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Mandl A, Jasmine S, Krueger T, Kumar R, Coleman IM, Dalrymple SL, Antony L, Rosen DM, Jing Y, Hanratty B, Patel RA, Jin-Yih L, Dias J, Celatka CA, Tapper AE, Kleppe M, Kanayama M, Speranzini V, Wang YZ, Luo J, Corey E, Sena LA, Casero RA, Lotan T, Trock BJ, Kachhap SK, Denmeade SR, Carducci MA, Mattevi A, Haffner MC, Nelson PS, Rienhoff HY, Isaacs JT, Brennen WN. LSD1 inhibition suppresses ASCL1 and de-represses YAP1 to drive potent activity against neuroendocrine prostate cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.17.576106. [PMID: 38328141 PMCID: PMC10849473 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.576106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1 or KDM1A ) has emerged as a critical mediator of tumor progression in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Among mCRPC subtypes, neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an exceptionally aggressive variant driven by lineage plasticity, an adaptive resistance mechanism to androgen receptor axis-targeted therapies. Our study shows that LSD1 expression is elevated in NEPC and associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. Using genetic approaches, we validated the on-target effects of LSD1 inhibition across various models. We investigated the therapeutic potential of bomedemstat, an orally bioavailable, irreversible LSD1 inhibitor with low nanomolar potency. Our findings demonstrate potent antitumor activity against CRPC models, including tumor regressions in NEPC patient-derived xenografts. Mechanistically, our study uncovers that LSD1 inhibition suppresses the neuronal transcriptional program by downregulating ASCL1 through disrupting LSD1:INSM1 interactions and de-repressing YAP1 silencing. Our data support the clinical development of LSD1 inhibitors for treating CRPC - especially the aggressive NE phenotype. Statement of Significance Neuroendocrine prostate cancer presents a clinical challenge due to the lack of effective treatments. Our research demonstrates that bomedemstat, a potent and selective LSD1 inhibitor, effectively combats neuroendocrine prostate cancer by downregulating the ASCL1- dependent NE transcriptional program and re-expressing YAP1.
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Parayath NN, Stephan SB, Koehne AL, Nelson PS, Stephan MT. In vitro-transcribed antigen receptor mRNA nanocarriers for transient expression in circulating T cells in vivo. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6080. [PMID: 33247092 PMCID: PMC7695830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) or T cell receptors (TCR) helps create disease-specific T cells for targeted therapy, but the cost and rigor associated with manufacturing engineered T cells ex vivo can be prohibitive, so programing T cells in vivo may be a viable alternative. Here we report an injectable nanocarrier that delivers in vitro-transcribed (IVT) CAR or TCR mRNA for transiently reprograming of circulating T cells to recognize disease-relevant antigens. In mouse models of human leukemia, prostate cancer and hepatitis B-induced hepatocellular carcinoma, repeated infusions of these polymer nanocarriers induce sufficient host T cells expressing tumor-specific CARs or virus-specific TCRs to cause disease regression at levels similar to bolus infusions of ex vivo engineered lymphocytes. Given their ease of manufacturing, distribution and administration, these nanocarriers, and the associated platforms, could become a therapeutic for a wide range of diseases. Ex vivo engineering of antigen-specific T cells has shown therapeutic efficacy but can be costly and scarce. Here the authors show that in vitro-transcribed antigen receptor mRNA packaged in nanocarriers can directly induce, in vivo, transient their expression in circulating T cells to provide therapeutic effects in mouse models of cancer or viral infection.
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Gillessen S, Omlin A, Attard G, de Bono JS, Efstathiou E, Fizazi K, Halabi S, Nelson PS, Sartor O, Smith MR, Soule HR, Akaza H, Beer TM, Beltran H, Chinnaiyan AM, Daugaard G, Davis ID, De Santis M, Drake CG, Eeles RA, Fanti S, Gleave ME, Heidenreich A, Hussain M, James ND, Lecouvet FE, Logothetis CJ, Mastris K, Nilsson S, Oh WK, Olmos D, Padhani AR, Parker C, Rubin MA, Schalken JA, Scher HI, Sella A, Shore ND, Small EJ, Sternberg CN, Suzuki H, Sweeney CJ, Tannock IF, Tombal B. Management of patients with advanced prostate cancer: recommendations of the St Gallen Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference (APCCC) 2015. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:e3. [PMID: 27141017 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Armstrong AJ, Antonarakis ES, Taplin ME, Kelly WK, Beltran H, Fizazi K, Dahut WL, Shore N, Slovin S, George D, Carducci MA, Corn P, Danila D, Dreicer R, Heath E, Rathkopf D, Liu G, Nanus D, Stein M, Smith MR, Sternberg C, Wilding G, Nelson PS, Halabi S, Kantoff P, Clarke NW, Evans CP, Heidenreich A, Mottet N, Gleave M, Morris MJ, Scher HI. Naming disease states for clinical utility in prostate cancer: a rose by any other name might not smell as sweet. Ann Oncol 2019; 29:23-25. [PMID: 29088323 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Uo T, Dvinge H, Sprenger CC, Bradley RK, Nelson PS, Plymate SR. Systematic and functional characterization of novel androgen receptor variants arising from alternative splicing in the ligand-binding domain. Oncogene 2016; 36:1440-1450. [PMID: 27694897 PMCID: PMC5344735 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of intact ligand-binding domain (LBD) ensures the strict androgen-dependent regulation of androgen receptor (AR): binding of androgen induces structural reorganization of LBD resulting in release of AR from HSP90, suppression of nuclear export which otherwise dominates over import and nuclear translocation of AR as a transcription factor. Thus, loss or defects of the LBD abolish constraint from un-liganded LBD as exemplified by constitutively active AR variants (AR-Vs), which are associated with emerging resistance mechanism to anti-AR therapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Recent analysis of the AR splicing landscapes revealed mCRPC harboring multiple AR-Vs with diverse patterns of inclusion/exclusion of exons (exons 4–8) corresponding to LBD to produce namely exon-skipping variants. In silico construction for these AR-Vs revealed four novel AR-Vs having unique features: Exclusion of specified exons introduces a frameshift in variants v5es, v6es and v7es. ARv56es maintains the reading frame resulting in the inclusion of the C-terminal half of the LBD. We systematically characterized these AR-Vs regarding their subcellular localization, affinity for HSP90 and transactivation capability. Notably, ARv5es was free from HSP90, exclusively nuclear, and constitutively active similarly as previously reported for v567es. In contrast, v6es and v7es were similar in that they are cytoplasmic, transcriptionally inactive and bind HSP90, ARv56es was present in both nucleus and cytoplasm, does not bind HSP90 and is transcriptionally inactive. Converting these transcriptionally inactive AR-Vs into active forms, we identified the two separate elements that allosterically suppress otherwise constitutively active AR-Vs; one in exon 5 for v6es and v7es and the other in exon 8 for v56es. Our findings identify a novel constitutively active AR-V, ARv5es and establish a method to predict potential activities of AR-Vs carrying impaired LBD.
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Liss MA, Schenk JM, Faino AV, Newcomb LF, Boyer H, Brooks JD, Carroll PR, Dash A, Fabrizio MD, Gleave ME, Nelson PS, Neuhouser ML, Wei JT, Zheng Y, Wright JL, Lin DW, Thompson IM. A diagnosis of prostate cancer and pursuit of active surveillance is not followed by weight loss: potential for a teachable moment. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2016; 19:390-394. [PMID: 27431498 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a risk factor for incident prostate cancer (PC) as well as risk of disease progression and mortality. We hypothesized that men diagnosed with lower-risk PC and who elected active surveillance (AS) for their cancer management would likely initiate lifestyle changes that lead to weight loss. METHODS Patients were enrolled in the Prostate Active Surveillance Study (PASS), a multicenter prospective biomarker discovery and validation study of men who have chosen AS for their PC. Data from 442 men diagnosed with PC within 1 year of study entry who completed a standard of care 12-month follow-up visit were analyzed. We examined the change in weight and body mass index (BMI) over the first year of study participation. RESULTS After 1 year on AS, 7.5% (33/442) of patients had lost 5% or more of their on-study weight. The proportion of men who lost 5% or more weight was similar across categories of baseline BMI: normal/underweight (8%), overweight (6%) and obese (10%, χ2 test P=0.44). The results were similar for patients enrolled in the study 1 year or 6 months after diagnosis. By contrast, after 1 year, 7.7% (34/442) of patients had gained >5% of their weight. CONCLUSIONS Only 7.5% of men with low-risk PC enrolled in AS lost a modest (⩾5%) amount of weight after diagnosis. Given that obesity is related to PC progression and mortality, targeted lifestyle interventions may be effective at this 'teachable moment', as men begin AS for low-risk PC.
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Tretiakova MS, Wei W, Boyer HD, Newcomb LF, Hawley S, Auman H, Vakar-Lopez F, McKenney JK, Fazli L, Simko J, Troyer DA, Hurtado-Coll A, Thompson IM, Carroll PR, Ellis WJ, Gleave ME, Nelson PS, Lin DW, True LD, Feng Z, Brooks JD. Prognostic value of Ki67 in localized prostate carcinoma: a multi-institutional study of >1000 prostatectomies. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2016; 19:264-70. [PMID: 27136741 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expanding interest in and use of active surveillance for early state prostate cancer (PC) has increased need for prognostic biomarkers. Using a multi-institutional tissue microarray resource including over 1000 radical prostatectomy samples, we sought to correlate Ki67 expression captured by an automated image analysis system with clinicopathological features and validate its utility as a clinical grade test in predicting cancer-specific outcomes. METHODS After immunostaining, the Ki67 proliferation index (PI) of tumor areas of each core (three cancer cores/case) was analyzed using a nuclear quantification algorithm (Aperio). We assessed whether Ki67 PI was associated with clinicopathological factors and recurrence-free survival (RFS) including biochemical recurrence, metastasis or PC death (7-year median follow-up). RESULTS In 1004 PCs (∼4000 tissue cores) Ki67 PI showed significantly higher inter-tumor (0.68) than intra-tumor variation (0.39). Ki67 PI was associated with stage (P<0.0001), seminal vesicle invasion (SVI, P=0.02), extracapsular extension (ECE, P<0.0001) and Gleason score (GS, P<0.0001). Ki67 PI as a continuous variable significantly correlated with recurrence-free, overall and disease-specific survival by multivariable Cox proportional hazard model (hazards ratio (HR)=1.04-1.1, P=0.02-0.0008). High Ki67 score (defined as ⩾5%) was significantly associated with worse RFS (HR=1.47, P=0.0007) and worse overall survival (HR=2.03, P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS In localized PC treated by radical prostatectomy, higher Ki67 PI assessed using a clinical grade automated algorithm is strongly associated with a higher GS, stage, SVI and ECE and greater probability of recurrence.
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Gillessen S, Omlin A, Attard G, de Bono JS, Efstathiou E, Fizazi K, Halabi S, Nelson PS, Sartor O, Smith MR, Soule HR, Akaza H, Beer TM, Beltran H, Chinnaiyan AM, Daugaard G, Davis ID, De Santis M, Drake CG, Eeles RA, Fanti S, Gleave ME, Heidenreich A, Hussain M, James ND, Lecouvet FE, Logothetis CJ, Mastris K, Nilsson S, Oh WK, Olmos D, Padhani AR, Parker C, Rubin MA, Schalken JA, Scher HI, Sella A, Shore ND, Small EJ, Sternberg CN, Suzuki H, Sweeney CJ, Tannock IF, Tombal B. Management of patients with advanced prostate cancer: recommendations of the St Gallen Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference (APCCC) 2015. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1589-604. [PMID: 26041764 PMCID: PMC4511225 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The first St Gallen Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference (APCCC) Expert Panel identified and reviewed the available evidence for the ten most important areas of controversy in advanced prostate cancer (APC) management. The successful registration of several drugs for castration-resistant prostate cancer and the recent studies of chemo-hormonal therapy in men with castration-naïve prostate cancer have led to considerable uncertainty as to the best treatment choices, sequence of treatment options and appropriate patient selection. Management recommendations based on expert opinion, and not based on a critical review of the available evidence, are presented. The various recommendations carried differing degrees of support, as reflected in the wording of the article text and in the detailed voting results recorded in supplementary Material, available at Annals of Oncology online. Detailed decisions on treatment as always will involve consideration of disease extent and location, prior treatments, host factors, patient preferences as well as logistical and economic constraints. Inclusion of men with APC in clinical trials should be encouraged.
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Grasso CS, Cani AK, Hovelson DH, Quist MJ, Douville NJ, Yadati V, Amin AM, Nelson PS, Betz BL, Liu CJ, Knudsen KE, Cooney KA, Feng FY, McDaniel AS, Tomlins SA. Integrative molecular profiling of routine clinical prostate cancer specimens. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1110-1118. [PMID: 25735316 PMCID: PMC4516047 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive molecular profiling led to the recognition of multiple prostate cancer (PCa) molecular subtypes and driving alterations, but translating these findings to clinical practice is challenging. PATIENTS AND METHODS We developed a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue compatible integrative assay for PCa molecular subtyping and interrogation of relevant genetic/transcriptomic alterations (MiPC). We applied MiPC, which combines capture-based next generation sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), to 53 FFPE PCa specimens representing cases not well represented in frozen tissue cohorts, including 8 paired primary tumor and lymph node metastases. Results were validated using multiplexed PCR based NGS and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS We identified known and novel potential driving, somatic mutations and copy number alterations, including a novel BRAF T599_V600insHT mutation and CYP11B2 amplification in a patient treated with ketoconazole (a potent CYP11B2 inhibitor). qRT-PCR integration enabled comprehensive molecular subtyping and provided complementary information, such as androgen receptor (AR) target gene module assessment in advanced cases and SPINK1 over-expression. MiPC identified highly concordant profiles for all 8 tumor/lymph node metastasis pairs, consistent with limited heterogeneity amongst driving events. MiPC and exome sequencing were performed on separately isolated conventional acinar PCa and prostatic small cell carcinoma (SCC) components from the same FFPE resection specimen to enable direct comparison of histologically distinct components. While both components showed TMPRSS2:ERG fusions, the SCC component exclusively harbored complete TP53 inactivation (frameshift variant and copy loss) and two CREBBP mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the feasibility of integrative profiling of routine PCa specimens, which may have utility for understanding disease biology and enabling personalized medicine applications.
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Lucas JM, True L, Hawley S, Matsumura M, Morrissey C, Vessella R, Nelson PS. The androgen-regulated type II serine protease TMPRSS2 is differentially expressed and mislocalized in prostate adenocarcinoma. J Pathol 2008; 215:118-25. [PMID: 18338334 DOI: 10.1002/path.2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is an androgen-regulated member of the type two transmembrane protease (TTSP) family. Two other members of the TTSP family, matriptase and hepsin, are over-expressed in prostate adenocarcinoma and mechanistically influence cancer cell invasion and metastasis. This study was performed to determine TMPRSS2 protein expression in primary and metastatic prostate cancers. We developed a monoclonal antibody capable of the sensitive and specific detection of TMPRSS2 protein. TMPRSS2 regulation by androgen and presence in seminal fluid was measured. TMPRSS2 localization and expression was evaluated in 415 cases of primary prostate cancer and 144 prostate cancer metastases by immunohistochemistry. We determined that TMPRSS2 protein expression is regulated by androgens and that TMPRSS2 is a component of the normal seminal fluid proteome. TMPRSS2 protein is abundantly expressed in the prostate, with low levels in the epithelia of the colon, stomach, epididymis and breast. Pancreatic acini, hepatic bile ducts, testicular Leydig cells and the kidney also express TMPRSS2. In the prostate, TMPRSS2 protein is specifically localized to the secretory epithelium, with enhanced expression in the plasma membrane orientated towards the ductal lumen. TMPRSS2 expression was significantly higher in both neoplastic prostate and in the epithelium of prostatic hyperplasia compared to normal epithelium (p < 0.01). TMPRSS2 expression was further elevated in higher Gleason grade cancers (patterns 4 and 5) compared to pattern 3 (p = 0.04). Furthermore, in most high-grade cancers, TMPRSS2 was mislocalized, being expressed in the cytoplasm as well as in the cell membrane. Prostate cancer metastases also generally expressed high levels of TMPRSS2. In summary, the TMPRSS2 protease is expressed highly in primary and metastatic prostate cancers and is associated with tumour cell differentiation. Based on studies with the related proteins matriptase and hepsin, TMPRSS2 should be investigated for causal roles in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Gulati R, Yu EY, Telesca D, Jiang P, Montgomery RB, Tam S, Russell KJ, Nelson PS, Etzioni RB, Higano CS. Testosterone kinetics in the first cycle of intermittent androgen deprivation (IAD) for men with localized or biochemical relapse (BR) of prostate cancer (PC). J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.5134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Mostaghel EA, Coleman R, Linda G, Coleman IM, Nelson PS. Effects of 5α reductase inhibition on stromal and epithelial genes associated with the development of high grade prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.5054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Risk M, Coleman I, Dumpit R, Gentleman R, Kristal AR, Knudsen BS, Nelson PS, Lin DW. Differential gene expression in normal prostate epithelium of men with and without prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Dean JP, Nelson PS. Profiling influences of senescent and aged fibroblasts on prostate carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:245-9. [PMID: 18182995 PMCID: PMC2361445 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that ageing-associated alterations in the tissue microenvironment act to promote prostate carcinogenesis. In this review, we survey the cellular state of senescence, review its causes, and describe associations with ageing and cancer. We further discuss senescent stromal gene expression changes, which may mediate these effects, and that may serve as therapeutic targets.
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Telesca D, Higano CS, Yu EY, Montgomery RB, Tam SL, Russell KJ, Nelson PS, Etzioni RB. Duration of the first off treatment period is associated with time to androgen independence (AI) and survival in men with localized or biochemical relapse of prostate cancer treated on a prospective trial of intermittent androgen deprivation (IAD). J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
5146 Background: Patients (pts) with localized prostate cancer or biochemical relapse who are treated with AD eventually develop AI and die. In an effort to better understand the natural history of this population, various characteristics of the patients and the first cycle of IAD were analyzed. Methods: Eligible pts had histological diagnosis of prostate cancer, no evidence of bone metastases by bone scan or visceral disease by CT scan, and at least 2 consecutive rising PSA = 2 weeks apart after diagnosis, radical prostatectomy (RP), or radiation therapy (XRT). Pts were treated with IAD consisting of 9 months of leuprolide acetate and an anti-androgen. Subsequently AD was stopped and monthly PSA and testosterone levels were followed during the off treatment period (Toff) until the PSA reached a threshold value (1 ng/mL if prostate removed or 4 ng/mL if prostate intact). At that time AD was resumed as before in a new cycle. Pts were treated until AI, defined as two rising PSAs while on AD with a castrate level of testosterone. Results: To date, 57 of 88 accrued pts are evaluable for this analysis. The median age at diagnosis is 62.2 yrs (range 43.9–77.4 yrs), median Gleason sum is 7. For the 49 pts with biochemical relapse after prior RP or XRT, median time from diagnosis to PSA relapse is 3.2 yrs (0–14.7 yrs) and from diagnosis to IAD was 4.9 yrs (range 0.1–14.9 yrs). For the 8 pts with no prior therapy, median time from diagnosis to IAD is 0.2 yrs (range 0–3.9 yrs). The median PSA value for all pts at study entry is 16 ng/mL (range 4–175 ng/mL); the value at study entry or after 3, 5, or 7 months of AD is not associated with time to AI or survival. Entry PSA is predictive of length of first Toff, and the length of the first Toff is associated with both time to AI (P<0.010) and survival (P<0.01). Conclusions: The duration of the first Toff in other studies of IAD should be evaluated for similar associations with time to AI and survival. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Schweinfest CW, Nelson PS, Graber MW, Demopoulos RI, Papas TS. Subtraction hybridization cDNA libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2003; 37:13-30. [PMID: 7540089 DOI: 10.1385/0-89603-288-4:13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Corthals GL, Nelson PS. Large-scale proteomics and its future impact on medicine. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2002; 1:15-9. [PMID: 11913721 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Takayama TK, McMullen BA, Nelson PS, Matsumura M, Fujikawa K. Characterization of hK4 (prostase), a prostate-specific serine protease: activation of the precursor of prostate specific antigen (pro-PSA) and single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator and degradation of prostatic acid phosphatase. Biochemistry 2001; 40:15341-8. [PMID: 11735417 DOI: 10.1021/bi015775e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
hK4 (prostase, KLK4), a recently cloned prostate-specific serine protease and a member of the tissue kallikrein family, is a zymogen composed of 228 amino acid residues including an amino-terminal propiece, Ser-Cys-Ser-Gln-. A chimeric form of hK4 (ch-hK4) was constructed in which the propiece of hK4 was replaced by that of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to create an activation site susceptible to trypsin-type proteases. ch-hK4 was expressed in Escherichia coli, isolated from inclusion bodies, refolded, and purified with an overall yield of 25%. The zymogen was readily self-activated during the refolding process to generate an active form (21 kDa) of hK4 (rhK4). rhK4 cleaved the chromogenic substrates Val-Leu-Arg-pNA (S-2266), Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA (S-2302), Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-pNA (S-2222), and Val-Leu-Lys-pNA (S-2251), indicating that rhK4 has a trypsin-type substrate specificity. The rhK4 was inhibited by aprotinin (6 kDa), forming an equimolar 27 kDa complex. rhK4 readily activated both the precursor of PSA (pro-PSA) and single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scuPA, pro-uPA). rhK4 also completely degraded prostatic acid phosphatase but failed to cleave serum albumin, another protein purified from human seminal plasma. These results indicate that hK4 may have a role in the physiologic processing of seminal plasma proteins such as pro-PSA, as well as in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer through its activation of pro-uPA.
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Penson DF, Albertsen PC, Nelson PS, Barry M, Stanford JL. Determining cause of death in prostate cancer: are death certificates valid? J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:1822-3. [PMID: 11734600 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.23.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pritchard CC, Hsu L, Delrow J, Nelson PS. Project normal: defining normal variance in mouse gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:13266-71. [PMID: 11698685 PMCID: PMC60859 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.221465998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse has become an indispensable and versatile model organism for the study of development, genetics, behavior, and disease. The application of comprehensive gene expression profiling technologies to compare normal and diseased tissues or to assess molecular alterations resulting from various experimental interventions has the potential to provide highly detailed qualitative and quantitative descriptions of these processes. Ideally, to interpret experimental data, the magnitude and diversity of gene expression for the system under study should be well characterized, yet little is known about the normal variation of mouse gene expression in vivo. To assess natural differences in murine gene expression, we used a 5406-clone spotted cDNA microarray to quantitate transcript levels in the kidney, liver, and testis from each of 6 normal male C57BL6 mice. We used ANOVA to compare the variance across the six mice to the variance among four replicate experiments performed for each mouse tissue. For the 6 kidney samples, 102 of 3,088 genes (3.3%) exhibited a statistically significant mouse variance at a level of 0.05. In the testis, 62 of 3,252 genes (1.9%) showed statistically significant variance, and in the liver, there were 21 of 2,514 (0.8%) genes with significantly variable expression. Immune-modulated, stress-induced, and hormonally regulated genes were highly represented among the transcripts that were most variable. The expression levels of several genes varied significantly in more than one tissue. These studies help to define the baseline level of variability in mouse gene expression and emphasize the importance of replicate microarray experiments.
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Abstract
New technologies designed to facilitate the comprehensive analyses of genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes in health and disease are poised to exert a dramatic change on the pace of cancer research and to impact significantly on the care of cancer patients. These approaches have already demonstrated the power of molecular medicine in discriminating among disease subtypes that are not recognizable using traditional pathological criteria and in identifying specific genetic events involved in cancer progression. This review outlines the current status of these technologies and highlights recent studies in which they have been applied in the context of carcinogenesis.
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Akalin A, Elmore LW, Forsythe HL, Amaker BA, McCollum ED, Nelson PS, Ware JL, Holt SE. A novel mechanism for chaperone-mediated telomerase regulation during prostate cancer progression. Cancer Res 2001; 61:4791-6. [PMID: 11406554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase activity has been detected in >85% of all malignant human cancers, including 90% of prostate carcinomas. Using a well-characterized experimental prostate cancer system, we have found that telomerase activity is notably increased (>10-fold) during tumorigenic conversion. Expression profiles of the telomerase components (hTR and hTERT) revealed no substantive changes, which suggests a nontranscriptional mechanism for increased activity. Because the hsp90 chaperone complex functionally associates with telomerase, we investigated that relationship and found that along with telomerase activity, a number of hsp90-related chaperones are markedly elevated during transformation, as well as in advanced prostate carcinomas. Using the nontumorigenic cell protein extract as the source of telomerase, addition of purified chaperone components enhanced reconstitution of telomerase activity, which suggests a novel mechanism of increased telomerase assembly via a hsp90 chaperoning process during prostate cancer progression.
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Grouse LH, Munson PJ, Nelson PS. Sequence databases and microarrays as tools for identifying prostate cancer biomarkers. Urology 2001; 57:154-9. [PMID: 11295616 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00963-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Identification, acquisition, and assessment of molecular markers that could be adopted as surrogate endpoints for evaluating a response to prostate cancer intervention strategies is highly desirable. Recent advances in the fields of genomics and biotechnology have dramatically increased the quantity and accessibility of molecular information that is relevant to the study of prostate carcinogenesis. One major advance involves the construction of comprehensive databases that archive gene sequences and gene expression data. This information is in a format suitable for virtual queries designed to distinguish the molecular differences between normal and cancer cells. A second major advance uses robotic tools to construct microarrays comprising thousands of distinct genes expressed in prostate tissues. Such arrays offer a powerful approach for monitoring the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously and provide access for techniques designed to assess patterns or "fingerprints" of gene expression that may ultimately be used as signatures of response to therapeutic intervention.
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Kinoshita Y, Jarell AD, Flaman JM, Foltz G, Schuster J, Sopher BL, Irvin DK, Kanning K, Kornblum HI, Nelson PS, Hieter P, Morrison RS. Pescadillo, a novel cell cycle regulatory protein abnormally expressed in malignant cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:6656-65. [PMID: 11071894 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008536200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a culture model of glial tumorigenesis, we identified a novel gene that was up-regulated in malignant mouse astrocytes following the loss of p53. The gene represents the murine homologue of pescadillo, an uncharacterized gene that is essential for embryonic development in zebrafish. Pescadillo is a strongly conserved gene containing unique structural motifs such as a BRCA1 C-terminal domain, clusters of acidic amino acids and consensus motifs for post-translational modification by SUMO-1. Pescadillo displayed a distinct spatial and temporal pattern of gene expression during brain development, being detected in neural progenitor cells and postmitotic neurons. Although it is not expressed in differentiated astrocytes in vivo, the pescadillo protein is dramatically elevated in malignant human astrocytomas. Yeast strains harboring temperature-sensitive mutations in the pescadillo gene were arrested in either G(1) or G(2) when grown in nonpermissive conditions, demonstrating that pescadillo is an essential gene in yeast and is required for cell cycle progression. Consistent with the latter finding, DNA synthesis was only observed in mammalian cells expressing the pescadillo protein. These results suggest that pescadillo plays a crucial role in cell proliferation and may be necessary for oncogenic transformation and tumor progression.
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