Effects of Cooking Methods on Caffeoylquinic Acids and Radical Scavenging Activity of Sweet Potato

The effects of cooking methods, including steaming, deep-frying, and baking, on the phenolic content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, and isomerization of caffeoylquinic acids in sweet potato were investigated. A high correlation was observed between antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content. Deep-frying treatment resulted in higher antioxidant capacity with increasing heating time. The major phenolic components of raw sweet potat were 5-caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (diCQA), which were reduced by heat treatment due to the isomerization of 5-CAQ to 3- and 4-CQA, and 3,5-diCQA to 3,4- and 4,5-diCQA. Moreover, 5-CQA was more stable than 3,5-diCQA even at 100 °C. Our results demonstrated that by controlling the cooking temperature and time, new bioactive compounds such as mono- and diCQA derivatives can be produced from sweet potato. These data indicate a potential approach for the development of new functional foods from sweet potato by controlling cooking temperature and time.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 booster vaccination with BNT162b2 in Japan

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to evaluate the public health and economic impact of the COVID-19 booster vaccination with BNT162b2 in Japan during an Omicron-dominant period from early 2022.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A combined cohort Markov decision tree model estimated the cost-effectiveness of annual or biannual booster vaccination strategies compared to no booster vaccination for those aged 65 years and above, and those aged 60-64 years at high risk as the base case. The societal perspective was primarily considered. We also examined other target populations with different age and risk groups. Sensitivity and scenario analyses with alternative inputs were performed.

RESULTS

Annual and biannual vaccination strategies were dominant from the societal perspective in the base case. Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratios (ICERs) from the payer perspective were JPY 1,752,499/Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) for annual vaccination and JPY 2,831,878/QALY for biannual vaccination, both less than the threshold value in Japan (JPY 5 million/QALY). The results were consistent even when examining other target age and risk groups. All sensitivity and scenario analyses indicated that ICERs were below JPY 5 million/QALY.

CONCLUSIONS

Booster vaccination with the COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 is a dominant strategy and beneficial to public health in Japan.

Erratum: Search for Cosmic-Ray Boosted Sub-GeV Dark Matter Using Recoil Protons at Super-Kamiokande [Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 031802 (2023)]

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.031802.

Ameliorative Effects of Anthocyanin Metabolites on Western Diet-Induced NAFLD by Modulating Co-Occurrence Networks of Gut Microbiome

Anthocyanins (Acn) have been reported to have preventive effects on Western diet (WD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the amount of Acn that reached the bloodstream were less than 1%, suggesting that anthocyanin metabolites (Acn-M) in the gut may contribute to their in vivo effects. This study is focused on a gut microbiota investigation to elucidate the effect of two major Acn-M, protocatechuic acid (PC) and phloroglucinol carboxaldehyde (PG), on NAFLD prevention. C57BL/6N male mice were divided into five groups and fed with a normal diet (ND), WD, WD + 0.5% PC, WD + 0.5% PG and WD + a mixture of 0.25% PC + 0.25% PG (CG) for 12 weeks. The results revealed that WD-fed mice showed a significant increase in final body weight, epididymis fat weight, liver weight and fat accumulation rate, serum total cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. At the same time, these indices were significantly decreased by Acn-M in the order of PG, CG > PC. In particular, PG significantly decreased serum glucose and insulin resistance. Gut microbiome analysis revealed that PG significantly increased the relative abundance of Parabacteroides, Prevotella, Prevotella/Bacteroides ratio, and upregulated glucose degradation pathway. Interestingly, the co-occurrence networks of Lachnospiraceae and Desulfovibrionaceae in the PC and PG groups were similar to the ND group and different to WD group. These data suggest that PC and PG were able to recover the gut microbiome networks and functions from dysbiosis caused by WD. Therefore, PG might act as a master metabolite for anthocyanins and prevent WD-induced NAFLD and gut dysbiosis.

Granular flow experiment using artificial gravity generator at International Space Station

Studying the gravity-dependent characteristics of regolith, fine-grained granular media covering extra-terrestrial bodies is essential for the reliable design and analysis of landers and rovers for space exploration. In this study, we propose an experimental approach to examine a granular flow under stable artificial gravity conditions for a long duration generated by a centrifuge at the International Space Station. We also perform a discrete element simulation of the granular flow in both artificial and natural gravity environments. The simulation results verify that the granular flows in artificial and natural gravity are consistent. Further, regression analysis of the experimental results reveals that the mass flow rate of granular flow quantitatively follows a well-known physics-based law with some deviations under low-gravity conditions, implying that the bulk density of the granular media decreases with gravity. This insight also indicates that the bulk density considered in simulation studies of space probes under low-gravity conditions needs to be tuned for their reliable design and analysis.

Multivariate Profiling of Metabolites and Volatile Organic Compounds in Citrus depressa Hayata Fruits from Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Taiwan

Citrus depressa Hayata is a small-fruit citrus species; it is indigenous to Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Taiwan. The metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that affect the flavor of its fruits have not been investigated based on geographical origin. In the present study, we investigated the metabolite and VOC profiles of 18 C. depressa cultivation lines from these regions. Multivariate analysis revealed differences in the metabolites of C. depressa based on its cultivation origins; variations in sugar, sugar alcohol, and amino acid contents were also observed. Fruits from Kagoshima and Okinawa had higher galactinol, trehalose, xylose, glucose, and sucrose intensities than fruits from Taiwan (log2-fold change; 2.65-3.44, 1.68-2.13, 1.37-2.01, 1.33-1.57, and 1.07-1.43, respectively), whereas the Taiwanese lines contained higher leucine, isoleucine, serine, and alanine. In contrast to the Taiwanese Nantou line, other cultivation lines had comparable total VOC contents, and the VOCs of all lines were dominated by limonene, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene. Accordingly, the highest VOC intensities were recorded in the Nantou line, which was followed by Shikunin sweet (Kagoshima) and Taoyuan (Taiwan) (log10 normalize concentration; 5.11, 3.08, and 3.01, respectively). Moreover, multivariate analysis plots elucidated the difference in the VOCs of Ishikunibu (Okinawa), Shikunin sweet, and Taoyuan and between those of most Kagoshima and Okinawa cultivation lines. These results suggest that both the cultivation line and origin influence the metabolites and VOCs of C. depressa, thus possibly affecting its flavor quality; the data provide a valuable insight for utilizing C. depressa of different cultivation lines and origins to produce foods and beverages.

Effects of processing methods on the aroma constituents of hihatsumodoki (Piper retrofractum Vahl)

Hihatsumodoki (Piper retrofractum Vahl) is a traditional spice from Okinawa (Japan) that can be processed in different ways to create the desired flavor. Herein, we examined the effects of processing (sun-drying, oven-drying, roasting, and steaming) on the volatile aroma constituents of hihatsumodoki fruits. Among the 106 chromatographic peaks observed in total, 58 were assigned to known aroma compounds. The relative contents of terpenes, for example, linalool, β-caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene, and germacrene D, ranged from 57.6% to 88.1%. Sun-drying decreased the content of aldehydes such as hexanal and trans-2-hexenal but did not significantly affect the total content of aroma compounds. The amount of aroma compounds released during oven-drying and roasting increased with temperature up to a certain point (90°C) and decreased at an excessively high temperature of 180°C. High-temperature roasting generated Maillard reaction products such as furans and furanones, which could impart sweet caramel odors. Steamed fruits had the lowest content of aroma compounds, which was ascribed to the loss of these compounds to vapor. Meanwhile, drying steamed fruits resulted in an approximately 3.6-fold increase in their aroma compound content, and the content of sesquiterpenes in the steamed-dried fruits was similar to that in fruits exposed to high temperatures. The effects of processing on aroma quality were visualized using multivariate statistical analysis. The aroma characteristics of roasted (180°C), steamed, and steamed-dried fruits were different from those of the control. The combined findings provide useful information for the selection of processing methods to achieve the desired flavor of hihatsumodoki. Practical Application: This study reveals the effects of different processing methods on the aroma profile of hihatsumodoki (Piper retrofractum Vahl), a subtropical spice from Okinawa (Japan). The results facilitate the selection of preferred hihatsumodoki flavors for household and industrial applications in foods and beverages. In addition, they inspire research on the processing-induced flavor changes of other tropical or subtropical spices.

Characteristics of needlestick and sharps injuries of the hands in the operating room among orthopedic surgeons in Japan

Among the reports on needlestick and sharps injuries (NSIs), many are orthopedic-related due to the frequent use of sharp devices such as pins and wires. This study aimed to identify high-risk instruments, the most common injury sites for each instrument, and the circumstances of NSIs of the hand during orthopedic surgeries in Japan. Incidents of exposure to blood or bodily fluids among physicians during orthopedic surgeries reported to the Japan-EPINet between 2000 and 2015 were included in this study. The four most common devices were identified and the associations among years of experience, equipment users, and injured sites were analyzed. We identified 666 cases of NSIs affecting orthopedic surgeons in the operating room. The instrument most frequently responsible for NSIs was suture needles, which were involved in 265 cases (39.7%). The second most common instrument was pins/wires, which was involved in 111 cases (16.6%). NSIs of the hands of orthopedic surgeons were frequently caused by suture needles used in all surgeries, but relatively often caused by orthopedic devices. Orthopedic surgeons must be aware that they are at risk of NSIs and must take appropriate measures and always be cautious when performing surgery, regardless of their years of experience.

Composition of Minerals and Volatile Organic Components of Non-Centrifugal Cane Sugars from Japan and ASEAN Countries

Non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) is an unrefined dehydrated form of sugar syrup produced worldwide. To date, there is a lack of differentiation in the key nutrients and flavor qualities of NCS products among countries, which makes it difficult for interested parties to select NCSs suitable for their needs. This study aimed to evaluate the minerals and volatile organic components (VOCs) in NCS products from Japan and ASEAN countries. Mineral components were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). VOCs and their aroma profiles were examined using gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and MS-e-nose analyses, respectively. The total minerals content in Japanese NCSs ranged from 228.58 to 1347.53 mg/100 g, comprising K, Ca, Mg, P, and Na (69.1, 16.6, 7.9, 4.5, and 3.2%, respectively); their average total amounts were as high as those of Malaysia and Indonesia origins (962.87, 984.67, and 928.47 mg/100 g, respectively). Forty-four VOCs were identified, of which concentrations of pyrazines, furans, and pyranones varied significantly among the NCSs. Additionally, the MS-e-nose analysis provided a multivariate differentiation profile of the NCS products based on differences in the intensities of the VOC ion masses. Nine statistical clusters were presented, wherein certain NCS products of ASEAN origin had volatile profiles comparable to those of the Japanese products. These outcomes suggest that the origin of production greatly influences the mineral and VOC compositions of NCS, affecting their quality traits.

Rational design and structure-activity relationship studies reveal new esterified C20-diterpenoid alkaloid analogues active against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

Although various diterpenoid alkaloids have been evaluated recently for antiproliferative activity against human tumor cell lines, little information is available regarding the antiproliferative effects of C20-diterpenoid alkaloids against MCF-7 cells. Six new diterpenoid alkaloid derivatives (13, 14, 22, 23, 25, 26) were prepared by C-11 and 15 esterification of kobusine (6). The natural parent alkaloid 6 and all synthesized derivatives (7 - 27, 12a, 15a, 15b, 18a, 18b) were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells. The structure-based design strategy resulted in an initial lead derivative, 11,15-dibenzoylkobusine (7; IC50 8.6 µM). Subsequent synthesized 11,15-diacylkobusine derivatives (9, 16, 20, 21, 23, 25, and 26) showed substantially increased suppressive effects against the MCF-7 cell line (IC50 2.3-4.4 µM). In contrast, parent alkaloid 6, two 11-acylkobusine derivatives (15a, 18a), and two 15-acylkobusine derivatives (15b, 18b) showed no effect. 11,15-Diacylation appears to be critical for producing antiproliferative activity in this alkaloid class and could introduce a new avenue in overcoming breast cancer cell proliferation using natural product derivatives. In a preliminary mechanism of action study, representative derivatives (5, 8, 9, and 17) decreased cyclin D1 mRNA expression.

Noble gases and nitrogen in samples of asteroid Ryugu record its volatile sources and recent surface evolution

The near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu is expected to contain volatile chemical species that could provide information on the origin of Earth's volatiles. Samples of Ryugu were retrieved by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We measured noble gas and nitrogen isotopes in Ryugu samples and found that they are dominated by presolar and primordial components, incorporated during Solar System formation. Noble gas concentrations are higher than those in Ivuna-type carbonaceous (CI) chondrite meteorites. Several host phases of isotopically distinct nitrogen have different abundances among the samples. Our measurements support a close relationship between Ryugu and CI chondrites. Noble gases produced by galactic cosmic rays, indicating a ~5 million year exposure, and from implanted solar wind record the recent irradiation history of Ryugu after it migrated to its current orbit.

Formation and evolution of carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu: Direct evidence from returned samples

Samples of the carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu were brought to Earth by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We analyzed 17 Ryugu samples measuring 1 to 8 millimeters. Carbon dioxide-bearing water inclusions are present within a pyrrhotite crystal, indicating that Ryugu's parent asteroid formed in the outer Solar System. The samples contain low abundances of materials that formed at high temperatures, such as chondrules and calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions. The samples are rich in phyllosilicates and carbonates, which formed through aqueous alteration reactions at low temperature, high pH, and water/rock ratios of <1 (by mass). Less altered fragments contain olivine, pyroxene, amorphous silicates, calcite, and phosphide. Numerical simulations, based on the mineralogical and physical properties of the samples, indicate that Ryugu's parent body formed ~2 million years after the beginning of Solar System formation.

Samples returned from the asteroid Ryugu are similar to Ivuna-type carbonaceous meteorites

Carbonaceous meteorites are thought to be fragments of C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids. Samples of the C-type asteroid (162173) Ryugu were retrieved by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We measured the mineralogy and bulk chemical and isotopic compositions of Ryugu samples. The samples are mainly composed of materials similar to those of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, particularly the CI (Ivuna-type) group. The samples consist predominantly of minerals formed in aqueous fluid on a parent planetesimal. The primary minerals were altered by fluids at a temperature of 37° ± 10°C, about [Formula: see text] million (statistical) or [Formula: see text] million (systematic) years after the formation of the first solids in the Solar System. After aqueous alteration, the Ryugu samples were likely never heated above ~100°C. The samples have a chemical composition that more closely resembles that of the Sun's photosphere than other natural samples do.

Macromolecular organic matter in samples of the asteroid (162173) Ryugu

Samples of the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu were collected and brought to Earth by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We investigated the macromolecular organic matter in Ryugu samples and found that it contains aromatic and aliphatic carbon, ketone, and carboxyl functional groups. The spectroscopic features of the organic matter are consistent with those in chemically primitive carbonaceous chondrite meteorites that experienced parent-body aqueous alteration (reactions with liquid water). The morphology of the organic carbon includes nanoglobules and diffuse carbon associated with phyllosilicate and carbonate minerals. Deuterium and/or nitrogen-15 enrichments indicate that the organic matter formed in a cold molecular cloud or the presolar nebula. The diversity of the organic matter indicates variable levels of aqueous alteration on Ryugu's parent body.

Soluble organic molecules in samples of the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu

The Hayabusa2 spacecraft collected samples from the surface of the carbonaceous near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu and brought them to Earth. The samples were expected to contain organic molecules, which record processes that occurred in the early Solar System. We analyzed organic molecules extracted from the Ryugu surface samples. We identified a variety of molecules containing the atoms CHNOS, formed by methylation, hydration, hydroxylation, and sulfurization reactions. Amino acids, aliphatic amines, carboxylic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds were detected, which had properties consistent with an abiotic origin. These compounds likely arose from an aqueous reaction on Ryugu's parent body and are similar to the organics in Ivuna-type meteorites. These molecules can survive on the surfaces of asteroids and be transported throughout the Solar System.

Search for Cosmic-Ray Boosted Sub-GeV Dark Matter Using Recoil Protons at Super-Kamiokande

We report a search for cosmic-ray boosted dark matter with protons using the 0.37  megaton×years data collected at Super-Kamiokande experiment during the 1996-2018 period (SKI-IV phase). We searched for an excess of proton recoils above the atmospheric neutrino background from the vicinity of the Galactic Center. No such excess is observed, and limits are calculated for two reference models of dark matter with either a constant interaction cross section or through a scalar mediator. This is the first experimental search for boosted dark matter with hadrons using directional information. The results present the most stringent limits on cosmic-ray boosted dark matter and exclude the dark matter-nucleon elastic scattering cross section between 10^{-33}cm^{2} and 10^{-27}cm^{2} for dark matter mass from 1  MeV/c^{2} to 300  MeV/c^{2}.

Antiproliferative Effect of N-Heterocyclo-Coumarin Derivatives against Multidrug-Resistant Cells

Chemotherapy refers principally to the use of small molecules to treat cancer, and natural product derivatives have been main sources of clinically using anticancer drugs. While the coumarin skeleton does not inhibit cell growth, its derivatives are often active, and numerous coumarins have been examined for antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines. In this study, 16 novel coumarin derivatives (1, 1a-5a, 1b, 2b, 6b, 7b, 8-13) with attached N-heterocycles, including aminopyrrolidine, aminopiperidine, aminoazepane, and indoline, were prepared and ultimately esterified or amidated with alcohols or amines, respectively. All synthesized N-heterocycles containing coumarin derivatives with alcohols, amines, and carboxylic acids were assessed for antiproliferative activity against several human cancer cell lines, containing triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) as well as a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpressing multidrug-resistant (MDR) KB subline KB-VIN. Five coumarin derivatives (3a-5a, 12, 13) showed no effect (IC₅₀ >40 µM) against all tested cell lines. In contrast, derivative 1a showed broad-spectrum activity against four cell lines, while 1b and 10 were nearly twice as selective for KB-VIN cells as the parent KB. The coumarin derivatives 1a, 1b, and 10 were optimal for antiproliferative activity in this study and could provide a new avenue for overcoming MDR tumors. Derivatives 1a, 1b, and 10 showed MDR cell-selective antiproliferative activity, indicating that N-heterocycle-coumarins exert previously unexplored bioactivity with selective action on MDR cancer cells.

Associations Between Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Traits and Sociodemographic Characteristics in Japanese Workers

Purpose

Most previous studies that described associations between adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sociodemographic characteristics were focused on individuals diagnosed with ADHD, and few studies investigated ADHD traits in the general population. Additionally, some workers, who experienced no problems while at university and successfully graduated from university, developed ADHD traits after finding employment. This study described associations between ADHD traits and sociodemographic characteristics among Japanese workers who were university graduates.

Patients and Methods

Participants were randomly selected workers (n=1240) from across Japan who completed a self-administered online survey. ADHD traits were measured using an adult ADHD Self-report Scale, with scoring rules applied to reflect the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria. Information was collected on sociodemographic characteristics including sex, age, socioeconomic status, working time, and health-related behaviors. We performed partial correlation analysis to estimate trend associations and used analysis of covariance to compare adjusted averages. This model was adjusted for all variables.

Results

Males had higher levels of ADHD traits than females (p = 0.001), and younger age was associated with higher levels of ADHD traits (p < 0.001). Workers with low incomes had higher levels of ADHD traits than workers with high incomes (p = 0.009). More frequent consumption of midnight meals was associated with higher levels of ADHD traits (p < 0.001), although there were no differences for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Those who did not get enough rest from sleep had higher levels of ADHD traits (p = 0.007).

Conclusion

Results for high levels of ADHD traits among workers were consistent with previous studies for adults diagnosed with ADHD, even though all participants had successfully graduated from university. Assessment of these ADHD traits may support prevention of health deterioration related to these ADHD traits.

A dehydrated space-weathered skin cloaking the hydrated interior of Ryugu

Without a protective atmosphere, space-exposed surfaces of airless Solar System bodies gradually experience an alteration in composition, structure and optical properties through a collective process called space weathering. The return of samples from near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu by Hayabusa2 provides the first opportunity for laboratory study of space-weathering signatures on the most abundant type of inner solar system body: a C-type asteroid, composed of materials largely unchanged since the formation of the Solar System. Weathered Ryugu grains show areas of surface amorphization and partial melting of phyllosilicates, in which reduction from Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ and dehydration developed. Space weathering probably contributed to dehydration by dehydroxylation of Ryugu surface phyllosilicates that had already lost interlayer water molecules and to weakening of the 2.7 µm hydroxyl (-OH) band in reflectance spectra. For C-type asteroids in general, this indicates that a weak 2.7 µm band can signify space-weathering-induced surface dehydration, rather than bulk volatile loss.

Depressive symptoms in workers with high autistic trait scores according to job stress type

Individuals with high levels of autistic traits are at a high risk of experiencing depressive symptoms, and are also vulnerable to job stress. This study aimed to identify which combination of autistic traits and type of job stress are related to depressive symptoms. Participants comprised 992 workers from different regions of Japan. Autistic traits, depressive symptoms, and job stress were measured using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient, K6 scale, and Job Content Questionnaire, respectively. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. Workers with high autistic traits scores reported significantly more depressive symptoms for all job stress types, especially high job demand. Depressive symptoms differed according to autistic traits and job stress. In workers with high autistic trait subscale scores, those with active job stress reported more depressive symptoms than those with high strain job stress, except for the "poor imagination" trait. This is contrary to previous reports that the active stress type is generally less associated with depressive symptoms than the high-strain stress type. To prevent depressive symptoms in workers with high autistic trait scores, it is important to understand which combination of autistic traits and type of job stress contribute to depressive symptoms.

Time to update the Japanese standard population for comparing mortality rates

For the last three decades, Japan has been using the population of 1985 for age standardisation to compare mortality rates over time. With the population of Japan declining and ageing rapidly every year, there is a need to update the standard population to make the comparison representative of the current scenario. This is particularly relevant owing to declining mortality rates among the super-ageing Japanese elderly population and more data availability for older age groups. The choice of one population as standard over another is arbitrary because it does not make much difference to the trends in rates. The proportion of elderly in Japan is increasing rapidly and is expected to be one-third of the total population by 2030, in contrast to the proportion of 10% in the 1980s. Using a standard population with a lower proportion of elderly may weight the rates disproportionately for this age group. It is typically suitable to change the standard population every 25 to 30 years. It is advisable to choose the population of 2015 as the new standard population as suggested by the working group of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan for revising the standard population. However, it should be noted that the newly calculated age-standardised mortality rates will no longer be comparable to those calculated using the older standard populations. Updating the standard population will produce age-standardised rates for recent years closer to the crude rates and would thus reduce the extent of misinterpreting decreased mortality risks using age-standardised rates that do not closely resemble the crude rates.

First asteroid gas sample delivered by the Hayabusa2 mission: A treasure box from Ryugu

The Hayabusa2 spacecraft returned to Earth from the asteroid 162173 Ryugu on 6 December 2020. One day after the recovery, the gas species retained in the sample container were extracted and measured on-site and stored in gas collection bottles. The container gas consists of helium and neon with an extraterrestrial ³He/⁴He and ²⁰Ne/²²Ne ratios, along with some contaminant terrestrial atmospheric gases. A mixture of solar and Earth's atmospheric gas is the best explanation for the container gas composition. Fragmentation of Ryugu grains within the sample container is discussed on the basis of the estimated amount of indigenous He and the size distribution of the recovered Ryugu grains. This is the first successful return of gas species from a near-Earth asteroid.