood but did not reduce the level of virus. Deletion of the EP153R gene alone did not reduce the period or level of virus persistence in blood. However, deleting both EP153R and EP402R resulted in undetectable levels of virus in blood and no clinical signs showing that the proteins act synergistically. Importantly, the infected pigs were protected following infection with the wild-type virus that kills pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Petrovan
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Muneeb Islam
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Katy Moffat
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Ana L. Reis
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
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Murin CD, Gilchuk P, Crowe JE, Ward AB. Structural Biology Illuminates Molecular Determinants of Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization by Human Antibodies for Pan-Ebolavirus Therapeutic Development. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808047. [PMID: 35082794 PMCID: PMC8784787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven effective for the treatment of ebolavirus infection in humans, with two mAb-based drugs Inmazeb™ and Ebanga™ receiving FDA approval in 2020. While these drugs represent a major advance in the field of filoviral therapeutics, they are composed of antibodies with single-species specificity for Zaire ebolavirus. The Ebolavirus genus includes five additional species, two of which, Bundibugyo ebolavirus and Sudan ebolavirus, have caused severe disease and significant outbreaks in the past. There are several recently identified broadly neutralizing ebolavirus antibodies, including some in the clinical development pipeline, that have demonstrated broad protection in preclinical studies. In this review, we describe how structural biology has illuminated the molecular basis of broad ebolavirus neutralization, including details of common antigenic sites of vulnerability on the glycoprotein surface. We begin with a discussion outlining the history of monoclonal antibody therapeutics for ebolaviruses, with an emphasis on how structural biology has contributed to these efforts. Next, we highlight key structural studies that have advanced our understanding of ebolavirus glycoprotein structures and mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization. Finally, we offer examples of how structural biology has contributed to advances in anti-viral medicines and discuss what opportunities the future holds, including rationally designed next-generation therapeutics with increased potency, breadth, and specificity against ebolaviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Drug Combinations
- Ebolavirus/drug effects
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Ebolavirus/physiology
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/drug therapy
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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30
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Kundu R, Narean JS, Wang L, Fenn J, Pillay T, Fernandez ND, Conibear E, Koycheva A, Davies M, Tolosa-Wright M, Hakki S, Varro R, McDermott E, Hammett S, Cutajar J, Thwaites RS, Parker E, Rosadas C, McClure M, Tedder R, Taylor GP, Dunning J, Lalvani A. Cross-reactive memory T cells associate with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 contacts. Nat Commun 2022; 13:80. [PMID: 35013199 PMCID: PMC8748880 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 have been observed in pre-pandemic cohorts and proposed to contribute to host protection. Here we assess 52 COVID-19 household contacts to capture immune responses at the earliest timepoints after SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Using a dual cytokine FLISpot assay on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we enumerate the frequency of T cells specific for spike, nucleocapsid, membrane, envelope and ORF1 SARS-CoV-2 epitopes that cross-react with human endemic coronaviruses. We observe higher frequencies of cross-reactive (p = 0.0139), and nucleocapsid-specific (p = 0.0355) IL-2-secreting memory T cells in contacts who remained PCR-negative despite exposure (n = 26), when compared with those who convert to PCR-positive (n = 26); no significant difference in the frequency of responses to spike is observed, hinting at a limited protective function of spike-cross-reactive T cells. Our results are thus consistent with pre-existing non-spike cross-reactive memory T cells protecting SARS-CoV-2-naïve contacts from infection, thereby supporting the inclusion of non-spike antigens in second-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhia Kundu
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England.
| | - Janakan Sam Narean
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Lulu Wang
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Joseph Fenn
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Timesh Pillay
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Nieves Derqui Fernandez
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Emily Conibear
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Aleksandra Koycheva
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Megan Davies
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Mica Tolosa-Wright
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Seran Hakki
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Robert Varro
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Eimear McDermott
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Sarah Hammett
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Jessica Cutajar
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Eleanor Parker
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Carolina Rosadas
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Myra McClure
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Richard Tedder
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Jake Dunning
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, England
- NIHR HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, London, England
| | - Ajit Lalvani
- NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, England
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
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31
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Goodsell DS, Burley SK. RCSB Protein Data Bank resources for structure-facilitated design of mRNA vaccines for existing and emerging viral pathogens. Structure 2022; 30:55-68.e2. [PMID: 34739839 PMCID: PMC8567414 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Structural biologists provide direct insights into the molecular bases of human health and disease. The open-access Protein Data Bank (PDB) stores and delivers three-dimensional (3D) biostructure data that facilitate discovery and development of therapeutic agents and diagnostic tools. We are in the midst of a revolution in vaccinology. Non-infectious mRNA vaccines have been proven during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This new technology underpins nimble discovery and clinical development platforms that use knowledge of 3D viral protein structures for societal benefit. The RCSB PDB supports vaccine designers through expert biocuration and rigorous validation of 3D structures; open-access dissemination of structure information; and search, visualization, and analysis tools for structure-guided design efforts. This resource article examines the structural biology underpinning the success of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccines and enumerates some of the many protein structures in the PDB archive that could guide design of new countermeasures against existing and emerging viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goodsell
- RCSB Protein Data Bank and Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen K Burley
- RCSB Protein Data Bank and Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank, San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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32
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He FB, Khan H, Huttunen M, Kolehmainen P, Melén K, Maljanen S, Qu M, Jiang M, Kakkola L, Julkunen I. Filovirus VP24 Proteins Differentially Regulate RIG-I and MDA5-Dependent Type I and III Interferon Promoter Activation. Front Immunol 2022; 12:694105. [PMID: 35069519 PMCID: PMC8767557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Filovirus family consists of highly pathogenic viruses that have caused fatal outbreaks especially in many African countries. Previously, research focus has been on Ebola, Sudan and Marburg viruses leaving other filoviruses less well studied. Filoviruses, in general, pose a significant global threat since they are highly virulent and potentially transmissible between humans causing sporadic infections and local or widespread epidemics. Filoviruses have the ability to downregulate innate immunity, and especially viral protein 24 (VP24), VP35 and VP40 have variably been shown to interfere with interferon (IFN) gene expression and signaling. Here we systematically analyzed the ability of VP24 proteins of nine filovirus family members to interfere with retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated antigen 5 (MDA5) induced IFN-β and IFN-λ1 promoter activation. All VP24 proteins were localized both in the cell cytoplasm and nucleus in variable amounts. VP24 proteins of Zaire and Sudan ebolaviruses, Lloviu, Taï Forest, Reston, Marburg and Bundibugyo viruses (EBOV, SUDV, LLOV, TAFV, RESTV, MARV and BDBV, respectively) were found to inhibit both RIG-I and MDA5 stimulated IFN-β and IFN-λ1 promoter activation. The inhibition takes place downstream of interferon regulatory factor 3 phosphorylation suggesting the inhibition to occur in the nucleus. VP24 proteins of Mengla (MLAV) or Bombali viruses (BOMV) did not inhibit IFN-β or IFN-λ1 promoter activation. Six ebolavirus VP24s and Lloviu VP24 bound tightly, whereas MARV and MLAV VP24s bound weakly, to importin α5, the subtype that regulates the nuclear import of STAT complexes. MARV and MLAV VP24 binding to importin α5 was very weak. Our data provides new information on the innate immune inhibitory mechanisms of filovirus VP24 proteins, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of filovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix B. He
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hira Khan
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Huttunen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Krister Melén
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Maljanen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mengmeng Qu
- Research Center for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center for General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Miao Jiang
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology, Turku, Finland
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33
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Palukuri MV, Marcotte EM. Super.Complex: A supervised machine learning pipeline for molecular complex detection in protein-interaction networks. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0262056. [PMID: 34972161 PMCID: PMC8719692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of protein complexes, i.e. sets of proteins assembling into a single larger physical entity, is important, as such assemblies play many essential roles in cells such as gene regulation. From networks of protein-protein interactions, potential protein complexes can be identified computationally through the application of community detection methods, which flag groups of entities interacting with each other in certain patterns. Most community detection algorithms tend to be unsupervised and assume that communities are dense network subgraphs, which is not always true, as protein complexes can exhibit diverse network topologies. The few existing supervised machine learning methods are serial and can potentially be improved in terms of accuracy and scalability by using better-suited machine learning models and parallel algorithms. Here, we present Super.Complex, a distributed, supervised AutoML-based pipeline for overlapping community detection in weighted networks. We also propose three new evaluation measures for the outstanding issue of comparing sets of learned and known communities satisfactorily. Super.Complex learns a community fitness function from known communities using an AutoML method and applies this fitness function to detect new communities. A heuristic local search algorithm finds maximally scoring communities, and a parallel implementation can be run on a computer cluster for scaling to large networks. On a yeast protein-interaction network, Super.Complex outperforms 6 other supervised and 4 unsupervised methods. Application of Super.Complex to a human protein-interaction network with ~8k nodes and ~60k edges yields 1,028 protein complexes, with 234 complexes linked to SARS-CoV-2, the COVID-19 virus, with 111 uncharacterized proteins present in 103 learned complexes. Super.Complex is generalizable with the ability to improve results by incorporating domain-specific features. Learned community characteristics can also be transferred from existing applications to detect communities in a new application with no known communities. Code and interactive visualizations of learned human protein complexes are freely available at: https://sites.google.com/view/supercomplex/super-complex-v3-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Venkata Palukuri
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MVP); (EMM)
| | - Edward M. Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MVP); (EMM)
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34
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Albarnaz JD, Ren H, Torres AA, Shmeleva EV, Melo CA, Bannister AJ, Brember MP, Chung BYW, Smith GL. Molecular mimicry of NF-κB by vaccinia virus protein enables selective inhibition of antiviral responses. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:154-168. [PMID: 34949827 PMCID: PMC7614822 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-01004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mammalian cells with viruses activates NF-κB to induce the expression of cytokines and chemokines and initiate an antiviral response. Here, we show that a vaccinia virus protein mimics the transactivation domain of the p65 subunit of NF-κB to inhibit selectively the expression of NF-κB-regulated genes. Using co-immunoprecipitation assays, we found that the vaccinia virus protein F14 associates with NF-κB co-activator CREB-binding protein (CBP) and disrupts the interaction between p65 and CBP. This abrogates CBP-mediated acetylation of p65, after which it reduces promoter recruitment of the transcriptional regulator BRD4 and diminishes stimulation of NF-κB-regulated genes CXCL10 and CCL2. Recruitment of BRD4 to the promoters of NFKBIA and CXCL8 remains unaffected by either F14 or JQ1 (a competitive inhibitor of BRD4 bromodomains), indicating that BRD4 recruitment is acetylation-independent. Unlike other viral proteins that are general antagonists of NF-κB, F14 is a selective inhibitor of NF-κB-dependent gene expression. An in vivo model of infection demonstrated that F14 promotes virulence. Molecular mimicry of NF-κB may be conserved because other orthopoxviruses, including variola, monkeypox and cowpox viruses, encode orthologues of F14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas D Albarnaz
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Alice A Torres
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Evgeniya V Shmeleva
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlos A Melo
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Betty Y-W Chung
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Gao Y, Huo X, Wang Z, Yuan G, Liu X, Ai T, Su J. Oral Administration of Bacillus subtilis Subunit Vaccine Significantly Enhances the Immune Protection of Grass Carp against GCRV-II Infection. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010030. [PMID: 35062234 PMCID: PMC8779733 DOI: 10.3390/v14010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is a severe virus that causes great losses to grass carp culture every year, and GCRV-II is the current popular and fatal strain. VP56, fibrin on the outer surface of GCRV-II, mediates cell attachment. In this study, we firstly divided the VP56 gene into four fragments to screen the optimal antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralizing antibody methods. The second fragment VP56-2 demonstrates the optimal efficiency and was employed as an antigen in the following experiments. Bacillus subtilis were used as a carrier, and VP56-2 was expressed on the surface of the spores. Then, we performed the oral immunization for grass carp and the challenge with GCRV-II. The survival rate was remarkably raised, and mRNA expressions of IgM were significantly up-regulated in spleen and head kidney tissues in the B. s-CotC-VP56-2 group. Three crucial immune indexes (complement C3, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase) in the sera were also significantly enhanced. mRNA expressions of four important genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN1 and MHC-II) were significantly strengthened. Tissue lesions were obviously attenuated by histopathological slide examination in trunk kidney and spleen tissues. Tissue viral burdens were significantly reduced post-viral challenge. These results indicated that the oral recombinant B. subtilis VP56-2 subunit vaccine is effective for controlling GCRV infection and provides a feasible strategy for the control of fish virus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (X.H.); (Z.W.); (G.Y.); (X.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xingchen Huo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (X.H.); (Z.W.); (G.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhensheng Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (X.H.); (Z.W.); (G.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Gailing Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (X.H.); (Z.W.); (G.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (X.H.); (Z.W.); (G.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Taoshan Ai
- Wuhan Chopper Fishery Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430207, China;
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (X.H.); (Z.W.); (G.Y.); (X.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-27-87282227
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36
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Kim GN, Choi JA, Wu K, Saeedian N, Yang E, Park H, Woo SJ, Lim G, Kim SG, Eo SK, Jeong HW, Kim T, Chang JH, Seo SH, Kim NH, Choi E, Choo S, Lee S, Winterborn A, Li Y, Parham K, Donovan JM, Fenton B, Dikeakos JD, Dekaban GA, Haeryfar SMM, Troyer RM, Arts EJ, Barr SD, Song M, Kang CY. A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010092. [PMID: 34914812 PMCID: PMC8675757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of safe and effective vaccines to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections remains an urgent priority worldwide. We have used a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based prime-boost immunization strategy to develop an effective COVID-19 vaccine candidate. We have constructed VSV genomes carrying exogenous genes resulting in the production of avirulent rVSV carrying the full-length spike protein (SF), the S1 subunit, or the receptor-binding domain (RBD) plus envelope (E) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Adding the honeybee melittin signal peptide (msp) to the N-terminus enhanced the protein expression, and adding the VSV G protein transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail (Gtc) enhanced protein incorporation into pseudotype VSV. All rVSVs expressed three different forms of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, but chimeras with VSV-Gtc demonstrated the highest rVSV-associated expression. In immunized mice, rVSV with chimeric S protein-Gtc derivatives induced the highest level of potent neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses, and rVSV harboring the full-length msp-SF-Gtc proved to be the superior immunogen. More importantly, rVSV-msp-SF-Gtc vaccinated animals were completely protected from a subsequent SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Overall, we have developed an efficient strategy to induce a protective response in SARS-CoV-2 challenged immunized mice. Vaccination with our rVSV-based vector may be an effective solution in the global fight against COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic has had unprecedented global health, economic and societal impact globally. Vaccinating the majority of the world’s population is the best way to help prevent new infections. Many vaccines have been developed to prevent various viral diseases that are currently in use around the world. This has generated a high demand for these vaccines, putting a strain on production capacity and delivery. With new variants of concern starting to dominate the human pandemic, new derivatives of the current vaccines may be necessary for continued protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We have developed a vaccine that uses a safe vesicular stomatitis virus-based delivery vehicle to present a key SARS-CoV-2 protein to our immune system in order to train it to recognize and prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our vaccine completely protected vaccinated animals from SARS-CoV-2 infection and significantly reduced lung damage, a major hallmark of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyoung Nyoun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jung-ah Choi
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kunyu Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nasrin Saeedian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eunji Yang
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hayan Park
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Je Woo
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gippeum Lim
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Kyeong Eo
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoe Won Jeong
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taewoo Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Chang
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hwan Seo
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na Hyung Kim
- Sumagen, 4F Dongwon Bldg, Teheran-ro 77-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunsil Choi
- Sumagen, 4F Dongwon Bldg, Teheran-ro 77-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungho Choo
- Sumagen, 4F Dongwon Bldg, Teheran-ro 77-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangkyun Lee
- Sumagen, 4F Dongwon Bldg, Teheran-ro 77-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Yue Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate Parham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin M. Donovan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jimmy D. Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory A. Dekaban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan M. Troyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric J. Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D. Barr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manki Song
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - C. Yong Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Chen X, Zhou Z, Huang C, Zhou Z, Kang S, Huang Z, Jiang G, Hong Z, Chen Q, Yang M, He S, Liu S, Chen J, Li K, Li X, Liao J, Chen J, Chen S. Crystal Structures of Bat and Human Coronavirus ORF8 Protein Ig-Like Domain Provide Insights Into the Diversity of Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:807134. [PMID: 34975921 PMCID: PMC8718552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.807134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
ORF8 is a viral immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) domain protein encoded by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA genome. It tends to evolve rapidly and interfere with immune responses. However, the structural characteristics of various coronavirus ORF8 proteins and their subsequent effects on biological functions remain unclear. Herein, we determined the crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 (S84) (one of the epidemic isoforms) and the bat coronavirus RaTG13 ORF8 variant at 1.62 Å and 1.76 Å resolution, respectively. Comparison of these ORF8 proteins demonstrates that the 62-77 residues in Ig-like domain of coronavirus ORF8 adopt different conformations. Combined with mutagenesis assays, the residue Cys20 of ORF8 is responsible for forming the covalent disulfide-linked dimer in crystal packing and in vitro biochemical conditions. Furthermore, immune cell-binding assays indicate that various ORF8 (SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 (L84), ORF8 (S84), and RaTG13 ORF8) proteins have different interaction capabilities with human CD14+ monocytes in human peripheral blood. These results provide new insights into the specific characteristics of various coronavirus ORF8 and suggest that ORF8 variants may influence disease-related immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhechong Zhou
- Molecular Imaging Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Chunliu Huang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziliang Zhou
- Department of Oral Emergency and General Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sisi Kang
- Molecular Imaging Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhaoxia Huang
- Molecular Imaging Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Guanmin Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhongsi Hong
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Qiuyue Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Molecular Imaging Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Suhua He
- Molecular Imaging Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Molecular Imaging Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Kenan Li
- Molecular Imaging Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Molecular Imaging Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jing Liao
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shoudeng Chen, ; Jun Chen, ; Jing Liao,
| | - Jun Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shoudeng Chen, ; Jun Chen, ; Jing Liao,
| | - Shoudeng Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- *Correspondence: Shoudeng Chen, ; Jun Chen, ; Jing Liao,
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Atanackovic D, Avila SV, Lutfi F, de Miguel-Perez D, Fan X, Sanchez-Petitto G, Vander Mause E, Siglin J, Baddley J, Mannuel HD, Alkhaldi H, Hankey KG, Lapidus R, Kleinberg M, Rabin J, Shanholtz C, Rolfo C, Rapoport AP, Dahiya S, Luetkens T. Deep dissection of the antiviral immune profile of patients with COVID-19. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1389. [PMID: 34916602 PMCID: PMC8677724 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants potentially undermining humoral immunity, it is important to understand the fine specificity of the antiviral antibodies. We screened 20 COVID-19 patients for antibodies against 9 different SARS-CoV-2 proteins observing responses against the spike (S) proteins, the receptor-binding domain (RBD), and the nucleocapsid (N) protein which were of the IgG1 and IgG3 subtypes. Importantly, mutations which typically occur in the B.1.351 "South African" variant, significantly reduced the binding of anti-RBD antibodies. Nine of 20 patients were critically ill and were considered high-risk (HR). These patients showed significantly higher levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and lower levels of CD4+ T cells expressing LAG-3 compared to standard-risk (SR) patients. HR patients evidenced significantly higher anti-S1/RBD IgG antibody levels and an increased neutralizing activity. Importantly, a large proportion of S protein-specific antibodies were glycosylation-dependent and we identified a number of immunodominant linear epitopes within the S1 and N proteins. Findings derived from this study will not only help us to identify the most relevant component of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune response but will also enable us to design more meaningful immunomonitoring methods for anti-COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Atanackovic
- Transplant and Cellular Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Stephanie V Avila
- Transplant and Cellular Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Forat Lutfi
- University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Diego de Miguel-Perez
- University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gabriela Sanchez-Petitto
- University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erica Vander Mause
- Transplant and Cellular Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Siglin
- University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Baddley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather D Mannuel
- Hematology/Oncology, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hanan Alkhaldi
- University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kim G Hankey
- Transplant and Cellular Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rena Lapidus
- University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Kleinberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Rabin
- R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carl Shanholtz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christian Rolfo
- University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron P Rapoport
- Transplant and Cellular Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Saurabh Dahiya
- Transplant and Cellular Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tim Luetkens
- Transplant and Cellular Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Dowell AC, Haigh TA, Ryan GB, Turner JE, Long HM, Taylor GS. Cytotoxic CD4+ T-cells specific for EBV capsid antigen BORF1 are maintained in long-term latently infected healthy donors. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010137. [PMID: 34882759 PMCID: PMC8691624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of the population whereupon it establishes a latent infection of B-cells that persists for life under immune control. Primary EBV infection can cause infectious mononucleosis (IM) and long-term viral carriage is associated with several malignancies and certain autoimmune diseases. Current efforts developing EBV prophylactic vaccination have focussed on neutralising antibodies. An alternative strategy, that could enhance the efficacy of such vaccines or be used alone, is to generate T-cell responses capable of recognising and eliminating newly EBV-infected cells before the virus initiates its growth transformation program. T-cell responses against the EBV structural proteins, brought into the newly infected cell by the incoming virion, are prime candidates for such responses. Here we show the structural EBV capsid proteins BcLF1, BDLF1 and BORF1 are frequent targets of T-cell responses in EBV infected people, identify new CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes and map their HLA restricting alleles. Using T-cell clones we demonstrate that CD4+ but not CD8+ T-cell clones specific for the capsid proteins can recognise newly EBV-infected B-cells and control B-cell outgrowth via cytotoxicity. Using MHC-II tetramers we show a CD4+ T-cell response to an epitope within the BORF1 capsid protein epitope is present during acute EBV infection and in long-term viral carriage. In common with other EBV-specific CD4+ T-cell responses the BORF1-specific CD4+ T-cells in IM patients expressed perforin and granzyme-B. Unexpectedly, perforin and granzyme-B expression was sustained over time even when the donor had entered the long-term infected state. These data further our understanding of EBV structural proteins as targets of T-cell responses and how CD4+ T-cell responses to EBV change from acute disease into convalescence. They also identify new targets for prophylactic EBV vaccine development. Epstein-Barr virus is a widespread herpesvirus carried by most individuals. Whilst infection is usually asymptomatic, development of a prophylactic vaccine against EBV is desirable because of the virus’s association with infectious mononucleosis in primary infection and several cancers and autoimmune diseases during long-term virus carriage. Identifying T-cell responses that can recognise newly infected B-cells at very early stages of infection may provide novel targets for T-cell vaccination. Here we characterise T-cell responses against three virus proteins, BcLF1, BDLF1 and BORF1 that, as structural proteins of the virus particle, are delivered into the cell by the infecting virus. We find that all three proteins are recognised by T-cells from infected individuals. Moreover, isolated structural antigen-specific CD4+ T-cells rapidly recognise newly infected B-cells and prevent their outgrowth in vitro. As reported for CD4+ T-cells against other EBV proteins, structural antigen-specific CD4+ T-cells induced by primary EBV infection have cytotoxic function. However, we also demonstrate that, unusually, this cytotoxic function is retained in memory T-cells present in long-term infected individuals. Structural antigens may therefore represent useful targets for prophylactic EBV vaccine development to induce CD4+ T-cells able to rapidly eliminate virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. Dowell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey A. Haigh
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon B. Ryan
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M. Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S. Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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40
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Wang Y, Lei R, Nourmohammad A, Wu NC. Antigenic evolution of human influenza H3N2 neuraminidase is constrained by charge balancing. eLife 2021; 10:e72516. [PMID: 34878407 PMCID: PMC8683081 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the main influenza antigens, neuraminidase (NA) in H3N2 virus has evolved extensively for more than 50 years due to continuous immune pressure. While NA has recently emerged as an effective vaccine target, biophysical constraints on the antigenic evolution of NA remain largely elusive. Here, we apply combinatorial mutagenesis and next-generation sequencing to characterize the local fitness landscape in an antigenic region of NA in six different human H3N2 strains that were isolated around 10 years apart. The local fitness landscape correlates well among strains and the pairwise epistasis is highly conserved. Our analysis further demonstrates that local net charge governs the pairwise epistasis in this antigenic region. In addition, we show that residue coevolution in this antigenic region is correlated with the pairwise epistasis between charge states. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of quantifying epistasis and the underlying biophysical constraint for building a model of influenza evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Ruipeng Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Armita Nourmohammad
- Department of Physics, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-OrganizationGöttingenGermany
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
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41
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Neef T, Ifergan I, Beddow S, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Haskins K, Shea LD, Podojil JR, Miller SD. Tolerance Induced by Antigen-Loaded PLG Nanoparticles Affects the Phenotype and Trafficking of Transgenic CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123445. [PMID: 34943952 PMCID: PMC8699785 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that PLG nanoparticles loaded with peptide antigen can reduce disease in animal models of autoimmunity and in a phase 1/2a clinical trial in celiac patients. Clarifying the mechanisms by which antigen-loaded nanoparticles establish tolerance is key to further adapting them to clinical use. The mechanisms underlying tolerance induction include the expansion of antigen-specific CD4+ regulatory T cells and sequestration of autoreactive cells in the spleen. In this study, we employed nanoparticles loaded with two model peptides, GP33–41 (a CD8 T cell epitope derived from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) and OVA323–339 (a CD4 T cell epitope derived from ovalbumin), to modulate the CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from two transgenic mouse strains, P14 and DO11.10, respectively. Firstly, it was found that the injection of P14 mice with particles bearing the MHC I-restricted GP33–41 peptide resulted in the expansion of CD8+ T cells with a regulatory cell phenotype. This correlated with reduced CD4+ T cell viability in ex vivo co-cultures. Secondly, both nanoparticle types were able to sequester transgenic T cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. Flow cytometric analyses showed a reduction in the surface expression of chemokine receptors. Such an effect was more prominently observed in the CD4+ cells rather than the CD8+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Sara Beddow
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Lonnie D. Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Joseph R. Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
- Research & Development, Cour Pharmaceuticals Development Company, Northbrook, IL 60062, USA
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-312-503-7674
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42
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Pennemann FL, Mussabekova A, Urban C, Stukalov A, Andersen LL, Grass V, Lavacca TM, Holze C, Oubraham L, Benamrouche Y, Girardi E, Boulos RE, Hartmann R, Superti-Furga G, Habjan M, Imler JL, Meignin C, Pichlmair A. Cross-species analysis of viral nucleic acid interacting proteins identifies TAOKs as innate immune regulators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7009. [PMID: 34853303 PMCID: PMC8636641 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27192-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell intrinsic antiviral response of multicellular organisms developed over millions of years and critically relies on the ability to sense and eliminate viral nucleic acids. Here we use an affinity proteomics approach in evolutionary distant species (human, mouse and fly) to identify proteins that are conserved in their ability to associate with diverse viral nucleic acids. This approach shows a core of orthologous proteins targeting viral genetic material and species-specific interactions. Functional characterization of the influence of 181 candidates on replication of 6 distinct viruses in human cells and flies identifies 128 nucleic acid binding proteins with an impact on virus growth. We identify the family of TAO kinases (TAOK1, -2 and -3) as dsRNA-interacting antiviral proteins and show their requirement for type-I interferon induction. Depletion of TAO kinases in mammals or flies leads to an impaired response to virus infection characterized by a reduced induction of interferon stimulated genes in mammals and impaired expression of srg1 and diedel in flies. Overall, our study shows a larger set of proteins able to mediate the interaction between viral genetic material and host factors than anticipated so far, attesting to the ancestral roots of innate immunity and to the lineage-specific pressures exerted by viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike L Pennemann
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Assel Mussabekova
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Urban
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexey Stukalov
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Line Lykke Andersen
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent Grass
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Maria Lavacca
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Cathleen Holze
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Lila Oubraham
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Yasmine Benamrouche
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Enrico Girardi
- CeMM - Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rasha E Boulos
- Computer Science and Mathematics Department, School of Arts and Science, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Rune Hartmann
- Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Structural Biology, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM - Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Habjan
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Imler
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Carine Meignin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, 82152, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany.
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43
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Quéromès G, Destras G, Bal A, Regue H, Burfin G, Brun S, Fanget R, Morfin F, Valette M, Trouillet-Assant S, Lina B, Frobert E, Josset L. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 deletion variants detected in a nosocomial cluster during routine genomic surveillance, Lyon, France. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:167-177. [PMID: 33399033 PMCID: PMC7850418 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1872351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During routine molecular surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 performed at the National Reference Center of Respiratory Viruses (Lyon, France) (n = 229 sequences collected February-April 2020), two frameshifting deletions were detected in the open reading frame 6, at the same position (27267). While a 26-nucleotide deletion variant (D26) was only found in one nasopharyngeal sample in March 2020, the 34-nucleotide deletion (D34) was found within a single geriatric hospital unit in 5/9 patients and one health care worker in April 2020. Phylogeny analysis strongly suggested a nosocomial transmission of D34, with potential fecal transmission, as also identified in a stool sample. No difference in disease severity was observed between patients hospitalized in the geriatric unit infected with WT or D34. In vitro D26 and D34 characterization revealed comparable replication kinetics with the wild-type (WT), but differential host immune responses. While interferon-stimulated genes were similarly upregulated after infection with WT and ORF6 variants, the latter specifically induced overexpression of 9 genes coding for inflammatory cytokines in the NF-kB pathway, including CCL2/MCP1, PTX3, and TNFα, for which high plasma levels have been associated with severe COVID-19. Our findings emphasize the need to monitor the occurrence of ORF6 deletions and assess their impact on the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Quéromès
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPatH, Lyon, Fracne
| | - Grégory Destras
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPatH, Lyon, Fracne
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Antonin Bal
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPatH, Lyon, Fracne
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hadrien Regue
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gwendolyne Burfin
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Lyon, Fracne
| | - Solenne Brun
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Lyon, Fracne
| | - Rémi Fanget
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Lyon, Fracne
| | - Florence Morfin
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPatH, Lyon, Fracne
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Martine Valette
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPatH, Lyon, Fracne
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Lyon, Fracne
| | | | - Bruno Lina
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPatH, Lyon, Fracne
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Lyon, Fracne
| | - Emilie Frobert
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPatH, Lyon, Fracne
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurence Josset
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPatH, Lyon, Fracne
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Yumoto K, Arisaka T, Okada K, Aoki K, Ose T, Masatani T, Sugiyama M, Ito N, Fukuhara H, Maenaka K. Characterization of Single-Chain Fv Fragments of Neutralizing Antibodies to Rabies Virus Glycoprotein. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112311. [PMID: 34835117 PMCID: PMC8624154 DOI: 10.3390/v13112311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies has almost a 100% case-fatality rate and kills more than 59,000 people annually around the world. There is no established treatment for rabies. The rabies virus (RABV) expresses only the glycoprotein (RABVG) at the viral surface, and it is the target for the neutralizing antibodies. We previously established mouse monoclonal antibodies, 15–13 and 12–22, which showed neutralizing activity against the RABV, targeting the sequential and conformational epitopes on the RABVG, respectively. However, the molecular basis for the neutralizing activity of these antibodies is not yet fully understood. In this study, we evaluated the binding characteristics of the Fab fragments of the 15–13 and 12–22 antibodies. The recombinant RABVG protein, in prefusion form for the binding analysis, was prepared by the silkworm–baculovirus expression system. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) analysis indicated that the 15–13 Fab interacts with the RABVG, with a KD value at the nM level, and that the 12–22 Fab has a weaker binding affinity (KD ~ μM) with the RABVG compared to the 15–13 Fab. Furthermore, we determined the amino acid sequences of both the antibodies and the designed single-chain Fv fragments (scFvs) of the 15–13 and 12–22 antibodies as another potential biopharmaceutical for targeting rabies. The 15–13 and 12–22 scFvs were successfully prepared by the refolding method and were shown to interact with the RABVG at the nM level and the μM level of the KD, respectively. These binding characteristics were similar to that of each Fab. On the other hand, differential scanning fluorometry (DSF) revealed that the thermal stability of these scFvs decreases compared to their Fabs. While the improvement of the stability of scFvs will still be required, these results provide insights into the neutralizing activity and the potential therapeutic use of antibody fragments for RABV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yumoto
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.A.); (K.A.); (T.O.)
| | - Tomoaki Arisaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.A.); (K.A.); (T.O.)
| | - Kazuma Okada
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (K.O.); (T.M.); (M.S.); (N.I.)
| | - Kyosuke Aoki
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.A.); (K.A.); (T.O.)
| | - Toyoyuki Ose
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.A.); (K.A.); (T.O.)
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (K.O.); (T.M.); (M.S.); (N.I.)
| | - Makoto Sugiyama
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (K.O.); (T.M.); (M.S.); (N.I.)
| | - Naoto Ito
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (K.O.); (T.M.); (M.S.); (N.I.)
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan;
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.A.); (K.A.); (T.O.)
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan;
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Chepurnov AA, Kazachinskaya EI, Kazachkova EA, Sharshov KA, Kononova YV, Shelemba AA, Alekseev AY, Gulyeva MA, Voevoda MI, Shestopalov AM. Development of a Purified Viral Preparation for Studies of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Biology. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 172:49-52. [PMID: 34787781 PMCID: PMC8596366 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Different methods for producing bulk quantities of concentrated and purified SARS-CoV-2 for the use as antigens and for the research into COVID-19 biology were tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Chepurnov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - E I Kazachinskaya
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E A Kazachkova
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - K A Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yu V Kononova
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A A Shelemba
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Yu Alekseev
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M A Gulyeva
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M I Voevoda
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A M Shestopalov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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46
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Creytens S, Pascha MN, Ballegeer M, Saelens X, de Haan CAM. Influenza Neuraminidase Characteristics and Potential as a Vaccine Target. Front Immunol 2021; 12:786617. [PMID: 34868073 PMCID: PMC8635103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.786617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase of influenza A and B viruses plays a critical role in the virus life cycle and is an important target of the host immune system. Here, we highlight the current understanding of influenza neuraminidase structure, function, antigenicity, immunogenicity, and immune protective potential. Neuraminidase inhibiting antibodies have been recognized as correlates of protection against disease caused by natural or experimental influenza A virus infection in humans. In the past years, we have witnessed an increasing interest in the use of influenza neuraminidase to improve the protective potential of currently used influenza vaccines. A number of well-characterized influenza neuraminidase-specific monoclonal antibodies have been described recently, most of which can protect in experimental challenge models by inhibiting the neuraminidase activity or by Fc receptor-dependent mechanisms. The relative instability of the neuraminidase poses a challenge for protein-based antigen design. We critically review the different solutions that have been proposed to solve this problem, ranging from the inclusion of stabilizing heterologous tetramerizing zippers to the introduction of inter-protomer stabilizing mutations. Computationally engineered neuraminidase antigens have been generated that offer broad, within subtype protection in animal challenge models. We also provide an overview of modern vaccine technology platforms that are compatible with the induction of robust neuraminidase-specific immune responses. In the near future, we will likely see the implementation of influenza vaccines that confront the influenza virus with a double punch: targeting both the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigenic Drift and Shift
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/ultrastructure
- Catalytic Domain/genetics
- Catalytic Domain/immunology
- Cross Protection
- Evolution, Molecular
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Alphainfluenzavirus/enzymology
- Alphainfluenzavirus/genetics
- Alphainfluenzavirus/immunology
- Betainfluenzavirus/enzymology
- Betainfluenzavirus/genetics
- Betainfluenzavirus/immunology
- Mutation
- Nanoparticles
- Neuraminidase/administration & dosage
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Neuraminidase/ultrastructure
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/ultrastructure
- Viral Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Creytens
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mirte N. Pascha
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marlies Ballegeer
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Yin J, Wang L, Jin T, Nie Y, Liu H, Qiu Y, Yang Y, Li B, Zhang J, Wang D, Li K, Xu K, Zhi H. A cell wall-localized NLR confers resistance to Soybean mosaic virus by recognizing viral-encoded cylindrical inclusion protein. Mol Plant 2021; 14:1881-1900. [PMID: 34303025 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) causes severe yield losses and seed quality reduction in soybean (Glycine max) production worldwide. Rsc4 from cultivar Dabaima is a dominant genetic locus for SMV resistance, and its mapping interval contains three nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) candidates (Rsc4-1, Rsc4-2, and Rsc4-3). The NLR-type resistant proteins were considered as important intracellular pathogen sensors in the previous studies. In this study, based on transient expression assay in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we found that the longest transcript of Rsc4-3 is sufficient to confer resistance to SMV, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of Rsc4-3 in resistant cultivar Dabaima compromised the resistance. Interestingly, Rsc4-3 encodes a cell-wall-localized NLR-type resistant protein. We found that the internal polypeptide region responsible for apoplastic targeting of Rsc4-3 and the putative palmitoylation sites on the N terminus are essential for the resistance. Furthermore, we showed that viral-encoded cylindrical inclusion (CI) protein partially localizes to the cell wall and can interact with Rsc4-3. Virus-driven or transient expression of CI protein of avirulent SMV strains is enough to induce resistance response in the presence of Rsc4-3, suggesting that CI is the avirulent gene for Rsc4-3-mediated resistance. Taken together, our work identified a unique NLR that recognizes plant virus in the apoplast, and provided a simple and effective method for identifying resistant genes against SMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Yin
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean-Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean-Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongtong Jin
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean-Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Nie
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean-Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean-Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanglin Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhua Yang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean-Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bowen Li
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean-Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dagang Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean-Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Li
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean-Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Haijian Zhi
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean-Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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48
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He Y, Yu W, Xiao L, Shen L, Qi J, Hu T. Conjugation of Zika virus EDIII with CRM 197, 8-arm PEG and mannan for development of an effective Zika virus vaccine. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:713-721. [PMID: 34474053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) induces neurological and autoimmune complications such as microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Effective vaccines are necessary to prevent the ZIKV infection. E protein of ZIKV is responsible for virus attachment, entry, and fusion. The domain III of E protein (EDIII) contains the neutralizing epitopes and is ideal to act as an antigen for ZIKV vaccine. However, EDIII is poorly immunogenic. CRM197 is a carrier protein and can activate T helper cells for EDIII. Mannan is a ligand of TLR-4 or TLR-2. Eight-arm PEG can link multiple EDIII molecules in one entity. In the present study, EDIII was covalently conjugated with CRM197, 8-arm PEG and mannan to improve the immunogenicity of EDIII. The conjugate (CRM-EDIII-PM) elicited high EDIII-specific antibody titers in the BALB/c mice. Th1-type cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) and Th2-type cytokines (IL-5 and IL-10) were secreted at a marked level. Thus, CRM-EDIII-PM could stimulate potent humoral and cellular immune response to EDIII. The serum exposure of CRM-EDIII-PM to the immune system was prolonged. Moreover, CRM-EDIII-PM did not lead to apparent toxicity to the organs. Therefore, CRM-EDIII-PM was expected as a promising vaccine candidate for its ability to induce strong immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia He
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weili Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lucheng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinming Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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49
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Hong S, Ruan S, Greenberg Z, He M, McGill JL. Development of surface engineered antigenic exosomes as vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21358. [PMID: 34725399 PMCID: PMC8560785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the main pathogens associated with lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children worldwide. Exosomes secreted by antigen presenting cells (APCs) can elicit immune responses by carrying major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules complexed with antigenic peptides and other co-stimulating factors. Therefore, we developed novel immunomagnetic nanographene particles to sequentially isolate, surface engineer, and release intact dendritic cell (DC) exosomes for use as a potential vaccine platform against RSV. The H-2Db-restricted, immunodominant peptides from RSV (M187-195 and NS161-75) were introduced to MHC-I on DC-derived exosomes to express peptide/MHC-I (pMHC-I) complexes. A mouse model of RSV infection was used to define the immunogenicity of surface engineered exosomes for activating virus-specific immune responses. Ex vivo assays demonstrated that engineered exosomes carrying RSV-specific peptides can elicit interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by virus-specific CD8+ T cells isolated from RSV-infected C57BL/6 mice. In vivo assays demonstrated that subcutaneous administration of both M187-195 and NS161-75 engineered exosomes to mice, with or without additional adjuvant, appeared safe and well tolerated, however, did not prime antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Surface engineered exosomes are immunogenic and promising for further development as a vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Hong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shaobo Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zachary Greenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Abstract
Viral infections are the most common among diseases that globally require around 60 percent of medical care. However, in the heat of the pandemic, there was a lack of medical equipment and inpatient facilities to provide all patients with viral infections. The detection of viral infections is possible in three general ways such as (i) direct virus detection, which is performed immediately 1-3 days after the infection, (ii) determination of antibodies against some virus proteins mainly observed during/after virus incubation period, (iii) detection of virus-induced disease when specific tissue changes in the organism. This review surveys some global pandemics from 1889 to 2020, virus types, which induced these pandemics, and symptoms of some viral diseases. Non-analytical methods such as radiology and microscopy also are overviewed. This review overlooks molecular analysis methods such as nucleic acid amplification, antibody-antigen complex determination, CRISPR-Cas system-based viral genome determination methods. Methods widely used in the certificated diagnostic laboratory for SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, B, C, HIV, and other viruses during a viral pandemic are outlined. A comprehensive overview of molecular analytical methods has shown that the assay's sensitivity, accuracy, and suitability for virus detection depends on the choice of the number of regions in the viral open reading frame (ORF) genome sequence and the validity of the selected analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julija Dronina
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Samukaite-Bubniene
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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