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Shen Q, Hossain F, Fang C, Shu T, Zhang X, Law JLM, Logan M, Houghton M, Tyrrell DL, Joyce MA, Serpe MJ. Bovine Serum Albumin-Protected Gold Nanoclusters for Sensing of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Virus. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37314985 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An approach to assess severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (and past infection) was developed. For virus detection, the SARS-CoV-2 virus nucleocapsid protein (NP) was targeted. To detect the NP, antibodies were immobilized on magnetic beads to capture the NPs, which were subsequently detected using rabbit anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies and alkaline phosphatase (AP)-conjugated anti-rabbit antibodies. A similar approach was used to assess SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibody levels by capturing spike receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific antibodies utilizing RBD protein-modified magnetic beads and detecting them using AP-conjugated anti-human IgG antibodies. The sensing mechanism for both assays is based on cysteamine etching-induced fluorescence quenching of bovine serum albumin-protected gold nanoclusters where cysteamine is generated in proportion to the amount of either SARS-CoV-2 virus or anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain-specific immunoglobulin antibodies (anti-RBD IgG antibodies). High sensitivity can be achieved in 5 h 15 min for the anti-RBD IgG antibody detection and 6 h 15 min for virus detection, although the assay can be run in "rapid" mode, which takes 1 h 45 min for the anti-RBD IgG antibody detection and 3 h 15 min for the virus. By spiking the anti-RBD IgG antibodies and virus in serum and saliva, we demonstrate that the assay can detect the anti-RBD IgG antibodies with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.0 and 2.0 ng/mL in serum and saliva, respectively. For the virus, we can achieve an LOD of 8.5 × 105 RNA copies/mL and 8.8 × 105 RNA copies/mL in serum and saliva, respectively. Interestingly, this assay can be easily modified to detect myriad analytes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Faisal Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Changhao Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tong Shu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, Research Center for Biosensor and Nanotheranostic, International Health Science Innovation Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, Research Center for Biosensor and Nanotheranostic, International Health Science Innovation Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - John Lok Man Law
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael Logan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael Houghton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael A Joyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael J Serpe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Abstract
Viral infections are the most common among diseases that globally require around 60 percent of medical care. However, in the heat of the pandemic, there was a lack of medical equipment and inpatient facilities to provide all patients with viral infections. The detection of viral infections is possible in three general ways such as (i) direct virus detection, which is performed immediately 1-3 days after the infection, (ii) determination of antibodies against some virus proteins mainly observed during/after virus incubation period, (iii) detection of virus-induced disease when specific tissue changes in the organism. This review surveys some global pandemics from 1889 to 2020, virus types, which induced these pandemics, and symptoms of some viral diseases. Non-analytical methods such as radiology and microscopy also are overviewed. This review overlooks molecular analysis methods such as nucleic acid amplification, antibody-antigen complex determination, CRISPR-Cas system-based viral genome determination methods. Methods widely used in the certificated diagnostic laboratory for SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, B, C, HIV, and other viruses during a viral pandemic are outlined. A comprehensive overview of molecular analytical methods has shown that the assay's sensitivity, accuracy, and suitability for virus detection depends on the choice of the number of regions in the viral open reading frame (ORF) genome sequence and the validity of the selected analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julija Dronina
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Samukaite-Bubniene
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Balkourani G, Brouzgou A, Archonti M, Papandrianos N, Song S, Tsiakaras P. Emerging materials for the electrochemical detection of COVID-19. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021; 893:115289. [PMID: 33907536 PMCID: PMC8062413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is still causing a dramatic loss of human lives worldwide, constituting an unprecedented challenge for the society, public health and economy, to overcome. The up-to-date diagnostic tests, PCR, antibody ELISA and Rapid Antigen, require special equipment, hours of analysis and special staff. For this reason, many research groups have focused recently on the design and development of electrochemical biosensors for the SARS-CoV-2 detection, indicating that they can play a significant role in controlling COVID disease. In this review we thoroughly discuss the transducer electrode nanomaterials investigated in order to improve the sensitivity, specificity and response time of the as-developed SARS-CoV-2 electrochemical biosensors. Particularly, we mainly focus on the results appeard on Au-based and carbon or graphene-based electrodes, which are the main material groups recently investigated worldwidely. Additionally, the adopted electrochemical detection techniques are also discussed, highlighting their pros and cos. The nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors could enable a fast, accurate and without special cost, virus detection. However, further research is required in terms of new nanomaterials and synthesis strategies in order the SARS-CoV-2 electrochemical biosensors to be commercialized.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Balkourani
- Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, 1 Sekeri Str., Pedion Areos, 38834 Volos, Greece
| | - A Brouzgou
- Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, 1 Sekeri Str., Pedion Areos, 38834 Volos, Greece
- Department of Energy Systems, Faculty of Technology, University of Thessaly, Geopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - M Archonti
- Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, 1 Sekeri Str., Pedion Areos, 38834 Volos, Greece
| | - N Papandrianos
- Department of Energy Systems, Faculty of Technology, University of Thessaly, Geopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - S Song
- The Key Lab of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, PCFM Lab, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - P Tsiakaras
- Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, 1 Sekeri Str., Pedion Areos, 38834 Volos, Greece
- Laboratory of Materials and Devices for Clean Energy, Department of Technology of Electrochemical Processes, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Devices based on Solid Oxide Proton Electrolytes, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry (RAS), Yekaterinburg 620990, Russian Federation
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