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He HX, Guo HY, Liu BS, Zhang N, Zhu KC, Zhang DC. Two IFNa3s mediate the regulation of IRF9 in the process of infection with Streptococcus iniae in yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus (Hottuyn, 1782). Dev Comp Immunol 2024; 156:105167. [PMID: 38574830 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
IRF9 can play an antibacterial role by regulating the type I interferon (IFN) pathway. Streptococcus iniae can cause many deaths of yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus in pond farming. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanism of type I IFN signalling by A. latus IRF9 (AlIRF9) against S. iniae remains elucidated. In our study, AlIRF9 has a total cDNA length of 3200 bp and contains a 1311 bp ORF encoding a presumed 436 amino acids (aa). The genomic DNA sequence of AlIRF9 has nine exons and eight introns, and AlIRF9 was expressed in various tissues, containing the stomach, spleen, brain, skin, and liver, among which the highest expression was in the spleen. Moreover, AlIRF9 transcriptions in the spleen, liver, kidney, and brain were increased by S. iniae infection. By overexpression of AlIRF9, AlIRF9 is shown as a whole-cell distribution, mainly concentrated in the nucleus. Moreover, the promoter fragments of -415 to +192 bp and -311 to +196 bp were regarded as core sequences from two AlIFNa3s. The point mutation analyses verified that AlIFNa3 and AlIFNa3-like transcriptions are dependent on both M3 sites with AlIRF9. In addition, AlIRF9 could greatly reduce two AlIFNa3s and interferon signalling factors expressions. These results showed that in A. latus, both AlIFNa3 and AlIFNa3-like can mediate the regulation of AlIRF9 in the process of infection with S. iniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xi He
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China.
| | - Hua-Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 510300, China.
| | - Bao-Suo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 510300, China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 510300, China.
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 510300, China.
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 510300, China.
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Periyasamy T, Ming-Wei L, Velusamy S, Ahamed A, Khan JM, Pappuswamy M, Viswakethu V. Functional characterization of Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) interferon regulatory factor 9 involved in antiviral response. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131282. [PMID: 38565369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
IRF9 is a crucial component in the JAK-STAT pathway. IRF9 interacts with STAT1 and STAT2 to form IFN-I-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) in response to type I IFN stimulation, which promotes ISG transcription. However, the mechanism by which IFN signaling regulates Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) IRF9 is still elusive. Here, we explored the nd tissue-specific mRNA distribution of the MgIRF9 gene, as well as its antiviral function in E. malabaricus. MgIRF9 encodes a protein of 438 amino acids with an open reading frame of 1317 base pairs. MgIRF9 mRNA was detected in all tissues of a healthy M. grouper, with the highest concentrations in the muscle, gills, and brain. It was significantly up-regulated by nervous necrosis virus infection and poly (I:C) stimulation. The gel mobility shift test demonstrated a high-affinity association between MgIRF9 and the promoter of zfIFN in vitro. In GK cells, grouper recombinant IFN-treated samples showed a significant response in ISGs and exhibited antiviral function. Subsequently, overexpression of MgIRF9 resulted in a considerable increase in IFN and ISGs mRNA expression (ADAR1, ADAR1-Like, and ADAR2). Co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that MgIRF9 and STAT2 can interact in vivo. According to the findings, M. grouper IRF9 may play a role in how IFN signaling induces ISG gene expression in grouper species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirunavukkarasu Periyasamy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Aquaculture, The College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Nehru Arts and Science College, Coimbatore 641105, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Lu Ming-Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Aquaculture, The College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Sharmila Velusamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Nehru Arts and Science College, Coimbatore 641105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anis Ahamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manikantan Pappuswamy
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Velavan Viswakethu
- Department of Biotechnology, Nehru Arts and Science College, Coimbatore 641105, Tamil Nadu, India
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Lan C, Zhou X, Shen X, Lin Y, Chen X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Zheng L, Yan S. Suppression of IRF9 Promotes Osteoclast Differentiation by Decreased Ferroptosis via STAT3 Activation. Inflammation 2024; 47:99-113. [PMID: 37804406 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that endangers the health of the elderly. Inhibiting osteoclast hyperactivity is a key aspect of osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Several studies have shown that interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) not only regulates innate and adaptive immune responses but also plays an important role in inflammation, antiviral response, and cell development. However, the exact role of IRF9 in osteoclasts has not been reported. To elucidate the role of IRF9 in osteoclast differentiation, we established the ovariectomized mouse model of postmenopausal osteoporosis and found that IRF9 expression was reduced in ovariectomized mice with overactive osteoclasts. Furthermore, knockdown of IRF9 expression enhanced osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Using RNA sequencing, we identified that the differentially expressed genes enriched by IRF9 knockdown were related to ferroptosis. We observed that IRF9 knockdown promoted osteoclast differentiation via decreased ferroptosis in vitro and further verified that IRF9 knockdown reduced ferroptosis by activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to promote osteoclastogenesis. In conclusion, we identified an essential role of IRF9 in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis in osteoporosis and its underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Glycolipid and Bone Mineral Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Glycolipid and Bone Mineral Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Ximei Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Glycolipid and Bone Mineral Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Youfen Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Glycolipid and Bone Mineral Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Jiebin Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Yongze Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Glycolipid and Bone Mineral Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Lifeng Zheng
- Orthopedics Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Sunjie Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Glycolipid and Bone Mineral Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
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Lu X, Yi M, Hu Z, Yang T, Zhang W, Marsh ENG, Jia K. Feedback loop regulation between viperin and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus through competing protein degradation pathways. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.09.574905. [PMID: 38260481 PMCID: PMC10802422 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.09.574905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Viperin is an antiviral protein that exhibits a remarkably broad spectrum of antiviral activity. Viperin-like proteins are found all kingdoms of life, suggesting it is an ancient component of the innate immune system. However, viruses have developed strategies to counteract viperin's effects. Here, we describe a feedback loop between viperin and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a common fish pathogen. We show that Lateolabrax japonicus viperin (Ljviperin) is induced by both IFN-independent and IFN-dependent pathways, with the C-terminal domain of Ljviperin being important for its anti-VHSV activity. Ljviperin exerts an antiviral effect by binding both the nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) of VHSV and induces their degradation through the autophagy pathway, which is an evolutionarily conserved antiviral mechanism. However, counteracting viperin's activity, N protein targets and degrades transcription factors that up-regulate Ljviperin expression, interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 1 and IRF9, through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Together, our results reveal a previously unknown feedback loop between viperin and virus, providing potential therapeutic targets for VHSV prevention. Importance Viral hemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is a contagious disease caused by the viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), which poses a threat to over 80 species of marine and freshwater fish. Currently, there are no effective treatments available for this disease. Understanding the mechanisms of VHSV-host interaction is crucial for preventing viral infections. Here, we found that, as an ancient antiviral protein, viperin degrades the N and P proteins of VHSV through the autophagy pathway. Additionally, the N protein also impacts the biological functions of IRF1 and IRF9 through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, leading to the suppression of viperin expression. Therefore, the N protein may serve as a potential virulence factor for the development of VHSV vaccines and screening of antiviral drugs. Our research will serve as a valuable reference for the development of strategies to prevent VHSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Meisheng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Taoran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Wanwan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - E. Neil G. Marsh
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Kuntong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
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Jiang X, Ren W, Tian L, Ge Y, Li C, Hu X, Shi L, Jia Z. IRF9 inhibits CyHV-3 replication by regulating the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) epithelial cells. Dev Comp Immunol 2023; 148:104905. [PMID: 37549834 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) is an important transcriptional regulator involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) is a virus causing widespread death and great economic loss in farmed common carp (Cyprinus carpio). However, the effect of IRF9 on CyHV-3 infection in common carp has not been reported. In this study, during CyHV-3 infection, IRF9 overexpression in common carp fin epithelial (CCF) cells significantly reduced the expression of viral factor thymidine kinase (TK) and open reading frame 72 (ORF72), and knockdown of IRF9 produced the opposite results (p < 0.05). In CCF cells. The IRF9 protein was expression in the nucleus and was rapidly induced in CCF cells by CyHV-3 infection. In addition, several genes associated with virus infection, including type I interferon (IFNI), IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) and Viperin were induced in CCF cells overexpressing IRF9 upon CyHV-3 infection. IRF9 overexpression induced by CyHV-3 infection significantly increased the gene expression of Mx1 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and the protein expression of protein kinase B (AKT) (p < 0.01). Interestingly, IRF9 did not significantly affect Mx1 gene expression when AKT protein levels remained unchanged during CyHV-3 infection of CCF cells. Furthermore, a significant resistance-related locus was found in the IRF9 sequence in "Longke-11" mirror carp (M11) and Yellow River carp (p < 0.05). These results indicated that IRF9 inhibited viral replication by upregulating the expression of Mx1 via the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway during CyHV-3 infection in CCF cells and provide some basis for the study of the antiviral molecular mechanisms of common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Jiang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Wanying Ren
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Lijing Tian
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Yanlong Ge
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Chitao Li
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Xuesong Hu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Lianyu Shi
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiying Jia
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.
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Song J, Guo Y, Wang D, Quan R, Wang J, Liu J. Seneca Valley virus 3C pro antagonizes type I interferon response by targeting STAT1-STAT2- IRF9 and KPNA1 signals. J Virol 2023; 97:e0072723. [PMID: 37819133 PMCID: PMC10617416 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00727-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Type I interferon (IFN) signaling plays a principal role in host innate immune responses against invading viruses. Viruses have evolved diverse mechanisms that target the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway to modulate IFN response negatively. Seneca Valley virus (SVV), an emerging porcine picornavirus, has received great interest recently because it poses a great threat to the global pork industry. However, the molecular mechanism by which SVV evades host innate immunity remains incompletely clear. Our results revealed that SVV proteinase (3Cpro) antagonizes IFN signaling by degrading STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9, and cleaving STAT2 to escape host immunity. SVV 3Cpro also degrades karyopherin 1 to block IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 nuclear translocation. Our results reveal a novel molecular mechanism by which SVV 3Cpro antagonizes the type I IFN response pathway by targeting STAT1-STAT2-IRF9 and karyopherin α1 signals, which has important implications for our understanding of SVV-evaded host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yitong Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Skavicus S, Heaton NS. Approaches for timeline reductions in pathogenesis studies using genetically modified mice. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0252123. [PMID: 37695101 PMCID: PMC10580824 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02521-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although genetically modified mouse models have long been a powerful tool for microbiology research, the manipulation of the mouse genome is expensive, time consuming, and has historically remained the domain of dedicated animal facilities. The recent use of in vivo clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based editing technology has been reported to reduce the expertise, cost, and time required to generate novel mouse lines; it has remained unclear, however, if this new technology could meaningfully alter experimental timelines. Here, we report the optimization of an in oviduct murine genetic manipulation technique for use by microbiologists. We use this approach to generate a series of knockout mice and detail a protocol using an influenza A virus infection model to test the preliminary importance of a host factor in as short as 11 weeks (with a fully backcrossed knockout line in ~22 weeks) from initiation of the study. Broader use of this approach by the microbiology community will allow for more efficient, and rapid, definition of novel pathogenic mechanisms in vivo. IMPORTANCE Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based technologies have already begun to revolutionize biomedical science. An emerging application of this technology is in the development of genetically modified model organisms to study the mechanisms underlying infectious disease. Here, we describe a protocol using an in vivo CRISPR-based approach that can be used to test the importance of a candidate host factor for microbial pathogenesis in less than 3 months and before complete establishment of a new mouse line. Adoption of this approach by the broader microbiology community will help to decrease the resources and time required to understand how pathogens cause disease which will ultimately speed up the development of new clinical interventions and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Skavicus
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Huang Z, Cao H, Zeng F, Lin S, Chen J, Luo Y, You J, Kong C, Mai Z, Deng J, Guo W, Chen X, Wang H, Zhou P, Zhang G, Gong L. African Swine Fever Virus MGF505-7R Interacts with Interferon Regulatory Factor 9 to Evade the Type I Interferon Signaling Pathway and Promote Viral Replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0197722. [PMID: 36815839 PMCID: PMC10062159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01977-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and severe infectious disease caused by the ASF virus (ASFV). The mortality rate of ASF in pigs can reach 100%, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry. Here, we found that ASFV protein MGF505-7R inhibited the beta interferon (IFN-β)-mediated Janus-activated kinase-signal transducer and activation of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling. Our results demonstrate that MGF505-7R inhibited interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3)-mediated IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activity. Importantly, we observed that MGF505-7R inhibits ISGF3 heterotrimer formation by interacting with interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and inhibits the nuclear translocation of ISGF3. Moreover, to demonstrate the role of MGF505-7R in IFN-I signal transduction during ASFV infection, we constructed and evaluated ASFV-ΔMGF505-7R recombinant viruses. ASFV-ΔMGF505-7R restored STAT2 and STAT1 phosphorylation, alleviated the inhibition of ISGF3 nuclear translocation, and showed increased susceptibility to IFN-β, unlike the parental GZ201801 strain. In conclusion, our study shows that ASFV protein MGF505-7R plays a key role in evading IFN-I-mediated innate immunity, revealing a new mode of evasion for ASFV. IMPORTANCE ASF, caused by ASFV, is currently prevalent in Eurasia, with mortality rates reaching 100% in pigs. At present, there are no safe or effective vaccines against ASFV. In this study, we found that the ASFV protein MGF505-7R hinders IFN-β signaling by interacting with IRF9 and inhibiting the formation of ISGF3 heterotrimers. Of note, we demonstrated that MGF505-7R plays a role in the immune evasion of ASFV in infected hosts and that recombinant viruses alleviated the effect on type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling and exhibited increased susceptibility to IFN-β. This study provides a theoretical basis for developing vaccines against ASFV using strains with MGF505-7R gene deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoxuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanliang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Sizhan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyi You
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuiying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanzhuo Mai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiongnan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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9
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Gothe F, Stremenova Spegarova J, Hatton CF, Griffin H, Sargent T, Cowley SA, James W, Roppelt A, Shcherbina A, Hauck F, Reyburn HT, Duncan CJA, Hambleton S. Aberrant inflammatory responses to type I interferon in STAT2 or IRF9 deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:955-964.e16. [PMID: 35182547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory phenomena such as hyperinflammation or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis are a frequent yet paradoxical accompaniment to virus susceptibility in patients with impairment of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling caused by deficiency of signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) or IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF9). OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that altered and/or prolonged IFN-I signaling contributes to inflammatory complications in these patients. METHODS We explored the signaling kinetics and residual transcriptional responses of IFN-stimulated primary cells from individuals with complete loss of one of STAT1, STAT2, or IRF9 as well as gene-edited induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages. RESULTS Deficiency of any IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 component suppressed but did not abrogate IFN-I receptor signaling, which was abnormally prolonged, in keeping with insufficient induction of negative regulators such as ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18). In cells lacking either STAT2 or IRF9, this late transcriptional response to IFN-α2b mimicked the effect of IFN-γ. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a model wherein the failure of negative feedback of IFN-I signaling in STAT2 and IRF9 deficiency leads to immune dysregulation. Aberrant IFN-α receptor signaling in STAT2- and IRF9-deficient cells switches the transcriptional output to a prolonged, IFN-γ-like response and likely contributes to clinically overt inflammation in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gothe
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jarmila Stremenova Spegarova
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine F Hatton
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Griffin
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Sargent
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A Cowley
- James & Lillian Martin Centre for Stem Cell Research, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William James
- James & Lillian Martin Centre for Stem Cell Research, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Roppelt
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Shcherbina
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fabian Hauck
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hugh T Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher J A Duncan
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Infection and Tropical Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Children's Immunology Service, Great North Children's Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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10
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Li L, Fu J, Li J, Guo S, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. African Swine Fever Virus pI215L Inhibits Type I Interferon Signaling by Targeting Interferon Regulatory Factor 9 for Autophagic Degradation. J Virol 2022;:e0094422. [PMID: 35972295 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00944-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a highly lethal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boars that has significant economic consequences for the pig industry. The type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathway is a pivotal component of the innate antiviral response, and ASFV has evolved multiple mechanisms to antagonize this pathway and facilitate infection. Here, we reported a novel function of ASFV pI215L in inhibiting type I IFN signaling. Our results showed that ASFV pI215L inhibited IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activity and subsequent transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) by triggering interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) degradation. Additionally, we found that catalytically inactive pI215L mutations retained the ability to block type I IFN signaling, indicating that this only known viral E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme mediates IFR9 degradation in a ubiquitin-conjugating activity-independent manner. By coimmunoprecipitation, confocal immunofluorescence, and subcellular fractionation approaches, we demonstrated that pI215L interacted with IRF9 and impaired the formation and nuclear translocation of IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3). Moreover, further mechanism studies supported that pI215L induced IRF9 degradation through the autophagy-lysosome pathway in both pI215L-overexpressed and ASFV-infected cells. These findings reveal a new immune evasion strategy evolved by ASFV in which pI215L acts to degrade host IRF9 via the autophagic pathway, thus inhibiting the type I IFN signaling and counteracting the host innate immune response. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly contagious and lethal disease in pigs and wild boars that is currently present in many countries, severely affecting the global pig industry. Despite extensive research, effective vaccines and antiviral strategies are still lacking, and many fundamental questions regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying host innate immunity escape remain unclear. In this study, we identified ASFV pI215L, the only known viral E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, which is involved in antagonizing the type I interferon signaling. Mechanistically, pI215L interacted with interferon regulatory factor 9 for autophagic degradation, and this degradation was independent of its ubiquitin-conjugating activity. These results increase the current knowledge regarding ASFV evasion of innate immunity, which may instruct future research on antiviral strategies and dissection of ASFV pathogenesis.
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11
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Wang M, Liu Y, Qin C, Lang Y, Xu A, Yu C, Zhao Z, Zhang R, Yang J, Tang J. Pseudorabies Virus EP0 Antagonizes the Type I Interferon Response via Inhibiting IRF9 Transcription. J Virol 2022;:e0217121. [PMID: 35708311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02171-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the etiologic agent of swine Aujeszky's disease, which can cause huge economic losses to the pig industry. PRV can overcome a type I interferon (IFN)-induced antiviral state in host cells through its encoded EP0 protein. However, the exact role of EP0 in this process is poorly defined. Here, we report that EP0 transcriptionally represses IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF9), a critical component in the IFN signaling pathway, thereby reducing the cellular levels of IRF9 and inhibiting IFN-induced gene transcription. This activity of EP0 is mediated by its C-terminal region independently of the RING domain. Moreover, compared with EP0 wild-type PRV, EP0-deficient PRV loses the ability to efficiently decrease cellular IRF9, while reintroducing the C-terminal region of EP0 back into the EP0-deficient virus restores the activity. Together, these results suggest that EP0 can transcriptionally modulate IRF9-mediated antiviral pathways through its C-terminal region, contributing to PRV innate immune evasion. IMPORTANCE Alphaherpesviruses can establish lifelong infections and cause many diseases in humans and animals. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a swine alphaherpesvirus that threatens pig production. Using PRV as a model, we found that alphaherpesvirus can utilize its encoded early protein EP0 to inhibit the IFN-induced upregulation of antiviral proteins by reducing the basal expression levels of IRF9 through repressing its transcription. Our findings reveal a mechanism employed by alphaherpesvirus to evade the immune response and indicate that EP0 is an important viral protein in pathogenesis and a potential target for antiviral drug development.
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12
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Sharma BR, Karki R, Sundaram B, Wang Y, Vogel P, Kanneganti TD. The Transcription Factor IRF9 Promotes Colorectal Cancer via Modulating the IL-6/STAT3 Signaling Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040919. [PMID: 35205671 PMCID: PMC8869918 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and innate immune responses and inflammation are known to affect the course of disease. Interferon (IFN) signaling in particular is critical for modulating inflammation-associated diseases including CRC. While the effects of IFN signaling in CRC have been studied, results have been conflicting. Furthermore, individual molecules in the IFN pathway that could be therapeutically targeted have distinct functions, with many of their diverse roles in CRC remaining unclear. Here, we found that IRF9 had an oncogenic effect in CRC; loss of IRF9 reduced tumorigenesis in both azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced and spontaneous CRC models. IRF9 also reduced DSS-induced colitis and inflammation in the colon, but it had no effect on the NF-κB and MAPK signaling activation. Instead, IRF9 enhanced the transcription and production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. By promoting IL-6 release, IRF9 drove the activation of pro-oncogenic STAT3 signaling in the colon. Overall, our study found that IRF9 promoted the development of CRC via modulation of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling axis, identifying multiple potential targets and suggesting new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhesh Raj Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.R.S.); (R.K.); (B.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.R.S.); (R.K.); (B.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Balamurugan Sundaram
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.R.S.); (R.K.); (B.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yaqiu Wang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.R.S.); (R.K.); (B.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.R.S.); (R.K.); (B.S.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-901-595-3634; Fax: +1-901-595-5766
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13
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Wang D, Fu Z, Gao L, Zeng J, Xiang Y, Zhou L, Tong X, Wang XQ, Lu J. Increased IRF9-STAT2 signaling leads to adaptive resistance toward targeted therapy in melanoma by restraining GSDME-dependent pyroptosis. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2476-2487.e9. [PMID: 35148998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the leading cause of cutaneous malignancy death. BRAF inhibitors (BRAFis) have been developed as target therapies because nearly half of melanoma patients have activating mutations in the BRAF oncogene. However, the fast-developed resistance of BRAFis limits its treatment efficacy. Understanding the molecular mechanism of resistance is vital to increase the success of clinical treatment. We searched three datasets (GSE42872, GSE52882, and GSE106321) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), which analyzed the mRNA expression profile in melanoma cells under BRAFis treatment, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among all the DEGs, increased expression of IRF9 and STAT2 was distinguished and verified to be upregulated in BRAFis-treated melanoma cells. Furthermore, IRF9 or STAT2 overexpression led to less sensitivity, while IRF9 or STAT2 knockdown increased sensitivity to BRAFis treatment. In a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model, we demonstrated that IRF9 or STAT2 overexpression slowed BRAFis-induced tumor shrank, but IRF9 or STAT2 knockdown led to BRAFis-induced tumor shrank more quickly. More interestingly, we discovered that IRF9-STAT2 signaling controlled GSDME-dependent pyroptosis by restoring GSDME transcription. These results suggest that targeting IRF9/STAT2 may lead to more promising effective treatments to prevent melanoma resistance to BRAFis by inducing pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Zhibing Fu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Yaping Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Tong
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China.
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14
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Rincon-Arevalo H, Aue A, Ritter J, Szelinski F, Khadzhynov D, Zickler D, Stefanski L, Lino AC, Körper S, Eckardt KU, Schrezenmeier H, Dörner T, Schrezenmeier EV. Altered increase in STAT1 expression and phosphorylation in severe COVID-19. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:138-148. [PMID: 34676541 PMCID: PMC8646801 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interferon pathway, a key antiviral defense mechanism, is being considered as a therapeutic target in COVID‐19. Both, substitution of interferon and JAK/STAT inhibition to limit cytokine storms have been proposed. However, little is known about possible abnormalities in STAT signaling in immune cells during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We investigated downstream targets of interferon signaling, including STAT1, STAT2, pSTAT1 and 2, and IRF1, 7 and 9 by flow cytometry in 30 patients with COVID‐19, 17 with mild, and 13 with severe infection. We report upregulation of STAT1 and IRF9 in mild and severe COVID‐19 cases, which correlated with the IFN‐signature assessed by Siglec‐1 (CD169) expression on peripheral monocytes. Interestingly, Siglec‐1 and STAT1 in CD14+ monocytes and plasmablasts showed lower expression among severe cases compared to mild cases. Contrary to the baseline STAT1 expression, the phosphorylation of STAT1 was enhanced in severe COVID‐19 cases, indicating a dysbalanced JAK/STAT signaling that fails to induce transcription of interferon stimulated response elements (ISRE). This abnormality persisted after IFN‐α and IFN‐γ stimulation of PBMCs from patients with severe COVID‐19. Data suggest impaired STAT1 transcriptional upregulation among severely infected patients may represent a potential predictive biomarker and would allow stratification of patients for certain interferon‐pathway targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Rincon-Arevalo
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.,Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Arman Aue
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Ritter
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dmytro Khadzhynov
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Zickler
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Stefanski
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreia C Lino
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sixten Körper
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, University Hospital Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, University Hospital Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva V Schrezenmeier
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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15
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Bhatt B, Prakhar P, Lohia GK, Rajmani RS, Balaji KN. Pre-existing mycobacterial infection modulates Candida albicans-driven pyroptosis. FEBS J 2021; 289:1536-1551. [PMID: 34670010 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Active tuberculosis patients are at high risk of coinfection with opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. However, the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-C. albicans coinfection remain elusive. In the current study, we utilize a mouse model to demonstrate that Mtb promotes a macrophage environment that is conducive for C. albicans survival. Mtb-dependent protein kinase Cζ-WNT signalling axis induces expression of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, constitutive photomorphogenesis protein 1 (COP1). A secondary infection of C. albicans in such Mtb-infected macrophages causes COP1 to mediate the proteasomal degradation of interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9), a cardinal factor that we identified to arbitrate an inflammatory programmed cell death, pyroptosis. In vivo experiments mimicking a pre-existing Mtb infection demonstrate that inhibition of pyroptosis in mice results in increased C. albicans burden and aberrant lung tissue architecture, leading to increased host mortality. Together, our study reveals the crucial role of pyroptosis regulation for manifesting a successful C. albicans-Mtb coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhatt
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Praveen Prakhar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Lohia
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Raju S Rajmani
- Centre of Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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16
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Li W, Deng P, Wang J, Li Z, Zhang H. MiR-17 Knockdown Promotes Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Modulation Through Upregulated Interferon Regulator Factor 9 Expression. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:1119-1126. [PMID: 32484213 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MiR-17 is a small noncoding RNA that plays an important role in the development of tumorgenesis, which recently has emerged to be involved in regulation of inflammatory responses and angiogenesis. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of miR-17 on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic modulation have not been investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS In the current study, we observed that miR-17 expression tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was downregulated in VSMCs administrated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB stimulation and carotid arteries subjected to wire injury, which were accompanied with decreased VSMC differentiation markers. Loss-of-function strategy demonstrated that miR-17 knockdown promoted VSMC phenotypic modulation characterized as decreased VSMC differentiation marker genes, increased proliferated and migrated capability of VSMC examined by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Mechanistically, the bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay demonstrated that miR-17 directly targeted Interferon Regulator Factor 9 (IRF9) and the upregulated IRF9 expression was responsible for the promoted effect miR-17 knockdown on VSMC phenotypic modulation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrated that miR-17 knockdown accelerated VSMC phenotypic modulation partially through directly targeting to IRF9, which suggested that miR-17 may act as a novel therapeutic target for intimal hyperplasia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Hospital of Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, China
| | - Junhua Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, China
| | - Huming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, China
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Xue BH, Liu Y, Chen H, Sun Y, Yu WL. A novel function of IRF9 in acute pancreatitis by modulating cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and suppressing SIRT1-p53. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 472:125-134. [PMID: 32577948 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease caused by the abnormal activation of pancreatic enzymes in the pancreas, with a considerably high morbidity and mortality. However, the etiological factor and pathogenesis of AP are still unclear. This study was aimed to explore the role and mechanism of interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) in the occurrence of AP and to provide experimental and theoretical foundation for AP diagnosis and treatment. AP model in vitro was established by caerulein-induced group. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was designed and constructed to silence IRF9 gene. After siRNA transfected and caerulein treated successfully, the expression levels of IRF9, SIRT1, and acetylated p53 (Ac-p53) were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The apoptosis, proliferation, and migration of AR42J cells were checked by flow cytometry, MTT, and transwell assay. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was implemented to validate the regulatory effect of IRF9 on SIRT1. Here, our study showed that the expression of IRF9 and Ac-p53 was increased, SIRT1 was decreased, and cell apoptosis, proliferation, and migration of AR42J cells were increased after caerulein induced. IRF9 gene silencing upregulated SIRT1, downregulated Ac-p53, and inhibited cell apoptosis, proliferation, and migration. Dual-Luciferase reporter assay showed that IRF9 could negatively regulate SIRT1. The potential mechanism was that IRF9 could modulate cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and bind the promoter of SIRT1 to repress SIRT1-p53. It hinted that IRF9 showed a novel function in AP by modulating cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and suppressing SIRT1-p53. IRF9 might be a good potential treatment target for AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Hua Xue
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Wei-Li Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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Jiang L, Park MJ, Cho CJ, Lee K, Jung MK, Pack CG, Myung SJ, Chang S. ADAR1 Suppresses Interferon Signaling in Gastric Cancer Cells by MicroRNA-302a-Mediated IRF9/STAT1 Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176195. [PMID: 32867271 PMCID: PMC7504523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) catalyzes the deamination of adenosine to generate inosine, through its binding to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a phenomenon known as RNA editing. One of the functions of ADAR1 is suppressing the type I interferon (IFN) response, but its mechanism in gastric cancer is not clearly understood. We analyzed changes in RNA editing and IFN signaling in ADAR1-depleted gastric cancer cells, to clarify how ADAR1 regulates IFN signaling. Interestingly, we observed a dramatic increase in the protein level of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) upon ADAR1 knockdown, in the absence of type I or type II IFN treatment. However, there were no changes in protein expression or localization of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and interferon alpha and beta-receptor subunit 2 (IFNAR2), the two known mediators of IFN production. Instead, we found that miR-302a-3p binds to the untranslated region (UTR) of IRF9 and regulate its expression. The treatment of ADAR1-depleted AGS cells with an miR-302a mimic successfully restored IRF9 as well as STAT1 protein level. Hence, our results suggest that ADAR1 regulates IFN signaling in gastric cancer through the suppression of STAT1 and IRF9 via miR-302a, which is independent from the RNA editing of known IFN production pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushang Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Korea; (L.J.); (M.J.P.); (C.J.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Min Ji Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Korea; (L.J.); (M.J.P.); (C.J.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Charles J. Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Korea; (L.J.); (M.J.P.); (C.J.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Kihak Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Korea; (L.J.); (M.J.P.); (C.J.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Min Kyo Jung
- Department of Convergence Medicine, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Korea; (M.K.J.); (C.G.P.)
| | - Chan Gi Pack
- Department of Convergence Medicine, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Korea; (M.K.J.); (C.G.P.)
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Department of Gastroenterology, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Suhwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Korea; (L.J.); (M.J.P.); (C.J.C.); (K.L.)
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.M.); (S.C.)
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19
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Jiang F, Zhou HY, Zhou LF, Zeng W, Zhao LH. IRF9 Affects the TNF-Induced Phenotype of Rheumatoid-Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes via Regulation of the SIRT-1/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Cells Tissues Organs 2020; 209:110-119. [PMID: 32772027 DOI: 10.1159/000508405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss how IRF9 affects the fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in TNF-induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) via the SIRT-1/NF-κB signaling pathway. METHODS RA-FLS were isolated and divided into control, sh-IRF9, TNF, TNF + sh-Ctrl, TNF + sh-IRF9, TNF + sh-SIRT1, and TNF + sh-IRF9 + sh-SIRT1 groups. Biological features of FLS were evaluated by MTT, wound healing, and Transwell assays, respectively. Cell apoptosis and cycle were assessed flow cytometrically. Inflammatory cytokines were determined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while IRF9 expression and SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway activity were measured by Western blotting. RESULTS TNF increased IRF9 expression as well as NF-κB signaling activity and down-regulated SIRT1 of RA-FLS. Silencing IRF9 resulted in up-regulation of SIRT1 and blocked NF-κB signaling, with significant decreases in TNF-induced cell viability, migration, and invasion, prominent enhancement in apoptosis and the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase, but a decrease in the proportion of cells in S and G2/M phases, and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines. However, these changes were totally abolished after silencing SIRT1, i.e., the IRF9 shRNA-induced inhibitory effect on the growth of RA-FLS was reversed. CONCLUSION Silencing IRF9 curbs the activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway via up-regulating SIRT-1, to further suppress TNF-induced changes in the malignant features of RA-FLS, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, with the promoted apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongzhou Maternal-Child Health Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China,
| | - Li-Fang Zhou
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Han Zhao
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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20
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Jiang Z, Weng P, Xu X, Li M, Li Y, Lv Y, Chang K, Wang S, Lin G, Hu C. IRF9 promotes apoptosis and innate immunity by inhibiting SIRT1-p53 axis in fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 103:220-228. [PMID: 32439513 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a NAD+-dependent deacetylase, SIRT1 is widely involved in apoptosis and cellular inflammation via multiple pathways such as p53, NF-кB and STAT. More and more studies have shown that p53 is the first non-histone deacetylation target of SIRT1. SIRT1-p53 axis thus plays an important role in mammalian cells. IRF9 is an important member of interferon regulator factor family and performs an important role in innate immunity against foreign virus invasion. More importantly, human IRF9 can suppress the SIRT1-p53 axis. However, the functions and relationship between IRF9 and SIRT1-p53 axis are rarely studied in fish. To this end, we made a preliminary research on the functions of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) IRF9, SIRT1 and p53 in apoptosis and innate immunity. Firstly, we cloned and identified the ORF of SIRT1 (named CiSIRT1, MN125614) from C. idella and demonstrated that CiIRF9 promoted apoptosis, while CiSIRT1 inhibited apoptosis by flow cytometry and TUNEL experiments. Next, we found the interaction between CiSIRT1 and Cip53 in vivo by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Moreover, the colocalization analysis also showed CiSIRT1 and Cip53 were mainly distributed in nucleus. Thirdly, we got a conclusion that CiIRF9 can repress the expression of CiSIRT1, implying that CiIRF9 regulates CiSIRT1-p53 axis. Finally, CiSIRT1 mRNA level was significantly up-regulated and the expression reached the highest level at 24 h post poly (I:C) stimulation in CIK cells. So, CiSIRT1 may exert an important function in innate immunity. Furthermore, we found CiSIRT1 down-regulated the expression of CiIFN1. In summary, CiIRF9 promotes apoptosis and innate immunity by inhibiting SIRT1-p53 axis. These findings will provide a new theoretical basis for the research on teleost innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyin Jiang
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Panwei Weng
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Meifeng Li
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yinping Li
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yangfeng Lv
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Kaile Chang
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shanghong Wang
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Gang Lin
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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21
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Lu X, Liu J, Yan J, Wu H, Feng H. Identification and characterization of IRF9 from black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 103:103528. [PMID: 31654647 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) plays a crucial role in JAK-STAT signaling in human and mammal. However, the relationship between IRF9 and STAT1 in teleost fish remains largely unknown. The previous study has elucidated that two STAT1 isoforms (bcSTAT1a and bcSTAT1b) of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) play an important role during the innate immune activation initiated by grass carp reovirus (GCRV). In this paper, black carp IRF9 (bcIRF9) has been identified and characterized. bcIRF9 was distributed majorly in the nucleus and the linker domain (LD) of bcIRF9 was vital for its nuclear localization. bcIRF9 showed ISRE-inducing activity in reporter assay and presented antiviral activity against GCRV in plaque assay, in which both DNA binding domain (DBD) and LD of bcIRF9 were essential for its antiviral signaling. bcIRF9 was identified to interact with both bcSTAT1a and bcSTAT1b in the co-immunoprecipitation assay. It was interesting that bcIRF9-mediated antiviral signaling was up-regulated by bcSTAT1a; however, down-regulated by bcSTAT1b. Thus, our data support the conclusion that bcIRF9 plays an important role in the innate immune defense against GCRV, in which two STAT1 proteins function differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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22
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Geary CD, Krishna C, Lau CM, Adams NM, Gearty SV, Pritykin Y, Thomsen AR, Leslie CS, Sun JC. Non-redundant ISGF3 Components Promote NK Cell Survival in an Auto-regulatory Manner during Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 24:1949-1957.e6. [PMID: 30134157 PMCID: PMC6153266 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that possess adaptive features, including antigen-specific clonal expansion and long-lived memory responses. Although previous work demonstrated that type I interferon (IFN) signaling is crucial for NK cell expansion and memory cell formation following mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, the global transcriptional mechanisms underlying type I IFN-mediated responses remained to be determined. Here, we demonstrate that among the suite of transcripts induced in activated NK cells, IFN-α is necessary and sufficient to promote expression of its downstream transcription factors STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9, via an auto-regulatory, feedforward loop. Similar to STAT1 deficiency, we show that STAT2- or IRF9-deficient NK cells are defective in their ability to expand following MCMV infection, in part because of diminished survival rather than an inability to proliferate. Thus, our findings demonstrate that individual ISGF3 components are crucial cell-autonomous and non-redundant regulators of the NK cell response to viral infection. Using RNA-seq and ChIP-seq, Geary et al. investigate the impacts of type I interferon on NK cells during MCMV infection and demonstrate crucial and non-redundant roles for STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 in promoting cytotoxicity and survival of antiviral NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair D Geary
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chirag Krishna
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Colleen M Lau
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas M Adams
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sofia V Gearty
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuri Pritykin
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Allan R Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina S Leslie
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Abstract
We describe unexpected cooperation between two cytokines that are important in regulating the growth of cancers, namely, type I interferons (IFNs) and interleukin 6 (IL6). It is well established that IL6 is vital for the ability of many tumor types to prosper, and the work in the current paper reveals that the signaling pathway driven by IFN, which is also evident in many cancers, increases the expression of IL6 through a direct effect on the IL6 gene. The findings may help to identify new antitumor targets for therapy. In response to IFNβ, the IL6 gene is activated, modestly at early times by ISGF3 (IRF9 plus tyrosine-phosphorylated STATs 1 and 2), and strongly at late times by U-ISGF3 (IRF9 plus U-STATs 1 and 2, lacking tyrosine phosphorylation). A classical IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) at −1,513 to −1,526 in the human IL6 promoter is required. Pretreating cells with IFNβ or increasing the expression of U-STAT2 and IRF9 exogenously greatly enhances IL6 expression in response to the classical NF-κB activators IL1, TNF, and LPS. U-STAT2 binds tightly to IRF9, the DNA binding subunit of ISGF3, and also to the p65 subunit of NF-κB. Therefore, as shown by ChIP analyses, U-STAT2 can bridge the ISRE and κB elements in the IL6 promoter. In some cancer cells, the protumorigenic activation of STAT3 will be enhanced by the increased synthesis of IL6 that is facilitated by high expression of U-STAT2 and IRF9.
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Tian WL, Guo R, Wang F, Jiang ZX, Tang P, Huang YM, Sun L. The IRF9-SIRT1-P53 axis is involved in the growth of human acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Cell Res 2018; 365:185-193. [PMID: 29501566 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous disease, with biologically and prognostically different subtypes. Although a growing number of distinct AML subsets have been increasingly characterized, patient management has remained disappointingly uniform. The molecular mechanism underlying AML needs to be further investigated. Here we identify IRF9 as a negative regulator of human AML. We show that IRF9 mRNA and protein levels are down-regulated in human AML samples compared with samples from healthy donors. IRF9 knockdown promotes proliferation, colony formation and survival of OCI/AML-2 and OCI/AML-3 cells, whereas IRF9 overexpression obtains oppose results. Mechanism analysis shows that IRF9 binds SIRT1 promoter and represses SIRT1 expression in OCI/AML-2 and OCI/AML-3 cells. In AML samples, the expression of SIRT1 is up-regulated and negatively correlated with IRF9 level. IRF9 also increases the acetylation of p53, a deacetylation substrate of SIRT1, and promotes the expression of p53 target genes. Knockdown of p53 blocks the effects of IRF9 on cell survival and growth in vitro. These findings provide evidence that IRF9 serves as an important regulator in human AML by repressing SIRT1-p53 pathway and that IRF9 may be a potential target for AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Liang Tian
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China
| | - Zhong-Xing Jiang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China
| | - Ping Tang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China
| | - Yu-Min Huang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China.
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25
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Qian X, Tan H, Zhang J, Liu K, Yang T, Wang M, Debinskie W, Zhao W, Chan MD, Zhou X. Identification of biomarkers for pseudo and true progression of GBM based on radiogenomics study. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55377-55394. [PMID: 27421136 PMCID: PMC5342424 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis for pseudoprogression (PsP) and true tumor progression (TTP) of GBM is a challenging task in clinical practices. The purpose of this study is to identify potential genetic biomarkers associated with PsP and TTP based on the clinical records, longitudinal imaging features, and genomics data. We are the first to introduce the radiogenomics approach to identify candidate genes for PsP and TTP of GBM. Specifically, a novel longitudinal sparse regression model was developed to construct the relationship between gene expression and imaging features. The imaging features were extracted from tumors along the longitudinal MRI and provided diagnostic information of PsP and TTP. The 33 candidate genes were selected based on their association with the imaging features, reflecting their relation with the development of PsP and TTP. We then conducted biological relevance analysis for 33 candidate genes to identify the potential biomarkers, i.e., Interferon regulatory factor (IRF9) and X-ray repair cross-complementing gene (XRCC1), which were involved in the cancer suppression and prevention, respectively. The IRF9 and XRCC1 were further independently validated in the TCGA data. Our results provided the first substantial evidence that IRF9 and XRCC1 can serve as the potential biomarkers for the development of PsP and TTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Qian
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Hua Tan
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Keqin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Tielin Yang
- School of Life Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710049, China
| | - Maode Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, China
| | - Waldemar Debinskie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Weilin Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Michael D Chan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Yang Q, Cui J, Song W, Zhao X, Xu T. The evolution and functional characterization of miiuy croaker interferon regulatory factor 9 involved in immune response. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 66:524-530. [PMID: 28546020 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are transcription factors which play important roles in regulating the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes. IRF9 is one of the IRF family gene members which belongs to the IRF4 subfamily. Mammalian IRF9 has been known to be involved in antiviral responses as the DNA sequence recognition subunit of IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex. In fish, only a few studies investigated the characteristics of IRF9 and the role in IFN signaling. In this study, we identified the IRF9 gene from miiuy croaker (mmiIRF9) and studied its feature and function. Sequence analysis showed the similarity of mmiIRF9 and other fish IRF9 genes. Structural and syntenic analysis showed the conservatism in fish IRF9 genes. The result of expression analysis in normal tissues and infected tissues and macrophages showed that mmiIRF9 expressed in all tested normal tissues and up-regulated expression in liver, kidney and macrophages after stimulated with poly(I:C). Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated the mmiIRF9 can induced IFNα and IFNβ luciferase reporters and the cellular localization of mmiIRF9 was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm in Hela cells. Furthermore, the evolutionary analysis of IRF4 subfamily showed the IRF4 and IRF8 may be the most ancient and conservative genes in the evolution of this subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yang
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Junxia Cui
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Weihua Song
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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Huang CJ, Chou CM, Lien HW, Chu CY, Ho JY, Wu Y, Cheng CH. IRF9-Stat2 Fusion Protein as an Innate Immune Inducer to Activate Mx and Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in Zebrafish Larvae. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2017; 19:310-319. [PMID: 28500614 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection often causes large amounts of mortality during teleost larvae stage. Strong induction of innate immunity to increase survival rates of teleost larvae has been less reported. In this study, we present a zebrafish IRF9-Stat2 fusion protein (zIRF9-S2C) as a strong innate immunity inducer and characterized induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in zebrafish larvae. zIRF9-S2C could mimic IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex to constitutively activate transcription of Mx promoter through IFN-stimulatory element (ISRE) sites. Mutation of two ISRE sites on Mx promoter reduced transactivation activities of Mx promoter induced by zIRF9-S2C. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiment shows that zIRF9-S2C could directly bind to two ISRE sites of Mx promoter. Induction of transactivation of Mx promoter by zIRF9-S2C shows significantly higher activity than by zebrafish IFN1 (zIFN1), IFNγ (zIFNγ), and Tetraodon IRF9-S2C (TnIRF9-S2C). zIRF9-S2C raises transcription of Mxa, Mxb, Mxc, Ifnφ1, Ifnφ2, and Ifnφ3 in zebrafish liver ((ZFL) cell line) cells and zebrafish larvae. Collectively, we suggest that IRF9-S2C could activate transcription of ISGs with species-specific recognition and could be an innate immunity inducer in teleost larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jen Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wuxing St, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Wei Lien
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ying Chu
- Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Yun Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yimin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wuxing St, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wuxing St, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wu Z, Wang L, Xu X, Lin G, Mao H, Ran X, Zhang T, Huang K, Wang H, Huang Q, Xu Q, Hu C. Interaction of IRF9 and STAT2 synergistically up-regulates IFN and PKR transcription in Ctenopharyngodon idella. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:273-282. [PMID: 28347954 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
IRF9 is a key factor in the JAK-STAT pathway. Under the stimulation of type I IFN, IRF9 interacts with STAT1 and STAT2 to form the IFN-I-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) which activates the transcription of ISG. However, many studies also showed that the dimmer IRF9/STAT2 rather than the tripolymer IRF9/STAT1/STAT2 acts as the ISGF3 in cells in response to IFN signals. In the present study, the full-length cDNA sequence of IRF9 (termed CiIRF9, KT601055) and STAT2 (term CiSTAT2, KT781914) from grass carp were cloned and identified. A low level of constitutive expression of CiIRF9 was detected by RT-PCR in grass carp tissues, but it was significantly up-regulated by LPS and poly I:C stimulation. In vitro, a high-affinity interaction between CiIRF9 and the promoter of CiIFN or CiPKR was demonstrated by gel mobility shift assay. In vivo, the promoter activities of CiIFN and CiPKR were not only increased by transient transfection of CiIRF9, but also prominently increased by co-transfection of CiIRF9 and CiSTAT2. Moreover, the interaction of CiIRF9 and CiSTAT2 was further investigated by in vivo and in vitro protein interaction assays. Recombinant CiIRF9 and CiSTAT2, both tagged with FLAG (or HA), were expressed in HEK 293T cells by transient transfection experiment. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that CiIRF9 can interact with CiSTAT2 in vivo. Soluble GST-ST2-936 (containing the N-terminal and coiled-coil domain of CiSTAT2) was expressed and purified from E. coli. A GST pull-down assay suggested that GST-tagged ST2-936 efficiently bound to FLAG-tagged IRF9. The data indicated that interaction of IRF9 and STAT2 synergistically up-regulated the transcriptional level of IFN and ISG genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Gang Lin
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ran
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Keyi Huang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Haizhou Wang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qingli Huang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qun Xu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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Jin Y, Huo B, Fu X, Hao T, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Hu X. LSD1 collaborates with EZH2 to regulate expression of interferon-stimulated genes. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:728-737. [PMID: 28152483 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation is a complicate and dynamic epigenetic modification that regulates gene transcription, chromosomal structure and cell differentiation. Here, we discovered the interaction between the H3K4 demethylase, lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, an important component of CoREST repressor complex) and the H3K27 methyltransferase, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2, an essential component of PRC2). Immuno-precipitation and GST-pull down assay were performed to observe the interaction between the proteins. The MCF-7 cells were cultured and transfected with the siRNA. The mRNA and proteins were examined by using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot assay, respectively. HPLC and LC-MS/MS analysis were performed to purify the proteins. RT-PCR-based quantitative ChIP analysis were performed. LSD1 interacts with histone modification protein EZH2 in MCF-7 cells. LSD1 and EZH2 target a few common genes. LSD1 knockdown and EZH2 knockdown affect protein expression. LSD1 knockdown and EZH2 knockdown affect the proteins involving in IFN signaling pathway. LSD1 and EZH2 modify histone methylation at IRF9 gene locus. We systematically analyzed the proteins that are affected by either LSD1 or EZH2 knockdown with proteomic approaches and identified that the interferon pathway and some other pathways are commonly affected. The interaction between LSD1 and EZH2 stabilizes the binding of LSD1 to the promoter region of IRF9, which is a key transcription factor of the interferon pathway. In conclusion, our study revealed that the coordination between histone demethylases and methyl-transferases might serve as a double lock system to suppress the expression of interferon stimulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Huo
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xueqi Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Tian Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yidi Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xin Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Wang W, Liu Y, Wang H, Ding X, Liu J, Yu Y, Zhang Q. A genomic variant in IRF9 is associated with serum cytokine levels in pig. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:67-76. [PMID: 26518782 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) gene is a member of the IRF family and has been shown to play functionally diverse roles in the regulation of the immune system. Previous study revealed the IRF9 gene resides within the reported quantitative trait locus (QTLs) for cytokine levels. The aims of this study were to identify genomic variants in IRF9 and to test the association between the variants and cytokine levels in pig. A synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (c.459A>G) was identified in exon 4 of the IRF9 gene. Association analysis in 300 piglets (Landrace, n=68; large white, n=158; and Songliao black, n=74) showed that this variant was significantly associated with the level of interferon (IFN)-γ and the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-10 in serum (P<0.05). Relative quantification of messenger RNA (mRNA) revealed that spleen had the highest expression level and individuals with genotype AA had higher expression than those with genotype AG. Transfection-based mRNA stability assay analysis further showed that the mutant allele G could reduce the RNA stability of IRF9. These findings suggest that the SNP (c.459A>G) could be a causative mutation for the association between IRF9 and the serum cytokine levels in swine.
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Wang PX, Zhang R, Huang L, Zhu LH, Jiang DS, Chen HZ, Zhang Y, Tian S, Zhang XF, Zhang XD, Liu DP, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor 9 is a key mediator of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Hepatol 2015; 62:111-20. [PMID: 25152205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is characterized by anoxic cell injury and the generation of inflammatory mediators, leading to hepatic parenchymal cell death. The activation of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) has been implicated in hepatic I/R injury, but the role of IRF9 in this progression is unclear. METHODS We investigated the function and molecular mechanisms of IRF9 in transgene and knockout mice subjected to warm I/R of the liver. Isolated hepatocytes from IRF9 transgene and knockout mice were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury to determine the in vitro effects of IRF9. RESULTS The injuries were augmented in IRF9-overexpressing mice that were subjected to warm I/R of the liver. In contrast, a deficiency in IRF9 markedly reduced the necrotic area, serum alanine amino transferase/aspartate amino transferase (ALT/AST), immune cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokine levels, and hepatocyte apoptosis after liver I/R. Sirtuin (SIRT) 1 levels were significantly higher and the acetylation of p53 was decreased in the IRF9 knockout mice. Notably, IRF9 suppressed the activity of the SIRT1 promoter luciferase reporter and deacetylase activity. Liver injuries were significantly more severe in the IRF9/SIRT1 double knockout (DKO) mice in the I/R model, eliminating the protective effects observed in the IRF9 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS IRF9 has a novel function of inducing hepatocyte apoptosis after I/R injury by decreasing SIRT1 expression and increasing acetyl-p53 levels. Targeting IRF9 may be a potential strategy for ameliorating ischemic liver injury after liver surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Xiao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou-Zao Chen
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - De-Pei Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Chen HZ, Guo S, Li ZZ, Lu Y, Jiang DS, Zhang R, Lei H, Gao L, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhu LH, Xiang M, Zhou Y, Wan Q, Dong H, Liu DP, Li H. A critical role for interferon regulatory factor 9 in cerebral ischemic stroke. J Neurosci 2014; 34:11897-912. [PMID: 25186738 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1545-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of past efforts to develop effective stroke treatments is at least partially because these treatments often interfered with essential physiological functions, even though they are targeted toward pathophysiological events, such as inflammation, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress. Thus, the direct targeting of endogenous neuroprotective or destructive elements holds promise as a potential new approach to treating this devastating condition. Interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9), a transcription factor that regulates innate immune responses, has been implicated in neurological pathology. Here, we provide new evidence that IRF9 directly mediates neuronal death in male mice. In response to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), IRF9 accumulated in neurons. IRF9 deficiency markedly mitigated both poststroke neuronal death and neurological deficits, whereas the neuron-specific overexpression of IRF9 sensitized neurons to death. The histone deacetylase Sirt1 was identified as a novel negative transcriptional target of IRF9 both in vivo and in vitro. IRF9 inhibits Sirt1 deacetylase activity, culminating in the acetylation and activation of p53-mediated cell death signaling. Importantly, both the genetic and pharmacological manipulation of Sirt1 effectively counteracted the pathophysiological effects of IRF9 on stroke outcome. These findings indicate that, rather than activating a delayed innate immune response, IRF9 directly activates neuronal death signaling pathways through the downregulation of Sirt1 deacetylase in response to acute I/R stress.
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Sobhkhez M, Skjesol A, Thomassen E, Tollersrud LG, Iliev DB, Sun B, Robertsen B, Jørgensen JB. Structural and functional characterization of salmon STAT1, STAT2 and IRF9 homologs sheds light on interferon signaling in teleosts. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:858-71. [PMID: 25379383 PMCID: PMC4215117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian IRF9 and STAT2, together with STAT1, form the ISGF3 transcription factor complex, which is critical for type I interferon (IFN)-induced signaling, while IFNγ stimulation is mediated by homodimeric STAT1 protein. Teleost fish are known to possess most JAK and STAT family members, however, description of their functional activity in lower vertebrates is still scarce. In the present study we have identified two different STAT2 homologs and one IRF9 homolog from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Both proteins have domain-like structures with functional motifs that are similar to higher vertebrates, suggesting that they are orthologs to mammalian STAT2 and IRF9. The two identified salmon STAT2s, named STAT2a and STAT2b, showed high sequence identity but were divergent in their transactivation domain (TAD). Like STAT1, ectopically expressed STAT2a and b were shown to be tyrosine phosphorylated by type I IFNs and, interestingly, also by IFNγ. Microscopy analyses demonstrated that STAT2 co-localized with STAT1a in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells, while IFNa1 and IFNγ stimulation seemed to favor their nuclear localization. Overexpression of STAT2a or STAT2b together with STAT1a activated a GAS-containing reporter gene construct in IFNγ-stimulated cells. The highest induction of GAS promoter activation was found in IFNγ-stimulated cells transfected with IRF9 alone. Taken together, these data suggest that salmon STAT2 and IRF9 may have a role in IFNγ-induced signaling and promote the expression of GAS-driven genes in bony fish. Since mammalian STAT2 is primarily an ISGF3 component and not involved in IFNγ signaling, our finding features a novel role for STAT2 in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Sobhkhez
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Astrid Skjesol
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ernst Thomassen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Linn Greiner Tollersrud
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dimitar B Iliev
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Baojian Sun
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Børre Robertsen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Kolosenko I, Fryknäs M, Forsberg S, Johnsson P, Cheon H, Holvey-Bates EG, Edsbäcker E, Pellegrini P, Rassoolzadeh H, Brnjic S, Larsson R, Stark GR, Grandér D, Linder S, Tamm KP, De Milito A. Cell crowding induces interferon regulatory factor 9, which confers resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:E51-61. [PMID: 25156627 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of multicellular drug resistance, defined as the reduced efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in solid tumors is incompletely understood. Here we report that colon carcinoma cells cultured as 3D microtissues (spheroids) display dramatic increases in the expression of a subset of type I interferon-(IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs). A similar gene signature was associated previously with resistance to radiation and chemotherapy, prompting us to examine the underlying biological mechanisms. Analysis of spheroids formed by different tumor cell lines and studies using knock-down of gene expression showed that cell crowding leads to the induction of IFN regulatory factor-9 (IRF9) which together with STAT2 and independently of IFNs, is necessary for ISG upregulation. Increased expression of IRF9 alone was sufficient to induce the ISG subset in monolayer cells and to confer increased resistance to clinically used cytotoxic drugs. Our data reveal a novel mechanism of regulation of a subset of ISGs, leading to drug resistance in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kolosenko
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hu GB, Zhao MY, Lin JY, Liu QM, Zhang SC. Molecular cloning and characterization of interferon regulatory factor 9 ( IRF9) in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 39:138-144. [PMID: 24837327 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) in mammals is known to be involved in antiviral response. In this study, we studied the structure, mRNA tissue distribution and regulation of IRF9 from Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. The cDNA sequence of IRF9 is 3305 bp long, containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 1308 bp that encodes a peptide of 435 amino acids. The predicted protein sequence shares 33.7-72.0% identity to other fish IRF9s. Japanese flounder IRF9 possesses a DNA-binding domain (DBD), an IRF association domain (IAD), two nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and a proline-rich domain (PRD). The IRF9 transcripts were detectable in all examined tissues of healthy Japanese flounders, with higher levels in the head kidney, kidney, liver and spleen. The IRF9 mRNA levels were up-regulated in the gills, head kidney, spleen and muscle when challenged with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) or lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV). The up-regulations were stronger and arose earlier in the case of poly I:C treatment in most tested organs in a 7-day time course, with maximum increases ranging from 1.37- to 8.59-fold and peak time points from 3 h to 3 d post injection depending on different organs, relative to those in the case of LCDV treatment which ranged from 1.32- to 3.21-fold and from 18 h to 3 d post injection, respectively. The highest and earliest inductions were detected in the spleen in both challenge cases, while the inductions by LCDV in the muscle were quite faint. These results demonstrate a role of Japanese flounder IRF9 in the host's antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bin Hu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Ming-Yu Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing-Yun Lin
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qiu-Ming Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shi-Cui Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Cheng CH, Chou CM, Chu CY, Chen GD, Lien HW, Hwang PP, Chang MS, Huang CJ. Differential regulation of Tetraodon nigroviridis Mx gene promoter activity by constitutively-active forms of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 38:230-243. [PMID: 24680831 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Induction of interferons (IFNs) produces an innate immune response through activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Type I IFN signaling activates downstream gene expression through the IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex, while type II IFN (IFN-γ) signaling is mediated through active STAT1 protein. The IFN target gene Mx is involved in the defense against viral infection. However, the mechanism by which Tetraodon (pufferfish) Mx is regulated by IFN signaling has not been identified. In this study, we describe the cloning and expression of Tetraodon STAT1, STAT2, and IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF9). By combining constitutively-active STAT1 (STAT1-JH1) and STAT2 (STA2-JH1) fusion proteins with IRF9, we demonstrate that a constitutively-active ISGF3 complex increases the transcriptional activity of the Tetraodon Mx promoter via direct binding to two IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) sites. In addition, a constitutively-active TnIRF9-S2C containing a fusion of the C-terminal region of STAT2 and IRF9 also activated the Mx promoter through binding to the ISRE sites. Furthermore, constitutively-active STAT1-JH1 elevates Mx promoter activity through two IFN gamma-activated sequence (GAS) elements. The Mx promoter is also activated by constitutively-active TnIRF9-S2C and STAT1-JH1 protein, as determined using an in vivo luciferase assay. We conclude that the Tetraodon Mx gene is activated via Type I (IFN-1) and Type II (IFN-γ) signaling. These results provide mechanistic insights into the role of IFN signaling in teleosts, and the in vivo luciferase assay may be suitable as a tool for studying induction and regulation by IFNs in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ying Chu
- The Center of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Gen-Der Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Wei Lien
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Mau-Sun Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Jen Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Cytokine signaling is mediated by the combinatorial usage of seven STAT proteins that form homo- or heterodimers involved in the regulation of specific transcriptional programs. Among STATs, STAT2 is classically known to dimerize with STAT1 and together with IRF9 forms the ISGF3 transcription factor complex that has long been considered a hallmark of activation by type I and type III interferons. However, accumulating evidence reveal distinct facets of STAT2 and IRF9 activity mediated by the segregation in alternative STAT1-independent complexes/pathways that are thought to trigger different transcriptional programs. The goal of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the stimuli, regulatory mechanisms, and function of these alternative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Fink
- CRCHUM-Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montréal, QC Canada ; Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- CRCHUM-Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montréal, QC Canada ; Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, QC Canada
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Erb HHH, Langlechner RV, Moser PL, Handle F, Casneuf T, Verstraeten K, Schlick B, Schäfer G, Hall B, Sasser K, Culig Z, Santer FR. IL6 sensitizes prostate cancer to the antiproliferative effect of IFNα2 through IRF9. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:677-89. [PMID: 23913484 PMCID: PMC3753051 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) are associated with chronic inflammation. The cytokine interleukin 6 (IL6) can influence progression, differentiation, survival, and angiogenesis of PCa. To identify novel pathways that are triggered by IL6, we performed a gene expression profiling of two PCa cell lines, LNCaP and MDA PCa 2b, treated with 5 ng/ml IL6. Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) was identified as one of the most prevalent IL6-regulated genes in both cell lines. IRF9 is a mediator of type I IFN signaling and acts together with STAT1 and 2 to activate transcription of IFN-responsive genes. The IL6 regulation of IRF9 was confirmed at mRNA and protein levels by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot respectively in both cell lines and could be blocked by the anti-IL6 antibody Siltuximab. Three PCa cell lines, PC3, Du-145, and LNCaP-IL6+, with an autocrine IL6 loop displayed high expression of IRF9. A tissue microarray with 36 PCa tissues showed that IRF9 protein expression is moderately elevated in malignant areas and positively correlates with the tissue expression of IL6. Downregulation and overexpression of IRF9 provided evidence for an IFN-independent role of IRF9 in cellular proliferation of different PCa cell lines. Furthermore, expression of IRF9 was essential to mediate the antiproliferative effects of IFNα2. We concluded that IL6 is an inducer of IRF9 expression in PCa and a sensitizer for the antiproliferative effects of IFNα2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger H H Erb
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of UrologyInnsbruck Medical University6020, InnsbruckAustria
| | - Regina V Langlechner
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of UrologyInnsbruck Medical University6020, InnsbruckAustria
| | - Patrizia L Moser
- Department of PathologyInnsbruck Medical University6020, InnsbruckAustria
| | - Florian Handle
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of UrologyInnsbruck Medical University6020, InnsbruckAustria
| | - Tineke Casneuf
- Oncology Biomarkers, Janssen Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | | | - Bettina Schlick
- Oncotyrol Center for Personalized Medicine6020, InnsbruckAustria
| | - Georg Schäfer
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of UrologyInnsbruck Medical University6020, InnsbruckAustria
| | - Brett Hall
- Oncology Biomarkers Janssen Research and DevelopmentSpring House, PennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kate Sasser
- Oncology Biomarkers Janssen Research and DevelopmentSpring House, PennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Zoran Culig
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of UrologyInnsbruck Medical University6020, InnsbruckAustria
- Correspondence should be addressed to Z Culig or F R Santer Emails: or
| | - Frédéric R Santer
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of UrologyInnsbruck Medical University6020, InnsbruckAustria
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39
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Abstract
Interferon-stimulated transcription is thought to occur mainly through the action of the JAK/STAT pathway. However, recent findings revealed an additional PI3K/Akt-dependent pathway, which contributes to the induction of a set of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) through the regulation of the transcriptional repressor EMSY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Ezell
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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