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Bedolla A, Wegman E, Weed M, Paranjpe A, Alkhimovitch A, Ifergan I, McClain L, Luo Y. Microglia-derived TGF-β1 ligand maintains microglia homeostasis via autocrine mechanism and is critical for normal cognitive function in adult mouse brain. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.05.547814. [PMID: 37461569 PMCID: PMC10349967 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.05.547814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
While TGF-β signaling is essential for microglial function, the cellular source of TGF-β ligand and its spatial regulation remains unclear in the adult CNS. Our data support that microglia, not astrocytes or neurons, are the primary producers of TGF-β1 ligands needed for microglial homeostasis. Microglia (MG)-Tgfb1 inducible knockout (iKO) leads to the activation of microglia featuring a dyshomeostatic transcriptomic profile that resembles disease-associated microglia (DAMs), injury-associated microglia, and aged microglia, suggesting that microglial self-produced TGF-β1 ligands are important in the adult CNS. Interestingly, astrocytes in MG-Tgfb1 iKO mice show a transcriptome profile that closely aligns with A1-like astrocytes. Additionally, using sparse mosaic single-cell microglia iKO of TGF-β1 ligand, we established an autocrine mechanism for TGF-β signaling. Importantly MG-Tgfb1 iKO mice show cognitive deficits, supporting that precise spatial regulation of TGF-β1 ligand derived from microglia is critical for the maintenance of brain homeostasis and normal cognitive function in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Elliot Wegman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Max Weed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aditi Paranjpe
- Information Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Anastasia Alkhimovitch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lucas McClain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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2
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Podojil JR, Cogswell AC, Chiang MY, Eaton V, Ifergan I, Neef T, Xu D, Meghani KA, Yu Y, Orbach SM, Murthy T, Boyne MT, Elhofy A, Shea LD, Meeks JJ, Miller SD. Biodegradable nanoparticles induce cGAS/STING-dependent reprogramming of myeloid cells to promote tumor immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887649. [PMID: 36059473 PMCID: PMC9433741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment utilizing infusion therapies to enhance the patient's own immune response against the tumor have shown significant functionality in a small subpopulation of patients. Additionally, advances have been made in the utilization of nanotechnology for the treatment of disease. We have previously reported the potent effects of 3-4 daily intravenous infusions of immune modifying poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (IMPs; named ONP-302) for the amelioration of acute inflammatory diseases by targeting myeloid cells. The present studies describe a novel use for ONP-302, employing an altered dosing scheme to reprogram myeloid cells resulting in significant enhancement of tumor immunity. ONP-302 infusion decreased tumor growth via the activation of the cGAS/STING pathway within myeloid cells, and subsequently increased NK cell activation via an IL-15-dependent mechanism. Additionally, ONP-302 treatment increased PD-1/PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment, thereby allowing for functionality of anti-PD-1 for treatment in the B16.F10 melanoma tumor model which is normally unresponsive to monotherapy with anti-PD-1. These findings indicate that ONP-302 allows for tumor control via reprogramming myeloid cells via activation of the STING/IL-15/NK cell mechanism, as well as increasing anti-PD-1 response rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States,Cour Pharmaceutical Development Company, Northbrook, IL, United States
| | - Andrew C. Cogswell
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ming-Yi Chiang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Valerie Eaton
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Khyati A. Meghani
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yanni Yu
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States,Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sophia M. Orbach
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Tushar Murthy
- Cour Pharmaceutical Development Company, Northbrook, IL, United States
| | - Michael T. Boyne
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States,Cour Pharmaceutical Development Company, Northbrook, IL, United States
| | - Adam Elhofy
- Cour Pharmaceutical Development Company, Northbrook, IL, United States
| | - Lonnie D. Shea
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joshua J. Meeks
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States,Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Stephen D. Miller,
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3
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Xu D, Bhattacharyya S, Wang W, Ifergan I, Chiang Wong MYA, Procissi D, Yeldandi A, Bale S, Marangoni RG, Horbinski C, Miller SD, Varga J. PLG nanoparticles target fibroblasts and MARCO+ monocytes to reverse multi-organ fibrosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:151037. [PMID: 35104243 PMCID: PMC8983146 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic, multisystem orphan disease with a highly variable clinical course, high mortality rate, and a poorly understood complex pathogenesis. We have identified an important role for a subpopulation of monocytes and macrophages characterized by surface expression of the scavenger receptor macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) in chronic inflammation and fibrosis in SSc and in preclinical disease models. We show that MARCO+ monocytes and macrophages accumulate in lesional skin and lung in topographic proximity to activated myofibroblasts in patients with SSc and in the bleomycin-induced mouse model of SSc. Short-term treatment of mice with a potentially novel nanoparticle, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLG), which is composed of a carboxylated, FDA-approved, biodegradable polymer and modulates activation and trafficking of MARCO+ inflammatory monocytes, markedly attenuated bleomycin-induced skin and lung inflammation and fibrosis. Mechanistically, in isolated cells in culture, PLG nanoparticles inhibited TGF-dependent fibrotic responses in vitro. Thus, MARCO+ monocytes are potent effector cells of skin and lung fibrosis and can be therapeutically targeted in SSc using PLG nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Swati Bhattacharyya
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Ming-Yi Alice Chiang Wong
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Daniele Procissi
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Anjana Yeldandi
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Swarna Bale
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Roberta G Marangoni
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - John Varga
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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4
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Neef T, Ifergan I, Beddow S, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Haskins K, Shea LD, Podojil JR, Miller SD. Tolerance Induced by Antigen-Loaded PLG Nanoparticles Affects the Phenotype and Trafficking of Transgenic CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123445. [PMID: 34943952 PMCID: PMC8699785 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that PLG nanoparticles loaded with peptide antigen can reduce disease in animal models of autoimmunity and in a phase 1/2a clinical trial in celiac patients. Clarifying the mechanisms by which antigen-loaded nanoparticles establish tolerance is key to further adapting them to clinical use. The mechanisms underlying tolerance induction include the expansion of antigen-specific CD4+ regulatory T cells and sequestration of autoreactive cells in the spleen. In this study, we employed nanoparticles loaded with two model peptides, GP33–41 (a CD8 T cell epitope derived from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) and OVA323–339 (a CD4 T cell epitope derived from ovalbumin), to modulate the CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from two transgenic mouse strains, P14 and DO11.10, respectively. Firstly, it was found that the injection of P14 mice with particles bearing the MHC I-restricted GP33–41 peptide resulted in the expansion of CD8+ T cells with a regulatory cell phenotype. This correlated with reduced CD4+ T cell viability in ex vivo co-cultures. Secondly, both nanoparticle types were able to sequester transgenic T cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. Flow cytometric analyses showed a reduction in the surface expression of chemokine receptors. Such an effect was more prominently observed in the CD4+ cells rather than the CD8+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Sara Beddow
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Lonnie D. Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Joseph R. Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
- Research & Development, Cour Pharmaceuticals Development Company, Northbrook, IL 60062, USA
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-312-503-7674
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5
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Qian Y, Arellano G, Ifergan I, Lin J, Snowden C, Kim T, Thomas JJ, Law C, Guan T, Balabanov RD, Kaech SM, Miller SD, Choi J. ZEB1 promotes pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation in multiple sclerosis. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109602. [PMID: 34433042 PMCID: PMC8431781 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate CD4+ T helper (Th) differentiation can compromise host immunity or promote autoimmune disease. To identify disease-relevant regulators of T cell fate, we examined mutations that modify risk for multiple sclerosis (MS), a canonical organ-specific autoimmune disease. This analysis identified a role for Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox (ZEB1). Deletion of ZEB1 protects against experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Mechanistically, ZEB1 in CD4+ T cells is required for pathogenic Th1 and Th17 differentiation. Genomic analyses of paired human and mouse expression data elucidated an unexpected role for ZEB1 in JAK-STAT signaling. ZEB1 inhibits miR-101-3p that represses JAK2 expression, STAT3/STAT4 phosphorylation, and subsequent expression of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Underscoring its clinical relevance, ZEB1 and JAK2 downregulation decreases pathogenic cytokines expression in T cells from MS patients. Moreover, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved JAK2 inhibitor is effective in EAE. Collectively, these findings identify a conserved, potentially targetable mechanism regulating disease-relevant inflammation. Qian et al. show that ZEB1 is required for the development of the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS). ZEB1, a transcription factor, promotes JAK-STAT signaling during Th1/Th17 differentiation by repressing expression of a JAK2-targeting miRNA. ZEB1 and JAK2 are potentially clinically relevant therapeutic targets for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qian
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Gabriel Arellano
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jean Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Caroline Snowden
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Taehyeung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jane Joy Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Calvin Law
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tianxia Guan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Roumen D Balabanov
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is characterized by immune cell infiltration to the central nervous system (CNS) as well as loss of myelin. Characterization of the cells in lesions of MS patients revealed an important accumulation of myeloid cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Data from the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS supports the importance of peripheral myeloid cells in the disease pathology. However, the majority of MS therapies focus on lymphocytes. As we will discuss in this review, multiple strategies are now in place to target myeloid cells in clinical trials. These strategies have emerged from data in both human and mouse studies. We discuss strategies targeting myeloid cell migration, growth factors and cytokines, biological functions (with a focus on miRNAs), and immunological activities (with a focus on nanoparticles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Podojil JR, Ifergan I, Chiang MY, Meeks JJ, Miller SD. Methodology for in vitro Assessment of Human T Cell Activation and Blockade. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3644. [PMID: 33659314 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to test both the functionality and mechanism of action for human recombinant proteins and antibodies in vitro have been limited by multiple factors. To test the functionality of a recombinant protein or antibody, the receptor, the receptor-associated ligand, or both must be expressed by the cells present within the in vitro culture. While the use of transfected cell lines can circumvent this gap, the use of transfected cell lines does not allow for studying the native signaling pathway(s) modulated by the specific recombinant protein or antibody in primary cells. The present protocol utilizes sort purified CD14+ monocytes and T cells, both CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, from healthy donors in a co-culture system. This methodology is particularly relevant for testing recombinant proteins or antibodies that are putative therapeutics for the treatment of autoimmune disease and cancer. While the current protocol focuses on co-cultures containing B7-H4 expressing monocytes plus either autologous CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells, the protocol can be modified for the user's specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Podojil
- Dept. of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Dept. of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ming-Yi Chiang
- Dept. of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua J Meeks
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Dept. of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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8
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Park SJ, Riccio RE, Kopp SJ, Ifergan I, Miller SD, Longnecker R. Herpesvirus Entry Mediator Binding Partners Mediate Immunopathogenesis of Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection. mBio 2020; 11:e00790-20. [PMID: 32398314 PMCID: PMC7218284 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00790-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection leads to an immunopathogenic disease called herpes stromal keratitis (HSK), in which CD4+ T cell-driven inflammation contributes to irreversible damage to the cornea. Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) is an immune modulator that activates stimulatory and inhibitory cosignals by interacting with its binding partners, LIGHT (TNFSF14), BTLA (B and T lymphocyte attenuator), and CD160. We have previously shown that HVEM exacerbates HSK pathogenesis, but the involvement of its binding partners and its connection to the pathogenic T cell response have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of HVEM and its binding partners in mediating the T cell response using a murine model of ocular HSV-1 infection. By infecting mice lacking the binding partners, we demonstrated that multiple HVEM binding partners were required for HSK pathogenesis. Surprisingly, while LIGHT-/-, BTLA-/-, and CD160-/- mice did not show differences in disease compared to wild-type mice, BTLA-/- LIGHT-/- and CD160-/- LIGHT-/- double knockout mice showed attenuated disease characterized by decreased clinical symptoms, increased retention of corneal sensitivity, and decreased infiltrating leukocytes in the cornea. We determined that the attenuation of disease in HVEM-/-, BTLA-/- LIGHT-/-, and CD160-/- LIGHT-/- mice correlated with a decrease in gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD4+ T cells. Together, these results suggest that HVEM cosignaling through multiple binding partners induces a pathogenic Th1 response to promote HSK. This report provides new insight into the mechanism of HVEM in HSK pathogenesis and highlights the complexity of HVEM signaling in modulating the immune response following ocular HSV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a ubiquitous human pathogen, is capable of causing a progressive inflammatory ocular disease called herpes stromal keratitis (HSK). HSV-1 ocular infection leads to persistent inflammation in the cornea resulting in outcomes ranging from significant visual impairment to complete blindness. Our previous work showed that herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) promotes the symptoms of HSK independently of viral entry and that HVEM expression on CD45+ cells correlates with increased infiltration of leukocytes into the cornea during the chronic inflammatory phase of the disease. Here, we elucidated the role of HVEM in the pathogenic Th1 response following ocular HSV-1 infection and the contribution of HVEM binding partners in HSK pathogenesis. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of HVEM in promoting corneal inflammation following HSV-1 infection improves our understanding of potential therapeutic targets for HSK.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cornea/immunology
- Cornea/pathology
- Cornea/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Host Microbial Interactions/immunology
- Inflammation
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Virus Internalization
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo J Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rachel E Riccio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah J Kopp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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9
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Beddow SA, Neef T, Ifergan I, Podojil JR, Getts D, Miller SD. Treatment with Multiple-linked Myelin Peptides Encapsulated within Nanoparticles Induces Antigen-specific Tolerance in SJL/J Relapsing-remitting Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.160.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and serves as a fit-for-purpose pre-clinical model of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Data show that tolerogenic immune-modifying nanoparticles (TIMPs) encapsulating peptides/proteins is an effective therapeutic that induces antigen-specific tolerance to the encapsulated peptide/protein. The effectiveness of this therapeutic platform has been be demonstrated in multiple mouse models, as well as in a recently completed phase 2 double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial for the treatment of celiac disease. While previous EAE studies have utilized single peptides, the present study utilized a polypeptide containing the SJL/J mouse dominant encephalitogenic peptides (PLP139–151, PLP178–191, MBP84–104, and MOG92-10) linked together with intervening capsaicin S cleavage sites. The use of the multiple-linked myelin peptides was produced to achieve broader coverage of myelin-derived epitopes, which will be required for the treatment of MS. The present data show that this multiple-linked myelin peptide emulsified in CFA induced both CD4+ T cell responses and EAE in SJL/J mice similar to PLP139–151/CFA. Our data go on to show that treatment of SJL/J mice with multiple-linked myelin peptide TIMP inhibited both PLP139–151/CFA-induced R-EAE, as well as multiple-linked myelin peptide/CFA-induced EAE. Furthermore, treatment of SJL/J mice with multiple-linked myelin peptide TIMP significantly decreased TH17 cell responses and increased Tr1 cell responses. The present findings suggest that utilizing multiple-linked peptides may be clinically translatable for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph R Podojil
- 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago IL
| | - Daniel Getts
- 1Feinberg Sch. of Med., Northwestern Univ
- 3Cour Pharmacueticals
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10
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Sharma S, Ifergan I, Kurz JE, Linsenmeier RA, Xu D, Cooper JG, Miller SD, Kessler JA. Intravenous Immunomodulatory Nanoparticle Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury. Ann Neurol 2020; 87:442-455. [PMID: 31925846 PMCID: PMC7296512 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are currently no definitive disease-modifying therapies for traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, we present a strong therapeutic candidate for TBI, immunomodulatory nanoparticles (IMPs), which ablate a specific subset of hematogenous monocytes (hMos). We hypothesized that prevention of infiltration of these cells into brain acutely after TBI would attenuate secondary damage and preserve anatomic and neurologic function. METHODS IMPs, composed of US Food and Drug Administration-approved 500nm carboxylated-poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid, were infused intravenously into wild-type C57BL/6 mice following 2 different models of experimental TBI, controlled cortical impact (CCI), and closed head injury (CHI). RESULTS IMP administration resulted in remarkable preservation of both tissue and neurological function in both CCI and CHI TBI models in mice. After acute treatment, there was a reduction in the number of immune cells infiltrating into the brain, mitigation of the inflammatory status of the infiltrating cells, improved electrophysiologic visual function, improved long-term motor behavior, reduced edema formation as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, and reduced lesion volumes on anatomic examination. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that IMPs are a clinically translatable acute intervention for TBI with a well-defined mechanism of action and beneficial anatomic and physiologic preservation and recovery. Ann Neurol 2020;87:442-455.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripadh Sharma
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Jonathan E Kurz
- Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Robert A Linsenmeier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - John G Cooper
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - John A Kessler
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
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11
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DeBerge M, Yu S, Dehn S, Ifergan I, Yeap XY, Filipp M, Becker A, Luo X, Miller S, Thorp EB. Monocytes prime autoreactive T cells after myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 318:H116-H123. [PMID: 31809213 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00595.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, loss of central tolerance for the cardiac self-antigen α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) leads to circulation of cardiac autoreactive T cells and renders the heart susceptible to autoimmune attack after acute myocardial infarction (MI). MI triggers profound tissue damage, releasing danger signals and self-antigen by necrotic cardiomyocytes, which lead to recruitment of inflammatory monocytes. We hypothesized that excessive inflammation by monocytes contributes to the initiation of adaptive immune responses to cardiac self-antigen. Using an experimental model of MI in α-MHC-mCherry reporter mice, which specifically express mCherry in cardiomyocytes, we detected α-MHC antigen in myeloid cells in the heart-draining mediastinal lymph node (MLN) 7 days after MI. To test whether monocytes were required for cardiac self-antigen trafficking to the MLN, we blocked monocyte recruitment with a C-C motif chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) antagonist or immune modifying nanoparticles (IMP). Blockade of monocyte recruitment reduced α-MHC antigen detection in the MLN after MI. Intramyocardial injection of the model antigen ovalbumin into OT-II transgenic mice demonstrated the requirement for monocytes in antigen trafficking and T-cell activation in the MLN. Finally, in nonobese diabetic mice, which are prone to postinfarction autoimmunity, blockade of monocyte recruitment reduced α-MHC-specific responses leading to improved tissue repair and ventricular function 28 days after MI. Taken together, these data support a role for monocytes in the onset of pathological cardiac autoimmunity following MI and suggest that therapeutic targeting of monocytes may mitigate postinfarction autoimmunity in humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study newly identifies a role for inflammatory monocytes in priming an autoimmune T-cell response after myocardial infarction. Select inhibition of monocyte recruitment to the infarct prevents trafficking of cardiac self-antigen and activation of cardiac myosin reactive T cells in the heart-draining lymph node. Therapeutic targeting of inflammatory monocytes may limit autoimmune responses to improve cardiac remodeling and preserve left ventricular function after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew DeBerge
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shuangjin Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shirley Dehn
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xin Yi Yeap
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mallory Filipp
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amanda Becker
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Heart Center at Stanley Manne Research Institute at Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stephen Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Edward B Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Heart Center at Stanley Manne Research Institute at Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
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12
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Podojil JR, Chiang MY, Ifergan I, Copeland R, Liu LN, Maloveste S, Langermann S, Liebenson D, Balabanov R, Chi H, Chen L, Vignali DAA, Miller SD. B7-H4 Modulates Regulatory CD4 + T Cell Induction and Function via Ligation of a Semaphorin 3a/Plexin A4/Neuropilin-1 Complex. J Immunol 2018; 201:897-907. [PMID: 29898965 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potent immune regulatory function of an agonistic B7-H4-Ig fusion protein (B7-H4Ig) has been demonstrated in multiple experimental autoimmune models; however, the identity of a functional B7-H4 receptor remained unknown. The biological activity of B7-H4 is associated with decreased inflammatory CD4+ T cell responses as supported by a correlation between B7-H4-expressing tumor-associated macrophages and Foxp3+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment. Recent data indicate that members of the semaphorin (Sema)/plexin/neuropilin (Nrp) family of proteins both positively and negatively modulate immune cell function. In this study, we show that B7-H4 binds the soluble Sema family member Sema3a. Additionally, B7-H4Ig-induced inhibition of inflammatory CD4+ T cell responses is lost in both Sema3a functional mutant mice and mice lacking Nrp-1 expression in Foxp3+ T cells. These findings indicate that B7-H4Ig binds to Sema3a, which acts as a functional bridge to stimulate an Nrp-1/Plexin A4 heterodimer to form a functional immunoregulatory receptor complex resulting in increased levels of phosphorylated PTEN and enhanced regulatory CD4+ T cell number and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Ming-Yi Chiang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongbo Chi
- Immunology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15262; and.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;
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13
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Xu D, Robinson AP, Ishii T, Duncan DS, Alden TD, Goings GE, Ifergan I, Podojil JR, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Kearney JA, Swanson GT, Miller SD, Koh S. Peripherally derived T regulatory and γδ T cells have opposing roles in the pathogenesis of intractable pediatric epilepsy. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1169-1186. [PMID: 29487082 PMCID: PMC5881465 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Xu et al. provide the first study in patients with intractable epilepsy showing a direct correlation between the phenotype, activation state, cytokine profiles, and ability to cause neuronal apoptosis of brain-infiltrating peripherally derived immune cells with seizure severity using an unbiased flow cytometric approach. The pathophysiology of drug-resistant pediatric epilepsy is unknown. Flow cytometric analysis of inflammatory leukocytes in resected brain tissues from 29 pediatric patients with genetic (focal cortical dysplasia) or acquired (encephalomalacia) epilepsy demonstrated significant brain infiltration of blood-borne inflammatory myeloid cells and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Significantly, proinflammatory (IL-17– and GM-CSF–producing) γδ T cells were concentrated in epileptogenic lesions, and their numbers positively correlated with disease severity. Conversely, numbers of regulatory T (T reg) cells inversely correlated with disease severity. Correspondingly, using the kainic acid model of status epilepticus, we show ameliorated seizure activity in both γδ T cell– and IL-17RA–deficient mice and in recipients of T reg cells, whereas T reg cell depletion heightened seizure severity. Moreover, both IL-17 and GM-CSF induced neuronal hyperexcitability in brain slice cultures. These studies support a major pathological role for peripherally derived innate and adaptive proinflammatory immune responses in the pathogenesis of intractable epilepsy and suggest testing of immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Andrew P Robinson
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Toshiyuki Ishii
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - D'Anne S Duncan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Tord D Alden
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Gwendolyn E Goings
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Jennifer A Kearney
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL .,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sookyong Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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14
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Plebanek MP, Angeloni NL, Vinokour E, Li J, Henkin A, Martinez-Marin D, Filleur S, Bhowmick R, Henkin J, Miller SD, Ifergan I, Lee Y, Osman I, Thaxton CS, Volpert OV. Pre-metastatic cancer exosomes induce immune surveillance by patrolling monocytes at the metastatic niche. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1319. [PMID: 29105655 PMCID: PMC5673063 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancers produce exosomes that condition pre-metastatic niches in remote microenvironments to favor metastasis. In contrast, here we show that exosomes from poorly metastatic melanoma cells can potently inhibit metastasis to the lung. These "non-metastatic" exosomes stimulate an innate immune response through the expansion of Ly6Clow patrolling monocytes (PMo) in the bone marrow, which then cause cancer cell clearance at the pre-metastatic niche, via the recruitment of NK cells and TRAIL-dependent killing of melanoma cells by macrophages. These events require the induction of the Nr4a1 transcription factor and are dependent on pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on the outer surface of exosomes. Importantly, exosomes isolated from patients with non-metastatic primary melanomas have a similar ability to suppress lung metastasis. This study thus demonstrates that pre-metastatic tumors produce exosomes, which elicit a broad range of PMo-reliant innate immune responses via trigger(s) of immune surveillance, causing cancer cell clearance at the pre-metastatic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Plebanek
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Simpson-Querrey Institute for Bionantechnology in Medicine, 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nicholas L Angeloni
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Simpson-Querrey Institute for Bionantechnology in Medicine, 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Elena Vinokour
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Anna Henkin
- The Department for Health and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 45 Carleton St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Dalia Martinez-Marin
- Department of Urology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6591, USA
| | - Stephanie Filleur
- Department of Urology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6591, USA
| | - Reshma Bhowmick
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Jack Henkin
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Yesung Lee
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University, Langone Medical Center, 160 East 34th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Iman Osman
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University, Langone Medical Center, 160 East 34th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - C Shad Thaxton
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Simpson-Querrey Institute for Bionantechnology in Medicine, 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Northwestern University International Institute for Nanotechnology, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Olga V Volpert
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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15
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Jeong SJ, Cooper JG, Ifergan I, McGuire TL, Xu D, Hunter Z, Sharma S, McCarthy D, Miller SD, Kessler JA. Intravenous immune-modifying nanoparticles as a therapy for spinal cord injury in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:73-82. [PMID: 28823935 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenously infused synthetic 500nm nanoparticles composed of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) are taken up by blood-borne inflammatory monocytes via a macrophage scavenger receptor (macrophage receptor with collagenous structure), and the monocytes no longer traffic to sites of inflammation. Intravenous administration of the nanoparticles after experimental spinal cord injury in mice safely and selectively limited infiltration of hematogenous monocytes into the injury site. The nanoparticles did not bind to resident microglia, and did not change the number of microglia in the injured spinal cord. Nanoparticle administration reduced M1 macrophage polarization and microglia activation, reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines, and markedly reduced fibrotic scar formation without altering glial scarring. These findings thus implicate early-infiltrating hematogenous monocytes as highly selective contributors to fibrosis that do not play an indispensable role in gliosis after SCI. Further, the nanoparticle treatment reduced accumulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, increased axon density inside and caudal to the lesion site, and significantly improved functional recovery after both moderate and severe injuries to the spinal cord. These data provide further evidence that hematogenous monocytes contribute to inflammatory damage and fibrotic scar formation after spinal cord injury in mice. Further, since the nanoparticles are simple to administer intravenously, immunologically inert, stable at room temperature, composed of an FDA-approved material, and have no known toxicity, these findings suggest that the nanoparticles potentially offer a practical treatment for human spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ji Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John G Cooper
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tammy L McGuire
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Zoe Hunter
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sripadh Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Derrick McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - John A Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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16
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Edwards RG, Kopp SJ, Ifergan I, Shui JW, Kronenberg M, Miller SD, Longnecker R. Murine Corneal Inflammation and Nerve Damage After Infection With HSV-1 Are Promoted by HVEM and Ameliorated by Immune-Modifying Nanoparticle Therapy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:282-291. [PMID: 28114589 PMCID: PMC5256684 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine cellular and temporal expression patterns of herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM, Tnfrsf14) in the murine cornea during the course of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection, the impact of this expression on pathogenesis, and whether alterations in HVEM or downstream HVEM-mediated effects ameliorate corneal disease. Methods Corneal HVEM levels were assessed in C57BL/6 mice after infection with HSV-1(17). Leukocytic infiltrates and corneal sensitivity loss were measured in the presence, global absence (HVEM knockout [KO] mice; Tnfrsf14-/-), or partial absence of HVEM (HVEM conditional KO). Effects of immune-modifying nanoparticles (IMPs) on viral replication, corneal sensitivity, and corneal infiltrates were measured. Results Corneal HVEM+ populations, particularly monocytes/macrophages during acute infection (3 days post infection [dpi]) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) during the chronic inflammatory phase (14 dpi), increased after HSV-1 infection. Herpes virus entry mediator increased leukocytes in the cornea and corneal sensitivity loss. Ablation of HVEM from CD45+ cells, or intravenous IMP therapy, reduced infiltrates in the chronic phase and maintained corneal sensitivity. Conclusions Herpes virus entry mediator was expressed on two key populations: corneal monocytes/macrophages and PMNs. Herpes virus entry mediator promoted the recruitment of myeloid cells to the cornea in the chronic phase. Herpes virus entry mediator-associated corneal sensitivity loss preceded leukocytic infiltration, suggesting it may play an active role in recruitment. We propose that HVEM on resident corneal macrophages increases nerve damage and immune cell invasion, and we showed that prevention of late-phase infiltration of PMN and CD4+ T cells by IMP therapy improved clinical symptoms and mortality and reduced corneal sensitivity loss caused by HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Edwards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Sarah J Kopp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States 2Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jr-Wen Shui
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States 2Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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17
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Ifergan I, Chen S, Zhang B, Miller SD. Cutting Edge: MicroRNA-223 Regulates Myeloid Dendritic Cell-Driven Th17 Responses in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2016; 196:1455-1459. [PMID: 26783338 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells play a crucial role in the induction and sustained inflammation in neuroinflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis. miR-223, a myeloid cell-specific microRNA, is one of the most upregulated microRNAs in multiple sclerosis patients. We demonstrate that miR-223-knockout mice display significantly reduced active and adoptive-transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis that is characterized by reduced numbers of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and Th17 cells in the CNS. Knockout mDCs have increased PD-L1 and decreased IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-23 expression, as well as a reduced capacity to drive Th17, but not Th1, cell differentiation. Thus, miR-223 controls mDC-induced activation of pathologic Th17 responses during autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611.,Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611.,Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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18
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Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), has provided significant insight into the mechanisms that initiate and drive autoimmunity. Several central nervous system proteins and peptides have been used to induce disease, in a number of different mouse strains, to model the diverse clinical presentations of MS. In this chapter, we detail the materials and methods used to induce active and adoptive EAE. We focus on disease induction in the SJL/J, C57BL/6, and BALB/c mouse strains, using peptides derived from proteolipid protein, myelin basic protein, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. We also include a protocol for the isolation of leukocytes from the spinal cord and brain for flow cytometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L Terry
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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19
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Katayama T, Nakano A, Ifergan I, Kebir H, Lécuyer MA, Larochelle C, Alvarez JI, Prat A. Functional analyses of transmigrated monocyte-derived CD123+ dendritic cells across the inflamed blood–brain barrier endothelium. J Neuroimmunol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Larochelle C, Cayrol R, Kebir H, Alvarez JI, Lécuyer MA, Ifergan I, Viel É, Bourbonnière L, Beauseigle D, Terouz S, Hachehouche L, Gendron S, Poirier J, Jobin C, Duquette P, Flanagan K, Yednock T, Arbour N, Prat A. Melanoma cell adhesion molecule identifies encephalitogenic T lymphocytes and promotes their recruitment to the central nervous system. Brain 2012; 135:2906-24. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Ifergan I, Kebir H, Terouz S, Alvarez JI, Lécuyer MA, Gendron S, Bourbonnière L, Dunay IR, Bouthillier A, Moumdjian R, Fontana A, Haqqani A, Klopstein A, Prinz M, López-Vales R, Birchler T, Prat A. Role of Ninjurin-1 in the migration of myeloid cells to central nervous system inflammatory lesions. Ann Neurol 2012; 70:751-63. [PMID: 22162058 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blood-derived myeloid antigen-presenting cells (APCs) account for a significant proportion of the leukocytes found within lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). These APCs along with activated microglia are thought to be pivotal in the initiation of the central nervous system (CNS)-targeted immune response in MS and EAE. However, the exact molecules that direct the migration of myeloid cells from the periphery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remain largely unknown. METHODS We identified Ninjurin-1 in a proteomic screen of human BBB endothelial cells (ECs). We assessed the expression of Ninjurin-1 by BBB-ECs and immune cells, and we determined the role of Ninjurin-1 in immune cell migration to the CNS in vivo in EAE mice. RESULTS Ninjurin-1 was found to be weakly expressed in the healthy human and mouse CNS but upregulated on BBB-ECs and on infiltrating APCs during the course of EAE and in active MS lesions. In human peripheral blood, Ninjurin-1 was predominantly expressed by monocytes, whereas it was barely detectable on T and B lymphocytes. Moreover, Ninjurin-1 neutralization specifically abrogated the adhesion and migration of human monocytes across BBB-ECs, without affecting lymphocyte recruitment. Finally, Ninjurin-1 blockade reduced clinical disease activity and histopathological indices of EAE and decreased infiltration of macrophages, dendritic cells, and APCs into the CNS. INTERPRETATION Our study uncovers an important cell-specific role for Ninjurin-1 in the transmigration of inflammatory APCs across the BBB and further emphasizes the importance of myeloid cell recruitment during the development of neuroinflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Ifergan
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Alvarez JI, Dodelet-Devillers A, Kebir H, Ifergan I, Fabre PJ, Terouz S, Sabbagh M, Wosik K, Bourbonnière L, Bernard M, van Horssen J, de Vries HE, Charron F, Prat A. The Hedgehog pathway promotes blood-brain barrier integrity and CNS immune quiescence. Science 2011; 334:1727-31. [PMID: 22144466 DOI: 10.1126/science.1206936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed of tightly bound endothelial cells (ECs) and perivascular astrocytes that regulate central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. We showed that astrocytes secrete Sonic hedgehog and that BBB ECs express Hedgehog (Hh) receptors, which together promote BBB formation and integrity during embryonic development and adulthood. Using pharmacological inhibition and genetic inactivation of the Hh signaling pathway in ECs, we also demonstrated a critical role of the Hh pathway in promoting the immune quiescence of BBB ECs by decreasing the expression of proinflammatory mediators and the adhesion and migration of leukocytes, in vivo and in vitro. Overall, the Hh pathway provides a barrier-promoting effect and an endogenous anti-inflammatory balance to CNS-directed immune attacks, as occurs in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ivan Alvarez
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Center of Excellence in Neuromics, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Ifergan I, Kebir H, Alvarez JI, Marceau G, Bernard M, Bourbonnière L, Poirier J, Duquette P, Talbot PJ, Arbour N, Prat A. Central nervous system recruitment of effector memory CD8+ T lymphocytes during neuroinflammation is dependent on α4 integrin. Brain 2011; 134:3560-77. [PMID: 22058139 PMCID: PMC7110084 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonally expanded CD8+ T lymphocytes are present in multiple sclerosis lesions, as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, CD8+ T lymphocytes are found in spinal cord and brainstem lesions. However, the exact phenotype of central nervous system-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes and the mechanism by which these cells cross the blood–brain barrier remain largely unknown. Using cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis, spinal cord from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and coronavirus-induced encephalitis, we demonstrate that central nervous system-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes are mostly of the effector memory phenotype (CD62L− CCR7− granzymeBhi). We further show that purified human effector memory CD8+ T lymphocytes transmigrate more readily across blood-brain barrier-endothelial cells than non-effector memory CD8+ T lymphocytes, and that blood-brain barrier endothelium promotes the selective recruitment of effector memory CD8+ T lymphocytes. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the recruitment of interferon-γ- and interleukin-17-secreting CD8+ T lymphocytes by human and mouse blood-brain barrier endothelium. Finally, we show that in vitro migration of CD8+ T lymphocytes across blood-brain barrier-endothelial cells is dependent on α4 integrin, but independent of intercellular adhesion molecule-1/leucocyte function-associated antigen-1, activated leucocyte cell adhesion molecule/CD6 and the chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1/CCL2. We also demonstrate that in vivo neutralization of very late antigen-4 restricts central nervous system infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes in active immunization and adoptive transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and in coronavirus-induced encephalitis. Our study thus demonstrates an active role of the blood-brain barrier in the recruitment of effector memory CD8+ T lymphocytes to the CNS compartment and defines α4 integrin as a major contributor of CD8+ T lymphocyte entry into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Ifergan
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Centre for Excellence in Neuromics, CRCHUM-Notre-Dame Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2L 4M1, Canada
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Schneider R, Mohebiany AN, Ifergan I, Beauseigle D, Duquette P, Prat A, Arbour N. B cell-derived IL-15 enhances CD8 T cell cytotoxicity and is increased in multiple sclerosis patients. J Immunol 2011; 187:4119-28. [PMID: 21911607 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that CD8 T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the sources and involvement of cytokines such as IL-15 in activating these cells is still unresolved. To investigate the role of IL-15 in enhancing the activation of CD8 T cells in the context of MS, we determined cell types expressing the bioactive surface IL-15 in the peripheral blood of patients and evaluated the impact of this cytokine on CD8 T cell cytotoxicity and migration. Flow cytometric analysis showed a significantly greater proportion of B cells and monocytes from MS patients expressing IL-15 relative to controls. We established that CD40L activation of B cells from healthy donors increased their IL-15 levels, reaching those of MS patients. We also demonstrated an enhanced cytotoxic profile in CD8 T cells from MS patients upon stimulation with IL-15. Furthermore, we showed that IL-15 expressed by B cells and monocytes is sufficient and functional, enhancing granzyme B production by CD8 T cells upon coculture. Exposure of CD8 T cells to this cytokine enhanced their ability to kill glial cells as well as to migrate across an in vitro inflamed human blood-brain barrier. The elevated levels of IL-15 in patients relative to controls, the greater susceptibility of CD8 T cells from patients to IL-15, in addition to the enhanced cytotoxic responses by IL-15-exposed CD8 T cells, stresses the potential of therapeutic strategies to reduce peripheral sources of IL-15 in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schneider
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2L 4M1, Canada
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Cayrol R, Haqqani AS, Ifergan I, Dodelet-Devillers A, Prat A. Isolation of human brain endothelial cells and characterization of lipid raft-associated proteins by mass spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 686:275-95. [PMID: 21082377 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-938-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the movements of molecules, nutrients, and cells from the systemic blood circulation into the central nervous system (CNS), and vice versa, thus allowing an optimal microenvironment for CNS development and function. The brain endothelial cells (BECs) form the primary barrier between the blood and the CNS. In addition, pericytes, neurons, and astrocytes that make up the neurovascular unit support the BEC functions and are essential to maintain this restrictive permeability phenotype. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying BBB properties, we propose a method to study the proteome of detergent resistant microdomain, namely lipid rafts, from human primary cultures of BECs. This chapter describes a robust human BECs isolation protocol, standard tissue culture protocols, ECs purity assessment protocols, lipid raft microdomain isolation method, and a mass spectrometry analysis technique to characterize the protein content of membrane microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Cayrol
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, CHUM-Hopital Notre-Dame Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Pittet C, Ifergan I, Prat A, Arbour N. Role of PD-L1/PD-L2 expression by human brain endothelial cells in regulating T cell responses in the context of Multiple Sclerosis. (44.6). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.44.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T lymphocytes have been implicated in the CNS injury observed in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Engagement of Programmed Death-1 (PD-1), expressed on activated T cells, by its ligands (PD-L1 or PD-L2) suppresses T cell responses. We have previously shown that PD-L1 is upregulated on human CNS glial cells upon inflammation both in vitro and in MS lesions. We observed that several infiltrating CD8 T cells are devoid of PD-1 in MS lesions. Whether human brain endothelial cells (HBECs) which sit at the CNS entrance also express PD-L1 or PD-L2 and thereby block PD-1+ cells migration into CNS has not been established. We assess the expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 by HBECs and establish its impact on immune responses. Under basal condition, PD-L2 is already highly expressed by HBECs, while PD-L1 is not detected. After stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines mimicking MS CNS environment, both proteins are significantly upregulated to similar levels. Blocking PD-L1/2 on HBECs leads to enhanced alloreactive CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in coculture assays and increased migration of CD4 and CD8 T cells using an in vitro model of the blood brain barrier. Our results show that PD-L1 and PD-L2 are both expressed by HBECs upon pro-inflammatory stimuli, and that HBECs-provided PD-L1/2 molecules have a role in dampening T cell responses, as well as in blocking T cell migration into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Pittet
- 1Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- 2CR-CHUM, Hopital Notre-Dame, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Igal Ifergan
- 1Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- 2CR-CHUM, Hopital Notre-Dame, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- 1Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- 2CR-CHUM, Hopital Notre-Dame, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- 1Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- 2CR-CHUM, Hopital Notre-Dame, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Mohebiany A, Schneider R, Ifergan I, Beausiegle D, Duquette P, Prat A, Arbour N. Elevated functional Interleukin-15 provided by human peripheral immune cells in Multiple Sclerosis patients (150.8). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.150.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Activated CD8 T cells have been involved in several autoimmune diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS); CD8 T cells from MS patients bear an enhanced activation profile compared to those from controls; but the role of cytokines in boosting CD8 T cell activation in MS is not elucidated. While elevated levels of IL-15, a key cytokine for memory CD8 T cells, has been reported in serum and on peripheral leukocytes in MS patients compared to controls, no study has addressed whether these increased levels influence CD8 T cell functions. The goal of our study is to assess surface IL-15 and IL-15Rα expression on human leukocytes and determine whether these expression levels are sufficient to enhance human CD8 T cell functions. An increased proportion of ex vivo B cells from MS patients express IL-15 compared to controls, and upon contact with CD40L, B cells obtained from controls increased IL-15 expression, reaching levels similar to those observed in MS patients. We use in vitro flow cytometry-based assays to show that effector functions (granzyme B) in CD8 T cells are significantly enhanced upon co-culture with IL-15-expressing B cells. IL-15 has a greater impact on CD8 T cells from MS patients than controls and we provide evidence that CD8 T cells pre-exposed to IL-15 are more cytotoxic than untreated CD8 T cells. We not only demonstrate that multiple leukocytes can modulate CD8 T cell responses by providing IL-15, but also support a role for B cells in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igal Ifergan
- 1Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Duquette
- 1Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- 2CHUM MS Clinic, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- 1Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- 2CHUM MS Clinic, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Hershko D, Ifergan I, Davidovich S. 456 p27 expression predicts clinical outcome and resistance to doxorubicin treatment in locally advanced breast cancer. EJC Suppl 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(10)70477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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29
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Larochelle C, Cayrol R, Kebir H, Ifergan I, Alvarez J, Viel E, Bourbonnière L, Haqqani A, Stanimirovic D, Arbour N, Prat A. MCAM/CD146 Defines and Regulates the Function of a Population of Human Effector Memory Th17 Lymphocytes Subset Involved in Neuroinflammation. Clin Immunol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.03.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Alvarez J, Dodelet-Devillers A, Ifergan I, Kebir H, Sabbagh M, Wosik K, de Vries E, van Horssen J, Fabre P, Charron F, Prat A. The Hedgehog Pathway Sustains Blood–brain Barrier Properties and Promotes CNS Immune Quiescence. Clin Immunol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.03.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kebir H, Ifergan I, Alvarez JI, Bernard M, Poirier J, Arbour N, Duquette P, Prat A. Preferential recruitment of interferon-gamma-expressing TH17 cells in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2009; 66:390-402. [PMID: 19810097 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is substantial evidence supporting the role of interferon (IFN)-gamma-producing T helper (T(H)) 1 and interleukin (IL)-17-expressing T(H)17 lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, to date little is known about the potential cooperative interplay between these 2 cytokines. In the current study, we sought to evaluate the frequency of IFN-gamma-expressing T(H)17 lymphocytes in MS and EAE, and study their recruitment into the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS Human T(H)17 lymphocytes were expanded in vitro from the blood of healthy controls and relapsing MS patients using IL-23. Immune cell migration to the CNS was assessed in vitro with primary cultures of human blood-brain barrier (BBB)-derived endothelial cells, and in vivo in EAE mice. RESULTS We demonstrate that in response to IL-23, human memory lymphocytes expand into a T(H)17 phenotype, with a subpopulation of cells simultaneously expressing IFN-gamma and IL-17. We note that lymphocytes obtained from the blood of relapsing MS patients have an increased propensity to expand into IFN-gamma-producing T(H)17 cells and identify numerous T lymphocytes coexpressing IL-17 and IFN-gamma in brain tissue of MS patients. We also find lymphocytes expressing both the T(H)1- and the T(H)17-associated transcription factors ROR gamma t and T-bet, in situ and in vitro. We further provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that IFN-gamma(+) T(H)17 lymphocytes preferentially cross the human BBB and accumulate in the CNS of mice during the effector phase of EAE. INTERPRETATION Our data underscore the involvement of IFN-gamma(+) T(H)17 lymphocytes in the pathology of MS and EAE and their preferential recruitment into the CNS during inflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hania Kebir
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Center for Excellence in Neuromics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Terouz S, Kebir H, Ifergan I, Dodelet-Devillers A, Bernard M, Horssen JV, Stanimirovic D, Prat A. OR.17. Ninjurin-1 is a Novel Adhesion Molecule of the Blood-brain Barrier Involved in the Recruitment of Monocytes to the Central Nervous System. Clin Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cayrol R, Kebir H, Ifergan I, Dodelet-Devillers A, Terouz S, Haqqani A, Poirier J, Stanimirovic D, Duquette P, Arbour N, Prat A. OR.21. MCAM/CD146 is Expressed by Brain Endothelial Cells and Defines a Unique Effector Memory Lymphocyte Subset Involved in Neuroinflammation. Clin Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ifergan I, Kebir H, Marceau G, Bernard M, Talbot P, Arbour N, Prat A. OR.18. VLA-4-Dependent Recruitment of Effector Memory CD8+T Lymphocytes into the Central Nervous System. Clin Immunol 2009. [PMCID: PMC7119102 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Niemelä J, Ifergan I, Yegutkin GG, Jalkanen S, Prat A, Airas L. IFN-beta regulates CD73 and adenosine expression at the blood-brain barrier. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2718-26. [PMID: 18825744 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
IFN-beta treatment reduces the relapse rate in MS but its mechanism of action remains incompletely understood. Our aim was to clarify the beneficial effect of IFN-beta in the treatment of MS. We assessed the influence of IFN-beta treatment on (i) CD73 expression on the surface of primary cultures of human blood-brain barrier endothelial cells (BBB-EC) and human astrocytes using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry, (ii) transmigration of CD4+ T lymphocytes using an in vitro model of BBB and (iii) CD73 enzyme activity, i.e. ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity in the serum of MS patients using a radiochemical assay. IFN-beta increases the expression of ecto-5'-nucleotidase both on BBB-EC and astrocytes. As a consequence, lymphocyte transmigration through BBB-EC is reduced. Importantly, this reduction can be reversed using alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine-5'-diphosphate, a specific inhibitor of ecto-5'-nucleotidase. CD73 is strongly expressed in microvasculature in samples of postmortem MS brain and, moreover, in the majority of MS patients there was a clear upregulation both in the soluble serum ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity and skin microvascular CD73 expression after IFN-beta treatment. Upregulation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase and a subsequent increase in adenosine production might contribute to the beneficial effects of IFN-beta on MS via enhancing the endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Niemelä
- Department of Medical Microbiology, MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Ifergan I, Kebir H, Bernard M, Wosik K, Dodelet-Devillers A, Cayrol R, Arbour N, Prat A. The blood-brain barrier induces differentiation of migrating monocytes into Th17-polarizing dendritic cells. Brain 2008; 131:785-99. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awm295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kebir H, Kreymborg K, Ifergan I, Dodelet-Devillers A, Cayrol R, Bernard M, Giuliani F, Arbour N, Becher B, Prat A. Human TH17 lymphocytes promote blood-brain barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation. Nat Med 2007; 13:1173-5. [PMID: 17828272 PMCID: PMC5114125 DOI: 10.1038/nm1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1241] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T(H)17 lymphocytes appear to be essential in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory diseases. We demonstrate here the expression of IL-17 and IL-22 receptors on blood-brain barrier endothelial cells (BBB-ECs) in multiple sclerosis lesions, and show that IL-17 and IL-22 disrupt BBB tight junctions in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, T(H)17 lymphocytes transmigrate efficiently across BBB-ECs, highly express granzyme B, kill human neurons and promote central nervous system inflammation through CD4+ lymphocyte recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hania Kebir
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Center for the Study of Brain Diseases, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Notre-Dame Hospital, 1560 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
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Kebir H, Ifergan I, Dodelet-Devillers A, Giuliani F, Cayrol R, Arbour N, Prat A. Cytotoxic Human IL-22-expressing Th17 Lymphocytes Promote Immune Cell Migration Into the Central Nervous System. Clin Immunol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.03.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cayrol R, Dodelet-Devillers A, Ifergan I, Haqqani A, Kebir H, Stanimirovic D, Prat A. ALCAM is a Novel Adhesion Molecule of the Inflammed Endothelium Involved in Leukocyte Trafficking to the Central Nervous System. Clin Immunol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ifergan I, Wosik K, Cayrol R, Kébir H, Auger C, Bernard M, Bouthillier A, Moumdjian R, Duquette P, Prat A. Statins reduce human blood-brain barrier permeability and restrict leukocyte migration: Relevance to multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2006; 60:45-55. [PMID: 16729291 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and transendothelial migration of immune cells are among the earliest central nervous system changes partaking in lesion formation in both multiple sclerosis (MS) and its early clinical form, the clinically isolated syndrome. Evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors within the central nervous system arose from studies demonstrating that statins improve clinical signs in the animal model of MS and reduce the number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions in MS. METHODS We sought to describe the impact of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor treatment on the physiology and immunology of human BBB-derived endothelial cells (ECs). RESULTS We demonstrate that lovastatin and simvastatin induce a 50 to 60% reduction in the diffusion rates of bovine serum albumin and [(14)C]-sucrose across human BBB-ECs in vitro through abrogation of isoprenylation processes, but independent of the expression of the tight junction molecules occludin, VE-cadherin, JAM-1, zonula occluden-1, and zonula occluden-2. Simvastatin and lovastatin were equipotent in reducing BBB permeability in vitro, with median effective concentration (EC(50)) of 9.5 x 10(-8) and 1.0 x 10(-7)M, respectively. We further demonstrate that lovastatin and simvastatin treatment of BBB-ECs significantly restricts the migration of clinically isolated syndrome-derived and MS-derived monocytes and lymphocytes across the human BBB in vitro, through a specific reduction in the secretion of the chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein-1/CCL2 and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10/CXCL10 by BBB-ECs. INTERPRETATION Our data parallel the previously reported magnetic resonance imaging-based radiological findings and suggest an effect of statins that could be beneficial in early MS, restricting the diffusion of molecular tracers and the migration of immune cells across the human BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Ifergan
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Center for Research on Brain Diseases, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal, CHUM Research Center, Quebec, Canada
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Magnus T, Schreiner B, Korn T, Jack C, Guo H, Antel J, Ifergan I, Chen L, Bischof F, Bar-Or A, Wiendl H. Microglial expression of the B7 family member B7 homolog 1 confers strong immune inhibition: implications for immune responses and autoimmunity in the CNS. J Neurosci 2006; 25:2537-46. [PMID: 15758163 PMCID: PMC6725171 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4794-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the CNS is usually locally limited to avoid devastating consequences. Critical players involved in this immune regulatory process are the resident immune cells of the brain, the microglia. Interactions between the growing family of B7 costimulatory ligands and their receptors are increasingly recognized as important pathways for costimulation and/or inhibition of immune responses. Human and mouse microglial cells constitutively express B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) in vitro. However, under inflammatory conditions [presence of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or T-helper 1 supernatants], a significant upregulation of B7-H1 was detectable. Expression levels of B7-H1 protein on microglial cells were substantially higher compared with astrocytes or splenocytes. Coculture experiments of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive antigen-presenting cells (APC) with syngeneic T cells in the presence of antigen demonstrated the functional consequences of B7-H1 expression on T-cell activation. In the presence of a neutralizing anti-B7-H1 antibody, both the production of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma and interleukin-2) and the upregulation of activation markers (inducible costimulatory signal) by T cells were markedly enhanced. Interestingly, this effect was clearly more pronounced when microglial cells were used as APC, compared with astrocytes or splenocytes. Furthermore, B7-H1 was highly upregulated during the course of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced and proteolipid protein-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in vivo. Expression was predominantly localized to areas of strongest inflammation and could be colocalized with microglial cells/macrophages as well as T cells. Together, our data propose microglial B7-H1 as an important immune inhibitory molecule capable of downregulating T-cell activation in the CNS and thus confining immunopathological damage.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/physiology
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-1 Antigen/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Coculture Techniques
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University of Homburg, D-66424 Homburg, Germany
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Kim HJ, Ifergan I, Antel JP, Seguin R, Duddy M, Lapierre Y, Jalili F, Bar-Or A. Type 2 monocyte and microglia differentiation mediated by glatiramer acetate therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 2004; 172:7144-53. [PMID: 15153538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.7144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA) therapy of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) represents a unique setting in which in vivo Th2 deviation of T cells is consistently observed and associated with clinical benefit in a human autoimmune disease. We postulated that APCs are important targets of GA therapy and demonstrate that treatment of MS patients with GA reciprocally regulates the IL-10/IL-12 cytokine network of monocytes in vivo. We further show that Th1- or Th2-polarized GA-reactive T cells isolated from untreated or treated MS patients mediate type 1 and 2 APC differentiation of human monocytes, based on their ability to efficiently induce subsequent Th1 and Th2 deviation of naive T cells, respectively. These observations are extended to human microglia, providing the first demonstration of type 2 differentiation of CNS-derived APCs. Finally, we confirm that the fundamental capacity of polarized T cells to reciprocally modulate APC function is not restricted to GA-reactive T cells, thereby defining a novel and dynamic positive feedback loop between human T cell and APC responses. In the context of MS, we propose that GA therapy results in the generation of type 2 APCs, contributing to Th2 deviation both in the periphery and in the CNS of MS patients. In addition to extending insights into the therapeutic mode of action of GA, our findings revisit the concept of bystander suppression and underscore the potential of APCs as attractive targets for therapeutic immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jin Kim
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bar-Or A, Nuttall RK, Duddy M, Alter A, Kim HJ, Ifergan I, Pennington CJ, Bourgoin P, Edwards DR, Yong VW. Analyses of all matrix metalloproteinase members in leukocytes emphasize monocytes as major inflammatory mediators in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 126:2738-49. [PMID: 14506071 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awg285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in multiple sclerosis where one of their roles may be to facilitate the transmigration of circulating leukocytes into the CNS. Studies have focused on only a few MMPs, and much remains unknown of which of the 23 MMP family members is/are critical to the multiple sclerosis disease process. Using quantitative real time polymerase chain reactions, we have systematically analysed the expression of all 23 MMP members in subsets of leukocytes isolated from the blood of normal individuals. We found a distinctive pattern of MMP expression in different cellular populations: MMP-11, MMP-26 and MMP-27 were enriched in B cells, while MMP-15, MMP-16, MMP-24 and MMP-28 were prominent in T lymphocytes. Of interest is the enrichment of a majority of MMP members in monocytes: MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-14, MMP-19 and MMP-25. MMP-2 and MMP-17 were also significantly represented in monocytes, although B cells had significant amounts of these MMPs. In correspondence with their strong expression of many MMP members, monocytes migrated more rapidly across a model of the blood-brain barrier in culture than T or B lymphocytes. Finally, we found higher levels of two of the monocyte-expressed MMPs in multiple sclerosis patients compared with normal individuals: MMP-2 and MMP-14. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2 was also elevated in monocytes from multiple sclerosis patients, providing a mechanism for the reported activation of MMP-2 by MMP-14 and TIMP-2. These results emphasize that monocytes are prominent contributors of the neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis through a mechanism that involves their high MMP expression and that they identify specific MMP members as targets for novel therapeutics in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bar-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Quebec, Canada
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Ifergan I, Bernard NF, Bruneau J, Alary M, Tsoukas CM, Roger M. Allele frequency of three functionally active polymorphisms of the MDR-1 gene in high-risk HIV-negative and HIV-positive Caucasians. AIDS 2002; 16:2340-2. [PMID: 12441809 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200211220-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that MDR-1 expression may affect HIV-1 infectivity by modulating the immune response and its cellular permissiveness. We investigated whether three functional MDR-1 polymorphims (T-129C, G2677T/A, C3435T) were associated with the risk of infection in 137 Caucasians highly exposed to HIV (70 infected and 67 uninfected). There was no difference in allelic frequencies for each MDR-1 polymorphic site among both groups. This finding suggests that P-glycoprotein expression does not influence HIV-1 infection per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Ifergan
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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