1
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Rocchi A, von Jackowski A, Welti A, Li G, Kanji ZA, Povazhnyy V, Engel A, Schmale J, Nenes A, Berdalet E, Simó R, Dall Osto M. Glucose Enhances Salinity-Driven Sea Spray Aerosol Production in Eastern Arctic Waters. Environ Sci Technol 2024. [PMID: 38709019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosols (SSA) greatly affect the climate system by scattering solar radiation and acting as seeds for cloud droplet formation. The ecosystems in the Arctic Ocean are rapidly changing due to global warming, and the effects these changes have on the generation of SSA, and thereby clouds and fog formation in this region, are unknown. During the ship-based Arctic Century Expedition, we examined the dependency of forced SSA production on the biogeochemical characteristics of seawater using an on-board temperature-controlled aerosol generation chamber with a plunging jet system. Our results indicate that mainly seawater salinity and organic content influence the production and size distribution of SSA. However, we observed a 2-fold higher SSA production from waters with similar salinity collected north of 81°N compared to samples collected south of this latitude. This variability was not explained by phytoplankton and bacterial abundances or Chlorophyll-a concentration but by the presence of glucose in seawater. The synergic action of sea salt (essential component) and glucose or glucose-rich saccharides (enhancer) accounts for >80% of SSA predictability throughout the cruise. Our results suggest that besides wind speed and salinity, SSA production in Arctic waters is also affected by specific organics released by the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rocchi
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Barcelona, Carrer Martí i Franquès, s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabel von Jackowski
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - André Welti
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio, 1. 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guangyu Li
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zamin A Kanji
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vasiliy Povazhnyy
- The Otto Schmidt Laboratory, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Beringa, 38. 199397 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anja Engel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Schmale
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafel Simó
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Dall Osto
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Roudsari G, Lbadaoui-Darvas M, Welti A, Nenes A, Laaksonen A. The molecular scale mechanism of deposition ice nucleation on silver iodide. Environ Sci Atmos 2024; 4:243-251. [PMID: 38371604 PMCID: PMC10867811 DOI: 10.1039/d3ea00140g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Heterogeneous ice nucleation is a ubiquitous process in the natural and built environment. Deposition ice nucleation, i.e. heterogeneous ice nucleation that - according to the traditional view - occurs in a subsaturated water vapor environment and in the absence of supercooled water on the solid, ice-forming surface, is among the most important ice formation processes in high-altitude cirrus and mixed-phase clouds. Despite its importance, very little is known about the mechanism of deposition ice nucleation at the microscopic level. This study puts forward an adsorption-based mechanism for deposition ice nucleation through results from a combination of atomistic simulations, experiments and theoretical modelling. One of the most potent laboratory surrogates of ice nucleating particles, silver iodide, is used as a substrate for the simulations. We find that water initially adsorbs in clusters which merge and grow over time to form layers of supercooled water. Ice nucleation on silver iodide requires at minimum the adsorption of 4 molecular layers of water. Guided by the simulations we propose the following fundamental freezing steps: (1) Water molecules adsorb on the surface, forming nanodroplets. (2) The supercooled water nanodroplets merge into a continuous multilayer when they grow to about 3 molecular layers thick. (3) The layer continues to grow until the critical thickness for freezing is reached. (4) The critical ice cluster continues to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mária Lbadaoui-Darvas
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, ENAC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT) 26504 Patras Greece
| | - André Welti
- Finnish Meteorological Institute FI-00101 Helsinki Finland
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, ENAC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT) 26504 Patras Greece
| | - Ari Laaksonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute FI-00101 Helsinki Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio 70211 Finland
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3
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Li D, Huang W, Wang D, Wang M, Thornton JA, Caudillo L, Rörup B, Marten R, Scholz W, Finkenzeller H, Marie G, Baltensperger U, Bell DM, Brasseur Z, Curtius J, Dada L, Duplissy J, Gong X, Hansel A, He XC, Hofbauer V, Junninen H, Krechmer JE, Kürten A, Lamkaddam H, Lehtipalo K, Lopez B, Ma Y, Mahfouz NGA, Manninen HE, Mentler B, Perrier S, Petäjä T, Pfeifer J, Philippov M, Schervish M, Schobesberger S, Shen J, Surdu M, Tomaz S, Volkamer R, Wang X, Weber SK, Welti A, Worsnop DR, Wu Y, Yan C, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Kulmala M, Kirkby J, Donahue NM, George C, El-Haddad I, Bianchi F, Riva M. Nitrate Radicals Suppress Biogenic New Particle Formation from Monoterpene Oxidation. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:1601-1614. [PMID: 38185880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) are a major source of new particles that affect the Earth's climate. HOM production from the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) occurs during both the day and night and can lead to new particle formation (NPF). However, NPF involving organic vapors has been reported much more often during the daytime than during nighttime. Here, we show that the nitrate radicals (NO3), which arise predominantly at night, inhibit NPF during the oxidation of monoterpenes based on three lines of observational evidence: NPF experiments in the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), radical chemistry experiments using an oxidation flow reactor, and field observations in a wetland that occasionally exhibits nocturnal NPF. Nitrooxy-peroxy radicals formed from NO3 chemistry suppress the production of ultralow-volatility organic compounds (ULVOCs) responsible for biogenic NPF, which are covalently bound peroxy radical (RO2) dimer association products. The ULVOC yield of α-pinene in the presence of NO3 is one-fifth of that resulting from ozone chemistry alone. Even trace amounts of NO3 radicals, at sub-parts per trillion level, suppress the NPF rate by a factor of 4. Ambient observations further confirm that when NO3 chemistry is involved, monoterpene NPF is completely turned off. Our results explain the frequent absence of nocturnal biogenic NPF in monoterpene (α-pinene)-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department of Chemistry & CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - David M Bell
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Zoé Brasseur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Xianda Gong
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Victoria Hofbauer
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Heikki Junninen
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Jordan E Krechmer
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - Brandon Lopez
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Naser G A Mahfouz
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneve 23 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Joschka Pfeifer
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneve 23 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Meredith Schervish
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | | | - Jiali Shen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Mihnea Surdu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Tomaz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry & CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xinke Wang
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Stefan K Weber
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneve 23 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - André Welti
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneve 23 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Imad El-Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
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4
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Meinander O, Kouznetsov R, Uppstu A, Sofiev M, Kaakinen A, Salminen J, Rontu L, Welti A, Francis D, Piedehierro AA, Heikkilä P, Heikkinen E, Laaksonen A. African dust transport and deposition modelling verified through a citizen science campaign in Finland. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21379. [PMID: 38049489 PMCID: PMC10695925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African desert dust is emitted and long-range transported with multiple effects on climate, air quality, cryosphere, and ecosystems. On 21-23 February 2021, dust from a sand and dust storm in northern Africa was transported to Finland, north of 60°N. The episode was predicted 5 days in advance by the global operational SILAM forecast, and its key features were confirmed and detailed by a retrospective analysis. The scavenging of dust by snowfall and freezing rain in Finland resulted in a rare case of substantial mineral dust contamination of snow surfaces over a large area in the southern part of the country. A citizen science campaign was set up to collect contaminated snow samples prepared according to the scientists' instructions. The campaign gained wide national interest in television, radio, newspapers and social media, and dust samples were received from 525 locations in Finland, up to 64.3°N. The samples were utilised in investigating the ability of an atmospheric dispersion model to simulate the dust episode. The analysis confirmed that dust came from a wide Sahara and Sahel area from 5000 km away. Our results reveal the features of this rare event and demonstrate how deposition samples can be used to evaluate the skills and limitations of current atmospheric models in simulating transport of African dust towards northern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Meinander
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Rostislav Kouznetsov
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Uppstu
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikhail Sofiev
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kaakinen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin Katu 2, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Salminen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin Katu 2, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
- Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), Vuorimiehentie 2, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Laura Rontu
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Meteorological Research, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - André Welti
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Research Coordination, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diana Francis
- Earth Sciences Department, Khalifa University, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ana A Piedehierro
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Research Coordination, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Heikkilä
- Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), Vuorimiehentie 2, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Enna Heikkinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Laaksonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Research Coordination, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
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5
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Surdu M, Lamkaddam H, Wang DS, Bell DM, Xiao M, Lee CP, Li D, Caudillo L, Marie G, Scholz W, Wang M, Lopez B, Piedehierro AA, Ataei F, Baalbaki R, Bertozzi B, Bogert P, Brasseur Z, Dada L, Duplissy J, Finkenzeller H, He XC, Höhler K, Korhonen K, Krechmer JE, Lehtipalo K, Mahfouz NGA, Manninen HE, Marten R, Massabò D, Mauldin R, Petäjä T, Pfeifer J, Philippov M, Rörup B, Simon M, Shen J, Umo NS, Vogel F, Weber SK, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Volkamer R, Saathoff H, Möhler O, Kirkby J, Worsnop DR, Kulmala M, Stratmann F, Hansel A, Curtius J, Welti A, Riva M, Donahue NM, Baltensperger U, El Haddad I. Molecular Understanding of the Enhancement in Organic Aerosol Mass at High Relative Humidity. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:2297-2309. [PMID: 36716278 PMCID: PMC9933880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic pathway by which high relative humidity (RH) affects gas-particle partitioning remains poorly understood, although many studies report increased secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields at high RH. Here, we use real-time, molecular measurements of both the gas and particle phase to provide a mechanistic understanding of the effect of RH on the partitioning of biogenic oxidized organic molecules (from α-pinene and isoprene) at low temperatures (243 and 263 K) at the CLOUD chamber at CERN. We observe increases in SOA mass of 45 and 85% with increasing RH from 10-20 to 60-80% at 243 and 263 K, respectively, and attribute it to the increased partitioning of semi-volatile compounds. At 263 K, we measure an increase of a factor 2-4 in the concentration of C10H16O2-3, while the particle-phase concentrations of low-volatility species, such as C10H16O6-8, remain almost constant. This results in a substantial shift in the chemical composition and volatility distribution toward less oxygenated and more volatile species at higher RH (e.g., at 263 K, O/C ratio = 0.55 and 0.40, at RH = 10 and 80%, respectively). By modeling particle growth using an aerosol growth model, which accounts for kinetic limitations, we can explain the enhancement in the semi-volatile fraction through the complementary effect of decreased compound activity and increased bulk-phase diffusivity. Our results highlight the importance of particle water content as a diluting agent and a plasticizer for organic aerosol growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihnea Surdu
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dongyu S. Wang
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - David M. Bell
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mao Xiao
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dandan Li
- Université
de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute
for Ion and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125 California, United States
- Center for
Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon
University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213 Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Brandon Lopez
- Center for
Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon
University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213 Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Farnoush Ataei
- Department
of Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara Bertozzi
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pia Bogert
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zoé Brasseur
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University
of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department
of Chemistry & CIRES, University
of Colorado Boulder, UCB 215, Boulder, 80309-0215 Colorado, United States
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristina Höhler
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kimmo Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University
of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Naser G. A. Mahfouz
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton
University, Princeton, 08540 New Jersey, United States
| | - Hanna E. Manninen
- CERN,
the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dario Massabò
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa
& INFN, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roy Mauldin
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon
University, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213 Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, UCB 311, Boulder, 80309 Colorado, United
States
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joschka Pfeifer
- CERN,
the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the
Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mario Simon
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nsikanabasi Silas Umo
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Franziska Vogel
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan K. Weber
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- CERN,
the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department
of Chemistry & CIRES, University
of Colorado Boulder, UCB 215, Boulder, 80309-0215 Colorado, United States
| | - Harald Saathoff
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ottmar Möhler
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- CERN,
the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, 01821 Massachusetts, United States
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Stratmann
- Department
of Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute
for Ion and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - André Welti
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Université
de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
- Tofwerk AG, CH-3600 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center for
Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon
University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213 Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| |
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6
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Shen J, Scholz W, He XC, Zhou P, Marie G, Wang M, Marten R, Surdu M, Rörup B, Baalbaki R, Amorim A, Ataei F, Bell DM, Bertozzi B, Brasseur Z, Caudillo L, Chen D, Chu B, Dada L, Duplissy J, Finkenzeller H, Granzin M, Guida R, Heinritzi M, Hofbauer V, Iyer S, Kemppainen D, Kong W, Krechmer JE, Kürten A, Lamkaddam H, Lee CP, Lopez B, Mahfouz NGA, Manninen HE, Massabò D, Mauldin RL, Mentler B, Müller T, Pfeifer J, Philippov M, Piedehierro AA, Roldin P, Schobesberger S, Simon M, Stolzenburg D, Tham YJ, Tomé A, Umo NS, Wang D, Wang Y, Weber SK, Welti A, Wollesen de Jonge R, Wu Y, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Zust F, Baltensperger U, Curtius J, Flagan RC, Hansel A, Möhler O, Petäjä T, Volkamer R, Kulmala M, Lehtipalo K, Rissanen M, Kirkby J, El-Haddad I, Bianchi F, Sipilä M, Donahue NM, Worsnop DR. High Gas-Phase Methanesulfonic Acid Production in the OH-Initiated Oxidation of Dimethyl Sulfide at Low Temperatures. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:13931-13944. [PMID: 36137236 PMCID: PMC9535848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) influences climate via cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) formation resulting from its oxidation products (mainly methanesulfonic acid, MSA, and sulfuric acid, H2SO4). Despite their importance, accurate prediction of MSA and H2SO4 from DMS oxidation remains challenging. With comprehensive experiments carried out in the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at CERN, we show that decreasing the temperature from +25 to -10 °C enhances the gas-phase MSA production by an order of magnitude from OH-initiated DMS oxidation, while H2SO4 production is modestly affected. This leads to a gas-phase H2SO4-to-MSA ratio (H2SO4/MSA) smaller than one at low temperatures, consistent with field observations in polar regions. With an updated DMS oxidation mechanism, we find that methanesulfinic acid, CH3S(O)OH, MSIA, forms large amounts of MSA. Overall, our results reveal that MSA yields are a factor of 2-10 higher than those predicted by the widely used Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.3.1), and the NOx effect is less significant than that of temperature. Our updated mechanism explains the high MSA production rates observed in field observations, especially at low temperatures, thus, substantiating the greater importance of MSA in the natural sulfur cycle and natural CCN formation. Our mechanism will improve the interpretation of present-day and historical gas-phase H2SO4/MSA measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Shen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute
of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Putian Zhou
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mihnea Surdu
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antonio Amorim
- CENTRA
and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Campo
Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Farnoush Ataei
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David M. Bell
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertozzi
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zoé Brasseur
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dexian Chen
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Biwu Chu
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki
Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department
of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Manuel Granzin
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roberto Guida
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victoria Hofbauer
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics
Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering
and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Deniz Kemppainen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Weimeng Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Brandon Lopez
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Naser G. A. Mahfouz
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Hanna E. Manninen
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - Dario Massabò
- Department
of Physics, University of Genoa & INFN, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roy L. Mauldin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute
of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tatjana Müller
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joschka Pfeifer
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ana A. Piedehierro
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pontus Roldin
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Mario Simon
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen
University, 519082 Zhuhai, China
| | - António Tomé
- Institute Infante Dom Luíz, University
of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Nsikanabasi Silas Umo
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan K. Weber
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - André Welti
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Yusheng Wu
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Zust
- Institute
of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard C. Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute
of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ottmar Möhler
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department
of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki
Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics
Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering
and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - Imad El-Haddad
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
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7
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Wang M, Xiao M, Bertozzi B, Marie G, Rörup B, Schulze B, Bardakov R, He XC, Shen J, Scholz W, Marten R, Dada L, Baalbaki R, Lopez B, Lamkaddam H, Manninen HE, Amorim A, Ataei F, Bogert P, Brasseur Z, Caudillo L, De Menezes LP, Duplissy J, Ekman AML, Finkenzeller H, Carracedo LG, Granzin M, Guida R, Heinritzi M, Hofbauer V, Höhler K, Korhonen K, Krechmer JE, Kürten A, Lehtipalo K, Mahfouz NGA, Makhmutov V, Massabò D, Mathot S, Mauldin RL, Mentler B, Müller T, Onnela A, Petäjä T, Philippov M, Piedehierro AA, Pozzer A, Ranjithkumar A, Schervish M, Schobesberger S, Simon M, Stozhkov Y, Tomé A, Umo NS, Vogel F, Wagner R, Wang DS, Weber SK, Welti A, Wu Y, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Sipilä M, Winkler PM, Hansel A, Baltensperger U, Kulmala M, Flagan RC, Curtius J, Riipinen I, Gordon H, Lelieveld J, El-Haddad I, Volkamer R, Worsnop DR, Christoudias T, Kirkby J, Möhler O, Donahue NM. Synergistic HNO 3-H 2SO 4-NH 3 upper tropospheric particle formation. Nature 2022; 605:483-489. [PMID: 35585346 PMCID: PMC9117139 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New particle formation in the upper free troposphere is a major global source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)1-4. However, the precursor vapours that drive the process are not well understood. With experiments performed under upper tropospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber, we show that nitric acid, sulfuric acid and ammonia form particles synergistically, at rates that are orders of magnitude faster than those from any two of the three components. The importance of this mechanism depends on the availability of ammonia, which was previously thought to be efficiently scavenged by cloud droplets during convection. However, surprisingly high concentrations of ammonia and ammonium nitrate have recently been observed in the upper troposphere over the Asian monsoon region5,6. Once particles have formed, co-condensation of ammonia and abundant nitric acid alone is sufficient to drive rapid growth to CCN sizes with only trace sulfate. Moreover, our measurements show that these CCN are also highly efficient ice nucleating particles-comparable to desert dust. Our model simulations confirm that ammonia is efficiently convected aloft during the Asian monsoon, driving rapid, multi-acid HNO3-H2SO4-NH3 nucleation in the upper troposphere and producing ice nucleating particles that spread across the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mao Xiao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertozzi
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benjamin Schulze
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Roman Bardakov
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brandon Lopez
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - António Amorim
- CENTRA and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Farnoush Ataei
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pia Bogert
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zoé Brasseur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annica M L Ekman
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department of Chemistry & CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Manuel Granzin
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roberto Guida
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victoria Hofbauer
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristina Höhler
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kimmo Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Naser G A Mahfouz
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Vladimir Makhmutov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dario Massabò
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa & INFN, Genoa, Italy
| | - Serge Mathot
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roy L Mauldin
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tatjana Müller
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antti Onnela
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrea Pozzer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Meredith Schervish
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Mario Simon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yuri Stozhkov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - António Tomé
- Institute Infante Dom Luíz, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Nsikanabasi Silas Umo
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Franziska Vogel
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Stefan K Weber
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - André Welti
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul M Winkler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Ionicon Analytik Ges.m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hamish Gordon
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Imad El-Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry & CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | | | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ottmar Möhler
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Pye HOT, D'Ambro EL, Lee BH, Schobesberger S, Takeuchi M, Zhao Y, Lopez-Hilfiker F, Liu J, Shilling JE, Xing J, Mathur R, Middlebrook AM, Liao J, Welti A, Graus M, Warneke C, de Gouw JA, Holloway JS, Ryerson TB, Pollack IB, Thornton JA. Anthropogenic enhancements to production of highly oxygenated molecules from autoxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6641-6646. [PMID: 30886090 PMCID: PMC6452672 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810774116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation of natural and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) leads to secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which constitutes a major and often dominant component of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Recent work demonstrates that rapid autoxidation of organic peroxy radicals (RO2) formed during VOC oxidation results in highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM) that efficiently form SOA. As NOx emissions decrease, the chemical regime of the atmosphere changes to one in which RO2 autoxidation becomes increasingly important, potentially increasing PM2.5, while oxidant availability driving RO2 formation rates simultaneously declines, possibly slowing regional PM2.5 formation. Using a suite of in situ aircraft observations and laboratory studies of HOM, together with a detailed molecular mechanism, we show that although autoxidation in an archetypal biogenic VOC system becomes more competitive as NOx decreases, absolute HOM production rates decrease due to oxidant reductions, leading to an overall positive coupling between anthropogenic NOx and localized biogenic SOA from autoxidation. This effect is observed in the Atlanta, Georgia, urban plume where HOM is enhanced in the presence of elevated NO, and predictions for Guangzhou, China, where increasing HOM-RO2 production coincides with increases in NO from 1990 to 2010. These results suggest added benefits to PM2.5 abatement strategies come with NOx emission reductions and have implications for aerosol-climate interactions due to changes in global SOA resulting from NOx interactions since the preindustrial era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O T Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711;
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Emma L D'Ambro
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Ben H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Siegfried Schobesberger
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Jiumeng Liu
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Jia Xing
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Rohit Mathur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Ann M Middlebrook
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Jin Liao
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - André Welti
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Martin Graus
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - John S Holloway
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Ilana B Pollack
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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9
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Li J, Mao J, Min KE, Washenfelder RA, Brown SS, Kaiser J, Keutsch FN, Volkamer R, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Pollack IB, Ryerson TB, Graus M, Gilman JB, Lerner BM, Warneke C, de Gouw JA, Middlebrook AM, Liao J, Welti A, Henderson BH, McNeill VF, Hall SR, Ullmann K, Donner LJ, Paulot F, Horowitz LW. Observational constraints on glyoxal production from isoprene oxidation and its contribution to organic aerosol over the Southeast United States. J Geophys Res Atmos 2016; 121:9849-9861. [PMID: 29619286 PMCID: PMC5880315 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We use a 0-D photochemical box model and a 3-D global chemistry-climate model, combined with observations from the NOAA Southeast Nexus (SENEX) aircraft campaign, to understand the sources and sinks of glyoxal over the Southeast United States. Box model simulations suggest a large difference in glyoxal production among three isoprene oxidation mechanisms (AM3ST, AM3B, and MCM v3.3.1). These mechanisms are then implemented into a 3-D global chemistry-climate model. Comparison with field observations shows that the average vertical profile of glyoxal is best reproduced by AM3ST with an effective reactive uptake coefficient γglyx of 2 × 10-3, and AM3B without heterogeneous loss of glyoxal. The two mechanisms lead to 0-0.8 μg m-3 secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from glyoxal in the boundary layer of the Southeast U.S. in summer. We consider this to be the lower limit for the contribution of glyoxal to SOA, as other sources of glyoxal other than isoprene are not included in our model. In addition, we find that AM3B shows better agreement on both formaldehyde and the correlation between glyoxal and formaldehyde (RGF = [GLYX]/[HCHO]), resulting from the suppression of δ-isoprene peroxy radicals (δ-ISOPO2). We also find that MCM v3.3.1 may underestimate glyoxal production from isoprene oxidation, in part due to an underestimated yield from the reaction of IEPOX peroxy radicals (IEPOXOO) with HO2. Our work highlights that the gas-phase production of glyoxal represents a large uncertainty in quantifying its contribution to SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jingqiu Mao
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Washenfelder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Joint Center for Earth System Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas F. Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Ilana B. Pollack
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Martin Graus
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jessica B. Gilman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian M. Lerner
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ann M. Middlebrook
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jin Liao
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - André Welti
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Barron H. Henderson
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Leo J. Donner
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fabien Paulot
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Larry W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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10
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Warneke C, Trainer M, de Gouw JA, Parrish DD, Fahey DW, Ravishankara AR, Middlebrook AM, Brock CA, Roberts JM, Brown SS, Neuman JA, Lerner BM, Lack D, Law D, Hübler G, Pollack I, Sjostedt S, Ryerson TB, Gilman JB, Liao J, Holloway J, Peischl J, Nowak JB, Aikin K, Min KE, Washenfelder RA, Graus MG, Richardson M, Markovic MZ, Wagner NL, Welti A, Veres PR, Edwards P, Schwarz JP, Gordon T, Dube WP, McKeen S, Brioude J, Ahmadov R, Bougiatioti A, Lin JJ, Nenes A, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Lee BH, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Thornton JA, Keutsch FN, Kaiser J, Mao J, Hatch C. Instrumentation and Measurement Strategy for the NOAA SENEX Aircraft Campaign as Part of the Southeast Atmosphere Study 2013. Atmos Meas Tech 2016. [PMID: 29619117 DOI: 10.5194/amt-2015-388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural emissions of ozone-and-aerosol-precursor gases such as isoprene and monoterpenes are high in the southeast of the US. In addition, anthropogenic emissions are significant in the Southeast US and summertime photochemistry is rapid. The NOAA-led SENEX (Southeast Nexus) aircraft campaign was one of the major components of the Southeast Atmosphere Study (SAS) and was focused on studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions to form secondary pollutants. During SENEX, the NOAA WP-3D aircraft conducted 20 research flights between 27 May and 10 July 2013 based out of Smyrna, TN. Here we describe the experimental approach, the science goals and early results of the NOAA SENEX campaign. The aircraft, its capabilities and standard measurements are described. The instrument payload is summarized including detection limits, accuracy, precision and time resolutions for all gas-and-aerosol phase instruments. The inter-comparisons of compounds measured with multiple instruments on the NOAA WP-3D are presented and were all within the stated uncertainties, except two of the three NO2 measurements. The SENEX flights included day- and nighttime flights in the Southeast as well as flights over areas with intense shale gas extraction (Marcellus, Fayetteville and Haynesville shale). We present one example flight on 16 June 2013, which was a daytime flight over the Atlanta region, where several crosswind transects of plumes from the city and nearby point sources, such as power plants, paper mills and landfills, were flown. The area around Atlanta has large biogenic isoprene emissions, which provided an excellent case for studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions. In this example flight, chemistry in and outside the Atlanta plumes was observed for several hours after emission. The analysis of this flight showcases the strategies implemented to answer some of the main SENEX science questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D D Parrish
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D W Fahey
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A M Middlebrook
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - C A Brock
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S S Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J A Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - B M Lerner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D Lack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D Law
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - G Hübler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - I Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S Sjostedt
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - T B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J B Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Liao
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J B Nowak
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - K Aikin
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - K-E Min
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - R A Washenfelder
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M G Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Richardson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Z Markovic
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - N L Wagner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A Welti
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - P R Veres
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - P Edwards
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J P Schwarz
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - T Gordon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - W P Dube
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Brioude
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - R Ahmadov
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | | | - J J Lin
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - A Nenes
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece
- National Observatory of Athens, Greece
| | - G M Wolfe
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- University of Maryland Baltimore County
| | - T F Hanisco
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - B H Lee
- University of Washington, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - F N Keutsch
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J Kaiser
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J Mao
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA, Princeton, NJ
- Princeton University
| | - C Hatch
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Ave., Conway, AR, USA
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11
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Warneke C, Trainer M, de Gouw JA, Parrish DD, Fahey DW, Ravishankara AR, Middlebrook AM, Brock CA, Roberts JM, Brown SS, Neuman JA, Lerner BM, Lack D, Law D, Hübler G, Pollack I, Sjostedt S, Ryerson TB, Gilman JB, Liao J, Holloway J, Peischl J, Nowak JB, Aikin K, Min KE, Washenfelder RA, Graus MG, Richardson M, Markovic MZ, Wagner NL, Welti A, Veres PR, Edwards P, Schwarz JP, Gordon T, Dube WP, McKeen S, Brioude J, Ahmadov R, Bougiatioti A, Lin JJ, Nenes A, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Lee BH, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Thornton JA, Keutsch FN, Kaiser J, Mao J, Hatch C. Instrumentation and Measurement Strategy for the NOAA SENEX Aircraft Campaign as Part of the Southeast Atmosphere Study 2013. Atmos Meas Tech 2016; 9:3063-3093. [PMID: 29619117 PMCID: PMC5880326 DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-3063-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural emissions of ozone-and-aerosol-precursor gases such as isoprene and monoterpenes are high in the southeast of the US. In addition, anthropogenic emissions are significant in the Southeast US and summertime photochemistry is rapid. The NOAA-led SENEX (Southeast Nexus) aircraft campaign was one of the major components of the Southeast Atmosphere Study (SAS) and was focused on studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions to form secondary pollutants. During SENEX, the NOAA WP-3D aircraft conducted 20 research flights between 27 May and 10 July 2013 based out of Smyrna, TN. Here we describe the experimental approach, the science goals and early results of the NOAA SENEX campaign. The aircraft, its capabilities and standard measurements are described. The instrument payload is summarized including detection limits, accuracy, precision and time resolutions for all gas-and-aerosol phase instruments. The inter-comparisons of compounds measured with multiple instruments on the NOAA WP-3D are presented and were all within the stated uncertainties, except two of the three NO2 measurements. The SENEX flights included day- and nighttime flights in the Southeast as well as flights over areas with intense shale gas extraction (Marcellus, Fayetteville and Haynesville shale). We present one example flight on 16 June 2013, which was a daytime flight over the Atlanta region, where several crosswind transects of plumes from the city and nearby point sources, such as power plants, paper mills and landfills, were flown. The area around Atlanta has large biogenic isoprene emissions, which provided an excellent case for studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions. In this example flight, chemistry in and outside the Atlanta plumes was observed for several hours after emission. The analysis of this flight showcases the strategies implemented to answer some of the main SENEX science questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D D Parrish
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D W Fahey
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A M Middlebrook
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - C A Brock
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S S Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J A Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - B M Lerner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D Lack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D Law
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - G Hübler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - I Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S Sjostedt
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - T B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J B Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Liao
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J B Nowak
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - K Aikin
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - K-E Min
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - R A Washenfelder
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M G Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Richardson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Z Markovic
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - N L Wagner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A Welti
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - P R Veres
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - P Edwards
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J P Schwarz
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - T Gordon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - W P Dube
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Brioude
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - R Ahmadov
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | | | - J J Lin
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - A Nenes
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece
- National Observatory of Athens, Greece
| | - G M Wolfe
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- University of Maryland Baltimore County
| | - T F Hanisco
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - B H Lee
- University of Washington, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - F N Keutsch
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J Kaiser
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J Mao
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA, Princeton, NJ
- Princeton University
| | - C Hatch
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Ave., Conway, AR, USA
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Ickes L, Welti A, Hoose C, Lohmann U. Classical nucleation theory of homogeneous freezing of water: thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:5514-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04184d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Different formulations of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of CNT are evaluated against measured nucleation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ickes
- Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science
- ETH Zurich
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - André Welti
- Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science
- ETH Zurich
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Corinna Hoose
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Ulrike Lohmann
- Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science
- ETH Zurich
- Zurich
- Switzerland
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ladino
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - O. Stetzer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - F. Lüönd
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Federal Office of Metrology; Bern Switzerland
| | - A. Welti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - U. Lohmann
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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14
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Lüönd F, Stetzer O, Welti A, Lohmann U. Experimental study on the ice nucleation ability of size-selected kaolinite particles in the immersion mode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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