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Wu X, Blackburn PR, Tschumper RC, Ekker SC, Jelinek DF. TALEN-mediated genetic tailoring as a tool to analyze the function of acquired mutations in multiple myeloma cells. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e210. [PMID: 24813078 PMCID: PMC4042302 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell malignancy that is initiated by a number of mutations and the process of disease progression is characterized by further acquisition of mutations. The identification and functional characterization of these myelomagenic mutations is necessary to better understand the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in this disease. Recent advancements in next-generation sequencing have made the identification of most of these mutations a reality. However, the functional characterization of these mutations has been hampered by the lack of proper and efficient tools to dissect these mutations. Here we explored the possible utility of transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) genome engineering technology to tailoring the genome of MM cells. To test this possibility, we targeted the HPRT1 gene and found that TALENs are a very robust and efficient genome-editing tool in MM cells. Using cotransfected green fluorescent protein as an enrichment marker, single-cell subclones with desirable TALEN modifications in the HPRT1 gene were obtained in as little as 3–4 weeks of time. We believe that TALENs will greatly facilitate the functional study of somatic mutations in MM as well as other cancers.
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Tschumper RC, Dispenzieri A, Abraham RS, Henderson KJ, Jelinek DF. Molecular analysis of immunoglobulin genes reveals frequent clonal relatedness in double monoclonal gammopathies. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e112. [PMID: 23599024 PMCID: PMC3641320 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal gammopathies (MGs) are hematological diseases characterized by high levels of a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) or M-protein. Within this group are patients with more than one M-protein, referred to as double MGs (DMGs). The M-proteins in DMG patients may have different heavy chain (HC) isotypes that are associated with different light chains (LCs), or different HCs that are LC matched. In this study, we examined the clonal relatedness of the M-proteins in the latter type in a cohort of 14 DMG patients. By using PCR, we identified 7/14 DMG patients that expressed two Ig HC isotypes with identical Ig HC variable (IGHV), diversity (IGHD), joining (IGHJ), and complementarity determining region (HCDR3) sequences. Two additional DMG patients had two Ig transcripts using the same IGHV, IGHD and IGHJ genes but with slight differences in variable region or HCDR3 mutations. LC analysis confirmed that a single LC was expressed in 3/7 DMG patients with identical HC transcripts and in the two DMGs with highly similar transcripts. The PCR findings were confirmed by immunofluorescence for HC and LC expression. Clonally related HC-dissimilar/LC-matched DMGs may occur often and defines a new subtype of MG that may serve as a tool for studies of disease pathogenesis.
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Moreira J, Rabe KG, Cerhan JR, Kay NE, Wilson JW, Call TG, Leis JF, Jelinek DF, Schwager SM, Bowen DA, Hanson CA, Slager SL, Shanafelt TD. Infectious complications among individuals with clinical monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL): a cohort study of newly diagnosed cases compared to controls. Leukemia 2012; 27:136-41. [PMID: 22781591 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although the risk of progression from monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been well characterized, it is unknown whether other common complications associated with CLL, such as increased risk of infection, occurs in individuals with MBL. We used the Mayo CLL database to identify cohorts of individuals with newly diagnosed MBL (n=154) or newly diagnosed CLL (n=174) who resided within 50 miles of Mayo Clinic. A cohort of 689 adult patients seen for a general medical examination who resided within 50 miles of Mayo clinic and who enrolled in a case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was used as a comparison cohort. Hospitalization with infection was more common among individuals with MBL (25/154; 16.2%), and CLL (32/174; 18.4%) than controls (18/689; 2.6%). On pooled multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis of all 1017 patients (controls, MBL and CLL), male sex (hazards ratio (HR)=2.3; P=0.002), major co-morbid health problems (HR=1.7, P=0.04), the presence of CLL (HR=3.2, P<0.001), treatment for progressive CLL (HR=2.4, P=0.001) and the presence of MBL (HR=3.0, P=0.001) were independently associated with risk of hospitalization for infection. These results suggest the risk of serious infection in clinical MBL is substantially greater than the risk of progression requiring treatment.
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Arendt BK, Walters DK, Wu X, Tschumper RC, Huddleston PM, Henderson KJ, Dispenzieri A, Jelinek DF. Increased expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (CD147) in multiple myeloma: role in regulation of myeloma cell proliferation. Leukemia 2012; 26:2286-96. [PMID: 22460757 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is preceded by the asymptomatic pre-malignant state, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Although MGUS patients may remain stable for years, they are at increased risk of progressing to MM. A better understanding of the relevant molecular changes underlying the transition from an asymptomatic to symptomatic disease state is urgently needed. Our studies show for the first time that the CD147 molecule (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer) may be having an important biological role in MM. We first demonstrate that CD147 is overexpressed in MM plasma cells (PCs) vs normal and pre-malignant PCs. Next, functional studies revealed that the natural CD147 ligand, cyclophilin B, stimulates MM cell growth. Moreover, when MM patient PCs displaying bimodal CD147 expression were separated into CD147(bright) and CD147(dim) populations and analyzed for proliferation potential, we discovered that CD147(bright) PCs displayed significantly higher levels of cell proliferation than did CD147(dim) PCs. Lastly, CD147-silencing significantly attenuated MM cell proliferation. Taken together, these data suggest that the CD147 molecule has a key role in MM cell proliferation and may serve as an attractive target for reducing the proliferative compartment of this disease.
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Shanafelt TD, Kay NE, Rabe KG, Call TG, Zent CS, Schwager SM, Leis JF, Jelinek DF, Slager SL, Hanson CA. Survival of patients with clinically identified monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) relative to the age- and sex-matched general population. Leukemia 2011; 26:373-6. [PMID: 21836611 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shanafelt TD, Call T, Zent CS, LaPlant B, Leis JF, Bowen D, Roos M, Jelinek DF, Erlichman C, Kay NE. Phase II trial of daily, oral green tea extract in patients with asymptomatic, Rai stage 0-II chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.6522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Dispenzieri A, Katzmann JA, Kyle RA, Larson DR, Melton LJ, Colby CL, Therneau TM, Clark R, Kumar SK, Bradwell A, Fonseca R, Jelinek DF, Rajkumar SV. Prevalence and risk of progression of light-chain monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a retrospective population-based cohort study. Lancet 2010; 375:1721-8. [PMID: 20472173 PMCID: PMC2904571 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is defined by expression of heavy-chain immunoglobulin (IgH) and is the precursor lesion for 80% of cases of multiple myeloma. The remaining 20% are characterised by absence of IgH expression; we aimed to assess prevalence of a corresponding precursor entity, light-chain MGUS. METHODS We used a population-based cohort, previously assembled to estimate MGUS prevalence, of 21,463 residents of Olmsted County, MN, USA, aged 50 years and older. We did a serum free light-chain assay on all samples with sufficient serum remaining, and immunofixation electrophoresis was done for all samples with an abnormal free light-chain ratio or abnormal protein electrophoresis results from the original study. Light-chain MGUS was defined as an abnormal free light-chain ratio with no IgH expression, plus increased concentration of the involved light chain. We calculated age-specific and sex-specific prevalence and rates of progression to lymphoproliferative disorders for light-chain and conventional MGUS and assessed incidence of renal disorders in patients with light-chain MGUS. FINDINGS 610 (3.3%) of 18,357 people tested had an abnormal free light-chain ratio, of whom 213 had IgH expression that was diagnostic of conventional MGUS. 146 of the remaining 397 individuals had an increase of at least one free light chain and met criteria for light-chain MGUS. Prevalence of light-chain MGUS was 0.8% (95% CI 0.7-0.9), contributing to an overall MGUS prevalence of 4.2% (3.9-4.5). Risk of progression to multiple myeloma in patients with light-chain MGUS was 0.3% (0.1-0.8) per 100 person-years. 30 (23%) of 129 patients with light-chain MGUS were diagnosed with renal disease. INTERPRETATION We define a clinical entity representing the light-chain equivalent of conventional MGUS and posing a risk of progression to light-chain multiple myeloma and related disorders. FUNDING US National Cancer Institute.
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Ise T, Nagata S, Kreitman RJ, Wilson WH, Wayne AS, Stetler-Stevenson M, Bishop MR, Scheinberg DA, Rassenti L, Kipps TJ, Kyle RA, Jelinek DF, Pastan I. Elevation of soluble CD307 (IRTA2/FcRH5) protein in the blood and expression on malignant cells of patients with multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and mantle cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2006; 21:169-74. [PMID: 17051241 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CD307 is a differentiation antigen expressed in B-lineage cells. One soluble and two membrane-bound forms have been predicted and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for soluble CD307 established. Our goal was to determine if CD307 is expressed on the surface of cells from patients with multiple myeloma (MM), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and other B-cell malignancies and if soluble CD307 levels are elevated in the blood of patients with these B-cell malignancies. Cells and blood were collected from patients. Expression of CD307 was measured by flow cytometry and blood levels of soluble CD307 by ELISA. High soluble CD307 levels were detected in 21/43 (49%) of patients with MM, 36/46 (78%) with CLL and 9/24 (38%) with MCL. Soluble CD307 levels correlated with plasma cell percentages in bone marrow aspirates in MM and total white blood cells in CLL. CD307 on the cell membrane was detected by flow cytometry in 8/8 MM, 23/29 CLL and 4/5 MCL samples. Because CD307 is present on malignant cells from patients with MM, CLL and MCL, CD307 may be a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of these diseases.
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Pittner BT, Shanafelt TD, Kay NE, Jelinek DF. CD38 expression levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells are associated with activation marker expression and differential responses to interferon stimulation. Leukemia 2006; 19:2264-72. [PMID: 16208411 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD38, a surface protein whose expression increases upon normal B-cell activation, is a marker of disease aggression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Higher percentages of CD38-expressing CLL B cells may be found in lymphoid compartments compared to peripheral blood. Therefore, it is possible that although CLL B cells are resting, CD38 may be a marker of recent cell activation prior to entry into the periphery. To address this hypothesis, we examined the association of CD38 expression with other activation antigens identified in gene expression profiling experiments and include CD18, CD49d, CD20, and subunit 5 of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. We found that all these markers were more highly expressed in leukemic B cells from CD38-positive CLL patients. Lastly, because interferon is known to modulate CD38 expression, we used IFN-alpha to test the ability of CLL B cells to increase CD38 expression in vitro. Interestingly, IFN stimulation only modulated CD38 expression in CLL B cells that already expressed CD38. Taken together, these data suggest that CD38 is a marker of a more recently activated CLL B cell. This in turn may explain the biological and clinical differences between CD38-positive type B-CLL and CD38-negative type B-CLL.
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Lee YK, Shanafelt TD, Bone ND, Strege AK, Jelinek DF, Kay NE. VEGF receptors on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells interact with STAT 1 and 3: implication for apoptosis resistance. Leukemia 2005; 19:513-23. [PMID: 15703780 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vitro, have constitutively active VEGF receptors R1 and R2, and respond to exogenous VEGF by specifically upregulating Mcl-1 and XIAP in association with decreased cell death. We found that epigallocatechin (EGCG) decreases VEGF receptor phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in CLL B cells. The mechanism(s) by which VEGF receptor activation increases Mcl-1 and XIAP and promotes survival remains unknown. To further define the signaling pathway mediating VEGF induction of antiapoptotic proteins in CLL B-cells, we investigated downstream effects of VEGF-VEGF receptor binding on the STAT signaling pathway. We find that CLL B cells abundantly express cytoplasmic serine phosphorylated (p)-STAT-1 and p-STAT-3, VEGF-R1/2 are physically associated with p-STAT-1 and p-STAT-3, and p-STAT-3 (but not p-STAT-1) is found in the CLL nucleus. VEGF receptor ligation selectively induces activation and perinuclear translocation of STAT 3 through receptor-mediated endocytosis. The inhibition of VEGF receptor activation with either tyrosine kinase inhibitors or VEGF neutralizing antibodies inhibit VEGF receptor phosphorylation, decrease p-STAT-3 (serine 727), Mcl-1, and induces cell death in CLL B cells. Thus, a VEGF-VEGF receptor pathway in CLL B cells can be linked to activation of STAT proteins that are able to enhance their apoptotic resistance.
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Nolz JC, Tschumper RC, Pittner BT, Darce JR, Kay NE, Jelinek DF. ZAP-70 is expressed by a subset of normal human B-lymphocytes displaying an activated phenotype. Leukemia 2005; 19:1018-24. [PMID: 15800671 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Syk family tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 is essential for normal T-cell development and signaling. Recently, leukemic cells from some patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) were shown to express ZAP-70. Owing to the prognostic value of B-CLL ZAP-70 expression, this phenotype may reflect intrinsic biological differences between the two subsets of disease. However, it remains unclear whether CLL-B cells aberrantly acquire ZAP-70 expression during the transformation process or whether ZAP-70 may be expressed under certain conditions in normal human B-lymphocytes. To discriminate between these two possibilities, we assessed ZAP-70 expression in normal human B-lymphocytes. Our data demonstrate that ZAP-70 is expressed in a subpopulation of tonsillar and splenic normal B-lymphocytes that express an activated phenotype. Furthermore, ZAP-70 expression can be induced in vitro upon stimulation of blood and tonsillar B cells. Finally, we show that phosphorylation of ZAP-70 occurs in tonsillar B cells with stimulation through the B-cell receptor. These results provide new insight into normal human B-cell biology as well as provide clues about the transformed cell in B-CLL.
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Ansell SM, Geyer SM, Witzig TE, Jelinek DF, Kurtin PJ, Micallef INM, Stella P, Etzell P, Erlichman C, Novak AJ. NCCTG trial of concomitant or sequential IL-12 in combination with rituximab in previously treated non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.6591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ansell SM, Arendt BK, Grote DM, Jelinek DF, Novak AJ, Wellik LE, Remstein ED, Bennett CF, Fielding A. Inhibition of survivin expression suppresses the growth of aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leukemia 2004; 18:616-23. [PMID: 14749704 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family and functions both as an apoptosis inhibitor and a regulator of cell division. Survivin overexpression is common in many human tumors and correlates with survival in large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. To evaluate this molecule as a potential therapeutic target in large-cell lymphoma, we evaluated the effect of survivin inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. Using an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) approach, cell growth was significantly inhibited in the DoHH2, RL and HT lymphoma cell lines. In a lymphoma xenograft model, the development of tumors as well as the growth of established tumors was inhibited in the survivin ASO-treated mice compared to controls. To assess the efficacy of the survivin ASO in combination with other biological agents, we combined the survivin ASO with an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab. The effect of survivin ASO and rituximab in combination was additive in vitro. In vivo, however, suppression of tumor growth with the combination was not significantly superior to controls. We conclude that inhibition of survivin expression is an attractive therapeutic strategy in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and that combining survivin ASO with rituximab may enhance the efficacy of this approach.
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Pittner BT, Jelinek DF, Kay NE. CLL B cells with a bimodal CD38 expression pattern: persistence of bimodal populations despite effective therapy for B-CLL. Leukemia 2004; 18:180-2. [PMID: 14523466 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Walters DK, Jelinek DF. The effectiveness of double-stranded short inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs) may depend on the method of transfection. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2002; 12:411-8. [PMID: 12568315 DOI: 10.1089/108729002321082483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a recently described powerful experimental tool that can cause sequence-specific gene silencing, thereby facilitating functional analysis of gene function. Consequently, we became interested in using RNAi to determine the function of aberrantly expressed ErbB3 in the KAS-6/1 human myeloma cell line. Despite the wealth of information available on the use of RNAi, dsRNA target design, and the transfection of dsRNA in vitro, little information is available for transfecting dsRNA into nonadherent cells from any species. In the present study, we report that gene silencing of ErbB3 was not observed in myeloma cells when dsRNA targeting ErbB3 was introduced using conventional transfection agents and protocols that have proved successful for several adherent cell lines. Silencing of ErbB3, however, was observed in T47D cells, an adherent breast carcinoma cell line, using the same transfection methods, indicating that our target sequence was functional for gene silencing of ErbB3. Interestingly, ErbB3 was silenced in myeloma cells when the dsRNA target was introduced by electroporation. Thus, our studies illustrate the striking dependence of dsRNA-mediated gene silencing in some cells on the methods of dsRNA transfection.
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Arendt BK, Velazquez-Dones A, Tschumper RC, Howell KG, Ansell SM, Witzig TE, Jelinek DF. Interleukin 6 induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in myeloma cells. Leukemia 2002; 16:2142-7. [PMID: 12357369 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2002] [Accepted: 06/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is known to play an important role in the biology of the malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma. In an effort to better understand IL-6 stimulated myeloma cell growth, we have performed gene expression profiling to identify IL-6 early response genes. Using the KAS-6/1 IL-6-dependent human myeloma cell line, IL-6 stimulation dramatically induced expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA. To verify this result, we used reverse transcriptase PCR and RNAse protection assays and demonstrated using both assays that MCP-1 is indeed an IL-6 responsive gene in a variety of IL-6-responsive myeloma cell lines. Moreover, we also demonstrated IL-6 stimulated MCP-1 secretion by the myeloma cell lines as well as by fresh patient tumor cells. Lastly, we present evidence that fresh patient tumor cells express mRNA for the MCP-1 receptor, CCR2, as do myeloma cell lines along with a second MCP-1 receptor, CCR11. Although MM cell chemotaxis in response to MCP-1 was only minimal, we were able to demonstrate that MCP-1 stimulated activation of MAPK. Because of the important role that this chemokine plays in both angiogenesis and bone homeostasis, and the ability of MCP-1 to activate myeloma cells, these results suggest a new mechanism by which IL-6 may contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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French JD, Tschumper RC, Jelinek DF. Analysis of IL-6-mediated growth control of myeloma cells using a gp130 chimeric receptor approach. Leukemia 2002; 16:1189-96. [PMID: 12040452 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2001] [Accepted: 02/11/2002] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been shown to be a key growth factor for myeloma cells. To study IL-6 signal transduction in multiple myeloma (MM), we employed chimeric receptors composed of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) extracellular domain, gp130 transmembrane domain, and full-length or truncated gp130 cytoplasmic domains lacking regions previously shown to be necessary for MAPK, STAT1, and STAT3 activation. The IL-6-dependent KAS-6/1 MM cell line was transfected with various chimeric receptor constructs and assayed for EGF responsiveness. EGF stimulation surprisingly stimulated DNA synthesis in all transfectants, regardless of receptor length. When cell proliferation was assayed instead, only transfectants capable of inducing high levels of STAT3 activation proliferated in response to EGF. Additional studies revealed that EGF stimulation resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of endogenous gp130 in cells expressing the chimeric receptor. Replacing the gp130 transmembrane region with the EGFR transmembrane domain diminished but did not disrupt this interaction. This receptor interaction was also observed in the IL-6-dependent MM cell line ANBL-6. In summary, although our results suggest that STAT activation is crucial in gp130-mediated proliferation of myeloma cells, these results must be interpreted with caution given our demonstration of the interaction between chimeric and endogenous receptors in myeloma cells. Importantly, this interaction has not been noted in studies utilizing the same gp130 chimeric receptor system in non-MM cells.
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Kay NE, Bone ND, Tschumper RC, Howell KH, Geyer SM, Dewald GW, Hanson CA, Jelinek DF. B-CLL cells are capable of synthesis and secretion of both pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules. Leukemia 2002; 16:911-9. [PMID: 11986954 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2001] [Accepted: 01/16/2002] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Initial work has shown that clonal B cells from B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) are able to synthesize pro-angiogenic molecules. In this study, our goal was to study the spectrum of angiogenic factors and receptors expressed in the CLL B cell. We used ELISA assays to determine the levels of basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endostatin, interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) secreted into culture medium by purified CLL B cells. These data demonstrated that CLL B cells spontaneously secrete a variety of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, including bFGF (23.9 pg/ml +/- 7.9; mean +/- s.e.m.), VEGF (12.5 pg/ml +/- 2.3) and TSP-1 (1.9 ng/ml +/- 0.3). Out of these three factors, CLL B cells consistently secreted bFGF and TSP-1, while VEGF was expressed in approximately two-thirds of CLL patients. Of interest, hypoxic conditions dramatically upregulated VEGF expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. We also employed ribonuclease protection assays to assay CLL B cell expression of a variety of other angiogenesis-related molecules. These analyses revealed that CLL B cells consistently express mRNA for VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1), thrombin receptor, endoglin, and angiopoietin. Further analysis of VEGFR expression by RT-PCR revealed that CLL B cells expressed both VEGFR1 mRNA and VEGFR2 mRNA. In summary, these data collectively indicate that CLL B cells express both pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules and several vascular factor receptors. Because of the co-expression of angiogenic molecules and receptors for some of these molecules, these data suggest that the biology of the leukemic cells may also be directly impacted by angiogenic factors as a result of autocrine pathways of stimulation.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD
- Autocrine Communication
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Clone Cells/metabolism
- Clone Cells/pathology
- Cohort Studies
- Collagen/analysis
- Collagen/metabolism
- Endoglin
- Endostatins
- Endothelial Growth Factors/analysis
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/analysis
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Germ-Line Mutation
- Growth Substances/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Interferon-alpha/analysis
- Interferon-alpha/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphokines/analysis
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/analysis
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Thrombin/genetics
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Thrombospondin 1/analysis
- Thrombospondin 1/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Jelinek DF, Tschumper RC, Geyer SM, Bone ND, Dewald GW, Hanson CA, Stenson MJ, Witzig TE, Tefferi A, Kay NE. Analysis of clonal B-cell CD38 and immunoglobulin variable region sequence status in relation to clinical outcome for B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2001; 115:854-61. [PMID: 11843819 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that the expression of germline (GL) Ig variable region heavy-chain genes (VH) is a negative prognostic factor for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) patients and that CLL B-cell CD38 expression may be a surrogate marker of Ig VH gene status. Currently, however, the usefulness of this surrogate marker is controversial. Therefore, our goal was to study the ability of CD38 to act as a surrogate marker for Ig VH somatic mutation (SM), and to identify differences in overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and response in B-CLL patients based on these two markers. We first assessed the relationship between CD38 expression and Ig VH status on 131 B-CLL patients, including 66 patients enrolled in three North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trials. Although the mean percentages of CD38+ clonal B cells were significantly higher for patients classified as GL versus SM, CD38 was not a reliable marker for clonal B-cell SM. Overall, GL patients exhibited significantly shorter OS and PFS times than SM patients. Despite the inability of clonal B-cell CD38 expression to predict Ig VH mutation status, patients with < or =30% CD38+ cells did have shorter PFS and OS times than did CLL patients with < 30% CD38+ cells. Thus, the relationship between CD38 expression and Ig VH mutation status in B-CLL is not straightforward. Nevertheless, analysis in a co-operative group clinical trial setting suggests that both B-cell markers alone or in combination may have clinical usefulness. These data strongly encourage the study of these biological markers as they relate to disease heterogeneity in B-CLL.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/analysis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Disease Progression
- Disease-Free Survival
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- NAD+ Nucleosidase/analysis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Risk
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Survival Rate
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French JD, Tschumper RC, Jelinek DF. Dissection of the signalling requirements of interleukin-6-stimulated myeloma cell growth. Acta Oncol 2001; 39:777-81. [PMID: 11145432 DOI: 10.1080/028418600750063497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The growth characteristics of myeloma cells are in striking contrast with those of normal, non-dividing end-stage plasma cells. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been shown to be a key growth factor for myeloma cells, however, IL-6 only acts as a differentiation factor for normal B cells. Wc have hypothesized that the differential response of myeloma cells to IL-6 may either result from altered IL-6 signal transduction and or from inappropriate IL-6-induced expression of genes whose products are key for continued tumor cell growth. To test this hypothesis, we have employed two experimental strategies. First, we are using cDNA array screening technology to identify IL-6 responsive genes in myeloma cells. Second. we are using a chimeric receptor approach to identify the regions of gp130, the signal transducing component of the IL-6 receptor, that are essential for myeloma cell proliferation. To this end, we have utilized a panel of IL-6 growth-responsive myeloma cell lines and a panel of mutant gp130 chimeric receptors. This combined approach has the potential to assess the relative importance of several signalling events in myeloma cell growth control and identify IL-6 responsive genes in this malignancy.
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Ansell SM, Stenson M, Habermann TM, Jelinek DF, Witzig TE. Cd4+ T-cell immune response to large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma predicts patient outcome. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:720-6. [PMID: 11157023 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.3.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and other malignancies have suggested that the presence of host infiltrates in the tumors of these patients may predict a better outcome. This study was undertaken to determine the prognostic importance of the presence of T cells in the biopsy specimens of patients with B-cell NHL. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy-two patients with diffuse large B-cell NHL were prospectively evaluated at a single institution between 1987 and 1994. The percentage of CD3+, CD3+/HLA-DR+, CD4+, CD8+, and natural killer cells was determined by flow cytometry in the pretreatment diagnostic biopsy specimen and correlated with patient outcome. RESULTS An increase in the percentage CD4+ T cells in the pretreatment tumor biopsies significantly correlated with patient outcome. The percent of CD4+ T cells was also highly correlated with CD3+/HLA-DR+, CD45RO+, and low L-selectin (CD62L) expression, indicating that the CD4+ T cells are activated memory T-helper cells. Those patients with increased numbers of CD4+ T cells, compared with other patients, had a significantly longer 5-year failure-free survival (72% v 43%, respectively; P =.04), as well as a significantly longer 5-year overall survival (65% v 38%, respectively; P =.05). When evaluated in a multivariate model, the International Prognostic Index and more than 20% infiltrating CD4+ T cells in the pretreatment biopsy were significant independent predictors of relapse-free and overall survival. CONCLUSION The presence of increased numbers of activated CD4+ cells in the area of B-cell diffuse large-cell NHL predicts a better prognosis. This finding provides a strong rationale for the investigation of cellular immunotherapy in B-cell NHL.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biopsy
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prospective Studies
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Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Type I hypersensitivity reactions uniquely involve the IgE class of immunoglobulins (Ig). IgE differs from other classes of Ig in that the majority of the antibodies are bound to high affinity IgE Fc(epsilon)Rs that are expressed on a variety of cell types. Some of these cell types, most notably, mast cells and basophils, are triggered to undergo rapid activation, degranulation, and release of bioactive mediators following binding of antigen to Fc(epsilon)RI-bound IgE. Because of the central role that IgE antibodies and these mediators play in the tissue injury typical of type I hypersensitivity, this article will review the various stages of B lymphocyte development, activation, and differentiation and comment, where appropriate on potential sites of deregulation in allergic disease. DATA SOURCES A literature search of the stages of B lymphocyte differentiation with emphasis on events that concern IgE expression was performed. RESULTS B lymphocyte differentiation into IgE expressing cells is dependent upon three types of signals. The first signal is delivered through the B cell antigen receptor and is pivotal in determining the antigenic specificity of the response. The second signal is provided primarily by cytokines derived from T helper 2 (TH2) cells, ie, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. These cytokines are under tight regulation and their role appears to be the stimulation of transcription through the Ig constant region genes. Finally, the third signal is provided via the interaction between the constitutively expressed CD40 molecule on B lymphocytes and CD154 (CD40 ligand), a molecule expressed on T lymphocytes following activation. Elevated levels of IgE in atopic individuals may result from the preferential activation of TH2 cells. CONCLUSIONS A greater understanding of the regulation of IgE expression may be central to the development of more effective immunotherapy strategies designed to attenuate IgE synthesis.
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Abstract
By necessity, this article focuses on only a handful of molecules with demonstrated ability to affect growth of myeloma cells. The heterogeneity in growth-factor responsiveness has made formulation of a uniform hypothesis a daunting challenge. One trait that appears to be consistent among all myeloma patients is the uncoupling of the normally highly integrated relationship between terminal differentiation and loss of growth potential. Thus, the common feature in myeloma may not be the precise cytokines or cell-to-cell interactions that drive tumor-cell growth, but rather the underlying genetic traits that afford the tumor cell the ability to proliferate despite its relatively advanced stage of differentiation. The success of current strategies used to treat myeloma patients has thus far been somewhat limited, and in general, has only modestly prolonged survival. It is clear that successful treatment of this disease will require the development of new therapeutic agents aimed at the biochemical events that sustain the aberrant growth of the tumor cells. The knowledge of cell signaling, gene transcription, and cell growth and differentiation has expanded rapidly, and this information has provided a greater understanding of the cell biology of a variety of malignancies. Application of this information to the study of multiple myeloma, however, has thus far been relatively limited, primarily because the heterogeneity of the disease and the lack of appropriate model systems. Review of the literature, particularly over the last 5 years, reveals a significant number of exciting new findings in this field and the development of new model systems that are certain to yield greater insight into this devastating disease.
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