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Ee LS, Medina-Cano D, Uyehara CM, Schwarz C, Goetzler E, Salataj E, Polyzos A, Madhuranath S, Evans T, Hadjantonakis AK, Apostolou E, Vierbuchen T, Stadtfeld M. Transcriptional remodeling by OTX2 directs specification and patterning of mammalian definitive endoderm. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.30.596630. [PMID: 38854146 PMCID: PMC11160813 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.596630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that drive essential developmental patterning events in the mammalian embryo remain poorly understood. To generate a conceptual framework for gene regulatory processes during germ layer specification, we analyzed transcription factor (TF) expression kinetics around gastrulation and during in vitro differentiation. This approach identified Otx2 as a candidate regulator of definitive endoderm (DE), the precursor of all gut- derived tissues. Analysis of multipurpose degron alleles in gastruloid and directed differentiation models revealed that loss of OTX2 before or after DE specification alters the expression of core components and targets of specific cellular signaling pathways, perturbs adhesion and migration programs as well as de-represses regulators of other lineages, resulting in impaired foregut specification. Key targets of OTX2 are conserved in human DE. Mechanistically, OTX2 is required to establish chromatin accessibility at candidate enhancers, which regulate genes critical to establishing an anterior cell identity in the developing gut. Our results provide a working model for the progressive establishment of spatiotemporal cell identity by developmental TFs across germ layers and species, which may facilitate the generation of gut cell types for regenerative medicine applications.
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Simmonds NJ, Southern KW, De Wachter E, De Boeck K, Bodewes F, Mainz JG, Middleton PG, Schwarz C, Vloeberghs V, Wilschanski M, Bourrat E, Chalmers JD, Ooi CY, Debray D, Downey DG, Eschenhagen P, Girodon E, Hickman G, Koitschev A, Nazareth D, Nick JA, Peckham D, VanDevanter D, Raynal C, Scheers I, Waller MD, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Castellani C. ECFS standards of care on CFTR-related disorders: Identification and care of the disorders. J Cyst Fibros 2024:S1569-1993(24)00037-7. [PMID: 38508949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
This is the third paper in the series providing updated information and recommendations for people with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-related disorder (CFTR-RD). This paper covers the individual disorders, including the established conditions - congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD), diffuse bronchiectasis and chronic or acute recurrent pancreatitis - and also other conditions which might be considered a CFTR-RD, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic rhinosinusitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and aquagenic wrinkling. The CFTR functional and genetic evidence in support of the condition being a CFTR-RD are discussed and guidance for reaching the diagnosis, including alternative conditions to consider and management recommendations, is provided. Gaps in our knowledge, particularly of the emerging conditions, and future areas of research, including the role of CFTR modulators, are highlighted.
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Schwarz C, Eschenhagen PN, Mainz JG, Schmidergall T, Schuette H, Romanowska E. Pulmonary Aspergillosis in People with Cystic Fibrosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 45:128-140. [PMID: 38286138 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
In the last decade, fungal respiratory diseases have been increasingly investigated for their impact on the clinical course of people with cystic fibrosis (CF), with a particular focus on infections caused by Aspergillus spp. The most common organisms from this genus detected from respiratory cultures are Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus, followed by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus nidulans. These species have been identified to be both chronic colonizers and sources of active infection and may negatively impact lung function in people with CF. This review article discusses definitions of aspergillosis, challenges in clinical practice, and current literature available for laboratory findings, clinical diagnosis, and treatment options for pulmonary diseases caused by Aspergillus spp. in people with CF.
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Holz F, Can E, Grehn C, Klotsche J, Materne B, Kruppa J, Kallinich T, Schwarz C. Manifestation and staging of arthropathy in cystic fibrosis. Defining different stages of cystic fibrosis arthropathy using ultrasound imaging and clinical scoring. J Cyst Fibros 2023; 22:980-988. [PMID: 37150649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The true prevalence of cystic fibrosis arthropathy (CFA) remains unclear and may be significantly higher than previously reported. In recent studies, joint symptoms have been reported in up to 30% of adults with CF. This underlines the importance of CFA as a rising and clinically relevant co-morbidity. A clear definition of CFA is yet missing and its pathogenesis remains unclear. We investigated the clinical manifestation of CFA particularly via ultrasound (US) examination to define and implement a staging for clinical assessment. METHODS In a prospective cohort study between March 2018 and February 2020 a total of 98 consecutively recruited, adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patients underwent joint-US examination according to a newly developed ultrasound score (US-CFA). A clinical assessment including rheumatological scores (DAS28, HAQ) has been conducted as well as a specially designed questionnaire. Investigation on clinical and microbiological data, as well as a comprehensive laboratory analysis, were carried out. Cluster analysis has been performed to detect patterns defining different CFA stages based on disease activity. RESULTS US imaging has shown a considerable incidence of mild to moderate effusion as sign of joint inflammation/(teno-)synovitis. K-means clustering was used to distinguish 3 different stages of CFA based on the intensity of the detected effusion. These stages showed a significant association with disease activity (DAS28, p = 0.0004) as well as with patient-reported symptoms such as total weeks of CFA per year (p = 0.004), acute CFA (p = 0.015), chronic CFA (p = 0.016), disease burden (p = 0.04). Based on the US-CFA, 16% of patients suffered from severe CFA (II), 51% from intermediate CFA (I) and 33% did not present detectable arthritis. Positive serology for Chlamydophilia pneumoniae (IgA, IgG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (IgA, IgG) significantly correlated with the US-CFA. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that a definition and categorization for the clinical manifestation of CFA can be described through US examination, which is able to detect disease activity concordant with the DAS28 as a validated clinical score on arthritis. Defining these stages will lead to a better understanding of the clinical phenotype of the disease and will optimize diagnosis, therapy and research on CFA in the future.
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Silva-Prieto ML, Hofmann JI, Schwarz C. Activity in Barrel Cortex Related to Trace Eyeblink Conditioning. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0206-23.2023. [PMID: 37553241 PMCID: PMC10449485 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0206-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals several memory systems are responsible for learning and storage of associative memory. Even apparently simple behavioral tasks, like pavlovian conditioning, have been suggested to engage, for instance, implicit and explicit memory processes. Here, we used single-whisker tactile trace eyeblink conditioning (TTEBC) to investigate learning and its neuronal bases in the mouse barrel column, the primary neocortical tactile representation of one whisker. Behavioral analysis showed that conditioned responses (CRs) are spatially highly restricted; they generalize from the principal whisker only to its direct neighbors. Within the respective neural representation, the principal column and its direct neighbors, spike activity showed a learning-related spike rate suppression starting during the late phase of conditioning stimulus (CS) presentation that was sustained throughout the stimulus-free trace period (Trace). Trial-by-trial analysis showed that learning-related activity was independent from the generation of eyelid movements within a trial, and set in around the steepest part of the learning curve. Optogenetic silencing of responses and their learning-related changes during CS and Trace epochs blocked CR acquisition but not its recall after learning. Silencing during the Trace alone, which carried major parts of the learning-related changes, had no effect. In summary, we demonstrate specific barrel column spike rate plasticity during TTEBC that can be partially decoupled from the CR, the learned eye closure, a hallmark of implicit learning. Our results, thus, point to a possible role of the barrel column in contributing to other kinds of memory as well.
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Schwarz M, Schwarz C, Schütz A, Schwanke C, Krabb E, Schubert R, Liebich ST, Bauer D, Burghart L, Brinkmann L, Gutic E, Reiberger T, Haltmayer H, Gschwantler M. Combining treatment for chronic hepatitis C with opioid agonist therapy is an effective microelimination strategy for people who inject drugs with high risk of non-adherence to antiviral therapy. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100319. [PMID: 36970063 PMCID: PMC10036924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & aims Despite effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence is high among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) and non-adherence to therapy remains a major obstacle towards HCV elimination in this subpopulation. To overcome this issue, we have combined ongoing opioid agonist therapy (OAT) with DAAs in a directly-observed therapy (DOT) setting. Method From September 2014 until January 2021 PWIDs at high risk of non-adherence to DAA therapy, who were also on OAT, were included into this microelimination project. Individuals received their OAT and DAAs under supervision of healthcare workers as DOT in a pharmacy or low-threshold facility. Results In total, 504 HCV RNA-positive PWIDs on OAT (387 men, 76.8%; median age: 38 years [IQR 33-45], HIV: 4.6%; hepatitis B: 1.4%) were included into this study. Two thirds reported ongoing intravenous drug use (IDU) and half of them had no permanent housing. Only 41 (8.1%) were lost to follow-up and two (0.4%) died of reasons unrelated to DAA toxicity. Overall, 90.7% of PWIDs achieved sustained virological response 12 weeks after treatment (SVR12) (95% CI: 88.1-93.2%). By excluding those lost to follow-up and hose who had died of causes unrelated to DAAs, the SVR12 rate was 99.1% (95% CI: 98.3-100.0%; modified intention-to-treat analysis). Four PWIDs (0.9%) experienced treatment failure. Over a median follow-up of 24 weeks (IQR 12-39), 27 reinfections (5.9%) were observed in individuals with the highest IDU rates (81.2%). Importantly, even though some were lost to follow-up, all completed their DAA treatment. By using DOT, adherence to DAAs was excellent with only a total of 86 missed doses (0.3% of 25,224 doses). Conclusions In this difficult-to-treat population of PWIDs with high rates of IDU , coupling DAA treatment to OAT in a DOT setting resulted in high SVR12 rates equivalent to conventional treatment settings in non-PWID populations.
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Benali A, Ramachandra V, Oelterman A, Schwarz C, Giese M. Is it possible to separate intra-cortical evoked neural dynamics from peripheral evoked potentials during transcranial magnetic stimulation? Brain Stimul 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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Balakrishnan A, Jah A, Lesurtel M, Andersson B, Gibbs P, Harper SJF, Huguet EL, Kosmoliaptsis V, Liau SS, Praseedom RK, Ramia JM, Branes A, Lendoire J, Maithel S, Serrablo A, Achalandabaso M, Adham M, Ahmet A, Al-Sarireh B, Albiol Quer M, Alconchel F, Alejandro R, Alsammani M, Alseidi A, Anand A, Anselmo A, Antonakis P, Arabadzhieva E, de Aretxabala X, Aroori S, Ashley S, Ausania F, Banerjee A, Barabino M, Bartlett A, Bartsch F, Belli A, Beristain-Hernandez J, Berrevoet F, Bhatti A, Bhojwani R, Bjornsson B, Blaz T, Byrne M, Calvo M, Castellanos J, Castro M, Cavallucci D, Chang D, Christodoulis G, Ciacio O, Clavien P, Coker A, Conde-Rodriguez M, D'Amico F, D'Hondt M, Daams F, Dasari B, De Beillis M, de Meijer V, Dede K, Deiro G, Delgado F, Desai G, Di Gioia A, Di Martino M, Dixon M, Dorovinis P, Dumitrascu T, Ebata T, Eilard M, Erdmann J, Erkan M, Famularo S, Felli E, Fergadi M, Fernandez G, Fox A, Galodha S, Galun D, Ganandha S, Garcia R, Gemenetzis G, Giannone F, Gil L, Giorgakis E, Giovinazzo F, Giuffrida M, Giuliani T, Giuliante F, Gkekas I, Goel M, Goh B, Gomes A, Gruenberger T, Guevara O, Gulla A, Gupta A, Gupta R, Hakeem A, Hamid H, Heinrich S, Helton S, Heumann A, Higuchi R, Hughes D, Inarejos B, Ivanecz A, Iwao Y, Iype S, Jaen I, Jie M, Jones R, Kacirek K, Kalayarasan R, Kaldarov A, Kaman L, Kanhere H, Kapoor V, Karanicolas P, Karayiannakis A, Kausar A, Khan Z, Kim DS, Klose J, Knowles B, Koh P, Kolodziejczyk P, Komorowski A, Koong J, Kozyrin I, Krishna A, Kron P, Kumar N, van Laarhoven S, Lakhey P, Lanari J, Laurenzi A, Leow V, Limbu Y, Liu YB, Lob S, Lolis E, Lopez-Lopez V, Lozano R, Lundgren L, Machairas M, Magouliotis D, Mahamid A, Malde D, Malek A, Malik H, Malleo G, Marino M, Mayo S, Mazzola M, Memeo R, Menon K, Menzulin R, Mohan R, Morgul H, Moris D, Mulita F, Muttillo E, Nahm C, Nandasena M, Nashidengo P, Nickkholgh A, Nikov A, Noel C, O'Reilly D, O'Rourke T, Ohtsuka M, Omoshoro-Jones J, Pandanaboyana S, Pararas N, Patel R, Patkar S, Peng J, Perfecto A, Perinel J, Perivoliotis K, Perra T, Phan M, Piccolo G, Porcu A, Primavesi F, Primrose J, Pueyo-Periz E, Radenkovic D, Rammohan A, Rowcroft A, Sakata J, Saladino E, Schena C, Scholer A, Schwarz C, Serrano P, Silva M, Soreide K, Sparrelid E, Stattner S, Sturesson C, Sugiura T, Sumo M, Sutcliffe R, Teh C, Teo J, Tepetes K, Thapa P, Thepbunchonchai A, Torres J, Torres O, Torzili G, Tovikkai C, Troncoso A, Tsoulfas G, Tuzuher A, Tzimas G, Umar G, Urbani L, Vanagas T, Varga, Velayutham V, Vigano L, Wakai T, Yang Z, Yip V, Zacharoulis D, Zakharov E, Zimmitti G. Heterogeneity of management practices surrounding operable gallbladder cancer - results of the OMEGA-S international HPB surgical survey. HPB (Oxford) 2022; 24:2006-2012. [PMID: 35922277 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive, uncommon malignancy, with variation in operative approaches adopted across centres and few large-scale studies to guide practice. We aimed to identify the extent of heterogeneity in GBC internationally to better inform the need for future multicentre studies. METHODS A 34-question online survey was disseminated to members of the European-African Hepatopancreatobiliary Association (EAHPBA), American Hepatopancreatobiliary Association (AHPBA) and Asia-Pacific Hepatopancreatobiliary Association (A-PHPBA) regarding practices around diagnostic workup, operative approach, utilization of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies and surveillance strategies. RESULTS Two hundred and three surgeons responded from 51 countries. High liver resection volume units (>50 resections/year) organised HPB multidisciplinary team discussion of GBCs more commonly than those with low volumes (p < 0.0001). Management practices exhibited areas of heterogeneity, particularly around operative extent. Contrary to consensus guidelines, anatomical liver resections were favoured over non-anatomical resections for T3 tumours and above, lymphadenectomy extent was lower than recommended, and a minority of respondents still routinely excised the common bile duct or port sites. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest some similarities in the management of GBC internationally, but also specific areas of practice which differed from published guidelines. Transcontinental collaborative studies on GBC are necessary to establish evidence-based practice to minimise variation and optimise outcomes.
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Mainz J, Zagoya C, Polte L, Naehrlich L, Sasse L, Eickmeier O, Smaczny C, Barucha A, Bechinger L, Duckstein F, Eschenhagen P, Kurzidim L, Caley L, Peckham D, Schwarz C. WS02.01 Abdominal symptoms significantly decline after 24 weeks of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor treatment: first results obtained with the cystic fibrosis-specific CFAbd-Score in Germany and the UK. J Cyst Fibros 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(22)00159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bhattacharjee A, Schwarz C. Temporally Local Tactile Codes Can Be Stored in Working Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:840108. [PMID: 35712533 PMCID: PMC9195853 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.840108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tactile exploration often involves sequential touches interspersed with stimulus-free durations (e.g., the time during which the hand moves from one textured surface to the other). Whereas it is obvious that texture-related perceptual variables, irrespective of the encoding strategy, must be stored in memory for comparison, it is rather unclear which of those variables are held in memory. There are two established variables—“intensity” and “frequency”, which are “temporally global” variables because of the long stimulus integration interval required to average the signal or derive spectral components, respectively; on the other hand, a recently established third contender is the “temporally local” variable that codes for kinematic profiles of very short, suprathreshold events in the vibrotactile signal. Here, we present the first psychophysical evidence that temporally local variables can be stored in memory. To that end, we asked participants to detect changes in pulsatile indentation stimuli at their fingertips with and without a gap of 1 s between stimulus presentations. The stimuli either contained global variables alone (change of pulse rate), or a mix of local and global variables (change of pulse shape). We found, first, that humans are much better at detecting a change in stimuli when local variables are available rather than global ones alone—as evident by the fact that 21 compared to only 6 participants out of 25 yielded a valid psychophysical curve, respectively. Second, this observation persists even when there is a gap between the stimuli, implying local variables must be stored in memory. Third, an extensive array of relevant intensity definitions failed to explain participants’ performance in any consistent manner, which implies that perceptual decisions were less likely to be driven by intensity coding. Taken together, our results suggest that humans perform pulsatile change detection utilizing local pulse shape, and to a lesser degree global pulse rate, and that both parameters can be stored in memory.
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Butovas S, Schwarz C. Local Neuronal Responses to Intracortical Microstimulation in Rats' Barrel Cortex Are Dependent on Behavioral Context. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:805178. [PMID: 35391784 PMCID: PMC8981908 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.805178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of cortical neuroprosthetics is to imprint sensory information as precisely as possible directly into cortical networks. Sensory processing, however, is dependent on the behavioral context. Therefore, a specific behavioral context may alter stimulation effects and, thus, perception. In this study, we reported how passive vs. active touch, i.e., the presence or absence of whisker movements, affects local field potential (LFP) responses to microstimulation in the barrel cortex in head-fixed behaving rats trained to move their whiskers voluntarily. The LFP responses to single-current pulses consisted of a short negative deflection corresponding to a volley of spike activity followed by a positive deflection lasting ~100 ms, corresponding to long-lasting suppression of spikes. Active touch had a characteristic effect on this response pattern. While the first phase including the negative peak remained stable, the later parts consisting of the positive peak were considerably suppressed. The stable phase varied systematically with the distance of the electrode from the stimulation site, pointing to saturation of neuronal responses to electrical stimulation in an intensity-dependent way. Our results suggest that modulatory effects known from normal sensory processing affect the response to cortical microstimulation as well. The network response to microstimulation is highly amenable to the behavioral state and must be considered for future approaches to imprint sensory signals into cortical circuits with neuroprostheses.
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Chakrabarti S, Nambiar J, Schwarz C. Adaptive Whisking in Mice. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 15:813311. [PMID: 35153684 PMCID: PMC8829423 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.813311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents generate rhythmic whisking movements to explore their environment. Whisking trajectories, for one, appear as a fixed pattern of whisk cycles at 5–10 Hz driven by a brain stem central pattern generator. In contrast, whisking behavior is thought to be versatile and adaptable to behavioral goals. To begin to systematically investigate such behavioral adaptation, we established a whisking task, in which mice altered the trajectories of whisking in a goal-oriented fashion to gain rewards. Mice were trained to set the whisker to a defined starting position and generate a protraction movement across a virtual target (no touch-related tactile feedback). By ramping up target distance based on reward history, we observed that mice are able to generate highly specific whisking patterns suited to keep reward probability constant. On a sensorimotor level, the behavioral adaptation was realized by adjusting whisker kinematics: more distant locations were targeted using higher velocities (i.e., pointing to longer force generation), rather than by generating higher acceleration (i.e., pointing to stronger forces). We tested the suitability of the paradigm of tracking subtle alteration in whisking motor commands using small lesions in the rhythmic whisking subfield (RW) of the whisking-related primary motor cortex. Small contralateral RW lesions generated the deterioration of whisking kinematics with a latency of 12 days post-lesion, a change that was readily discriminated from changes in the behavioral adaptation by the paradigm.
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Oladazimi M, Putelat T, Szalai R, Noda K, Shimoyama I, Champneys A, Schwarz C. Publisher Correction: Conveyance of texture signals along a rat whisker. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24233. [PMID: 34907315 PMCID: PMC8671386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Franzen-Castle L, Schwarz C, Brison C, Larvick C, Aufdenkamp B, Frecks N, Jones G, Urbanec N, Wells C. Home Food Preservation Virtual Learning Series Increases Knowledge, Understanding, and Confidence for Preserving Food. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Oladazimi M, Putelat T, Szalai R, Noda K, Shimoyama I, Champneys A, Schwarz C. Conveyance of texture signals along a rat whisker. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13570. [PMID: 34193889 PMCID: PMC8245408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activities underlying a percept are constrained by the physics of sensory signals. In the tactile sense such constraints are frictional stick-slip events, occurring, amongst other vibrotactile features, when tactile sensors are in contact with objects. We reveal new biomechanical phenomena about the transmission of these microNewton forces at the tip of a rat's whisker, where they occur, to the base where they engage primary afferents. Using high resolution videography and accurate measurement of axial and normal forces at the follicle, we show that the conical and curved rat whisker acts as a sign-converting amplification filter for moment to robustly engage primary afferents. Furthermore, we present a model based on geometrically nonlinear Cosserat rod theory and a friction model that recreates the observed whole-beam whisker dynamics. The model quantifies the relation between kinematics (positions and velocities) and dynamic variables (forces and moments). Thus, only videographic assessment of acceleration is required to estimate forces and moments measured by the primary afferents. Our study highlights how sensory systems deal with complex physical constraints of perceptual targets and sensors.
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Grehn C, Dittrich AM, Wosniok J, Holz F, Hafkemeyer S, Naehrlich L, Schwarz C. Risk factors for cystic fibrosis arthropathy: Data from the German cystic fibrosis registry. J Cyst Fibros 2021; 20:e87-e92. [PMID: 34034985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiology and potential risk factors for cystic fibrosis arthropathy (CFA) were studied in a relevant cystic fibrosis (CF) patient cohort. METHODS Cohort study of patients included in the German CF registry in 2016-2017. Descriptive analysis, exploratory tests and multivariable logistic regression were used to assess prevalence of CFA and associated potential risk factors for adult patients with/without chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. RESULTS 6069 CF patients aged from 0 to 78 years were analysed. CFA was observed in 4.9% of the patients. Prevalence was significantly higher in adult patients (8.4%) compared to patients <18 years (0.7%; p<0.0001). Logistic regression analyses in adult patients (n=3319) showed that CFA was significantly associated with increasing age (OR=1.04; 95% CI: 1.02-1.05; p<0.0001), female gender (OR=2.10; 95%CI:1.52-2.90; p<0.0001), number of hospitalizations (OR=1.24; 95%CI:1.12-1.36; p<0.0001), chronic P. aeruginosa infection (OR=1.83; 95%CI:1.28-2.61; p=0.0009), CF-related diabetes (OR=1.69; 95%CI:1.23-2.33; p=0.0013), pancreatic insufficiency (OR=2.39; 95%CI:1.28-4.46; p=0.0060) and sinusitis/polyps (OR=1.91; 95%CI:1.39-2.62; p<0.0001). In a subgroup analysis of adults without chronic P. aeruginosa infection (n=1550) CFA was also significantly associated with increasing age, female gender, increasing number of hospitalizations, pancreatic insufficiency as well as sinusitis/polyps; antimycotic treatment associated only in this subgroup while association with CF-related diabetes was not significant. CONCLUSION CFA is a frequent and clinically relevant co-morbidity particularly in adult CF patients. CFA is significantly more common in patients with chronic P. aeruginosa colonization but associations with other indicators for a more severe disease course were identified regardless of P. aeruginosa colonization status.
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Schwarz C, Morel A, Rondeau E, Marie M, Dahan K, LUQUE Y. POS-768 Hepatitis B reactivation in kidney transplant recipients treated with belatacept. Kidney Int Rep 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Laturnus S, Hoffmann A, Chakrabarti S, Schwarz C. Functional analysis of information rates conveyed by rat whisker-related trigeminal nuclei neurons. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:1517-1531. [PMID: 33689491 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00350.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat whisker system connects the tactile environment with the somatosensory thalamocortical system using only two synaptic stages. Encoding properties of the first stage, the primary afferents with somas in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), has been well studied, whereas much less is known from the second stage, the brainstem trigeminal nuclei (TN). The TN are a computational hub giving rise to parallel ascending tactile pathways and receiving feedback from many brain sites. We asked the question, whether encoding properties of TG neurons are kept by two trigeminal nuclei, the principalis (Pr5) and the spinalis interpolaris (Sp5i), respectively giving rise to two "lemniscal" and two "nonlemniscal" pathways. Single units were recorded in anesthetized rats while a single whisker was deflected on a band-limited white noise trajectory. Using information theoretic methods and spike-triggered mixture models (STM), we found that both nuclei encode the stimulus locally in time, i.e., stimulus features more than 10 ms in the past do not significantly influence spike generation. They further encode stimulus kinematics in multiple, distinct response fields, indicating encoding characteristics beyond previously described directional responses. Compared with TG, Pr5 and Sp5i gave rise to lower spike and information rates, but information rate per spike was on par with TG. Importantly, both brainstem nuclei were found to largely keep encoding properties of primary afferents, i.e. local encoding and kinematic response fields. The preservation of encoding properties in channels assumed to serve different functions seems surprising. We discuss the possibility that it might reflect specific constraints of frictional whisker contact with object surfaces.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied two trigeminal nuclei containing the second neuron on the tactile pathway of whisker-related tactile information in rats. We found that the subnuclei, traditionally assumed to give rise to functional tactile channels, nevertheless transfer primary afferent information with quite similar properties in terms of integration time and kinematic profile. We discuss whether such commonality may be due the requirement to adapt to physical constraints of frictional whisker contact.
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Eschenhagen P, Schwarz C. P049 Tolerance induction (hyposensitisation) in drug intolerance to CFTR modulators. J Cyst Fibros 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schwarz C, Fitschek F, Primavesi F, Stättner S, Margonis GA, Weiss MA, Stavrou GA, Oldhafer KJ, Kornprat P, Wundsam H, Fischer I, Längle F, Függer R, Hauer A, Klug R, Kieler M, Prager G, Schindl M, Stremitzer S, Bodingbauer M, Sahora K, Kaczirek K. Metachronous hepatic resection for liver only pancreatic metastases. Surg Oncol 2020; 35:169-173. [PMID: 32889249 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The value of liver resection (LR) for metachronous pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) metastases remains controversial. However, in light of increasing safety of liver resections, surgery might be a valuable option for metastasized PDAC in selected patients. METHODS We performed a retrospective, multicenter study including patients undergoing hepatectomy for metachronous PDAC liver metastases between 2004 and 2015 to analyze postoperative outcome and overall survival. All patients were operated with curative intent. Patients with oligometastatic metachronous liver metastasis with definitive chemotherapy (n = 8) served as controls. RESULTS Overall 25 patients in seven centers were included in this study. The median age at the time of LR was 63.8 years (56.9-69.9) and the median number of metastases in the liver was 1 (IQR 1-2). There were eight non-anatomical resections (32%), 15 anatomical minor (60%) and 2 major LR (8%). Postoperative complications occurred in eleven patients (eight Clavien-Dindo grade I complications (32%) and three grade IIIa complications (12%), respectively). The 30-day mortality was 0%. The median length of stay was 8.6 days (IQR 5-11). Median overall survival following LR was 36.8 months compared to 9.2 months in patients with metachronous liver metastasis with chemotherapy (p = 0007). DISCUSSION Liver resection for metachronous PDAC metastasis is safe and feasible in selected patients. To address general applicability and to find factors for patient selection, larger trials are urgently warranted.
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Kreuzer M, Butovas S, García PS, Schneider G, Schwarz C, Rudolph U, Antkowiak B, Drexler B. Propofol Affects Cortico-Hippocampal Interactions via β3 Subunit-Containing GABA A Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165844. [PMID: 32823959 PMCID: PMC7461501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND General anesthetics depress neuronal activity. The depression and uncoupling of cortico-hippocampal activity may contribute to anesthetic-induced amnesia. However, the molecular targets involved in this process are not fully characterized. GABAA receptors, especially the type with β3 subunits, represent a main molecular target of propofol. We therefore hypothesized that GABAA receptors with β3 subunits mediate the propofol-induced disturbance of cortico-hippocampal interactions. METHODS We used local field potential (LFP) recordings from chronically implanted cortical and hippocampal electrodes in wild-type and β3(N265M) knock-in mice. In the β3(N265M) mice, the action of propofol via β3subunit containing GABAA receptors is strongly attenuated. The analytical approach contained spectral power, phase locking, and mutual information analyses in the 2-16 Hz range to investigate propofol-induced effects on cortico-hippocampal interactions. RESULTS Propofol caused a significant increase in spectral power between 14 and 16 Hz in the cortex and hippocampus of wild-type mice. This increase was absent in the β3(N265M) mutant. Propofol strongly decreased phase locking of 6-12 Hz oscillations in wild-type mice. This decrease was attenuated in the β3(N265M) mutant. Finally, propofol reduced the mutual information between 6-16 Hz in wild-type mice, but only between 6 and 8 Hz in the β3(N265M) mutant. CONCLUSIONS GABAA receptors containing β3 subunits contribute to frequency-specific perturbation of cortico-hippocampal interactions. This likely explains some of the amnestic actions of propofol.
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Chen Y, Sobczak F, Pais-Roldán P, Schwarz C, Koretsky AP, Yu X. Mapping the Brain-Wide Network Effects by Optogenetic Activation of the Corpus Callosum. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5885-5898. [PMID: 32556241 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetically driven manipulation of circuit-specific activity enables causality studies, but its global brain-wide effect is rarely reported. Here, we applied simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and calcium recording with optogenetic activation of the corpus callosum (CC) connecting barrel cortices (BC). Robust positive BOLD was detected in the ipsilateral BC due to antidromic activity, spreading to the ipsilateral motor cortex (MC), and posterior thalamus (PO). In the orthodromic target, positive BOLD was reliably evoked by 2 Hz light pulses, whereas 40 Hz light pulses led to reduced calcium, indicative of CC-mediated inhibition. This presumed optogenetic CC-mediated inhibition was further elucidated by pairing light pulses with whisker stimulation at varied interstimulus intervals. Whisker-induced positive BOLD and calcium signals were reduced at intervals of 50/100 ms. The calcium-amplitude-modulation-based correlation with whole-brain fMRI signal revealed that the inhibitory effects spread to contralateral BC, ipsilateral MC, and PO. This work raises the need for fMRI to elucidate the brain-wide network activation in response to optogenetic stimulation.
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Eschenhagen P, Grehn C, Bacher P, Scheffold A, Schwarz C. WS12.2 Antigen-specific T cell response in Aspergillus fumigatus conditions in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(20)30228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hong G, Moss R, Marshall B, Quon B, Eschenhagen P, Schwarz C. P107 ECFS/CFF global survey on diagnosis and treatment of Aspergillus fumigatus-related conditions. J Cyst Fibros 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(20)30442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Holz F, Can E, Kallinich T, Schwarz C. ePS2.09 Defining different stages of cystic fibrosis arthropathy using ultrasound imaging and clinical scoring. J Cyst Fibros 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(20)30299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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