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Smith LH, Park SA, Gjeltema J, Moore BA. Two is not necessarily better than one: A double lens in a pre-metamorphic adult axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:176-179. [PMID: 36152337 PMCID: PMC10036263 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old female pre-metamorphic axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) was examined for a suspected anterior lens luxation. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed two lens-like structures in the anterior chamber of the right eye (OD), each with cataractous change. Ultrasound biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed without sedation, and revealed small lenticular structures each with distinct nuclei and cortices. Although a distinct connection of the two lenticular structures could not be definitively ruled out, the structures appeared separate. Each of the lenticular structures was closely associated with its respective iris leaflet. This report demonstrates application of advanced imaging for diagnostic use in axolotl ophthalmology, showing that imaging of the lens can be performed without sedation, topical anesthetic, nor contact gel with high diagnostic quality. Although two distinct lenses were diagnosed with no historical evidence of trauma, the small sizes of each lenticular structure, with no detectable connection between them, are suggestive of a possible regenerative abnormality. This report opens discussion for the regenerative capabilities of the pre-metamorphic adult axolotl and possible implementations of their use in regenerative medicine research for the development of future therapies.
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Brun SN, Markant SL, Esparza LA, Garcia G, Terry D, Huang JM, Pavlyukov MS, Li XN, Grant GA, Crawford JR, Levy ML, Conway EM, Smith LH, Nakano I, Berezov A, Greene MI, Wang Q, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Survivin as a therapeutic target in Sonic hedgehog-driven medulloblastoma. Oncogene 2014; 34:3770-9. [PMID: 25241898 PMCID: PMC4369477 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a highly malignant brain tumor that occurs primarily in children. Although surgery, radiation and high-dose chemotherapy have led to increased survival, many MB patients still die from their disease, and patients who survive suffer severe long-term side effects as a consequence of treatment. Thus, more effective and less toxic therapies for MB are critically important. Development of such therapies depends in part on identification of genes that are necessary for growth and survival of tumor cells. Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis protein that regulates cell cycle progression and resistance to apoptosis, is frequently expressed in human MB and when expressed at high levels predicts poor clinical outcome. Therefore, we hypothesized that Survivin may have a critical role in growth and survival of MB cells and that targeting it may enhance MB therapy. Here we show that Survivin is overexpressed in tumors from patched (Ptch) mutant mice, a model of Sonic hedgehog (SHH)-driven MB. Genetic deletion of survivin in Ptch mutant tumor cells significantly inhibits proliferation and causes cell cycle arrest. Treatment with small-molecule antagonists of Survivin impairs proliferation and survival of both murine and human MB cells. Finally, Survivin antagonists impede growth of MB cells in vivo. These studies highlight the importance of Survivin in SHH-driven MB, and suggest that it may represent a novel therapeutic target in patients with this disease.
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Caudle KE, Rettie AE, Whirl-Carrillo M, Smith LH, Mintzer S, Lee MTM, Klein TE, Callaghan JT. Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guidelines for CYP2C9 and HLA-B genotypes and phenytoin dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:542-8. [PMID: 25099164 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phenytoin is a widely used antiepileptic drug with a narrow therapeutic index and large interpatient variability, partly due to genetic variations in the gene encoding cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C9 (CYP2C9). Furthermore, the variant allele HLA-B*15:02, encoding human leukocyte antigen, is associated with an increased risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in response to phenytoin treatment. We summarize evidence from the published literature supporting these associations and provide recommendations for the use of phenytoin based on CYP2C9 and/or HLA-B genotype (also available on PharmGKB: http://www.pharmgkb.org). The purpose of this guideline is to provide information for the interpretation of HLA-B and/or CYP2C9 genotype tests so that the results can guide dosing and/or use of phenytoin. Detailed guidelines for the use of phenytoin as well as analyses of cost-effectiveness are out of scope. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines are periodically updated at http://www.pharmgkb.org.
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Tkach DC, Young AJ, Smith LH, Hargrove LJ. Performance of pattern recognition myoelectric control using a generic electrode grid with targeted muscle reinnervation patients. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2012:4319-4323. [PMID: 23366883 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6346922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a surgical technique that creates myoelectric prosthesis control sites for high-level amputees. The electromyographic signal patterns provided by the reinnervated muscles are well-suited for pattern recognition (PR) control. PR control uses more electrodes compared to conventional amplitude control techniques but their placement on the residual limb is less critical than for conventional amplitude control. In this contribution, we demonstrate that classification error and real-time control performances using a generically placed electrode grid were equivalent or superior to the performance when using targeted electrode placements on two transhumeral amputee subjects with TMR. When using a grid electrode layout, subjects were able to complete actions 0.290 sec to 1 sec faster and with greater accuracy as compared to clinically localized electrode placement (mean classification error of 1.35% and 3.2%, respectively, for a 5 movement-class classifier).These findings indicate that a grid electrode arrangement has the potential to improve control of a myoelectric prosthesis while reducing the time and effort associated with fitting the prosthesis due to clinical localization of control sites on amputee patients.
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Paiba GA, Roberts SR, Houston CW, Williams EC, Smith LH, Gibbens JC, Holdship S, Lysons R. UK surveillance: Provision of quality assured information from combined datasets. Prev Vet Med 2007; 81:117-34. [PMID: 17482298 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance information is most useful when provided within a risk framework, which is achieved by presenting results against an appropriate denominator. Often the datasets are captured separately and for different purposes, and will have inherent errors and biases that can be further confounded by the act of merging. The United Kingdom Rapid Analysis and Detection of Animal-related Risks (RADAR) system contains data from several sources and provides both data extracts for research purposes and reports for wider stakeholders. Considerable efforts are made to optimise the data in RADAR during the Extraction, Transformation and Loading (ETL) process. Despite efforts to ensure data quality, the final dataset inevitably contains some data errors and biases, most of which cannot be rectified during subsequent analysis. So, in order for users to establish the 'fitness for purpose' of data merged from more than one data source, Quality Statements are produced as defined within the overarching surveillance Quality Framework. These documents detail identified data errors and biases following ETL and report construction as well as relevant aspects of the datasets from which the data originated. This paper illustrates these issues using RADAR datasets, and describes how they can be minimised.
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Lysons RE, Gibbens JC, Smith LH. Progress with enhancing veterinary surveillance in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 2007; 160:105-12. [PMID: 17259451 DOI: 10.1136/vr.160.4.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The UK has experienced various animal health events that have had national impact in recent years. In response, a ;Veterinary Surveillance Strategy' (VSS) was published in 2003, with the objective of enhancing and coordinating national veterinary surveillance practice in a way that would enable important animal health events to be detected and assessed more rapidly and reliably. The VSS adopts an integrated UK-wide approach, which includes widespread engagement with interested parties both within government and beyond. It proposes enhancing surveillance through improved collaboration; transparent and defensible prioritisation of government resources to surveillance; deriving better value from existing resources, and assuring quality of the surveillance reports and source data. This article describes progress with implementing the VSS, in particular the methodology for developing a functional network and creating an effective, quality-assured, information management system, RADAR.
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Smith LH, Sullivan M, Huguley CM. PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM IN MAN. IV. THE ENZYMATIC DEFECT OF OROTIC ACIDURIA. J Clin Invest 2006; 40:656-64. [PMID: 16695858 PMCID: PMC290771 DOI: 10.1172/jci104298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Stokes J, Chapman WP, Smith LH. EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA AND HYPERCAPNIA ON PERCEPTION OF THERMAL CUTANEOUS PAIN. J Clin Invest 2006; 27:299-304. [PMID: 16695610 PMCID: PMC438868 DOI: 10.1172/jci101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Greenwood WF, Barger AC, Dipalma JR, Stokes J, Smith LH. FACTORS AFFECTING THE APPEARANCE AND PERSISTENCE OF VISIBLE CUTANEOUS REACTIVE HYPEREMIA IN MAN. J Clin Invest 2006; 27:187-97. [PMID: 16695541 PMCID: PMC439490 DOI: 10.1172/jci101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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10
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Yasmeen S, Cress R, Romano PS, Xing G, Berger-Chen S, Danielsen B, Smith LH. Thyroid cancer in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2005; 91:15-20. [PMID: 16085061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2005.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare stage at diagnosis, treatment and survival among pregnant women with thyroid cancer to non-pregnant women with thyroid cancer, and to assess the impact of treatment on maternal and perinatal outcomes. METHODS A database containing maternal and newborn discharge records linked to the California Cancer Registry was queried to obtain information on all thyroid cancers from 1991-1999. Women with thyroid cancer occurring during pregnancy were compared to age-matched non-pregnant women with thyroid cancer. RESULTS 595 cases of thyroid cancers were identified (129 antepartum and 466 postpartum). About 64% of thyroid cancers were diagnosed at stage 2 among pregnant women versus 58% among non-pregnant controls. The odds of thyroid cancer were 1.5 times higher among Asian/Pacific Islanders than among Non-Hispanic White women. Pregnancy had no significant effect on mortality after diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Thyroidectomy during pregnancy was not associated with adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Thyroid cancer discovered during or after pregnancy does not appear to have a significant impact on the prognosis of the disease.
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Dalrymple JL, Russell AH, Lee SW, Scudder SA, Leiserowitz GS, Kinney WK, Smith LH. Chemoradiation for primary invasive squamous carcinoma of the vagina. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004; 14:110-7. [PMID: 14764038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1048-891x.2004.014066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report outcomes for patients with primary, invasive, squamous carcinoma of the vagina treated with chemoradiation. METHODS Between 1986 and 1996, 14 patients were treated with primary therapy consisting of synchronous radiation and chemotherapy. Patients were judged not to be surgical candidates based on tumor size, location, and concerns related to urinary, bowel, or sexual function. Three patients were FIGO stage I, ten patients stage II, and one patient stage III. Radiation consisted of teletherapy alone (six patients) or in combination with intravaginal brachytherapy (eight patients). Total radiation dose ranged from 5700 to 7080 cGy (median 6300 cGy). Chemotherapy consisted of 5-fluorouracil alone (seven patients), or with cisplatin (six patients) or mitomycin-C (one patient). RESULTS One patient failed locally at 7 months and died of disease at 11 months. Four patients died of intercurrent illness (46, 92, 104, 109 months) and nine are alive and cancer-free 74-168 months after treatment (median 100 months). There were no vesicovaginal or enterovaginal fistulae. CONCLUSIONS Radiation with synchronous chemotherapy is an effective treatment for squamous carcinoma of the vagina. Cancer control outcomes compare favorably with previously published results employing higher dose radiation as monotherapy.
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Lee JK, Bussey KJ, Gwadry FG, Reinhold W, Riddick G, Pelletier SL, Nishizuka S, Szakacs G, Annereau JP, Shankavaram U, Lababidi S, Smith LH, Gottesman MM, Weinstein JN. Comparing cDNA and oligonucleotide array data: concordance of gene expression across platforms for the NCI-60 cancer cells. Genome Biol 2003; 4:R82. [PMID: 14659019 PMCID: PMC329421 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2003-4-12-r82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2003] [Revised: 07/14/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray gene-expression profiles are generally validated one gene at a time by real-time RT-PCR. A different approach is described, based on simultaneous mutual validation of large numbers of genes using two different expression-profiling platforms. Microarray gene-expression profiles are generally validated one gene at a time by real-time RT-PCR. We describe here a different approach based on simultaneous mutual validation of large numbers of genes using two different expression-profiling platforms. The result described here for the NCI-60 cancer cell lines is a consensus set of genes that give similar profiles on spotted cDNA arrays and Affymetrix oligonucleotide chips. Global concordance is parameterized by a 'correlation of correlations' coefficient.
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Leiserowitz GS, Gumbs JL, Oi R, Dalrymple JL, Smith LH, Ryu J, Scudder S, Russell AH. Endometriosis-related malignancies. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003; 13:466-71. [PMID: 12911723 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1438.2003.13329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical findings, treatment, and outcome of patients with endometriosis-related cancers. Patients meeting Sampson and Scott's criteria for cancer associated with endometriosis in the Sacramento region were identified by chart review and pathology reports. Twenty-seven patients were identified with endometriosis-related malignancies (mean age 51.4 years). The site of origin was ovary in 17 (63.0%) and extra-ovarian in 10 (37%) including vagina, fallopian tube or mesosalpinx, pelvic sidewall, colon, and parametrium. The pattern of spread was local in five (18.5%), regional in 20 (74.1%) and distant in two (7.4%). Six patients had taken unopposed estrogen replacement (mean duration 23.4 years) and all six had extragonadal disease. Surgical procedures included hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, radical local excision, partial colectomy, and surgical staging. Eighteen patients received postoperative chemotherapy since the majority of patients had ovarian involvement. Fifteen patients received regional radiation therapy. Nineteen patients are without evidence of recurrence (70.4%, mean follow-up of 31 months). Endometriosis-related malignancies have a favorable prognosis. Extragonadal disease was commonly associated with unopposed estrogen replacement therapy. The predominance of local and regional disease strongly influence the application of treatment modalities.
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Wood SR, Zhao Q, Smith LH, Daniels CK. Altered morphology in cultured rat intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells is associated with alkaline phosphatase expression. Tissue Cell 2003; 35:47-58. [PMID: 12589729 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(02)00103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-transformed, rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6), and human intestinal colonic carcinoma cells (CACO-2) have both been used to study processes of epithelial cell differentiation. However, only CACO-2 cells have been described as spontaneously expressing phenotypic changes of differentiation in culture. We report here that when IEC-6 cells are grown in post-confluent culture, they develop structural changes similar to those seen in cells induced to differentiate by culture on Englebreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) extracellular matrix proteins. Correlated with this morphological change is loss of nuclear localization of c-myc protein and development of cell surface alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymatic activity. Messenger RNAs for liver and intestinal isoforms of ALP were expressed in both pre- and post-confluent cells. Inhibition of ALP activity in post-confluent cells by levamisole indicated the expressed ALP activity to be of the liver isoform. We suggest the expression of ALP activity, which occurs concomitantly with morphological alterations in post-confluent IEC-6 cells, represents increased expression and localization to the cell surface of the liver isoform of ALP. Cultured IEC-6 cells may provide a non-transformed, in vitro alternative to CACO-2 cells for study of epithelial cell differentiation.
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Bono JL, Jaber B, Fisher MA, Abuodeh RO, O'Leary-Jepson E, Scalarone GM, Smith LH. Genetic diversity and transcriptional analysis of the bys1 gene from Blastomyces dermatitidis. Mycopathologia 2002; 152:113-23. [PMID: 11811639 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013121812329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Blastomyces dermatitidis, a pathogenic fungal organism, is able to exist in two different morphologies, a multicellular mycelium or a unicellular yeast, according to temperature, 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C respectively. The switching between morphologies must be accompanied by a cascade of signaling events in which expression of genes responsible for the change of morphology is increased or decreased. bys1, a gene from B. dermatitidis isolate #58, is expressed at high levels in the unicellular yeast, but gradually diminishes as the temperature is lowered and the organism converts to the mycelial phase where there is no transcription of bys1. We explored if bys1 homologs are found in other B. dermatitidis isolates and if the transcription of the homologs were regulated by temperature. bys1 was identified in all B. dermatitidis isolates tested and could be grouped into two classes by Southern blot, PCR, and DNA sequence. Although the bys1 transcripts of both classes were regulated by temperature, transcription rates varied between the three isolates tested.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Blastomyces/genetics
- Blastomyces/growth & development
- Blastomyces/metabolism
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- Fungal Proteins/biosynthesis
- Fungal Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/genetics
- Genetic Variation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Fungal/chemistry
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Soil Microbiology
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Zhou Y, Gwadry FG, Reinhold WC, Miller LD, Smith LH, Scherf U, Liu ET, Kohn KW, Pommier Y, Weinstein JN. Transcriptional regulation of mitotic genes by camptothecin-induced DNA damage: microarray analysis of dose- and time-dependent effects. Cancer Res 2002; 62:1688-95. [PMID: 11912141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
cDNA microarray technology can be used to establish associations between characteristic gene expression patterns and molecular responses to drug therapy. In this study, we used cDNA microarrays of 1694 cancer-related genes to monitor the gene expression consequences of the treatment of HCT116 colon cancer cells with the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin (CPT). To obtain a more homogeneous cellular response, we synchronized the cells in S-phase using aphidicolin (APH) before CPT treatment. Brief incubation with 20 and 1000 nM CPT caused reversible and irreversible G(2) arrest, respectively, and the patterns of gene expression change (with reference to untreated controls) were strikingly different at the two concentrations. Thirty-three genes, mainly divided into three groups, showed characteristic changes in the first 20 h as a consequence of treatment. Northern blots performed for five of these genes (each under eight experimental conditions) were quite consistent with the microarray results (average correlation coefficient, 0.86). Several p53-activated stress response genes were up-regulated after treatment with 1000 nM CPT or prolonged exposure to APH, but it seemed that the up-regulation did not directly cause cell cycle arrest because the up-regulation induced by prolonged treatment with APH did not prevent cell cycle progression after removal of APH. In contrast, cell cycle-dependent up-regulation of a group of mitosis-related genes was delayed or blocked after CPT treatments. The interrupted up-regulation of this group of genes was directly associated with G(2) arrest. In addition, we observed down-regulation of gene expression in cells that were recovering from cell cycle delay. The observations reported here suggest a fundamental difference at the gene expression level between the molecular mechanism of reversible G(2) delay that follows mild DNA damage and the mechanism of permanent G(2) arrest that follows more extensive DNA damage.
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Weinstein JN, Scherf U, Lee JK, Nishizuka S, Gwadry F, Bussey AK, Kim S, Smith LH, Tanabe L, Richman S, Alexander J, Kouros-Mehr H, Maunakea A, Reinhold WC. The bioinformatics of microarray gene expression profiling. CYTOMETRY 2002; 47:46-9. [PMID: 11774349 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.10041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Smith LH, Dalrymple JL, Leiserowitz GS, Danielsen B, Gilbert WM. Obstetrical deliveries associated with maternal malignancy in California, 1992 through 1997. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184:1504-12; discussion 1512-3. [PMID: 11408874 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2001.114867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to characterize the rate of occurrence and nature of outcomes associated with obstetrical deliveries in women with malignant neoplasms among 3,168,911 women who delivered in California in 1992 through 1997. DESIGN The study is a population-based retrospective review of infant birth and death certificates and maternal and neonatal discharge records. Cases of malignant neoplasms associated with obstetrical delivery were attributed to 1 of 3 categories, depending on the earliest documented hospital discharge diagnosis, as follows: "prenatal" if the diagnosis was first documented by hospitalization within 9 months preceding delivery, "at delivery" if the diagnosis was established from the delivery hospitalization, or "postpartum" if the diagnosis was first documented by hospitalization within 12 months after delivery. METHODS Computer-linked infant birth and death certificates and maternal and neonatal discharge records were used to identify cases and outcomes. Cases of malignant neoplasms were identified by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes (140-208). Noninvasive neoplasms and carcinoma in situ neoplasms were excluded. In analysis of outcomes, the Mantel-Haenszel estimate for adjusted odds ratios was used. RESULTS Among 3,168,911 obstetrical deliveries over the 6-year span, a total of 2247 cases of primary malignancy were identified. The observed rate of occurrence for primary malignant neoplasms was 0.71 per 1000 live singleton births. Most cases (53.3%) were first documented in the postpartum period as follows: prenatal, 587 cases (0.18 per 1000); at delivery, 462 cases (0.15 per 1000); and postpartum, 1198 cases (0.38 per 1000). The most frequently documented primary malignant neoplasms associated with obstetrical delivery were breast cancer (423 cases, 0.13 per 1000), thyroid cancer (389 cases, 0.12 per 1000), cervical cancer (266 cases, 0.08 per 1000), Hodgkin's disease (172 cases, 0.05 per 1000), and ovarian cancer (123 cases, 0.04 per 1000). Odds ratios for a variety of demographic factors identified maternal age as the most significant risk factor for development of malignant neoplasms (age greater than 40 vs 20-25, odds ratio 5.7, CI 4.6-6.9). Age-adjusted odds ratios for maternal cancer of any type suggested significantly elevated risks for cesarean delivery (odds ratio 1.4, CI 1.3-1.6), blood transfusion (odds ratio 6.2, CI 4.5-8.5), hysterectomy (odds ratio 27.4, CI 20.8-36.1), and maternal postpartum hospital stay greater than 5 days (odds ratio 30.6, CI 27.9-33.6), but not for postpartum maternal death (odds ratio 0.8, CI 0.6-1.0). Odds ratios also suggested significantly elevated risks for premature newborn (odds ratio 2.0, CI 1.8-2.2), very low birth weight (odds ratio 2.9, CI 2.2-3.8), and newborn hospital stay longer than 5 days (odds ratio 2.6, CI 2.4-3.0), but not for neonatal death (odds ratio 1.6, CI 0.8-3.1) or infant death (odds ratio 1.2, CI 0.5-3.3). However, several types of malignant neoplasms did confer significant elevations in risk for neonatal death. Hospital charges for both maternal and neonatal care were significantly elevated in the maternal malignant neoplasm group. CONCLUSION A lower than expected occurrence rate of obstetrical delivery associated with maternal malignancy was seen when compared with previously published hospital-based reports. Malignant neoplasms associated with obstetrical delivery were most frequently first documented in the postpartum period. Maternal and neonatal morbidity were significantly increased, yet the risk of in-hospital maternal death was not significantly elevated. A significant increase in risk of neonatal death for infants of mothers with cervical cancer was found.
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Irvin BJ, Hanson CL, Smith LH, Daniels CK. Cyclic AMP- and IL6-signaling cross talk: comodulation of proliferation and apoptosis in the 7TD1 B cell hybridoma. Exp Cell Res 2001; 265:73-9. [PMID: 11281645 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation of the 7TD1 B cell hybridoma is dependent on the survival factor interleukin-6 (IL6). IL6 inhibits physiological cell death and allows expansion of populations of serum-stimulated cells. In this report, we demonstrate that cyclic AMP (cAMP)- and IL6-dependent signaling pathways can interact, controlling proliferation of 7TD1 cells through modulation of apoptosis. Cyclic AMP analogues inhibited proliferation, as well as other treatments that increased intracellular cAMP. The cAMP-induced inhibition could be reversed after 24 h by the removal of dibutyryl-cAMP from the culture medium and readdition of IL6. In the absence of IL6, cAMP induced a slow loss of viable cells. This decrease in viable cells in the presence of cAMP was accompanied by a marked increase in apoptosis. The increase in apoptotic cells after 48 h was preceded at 24 h by a parallel increase in DEVD-caspase activity after treatment with cell-permeable cAMP analogues. Increased DEVD-caspase activity and subsequent apoptosis could both be blocked by the addition of IL6. These coregulating actions may represent a cross-talk signaling mechanism modulating cytokine activation of cellular proliferation and survival.
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Milliner DS, Wilson DM, Smith LH. Phenotypic expression of primary hyperoxaluria: comparative features of types I and II. Kidney Int 2001; 59:31-6. [PMID: 11135054 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary hyperoxalurias are autosomal recessive disorders resulting from deficiency of hepatic alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (PHI) or D-glycerate dehydrogenase/glyoxylate reductase (PHII). Marked hyperoxaluria results in urolithiasis, renal failure, and systemic oxalosis. A direct comparison of PHI and PHII has not previously been available. METHODS Twelve patients with PHI and eight patients with PHII with an initial creatinine clearance of greater than or equal to 50 mL/min/1.73 m2 underwent similar laboratory evaluation, clinical management, and follow-up. Diagnosis of PHI and PHII was made by hepatic enzyme analysis (N = 11), increased urinary excretion of glycolate or glycerate (N = 7), or complete pyridoxine responsiveness (N = 2). Six PHI and five PHII patients had measurements of calcium oxalate crystalluria, urine supersaturation, and urine inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal formation. RESULTS PHI and PHII did not differ in age at the onset of symptoms, initial serum creatinine, or plasma oxalate concentration. Urine oxalate excretion rates were higher in PHI (2.19 +/- 0.61 mmol/1.73 m2/24 hours) than PHII (1.61 +/- 0.43, P = 0.04). Urine osmolality, calcium, citrate, and magnesium concentrations were lower in PHI than PHII (P = 0.001, P = 0.019, P = 0.0002, P = 0.03, respectively). Crystalluria scores and calcium oxalate inhibitory activity of the urine did not differ between PHI and PHII. Calcium oxalate supersaturation in the urine was less in PHI (7.3 +/- 1.9) compared with PHII (14.0 +/- 3.3, P = 0.002). During follow-up of 10.3 +/- 9. 6 years in PHI and 18.1 +/- 5.6 years in PHII, stone-forming activity and stone procedures were more frequent in PHI than PHII (P < 0.01 and P = 0.01, respectively). Four of 12 PHI compared with 0 of 8 PHII patients progressed to end-stage renal disease (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION The severity of disease expression is greater in type I primary hyperoxaluria than in type II. The difference may be due to greater oxalate excretion and lower concentrations of urine citrate and magnesium in patients with PHI compared with PHII.
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Smith LH, Besser SG. Dietary restrictions for patients with neutropenia: a survey of institutional practices. Oncol Nurs Forum 2000; 27:515-20. [PMID: 10785904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe institutional practices related to dietary restrictions for patients with neutropenia to determine whether restrictions are used and when they are implemented and discontinued. DESIGN Descriptive survey. SAMPLE 156 institutions belonging to the Association of Community Cancer Centers. METHODS Mailed survey. FINDINGS Of the institutions surveyed, 78% (n = 120) placed patients with neutropenia on restricted diets. Participating institutions responded that patients were placed on restricted diets at a variety of different white blood cell and neutrophil counts, including neutrophils < 1,000 (43%) and < 500 (46%). The majority of institutions (92%) placed patients on restricted diets once neutropenia was documented, while only 9% of institutions restricted diets when cancer treatment was initiated. Of the participating institutions, 83% (n = 96) restricted diets only when patients were neutropenic rather than throughout the duration of the chemotherapy regimen. The most commonly restricted foods were fresh fruits and juices (92%), fresh vegetables (95%), and raw eggs (74%). Few institutions restricted tap water (12%). Wine was restricted at 39% of institutions, and beer was restricted at 40% of institutions. CONCLUSIONS The role of diet in the development of infection in patients with neutropenia is unclear. This unclear role contributes to the variation in dietary restrictions among institutions. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Additional research should focus on dietary factors contributing to neutropenic infections and establishing criteria for implementation of specific dietary modifications. Nursing assessment should include nutritional status and risk factors for neutropenia and bacterial translocation. Nursing protocols for neutropenic dietary restrictions should be based on research findings.
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Scherf U, Ross DT, Waltham M, Smith LH, Lee JK, Tanabe L, Kohn KW, Reinhold WC, Myers TG, Andrews DT, Scudiero DA, Eisen MB, Sausville EA, Pommier Y, Botstein D, Brown PO, Weinstein JN. A gene expression database for the molecular pharmacology of cancer. Nat Genet 2000; 24:236-44. [PMID: 10700175 DOI: 10.1038/73439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 895] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We used cDNA microarrays to assess gene expression profiles in 60 human cancer cell lines used in a drug discovery screen by the National Cancer Institute. Using these data, we linked bioinformatics and chemoinformatics by correlating gene expression and drug activity patterns in the NCI60 lines. Clustering the cell lines on the basis of gene expression yielded relationships very different from those obtained by clustering the cell lines on the basis of their response to drugs. Gene-drug relationships for the clinical agents 5-fluorouracil and L-asparaginase exemplify how variations in the transcript levels of particular genes relate to mechanisms of drug sensitivity and resistance. This is the first study to integrate large databases on gene expression and molecular pharmacology.
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Tanabe L, Scherf U, Smith LH, Lee JK, Hunter L, Weinstein JN. MedMiner: an Internet text-mining tool for biomedical information, with application to gene expression profiling. Biotechniques 1999; 27:1210-4, 1216-7. [PMID: 10631500 DOI: 10.2144/99276bc03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The trend toward high-throughput techniques in molecular biology and the explosion of online scientific data threaten to overwhelm the ability of researchers to take full advantage of available information. This problem is particularly severe in the rapidly expanding area of gene expression experiments, for example, those carried out with cDNA microarrays or oligonucleotide chips. We present an Internet-based hypertext program, MedMiner, which filters and organizes large amounts of textual and structured information returned from public search engines like GeneCards and PubMed. We demonstrate the value of the approach for the analysis of gene expression data, but MedMiner can also be extended to other areas involving molecular genetic or pharmacological information. More generally still, MedMiner can be used to organize the information returned from any arbitrary PubMed search.
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Yuan C, Beach KW, Smith LH, Hatsukami TS. Measurement of atherosclerotic carotid plaque size in vivo using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 1998; 98:2666-71. [PMID: 9851951 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.98.24.2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current imaging modalities, such as contrast angiography, accurately determine the degree of luminal narrowing but provide no direct information on plaque size. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), however, has potential for noninvasively determining arterial wall area (WA). This study was conducted to determine the accuracy of in vivo MRI for measuring the cross-sectional maximum wall area (MaxWA) of atherosclerotic carotid arteries in a group of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. METHODS AND RESULTS Fourteen patients scheduled for carotid endarterectomy underwent preoperative carotid MRI using a custom-made phased-array coil. The plaques were excised en bloc and scanned using similar imaging parameters. MaxWA measurements from the ex vivo MRI were used as the reference standard and compared with MaxWA measurements from the corresponding in vivo MR study. Agreement between the in vivo and ex vivo measurement was analyzed using the Bland-Altman method. The paired in vivo and ex vivo MaxWA measurements strongly agreed: the mean difference (in vivo minus ex vivo) in MaxWA was 13.1+/-6.5 mm2 for T1-weighted (T1W) imaging (mean MaxWA in vivo=94.7 mm2, ex vivo=81.6 mm2) and 14.1+/-11.7 mm2 for proton density-weighted (PDW) imaging (mean MaxWA in vivo=93.4 mm2, ex vivo=79.3 mm2). Intraobserver and interobserver variability was small, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.90 to 0.98. CONCLUSIONS MRI is highly accurate for in vivo measurement of artery WA in atherosclerotic carotid lesions. This imaging technique has potential application monitoring lesion size in studies examining plaque progression and/or regression.
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Smith LH, Langdale JA, Chollet R. A functional calvin cycle is not indispensable for the light activation of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase and its target enzyme in the maize mutant bundle sheath defective2-mutable1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 118:191-197. [PMID: 9733538 PMCID: PMC34856 DOI: 10.1104/pp.118.1.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/1998] [Accepted: 06/08/1998] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We used a pale-green maize (Zea mays L.) mutant that fails to accumulate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) to test the working hypothesis that the regulatory phosphorylation of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) by its Ca2+-insensitive protein-serine/threonine kinase (PEPC kinase) in the C4 mesophyll cytosol depends on cross-talk with a functional Calvin cycle in the bundle sheath. Wild-type (W22) and bundle sheath defective2-mutable1 (bsd2-m1) seeds were grown in a controlled environment chamber at 100 to 130 &mgr;mol m-2 s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density, and leaf tissue was harvested 11 d after sowing, following exposure to various light intensities. Immunoblot analysis showed no major difference in the amount of polypeptide present for several mesophyll- and bundle-sheath-specific photosynthetic enzymes apart from Rubisco, which was either completely absent or very much reduced in the mutant. Similarly, leaf net CO2-exchange analysis and in vitro radiometric Rubisco assays showed that no appreciable carbon fixation was occurring in the mutant. In contrast, the sensitivity of PEPC to malate inhibition in bsd2-m1 leaves decreased significantly with an increase in light intensity, and there was a concomitant increase in PEPC kinase activity, similar to that seen in wild-type leaf tissue. Thus, although bsd2-m1 mutant plants lack an operative Calvin cycle, light activation of PEPC kinase and its target enzyme are not grossly perturbed.
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