1
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Charlton PV, O'Reilly D, Philippou Y, Rao SR, Lamb ADG, Mills IG, Higgins GS, Hamdy FC, Verrill C, Buffa FM, Bryant RJ. Molecular analysis of archival diagnostic prostate cancer biopsies identifies genomic similarities in cases with progression post-radiotherapy, and those with de novo metastatic disease. Prostate 2024. [PMID: 38654435 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to identify molecular features that improve prostate cancer (PCa) risk stratification before radical treatment with curative intent. Molecular analysis of historical diagnostic formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate biopsies from cohorts with post-radiotherapy (RT) long-term clinical follow-up has been limited. Utilizing parallel sequencing modalities, we performed a proof-of-principle sequencing analysis of historical diagnostic FFPE prostate biopsies. We compared patients with (i) stable PCa (sPCa) postprimary or salvage RT, (ii) progressing PCa (pPCa) post-RT, and (iii) de novo metastatic PCa (mPCa). METHODS A cohort of 19 patients with diagnostic prostate biopsies (n = 6 sPCa, n = 5 pPCa, n = 8 mPCa) and mean 4 years 10 months follow-up (diagnosed 2009-2016) underwent nucleic acid extraction from demarcated malignancy. Samples underwent 3'RNA sequencing (3'RNAseq) (n = 19), nanoString analysis (n = 12), and Illumina 850k methylation (n = 8) sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to coherently identify differentially expressed genes and methylated genomic regions (MGRs). RESULTS Eighteen of 19 samples provided useable 3'RNAseq data. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated similar expression profiles between pPCa and mPCa cases, versus sPCa. Coherently differentially methylated probes between these groups identified ~600 differentially MGRs. The top 50 genes with increased expression in pPCa patients were associated with reduced progression-free survival post-RT (p < 0.0001) in an external cohort. CONCLUSIONS 3'RNAseq, nanoString and 850k-methylation analyses are each achievable from historical FFPE diagnostic pretreatment prostate biopsies, unlocking the potential to utilize large cohorts of historic clinical samples. Profiling similarities between individuals with pPCa and mPCa suggests biological similarities and historical radiological staging limitations, which warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Vincent Charlton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Dawn O'Reilly
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yiannis Philippou
- Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Srinivasa Rao Rao
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alastair David Gordon Lamb
- Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian Geoffrey Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Geoff Stuart Higgins
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Freddie Charles Hamdy
- Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare Verrill
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Richard John Bryant
- Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Francis JC, Capper A, Rust AG, Ferro K, Ning J, Yuan W, de Bono J, Pettitt SJ, Swain A. Identification of genes that promote PI3K pathway activation and prostate tumour formation. Oncogene 2024:10.1038/s41388-024-03028-x. [PMID: 38654106 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
We have performed a functional in vivo mutagenesis screen to identify genes that, when altered, cooperate with a heterozygous Pten mutation to promote prostate tumour formation. Two genes, Bzw2 and Eif5a2, which have been implicated in the process of protein translation, were selected for further validation. Using prostate organoid models, we show that either Bzw2 downregulation or EIF5A2 overexpression leads to increased organoid size and in vivo prostate growth. We show that both genes impact the PI3K pathway and drive a sustained increase in phospho-AKT expression, with PTEN protein levels reduced in both models. Mechanistic studies reveal that EIF5A2 is directly implicated in PTEN protein translation. Analysis of patient datasets identified EIF5A2 amplifications in many types of human cancer, including the prostate. Human prostate cancer samples in two independent cohorts showed a correlation between increased levels of EIF5A2 and upregulation of a PI3K pathway gene signature. Consistent with this, organoids with high levels of EIF5A2 were sensitive to AKT inhibitors. Our study identified novel genes that promote prostate cancer formation through upregulation of the PI3K pathway, predicting a strategy to treat patients with genetic aberrations in these genes particularly relevant for EIF5A2 amplified tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Francis
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Amy Capper
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alistair G Rust
- Genomics Facility, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Genomic Data Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Klea Ferro
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jian Ning
- Tumour Modelling Facility, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Wei Yuan
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Johann de Bono
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Amanda Swain
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
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3
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Bishop KW, Erion Barner LA, Han Q, Baraznenok E, Lan L, Poudel C, Gao G, Serafin RB, Chow SSL, Glaser AK, Janowczyk A, Brenes D, Huang H, Miyasato D, True LD, Kang S, Vaughan JC, Liu JTC. An end-to-end workflow for nondestructive 3D pathology. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:1122-1148. [PMID: 38263522 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in 3D pathology offer the ability to image orders of magnitude more tissue than conventional pathology methods while also providing a volumetric context that is not achievable with 2D tissue sections, and all without requiring destructive tissue sectioning. Generating high-quality 3D pathology datasets on a consistent basis, however, is not trivial and requires careful attention to a series of details during tissue preparation, imaging and initial data processing, as well as iterative optimization of the entire process. Here, we provide an end-to-end procedure covering all aspects of a 3D pathology workflow (using light-sheet microscopy as an illustrative imaging platform) with sufficient detail to perform well-controlled preclinical and clinical studies. Although 3D pathology is compatible with diverse staining protocols and computationally generated color palettes for visual analysis, this protocol focuses on the use of a fluorescent analog of hematoxylin and eosin, which remains the most common stain used for gold-standard pathological reports. We present our guidelines for a broad range of end users (e.g., biologists, clinical researchers and engineers) in a simple format. The end-to-end workflow requires 3-6 d to complete, bearing in mind that data analysis may take longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Bishop
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Qinghua Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elena Baraznenok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lydia Lan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chetan Poudel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gan Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert B Serafin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah S L Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam K Glaser
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Janowczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Oncology, Division of Precision Oncology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Brenes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hongyi Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dominie Miyasato
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soyoung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua C Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan T C Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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4
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Giacometti V, Grey AC, McCann AJ, Prise KM, Hounsell AR, McGarry CK, Turner PG, O’Sullivan JM. An objective measure of response on whole-body MRI in metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation therapy, external beam radiotherapy, and radium-223. Br J Radiol 2024; 97:794-802. [PMID: 38268482 PMCID: PMC11027342 DOI: 10.1093/bjr/tqae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to generate an objective method to describe MRI data to assess response in the vertebrae of patients with metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), treated with external beam radiation therapy and systemic therapy with Radium-223 and to correlate changes with clinical outcomes. METHODS Three sets of whole-body MRI (WBMRI) images were utilized from 25 patients from the neo-adjuvant Androgen Deprivation Therapy pelvic Radiotherapy and RADium-223 (ADRRAD) clinical trial: MRI1 (up to 28 days before Radium-223), MRI2, and MRI3 (2 and 6 months post completion of Radium-223). Radiological response was assessed based on post baseline MRI images. Vertebrae were semi-automatically contoured in the sagittal T1-weighted (T1w) acquisitions, MRI intensity was measured, and spinal cord was used to normalize the measurements. The relationship between MRI intensity vs time to biochemical progression and radiology response was investigated. Survival curves were generated and splitting measures for survival and biochemical progression investigated. RESULTS Using a splitting measure of 1.8, MRI1 was found to be a reliable quantitative indicator correlating with overall survival (P = 0.023) and biochemical progression (P = 0.014). MRI (3-1) and MRI (3-2) were found to be significant indicators for patients characterized by progressive/non-progressive disease (P = 0.021, P = 0.004) and biochemical progression within/after 12 months (P = 0.007, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We have identified a potentially useful objective measure of response on WBMRI of vertebrae containing bone metastases in mHSPC which correlates with survival/progression (prognostic) and radiology response (predictive). ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Measurements of T1w WBMRI normalized intensity may allow identifying potentially useful response biomarkers correlating with survival, radiological response and biochemical progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giacometti
- Advanced Radiotherapy Group, Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Belfast, BT97 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur C Grey
- Department of Imaging Services, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, BT9 7AB, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron J McCann
- Department of Radiological Imaging & Protection Service, Regional Medical Physics Service, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, BT9 7AB, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Advanced Radiotherapy Group, Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Belfast, BT97 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Hounsell
- Advanced Radiotherapy Group, Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Belfast, BT97 1NN, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, BT9 7AB, United Kingdom
| | - Conor K McGarry
- Advanced Radiotherapy Group, Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Belfast, BT97 1NN, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, BT9 7AB, United Kingdom
| | - Philip G Turner
- St Luke’s Cancer Centre, The Royal Hospital, Egerton Rd, Guildford GU2 7XX, United Kingdom
| | - Joe M O’Sullivan
- Advanced Radiotherapy Group, Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Belfast, BT97 1NN, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, BT9 7AB, United Kingdom
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5
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Ahmed A, Tait SWG. Tumour immunogenicity goes with the (mitochondrial electron) flow. Mol Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38520041 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism and electron transport chain (ETC) function are essential for tumour proliferation and metastasis. However, the impact of ETC function on cancer immunogenicity is not well understood. In a recent study, Mangalhara et al. found that inhibition of complex II leads to enhanced tumour immunogenicity, T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity and inhibition of tumour growth. Surprisingly, this antitumour effect is mediated by succinate accumulation affecting histone methylation. Histone methylation promotes the transcriptional upregulation of major histocompatibility complex-antigen processing and presentation (MHC-APP) genes in a manner independent of interferon signalling. Modulating mitochondrial electron flow to enhance tumour immunogenicity provides an exciting new therapeutic avenue and may be particularly attractive for tumours with reduced expression of MHC-APP genes or dampened interferon signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ahmed
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
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6
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Garnham R, Geh D, Nelson R, Ramon-Gil E, Wilson L, Schmidt EN, Walker L, Adamson B, Buskin A, Hepburn AC, Hodgson K, Kendall H, Frame FM, Maitland N, Coffey K, Strand DW, Robson CN, Elliott DJ, Heer R, Macauley M, Munkley J, Gaughan L, Leslie J, Scott E. ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (ST3Gal1) synthesis of Siglec ligands mediates anti-tumour immunity in prostate cancer. Commun Biol 2024; 7:276. [PMID: 38448753 PMCID: PMC10918101 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade has yet to produce robust anti-cancer responses for prostate cancer. Sialyltransferases have been shown across several solid tumours, including breast, melanoma, colorectal and prostate to promote immune suppression by synthesising sialoglycans, which act as ligands for Siglec receptors. We report that ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (ST3Gal1) levels negatively correlate with androgen signalling in prostate tumours. We demonstrate that ST3Gal1 plays an important role in modulating tumour immune evasion through the synthesises of sialoglycans with the capacity to engage the Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 immunoreceptors preventing immune clearance of cancer cells. Here, we provide evidence of the expression of Siglec-7/9 ligands and their respective immunoreceptors in prostate tumours. These interactions can be modulated by enzalutamide and may maintain immune suppression in enzalutamide treated tumours. We conclude that the activity of ST3Gal1 is critical to prostate cancer anti-tumour immunity and provide rationale for the use of glyco-immune checkpoint targeting therapies in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Garnham
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Daniel Geh
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ryan Nelson
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Erik Ramon-Gil
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Laura Wilson
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Edward N Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Laura Walker
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Beth Adamson
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Adriana Buskin
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Anastasia C Hepburn
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Kirsty Hodgson
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Hannah Kendall
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Fiona M Frame
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Norman Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Kelly Coffey
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Craig N Robson
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Matthew Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Luke Gaughan
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Jack Leslie
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Emma Scott
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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7
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Hurst R, Brewer DS, Gihawi A, Wain J, Cooper CS. Cancer invasion and anaerobic bacteria: new insights into mechanisms. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73:001817. [PMID: 38535967 PMCID: PMC10995961 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that altered microbiota abundance of a range of specific anaerobic bacteria are associated with cancer, including Peptoniphilus spp., Porphyromonas spp., Fusobacterium spp., Fenollaria spp., Prevotella spp., Sneathia spp., Veillonella spp. and Anaerococcus spp. linked to multiple cancer types. In this review we explore these pathogenic associations. The mechanisms by which bacteria are known or predicted to interact with human cells are reviewed and we present an overview of the interlinked mechanisms and hypotheses of how multiple intracellular anaerobic bacterial pathogens may act together to cause host cell and tissue microenvironment changes associated with carcinogenesis and cancer cell invasion. These include combined effects on changes in cell signalling, DNA damage, cellular metabolism and immune evasion. Strategies for early detection and eradication of anaerobic cancer-associated bacterial pathogens that may prevent cancer progression are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hurst
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Daniel S. Brewer
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park Innovation Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Abraham Gihawi
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - John Wain
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Colin S. Cooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
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8
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Barberis A, Aerts HJWL, Buffa FM. Robustness and reproducibility for AI learning in biomedical sciences: RENOIR. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1933. [PMID: 38253545 PMCID: PMC10810363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are increasingly applied across various domains, favoured by the growing acquisition and public availability of large, complex datasets. Despite this trend, AI publications often suffer from lack of reproducibility and poor generalisation of findings, undermining scientific value and contributing to global research waste. To address these issues and focusing on the learning aspect of the AI field, we present RENOIR (REpeated random sampliNg fOr machIne leaRning), a modular open-source platform for robust and reproducible machine learning (ML) analysis. RENOIR adopts standardised pipelines for model training and testing, introducing elements of novelty, such as the dependence of the performance of the algorithm on the sample size. Additionally, RENOIR offers automated generation of transparent and usable reports, aiming to enhance the quality and reproducibility of AI studies. To demonstrate the versatility of our tool, we applied it to benchmark datasets from health, computer science, and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) domains. Furthermore, we showcase RENOIR's successful application in recently published studies, where it identified classifiers for SET2D and TP53 mutation status in cancer. Finally, we present a use case where RENOIR was employed to address a significant pharmacological challenge-predicting drug efficacy. RENOIR is freely available at https://github.com/alebarberis/renoir .
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Barberis
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- Computational Biology and Integrative Genomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Hugo J W L Aerts
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM) Program, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Radiation Oncology and Radiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, GROW & CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca M Buffa
- Computational Biology and Integrative Genomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- AI and Systems Biology, IFOM ETS, 20139, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Computing Sciences and Bocconi Institute for Data Science and Analytics (BIDSA), Bocconi University, 20100, Milan, Italy.
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9
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Liu JTC, Chow SSL, Colling R, Downes MR, Farré X, Humphrey P, Janowczyk A, Mirtti T, Verrill C, Zlobec I, True LD. Engineering the future of 3D pathology. J Pathol Clin Res 2024; 10:e347. [PMID: 37919231 PMCID: PMC10807588 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, technological advances in tissue preparation, high-throughput volumetric microscopy, and computational infrastructure have enabled rapid developments in nondestructive 3D pathology, in which high-resolution histologic datasets are obtained from thick tissue specimens, such as whole biopsies, without the need for physical sectioning onto glass slides. While 3D pathology generates massive datasets that are attractive for automated computational analysis, there is also a desire to use 3D pathology to improve the visual assessment of tissue histology. In this perspective, we discuss and provide examples of potential advantages of 3D pathology for the visual assessment of clinical specimens and the challenges of dealing with large 3D datasets (of individual or multiple specimens) that pathologists have not been trained to interpret. We discuss the need for artificial intelligence triaging algorithms and explainable analysis methods to assist pathologists or other domain experts in the interpretation of these novel, often complex, large datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan TC Liu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & PathologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUSA
| | - Sarah SL Chow
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Peter Humphrey
- Department of UrologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Andrew Janowczyk
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringEmory University and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGAUSA
- Geneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Clare Verrill
- John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute for Tissue Medicine and PathologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & PathologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleUSA
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Godolphin PJ, Marlin N, Cornett C, Fisher DJ, Tierney JF, White IR, Rogozińska E. Use of multiple covariates in assessing treatment-effect modifiers: A methodological review of individual participant data meta-analyses. Res Synth Methods 2024; 15:107-116. [PMID: 37771175 DOI: 10.1002/jrsm.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses of randomised trials are considered a reliable way to assess participant-level treatment effect modifiers but may not make the best use of the available data. Traditionally, effect modifiers are explored one covariate at a time, which gives rise to the possibility that evidence of treatment-covariate interaction may be due to confounding from a different, related covariate. We aimed to evaluate current practice when estimating treatment-covariate interactions in IPD meta-analysis, specifically focusing on involvement of additional covariates in the models. We reviewed 100 IPD meta-analyses of randomised trials, published between 2015 and 2020, that assessed at least one treatment-covariate interaction. We identified four approaches to handling additional covariates: (1) Single interaction model (unadjusted): No additional covariates included (57/100 IPD meta-analyses); (2) Single interaction model (adjusted): Adjustment for the main effect of at least one additional covariate (35/100); (3) Multiple interactions model: Adjustment for at least one two-way interaction between treatment and an additional covariate (3/100); and (4) Three-way interaction model: Three-way interaction formed between treatment, the additional covariate and the potential effect modifier (5/100). IPD is not being utilised to its fullest extent. In an exemplar dataset, we demonstrate how these approaches lead to different conclusions. Researchers should adjust for additional covariates when estimating interactions in IPD meta-analysis providing they adjust their main effects, which is already widely recommended. Further, they should consider whether more complex approaches could provide better information on who might benefit most from treatments, improving patient choice and treatment policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Godolphin
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, London, UK
| | - Nadine Marlin
- Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Chantelle Cornett
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, London, UK
| | - David J Fisher
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, London, UK
| | - Jayne F Tierney
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, London, UK
| | - Ian R White
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, London, UK
| | - Ewelina Rogozińska
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, London, UK
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11
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Hansen EB, Karlsson Q, Merson S, Wakerell S, Rageevakumar R, Jensen JB, Borre M, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles RA, Sørensen KD. Impact of germline DNA repair gene variants on prognosis and treatment of men with advanced prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19135. [PMID: 37932350 PMCID: PMC10628129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical importance of germline variants in DNA repair genes (DRGs) is becoming increasingly recognized, but their impact on advanced prostate cancer prognosis remains unclear. A cohort of 221 newly diagnosed metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients were screened for pathogenic germline variants in 114 DRGs. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) on first-line androgen signaling inhibitor (ARSI) treatment for mCRPC. Secondary endpoints were time to mCRPC progression on initial androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and overall survival (OS). Twenty-seven patients (12.2%) carried a germline DRG variant. DRG carrier status was independently associated with shorter PFS on first-line ARSI [HR 1.72 (1.06-2.81), P = 0.029]. At initiation of ADT, DRG carrier status was independently associated with shorter progression time to mCRPC [HR 1.56, (1.02-2.39), P = 0.04] and shorter OS [HR 1.99, (1.12-3.52), P = 0.02]. Investigating the contributions of individual germline DRG variants on PFS and OS revealed CHEK2 variants to have little effect. Furthermore, prior taxane treatment was associated with worse PFS on first-line ARSI for DRG carriers excluding CHEK2 (P = 0.0001), but not for noncarriers. In conclusion, germline DRG carrier status holds independent prognostic value for predicting advanced prostate cancer patient outcomes and may potentially inform on optimal treatment sequencing already at the hormone-sensitive stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma B Hansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Questa Karlsson
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Susan Merson
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sarah Wakerell
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Reshma Rageevakumar
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jørgen B Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Urology, Regional Hospital of West Jutland, Gødstrup Hospital, Gødstrup, Denmark
| | - Michael Borre
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Karina D Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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12
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Advani R, Luzzi S, Scott E, Dalgliesh C, Weischenfeldt J, Munkley J, Elliott DJ. Epithelial specific splicing regulator proteins as emerging oncogenes in aggressive prostate cancer. Oncogene 2023; 42:3161-3168. [PMID: 37752235 PMCID: PMC10589096 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer progression is connected to the activity of conventional oncogenes and tumour suppressors and driven by circulating steroid hormones. A key issue has been how to identify and care for aggressively developing prostate tumours. Here we discuss how expression of the splicing regulators ESRP1 and ESRP2, and how their role as "masterminds" of epithelial splicing patterns, have been identified as markers of aggressively proliferating prostate primary tumours. We suggest that the origin of prostate cancer within epithelial cells, and the subsequent association of ESRP1 and ESRP2 expression with more aggressive disease progression, identify ESRP1 and ESRP2 as lineage survival oncogenes. To move this field on in the future it will be important to identify the gene expression targets controlled by ESRP1/2 that regulate prostate cancer proliferation. Potential future therapies could be designed to target ESRP1 and ESRP2 protein activity or their regulated splice isoforms in aggressive prostate tumours. Design of these therapies is potentially complicated by the risk of producing a more mesenchymal splicing environment that might promote tumour metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Advani
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI) and Newcastle University Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Luzzi
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI) and Newcastle University Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Scott
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI) and Newcastle University Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Dalgliesh
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI) and Newcastle University Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Weischenfeldt
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI) and Newcastle University Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Elliott
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI) and Newcastle University Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom.
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13
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Sutherland M, Gordon A, Al-Shammari FOFO, Throup A, Cilia La Corte A, Philippou H, Shnyder SD, Patterson LH, Sheldrake HM. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Cyclobutane-Based β3 Integrin Antagonists: A Novel Approach to Targeting Integrins for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4023. [PMID: 37627051 PMCID: PMC10452181 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-binding family of integrin receptors, and notably the β3 subfamily, are key to multiple physiological processes involved in tissue development, cancer proliferation, and metastatic dissemination. While there is compelling preclinical evidence that both αvβ3 and αIIbβ3 are important anticancer targets, most integrin antagonists developed to target the β3 integrins are highly selective for αvβ3 or αIIbβ3. We report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new structural class of ligand-mimetic β3 integrin antagonist. These new antagonists combine a high activity against αvβ3 with a moderate affinity for αIIbβ3, providing the first evidence for a new approach to integrin targeting in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sutherland
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Andrew Gordon
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | | | - Adam Throup
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Amy Cilia La Corte
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Helen Philippou
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Steven D. Shnyder
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | | | - Helen M. Sheldrake
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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14
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Buskin A, Scott E, Nelson R, Gaughan L, Robson CN, Heer R, Hepburn AC. Engineering prostate cancer in vitro: what does it take? Oncogene 2023; 42:2417-2427. [PMID: 37438470 PMCID: PMC10403358 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge in the clinical management and cause of treatment failure of prostate cancer (PCa) is its molecular, cellular and clinical heterogeneity. Modelling systems that fully recapitulate clinical diversity and resistant phenotypes are urgently required for the development of successful personalised PCa therapies. The advent of the three-dimensional (3D) organoid model has revolutionised preclinical cancer research through reflecting heterogeneity and offering genomic and environmental manipulation that has opened up unparalleled opportunities for applications in disease modelling, high-throughput drug screening and precision medicine. Despite these remarkable achievements of organoid technology, several shortcomings in emulating the complex tumor microenvironment and dynamic process of metastasis as well as the epigenome profile limit organoids achieving true in vivo functionality. Technological advances in tissue engineering have enabled the development of innovative tools to facilitate the design of improved 3D cancer models. In this review, we highlight the current in vitro 3D PCa models with a special focus on organoids and discuss engineering approaches to create more physiologically relevant PCa organoid models and maximise their translational relevance that ultimately will help to realise the transformational power of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Buskin
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Emma Scott
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ryan Nelson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Luke Gaughan
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Craig N Robson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Anastasia C Hepburn
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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15
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Alebady ZAH, Azizyan M, Nakjang S, Lishman-Walker E, Al-Kharaif D, Walker S, Choo HX, Garnham R, Scott E, Johnson KL, Robson CN, Coffey K. CDC20 Is Regulated by the Histone Methyltransferase, KMT5A, in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3597. [PMID: 37509260 PMCID: PMC10377584 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The methyltransferase KMT5A has been proposed as an oncogene in prostate cancer and therefore represents a putative therapeutic target. To confirm this hypothesis, we have performed a microarray study on a prostate cancer cell line model of androgen independence following KMT5A knockdown in the presence of the transcriptionally active androgen receptor (AR) to understand which genes and cellular processes are regulated by KMT5A in the presence of an active AR. We observed that 301 genes were down-regulated whilst 408 were up-regulated when KMT5A expression was reduced. KEGG pathway and gene ontology analysis revealed that apoptosis and DNA damage signalling were up-regulated in response to KMT5A knockdown whilst protein folding and RNA splicing were down-regulated. Under these conditions, the top non-AR regulated gene was found to be CDC20, a key regulator of the spindle assembly checkpoint with an oncogenic role in several cancer types. Further investigation revealed that KMT5A regulates CDC20 in a methyltransferase-dependent manner to modulate histone H4K20 methylation within its promoter region and indirectly via the p53 signalling pathway. A positive correlation between KMT5A and CDC20 expression was also observed in clinical prostate cancer samples, further supporting this association. Therefore, we conclude that KMT5A is a valid therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer and CDC20 could potentially be utilised as a biomarker for effective therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab A H Alebady
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Laboratory and Clinical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of AL-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniya 58002, Iraq
| | - Mahsa Azizyan
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sirintra Nakjang
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Emma Lishman-Walker
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Dhuha Al-Kharaif
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Health Sciences, Public Authority of Applied Education and Training, Safat 13092, Kuwait
| | - Scott Walker
- School of Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Hui Xian Choo
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rebecca Garnham
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Emma Scott
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Katya L Johnson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Craig N Robson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kelly Coffey
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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16
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Guerra Liberal FDC, Thompson SJ, Prise KM, McMahon SJ. High-LET radiation induces large amounts of rapidly-repaired sublethal damage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11198. [PMID: 37433844 PMCID: PMC10336062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is agreement that high-LET radiation has a high Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) when delivered as a single treatment, but how it interacts with radiations of different qualities, such as X-rays, is less clear. We sought to clarify these effects by quantifying and modelling responses to X-ray and alpha particle combinations. Cells were exposed to X-rays, alpha particles, or combinations, with different doses and temporal separations. DNA damage was assessed by 53BP1 immunofluorescence, and radiosensitivity assessed using the clonogenic assay. Mechanistic models were then applied to understand trends in repair and survival. 53BP1 foci yields were significantly reduced in alpha particle exposures compared to X-rays, but these foci were slow to repair. Although alpha particles alone showed no inter-track interactions, substantial interactions were seen between X-rays and alpha particles. Mechanistic modelling suggested that sublethal damage (SLD) repair was independent of radiation quality, but that alpha particles generated substantially more sublethal damage than a similar dose of X-rays, [Formula: see text]. This high RBE may lead to unexpected synergies for combinations of different radiation qualities which must be taken into account in treatment design, and the rapid repair of this damage may impact on mechanistic modelling of radiation responses to high LETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco D C Guerra Liberal
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Shannon J Thompson
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK.
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17
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Al-Hammouri T, Almeida-Magana R, Lawrence R, Duffy T, White L, Burke E, Kudahetti S, Collins J, Rajan P, Berney D, Gabe R, Shaw G, Lu YJ. Protocol for a prospective study evaluating circulating tumour cells status to predict radical prostatectomy treatment failure in localised prostate cancer patients (C-ProMeta-1). BMC Cancer 2023; 23:581. [PMID: 37353740 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment decisions in prostate cancer (PCa) rely on disease stratification between localised and metastatic stages, but current imaging staging technologies are not sensitive to micro-metastatic disease. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) status is a promising tool in this regard. The Parsortix® CTC isolation system employs an epitope-independent approach based on cell size and deformability to increase the capture rate of CTCs. Here, we present a protocol for prospective evaluation of this method to predict post radical prostatectomy (RP) PCa cancer recurrence. METHODS We plan to recruit 294 patients diagnosed with unfavourable intermediate, to high and very high-risk localised PCa. Exclusion criteria include synchronous cancer diagnosis or prior PCa treatment, including hormone therapy. RP is performed according to the standard of care. Two blood samples (20 ml) are collected before and again 3-months after RP. The clinical team are blinded to CTC results and the laboratory researchers are blinded to clinical information. Treatment failure is defined as a PSA ≥ 0.2 mg/ml, start of salvage treatment or imaging-proven metastatic lesions. The CTC analysis entails enumeration and RNA analysis of gene expression in captured CTCs. The primary outcome is the accuracy of CTC status to predict post-RP treatment failure at 4.5 years. Observed sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values will be reported. Specificity will be presented over time. DISCUSSION CTC status may reflect the true potential for PCa metastasis and may predict clinical outcomes better than the current PCa progression risk grading systems. Therefore establishing a robust biomarker for predicting treatment failure in localized high-risk PCa would significantly enhance guidance in treatment decision-making, optimizing cure rates while minimizing unnecessary harm from overtreatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN17332543.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Al-Hammouri
- Dept. of Urology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ricardo Almeida-Magana
- Dept. of Urology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel Lawrence
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Tom Duffy
- Queen Mary University of London, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, London, UK
| | - Laura White
- Queen Mary University of London, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, London, UK
| | - Edwina Burke
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Justin Collins
- Dept. of Urology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Prabhakar Rajan
- Dept. of Urology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Daniel Berney
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Rhian Gabe
- Queen Mary University of London, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, London, UK.
| | - Greg Shaw
- Dept. of Urology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK.
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK.
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18
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Constantin TA, Varela-Carver A, Greenland KK, de Almeida GS, Olden E, Penfold L, Ang S, Ormrod A, Leach DA, Lai CF, Ainscow EK, Bahl AK, Carling D, Fuchter MJ, Ali S, Bevan CL. The CDK7 inhibitor CT7001 (Samuraciclib) targets proliferation pathways to inhibit advanced prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:2326-2337. [PMID: 37076563 PMCID: PMC10241923 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current strategies to inhibit androgen receptor (AR) are circumvented in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) promotes AR signalling, in addition to established roles in cell cycle and global transcription, providing a rationale for its therapeutic targeting in CRPC. METHODS The antitumour activity of CT7001, an orally bioavailable CDK7 inhibitor, was investigated across CRPC models in vitro and in xenograft models in vivo. Cell-based assays and transcriptomic analyses of treated xenografts were employed to investigate the mechanisms driving CT7001 activity, alone and in combination with the antiandrogen enzalutamide. RESULTS CT7001 selectively engages with CDK7 in prostate cancer cells, causing inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle arrest. Activation of p53, induction of apoptosis, and suppression of transcription mediated by full-length and constitutively active AR splice variants contribute to antitumour efficacy in vitro. Oral administration of CT7001 represses growth of CRPC xenografts and significantly augments growth inhibition achieved by enzalutamide. Transcriptome analyses of treated xenografts indicate cell cycle and AR inhibition as the mode of action of CT7001 in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This study supports CDK7 inhibition as a strategy to target deregulated cell proliferation and demonstrates CT7001 is a promising CRPC therapeutic, alone or in combination with AR-targeting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora A Constantin
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Anabel Varela-Carver
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Kyle K Greenland
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Gilberto Serrano de Almeida
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Ellen Olden
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Lucy Penfold
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simon Ang
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Alice Ormrod
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Damien A Leach
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Chun-Fui Lai
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Edward K Ainscow
- Carrick Therapeutics, Nova UCD, Bellfield Innovation Park, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Ash K Bahl
- Carrick Therapeutics, Nova UCD, Bellfield Innovation Park, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - David Carling
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, UK
| | - Simak Ali
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Charlotte L Bevan
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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19
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Dias A, Brook MN, Bancroft EK, Page EC, Chamberlain A, Saya S, Amin J, Mikropoulos C, Taylor N, Myhill K, Thomas S, Saunders E, Dadaev T, Leongamornlert D, Dyrsø Jensen T, Evans DG, Cybulski C, Liljegren A, Teo SH, Side L, Kote‐Jarai Z, Eeles RA. Serum testosterone and prostate cancer in men with germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants. BJUI Compass 2023; 4:361-373. [PMID: 37025481 PMCID: PMC10071088 DOI: 10.1002/bco2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The relation of serum androgens and the development of prostate cancer (PCa) is subject of debate. Lower total testosterone (TT) levels have been associated with increased PCa detection and worse pathological features after treatment. However, data from the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) and Prostate Cancer Prevention (PCPT) trial groups indicate no association. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of serum androgen levels and PCa detection in a prospective screening study of men at higher genetic risk of aggressive PCa due to BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants (PVs), the IMPACT study. Methods Men enrolled in the IMPACT study provided serum samples during regular visits. Hormonal levels were calculated using immunoassays. Free testosterone (FT) was calculated from TT and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) using the Sodergard mass equation. Age, body mass index (BMI), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and hormonal concentrations were compared between genetic cohorts. We also explored associations between age and TT, SHBG, FT and PCa, in the whole subset and stratified by BRCA1/2 PVs status. Results A total of 777 participants in the IMPACT study had TT and SHBG measurements in serum samples at annual visits, giving 3940 prospective androgen levels, from 266 BRCA1 PVs carriers, 313 BRCA2 PVs carriers and 198 non-carriers. The median number of visits per patient was 5. There was no difference in TT, SHBG and FT between carriers and non-carriers. In a univariate analysis, androgen levels were not associated with PCa. In the analysis stratified by carrier status, no significant association was found between hormonal levels and PCa in non-carriers, BRCA1 or BRCA2 PVs carriers. Conclusions Male BRCA1/2 PVs carriers have a similar androgen profile to non-carriers. Hormonal levels were not associated with PCa in men with and without BRCA1/2 PVs. Mechanisms related to the particularly aggressive phenotype of PCa in BRCA2 PVs carriers may therefore not be linked with circulating hormonal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dias
- Oncogenetics TeamThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Instituto Nacional de Cancer Jose de Alencar Gomes da Silva INCARio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Mark N. Brook
- Oncogenetics TeamThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Elizabeth K. Bancroft
- Oncogenetics TeamThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Academic Urology UnitRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | | | | | - Sibel Saya
- Oncogenetics TeamThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Jan Amin
- Clinical Biochemistry SectionRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Christos Mikropoulos
- Oncogenetics TeamThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Academic Urology UnitRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Natalie Taylor
- Oncogenetics TeamThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Academic Urology UnitRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Kathryn Myhill
- Oncogenetics TeamThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Academic Urology UnitRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Sarah Thomas
- Oncogenetics TeamThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | | | - Tokhir Dadaev
- Oncogenetics TeamThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | | | | | - D. Gareth Evans
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences CentreCentral Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and PathologyPomeranian Medical University in SzczecinSzczecinPoland
| | - Annelie Liljegren
- Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Soo H. Teo
- Cancer Research Initiatives FoundationSubang Jaya Medical CentreSelangorDarul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Lucy Side
- Wessex Clinical Genetics ServicePrincess Anne HospitalSouthamptonUK
| | | | | | - Rosalind A. Eeles
- Oncogenetics TeamThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Academic Urology UnitRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
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20
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Srinivasan S, Kryza T, Bock N, Tse BWC, Sokolowski KA, Panchadsaram J, Moya L, Stephens C, Dong Y, Röhl J, Alinezhad S, Vela I, Perry-Keene JL, Buzacott K, Gago-Dominguez M, Schleutker J, Maier C, Muir K, Tangen CM, Gronberg H, Pashayan N, Albanes D, Wolk A, Stanford JL, Berndt SI, Mucci LA, Koutros S, Cussenot O, Sorensen KD, Grindedal EM, Key TJ, Haiman CA, Giles GG, Vega A, Wiklund F, Neal DE, Kogevinas M, Stampfer MJ, Nordestgaard BG, Brenner H, Gamulin M, Claessens F, Melander O, Dahlin A, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Häggström C, Johansson R, Thysell E, Rönn AC, Li W, Brown N, Dimeski G, Shepherd B, Dadaev T, Brook MN, Spurdle AB, Stenman UH, Koistinen H, Kote-Jarai Z, Klein RJ, Lilja H, Ecker RC, Eeles R, Clements J, Batra J. Biochemical activity induced by a germline variation in KLK3 (PSA) associates with cellular function and clinical outcome in prostate cancer. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2650312. [PMID: 37034758 PMCID: PMC10081352 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2650312/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation at the 19q13.3 KLK locus is linked with prostate cancer susceptibility. The non-synonymous KLK3 SNP, rs17632542 (c.536T>C; Ile163Thr-substitution in PSA) is associated with reduced prostate cancer risk, however, the functional relevance is unknown. Here, we identify that the SNP variant-induced change in PSA biochemical activity as a previously undescribed function mediating prostate cancer pathogenesis. The 'Thr' PSA variant led to small subcutaneous tumours, supporting reduced prostate cancer risk. However, 'Thr' PSA also displayed higher metastatic potential with pronounced osteolytic activity in an experimental metastasis in-vivo model. Biochemical characterization of this PSA variant demonstrated markedly reduced proteolytic activity that correlated with differences in in-vivo tumour burden. The SNP is associated with increased risk for aggressive disease and prostate cancer-specific mortality in three independent cohorts, highlighting its critical function in mediating metastasis. Carriers of this SNP allele had reduced serum total PSA and a higher free/total PSA ratio that could contribute to late biopsy decisions and delay in diagnosis. Our results provide a molecular explanation for the prominent 19q13.3 KLK locus, rs17632542 SNP, association with a spectrum of prostate cancer clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland (QLD), Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nathalie Bock
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland (QLD), Australia
| | - Brian WC Tse
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kamil A. Sokolowski
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Janaththani Panchadsaram
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland (QLD), Australia
| | - Leire Moya
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland (QLD), Australia
| | - Carson Stephens
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland (QLD), Australia
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
| | - Joan Röhl
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
| | - Saeid Alinezhad
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland (QLD), Australia
| | - Ian Vela
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joanna L. Perry-Keene
- Pathology Queensland, Sunshine Coast University Hospital Laboratory, Birtinya, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Katie Buzacott
- Pathology Queensland, Sunshine Coast University Hospital Laboratory, Birtinya, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - The IMPACT Study
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, IDIS, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - The PROFILE Study Steering Committee
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Ronald and Rita McAulay Foundation, London, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Institute of Biomedicine, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genomics, Laboratory Division, Turku University Hospital, PO Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Christiane Maier
- Humangenetik Tuebingen, Paul-Ehrlich-Str 23, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Catherine M. Tangen
- SWOG Statistical Center, Division of Public Health Sciences
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Henrik Gronberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janet L. Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109-1024, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Lorelei A. Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology,Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- CeRePP and Sorbonne Universite, GRC N°5 AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Karina Dalsgaard Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N., Denmark
| | | | - Timothy J. Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology & Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David E. Neal
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, England
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meir J. Stampfer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marija Gamulin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Urogenital Unit, Department of Oncology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Dahlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pär Stattin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christel Häggström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Elin Thysell
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Rönn
- Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genome Technology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nigel Brown
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Goce Dimeski
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin Shepherd
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tokhir Dadaev
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Mark N. Brook
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Amanda B. Spurdle
- Molecular Cancer Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Robert J. Klein
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genome Technology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hans Lilja
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Surgery (Urology Service) and Medicine (Genitourinary Oncology), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rupert C. Ecker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland (QLD), Australia
- TissueGnostics GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - The Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland (QLD), Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland (QLD), Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland (QLD), Australia
- Centre for Genomic and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD
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21
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Scott E, Hodgson K, Calle B, Turner H, Cheung K, Bermudez A, Marques FJG, Pye H, Yo EC, Islam K, Oo HZ, McClurg UL, Wilson L, Thomas H, Frame FM, Orozco-Moreno M, Bastian K, Arredondo HM, Roustan C, Gray MA, Kelly L, Tolson A, Mellor E, Hysenaj G, Goode EA, Garnham R, Duxfield A, Heavey S, Stopka-Farooqui U, Haider A, Freeman A, Singh S, Johnston EW, Punwani S, Knight B, McCullagh P, McGrath J, Crundwell M, Harries L, Bogdan D, Westaby D, Fowler G, Flohr P, Yuan W, Sharp A, de Bono J, Maitland NJ, Wisnovsky S, Bertozzi CR, Heer R, Guerrero RH, Daugaard M, Leivo J, Whitaker H, Pitteri S, Wang N, Elliott DJ, Schumann B, Munkley J. Upregulation of GALNT7 in prostate cancer modifies O-glycosylation and promotes tumour growth. Oncogene 2023; 42:926-937. [PMID: 36725887 PMCID: PMC10020086 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and it is estimated that over 350,000 men worldwide die of prostate cancer every year. There remains an unmet clinical need to improve how clinically significant prostate cancer is diagnosed and develop new treatments for advanced disease. Aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer implicated in tumour growth, metastasis, and immune evasion. One of the key drivers of aberrant glycosylation is the dysregulated expression of glycosylation enzymes within the cancer cell. Here, we demonstrate using multiple independent clinical cohorts that the glycosyltransferase enzyme GALNT7 is upregulated in prostate cancer tissue. We show GALNT7 can identify men with prostate cancer, using urine and blood samples, with improved diagnostic accuracy than serum PSA alone. We also show that GALNT7 levels remain high in progression to castrate-resistant disease, and using in vitro and in vivo models, reveal that GALNT7 promotes prostate tumour growth. Mechanistically, GALNT7 can modify O-glycosylation in prostate cancer cells and correlates with cell cycle and immune signalling pathways. Our study provides a new biomarker to aid the diagnosis of clinically significant disease and cements GALNT7-mediated O-glycosylation as an important driver of prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Scott
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Kirsty Hodgson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Beatriz Calle
- The Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ, London, UK
| | - Helen Turner
- Cellular Pathology, The Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Kathleen Cheung
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Abel Bermudez
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Fernando Jose Garcia Marques
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Hayley Pye
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward Christopher Yo
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Khirul Islam
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Htoo Zarni Oo
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Urszula L McClurg
- Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Laura Wilson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Huw Thomas
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Fiona M Frame
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Margarita Orozco-Moreno
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Kayla Bastian
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Hector M Arredondo
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Chloe Roustan
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Melissa Anne Gray
- Sarafan Chem-H and Departemnt of Chemistry, Stanford University, 424 Santa Teresa St, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lois Kelly
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Aaron Tolson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ellie Mellor
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Gerald Hysenaj
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Emily Archer Goode
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rebecca Garnham
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Adam Duxfield
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Susan Heavey
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Urszula Stopka-Farooqui
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aiman Haider
- Department of Pathology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Pathology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Saurabh Singh
- UCL Centre for Medical Imaging, Charles Bell House, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward W Johnston
- UCL Centre for Medical Imaging, Charles Bell House, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shonit Punwani
- UCL Centre for Medical Imaging, Charles Bell House, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bridget Knight
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul McCullagh
- Department of Pathology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - John McGrath
- Exeter Surgical Health Services Research Unit, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Malcolm Crundwell
- Exeter Surgical Health Services Research Unit, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Lorna Harries
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Denisa Bogdan
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Daniel Westaby
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Gemma Fowler
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Penny Flohr
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Wei Yuan
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Adam Sharp
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Johann de Bono
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Simon Wisnovsky
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 424 Santa Teresa St, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Ramon Hurtado Guerrero
- University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, Zaragoza, Spain; Fundación ARAID, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Janne Leivo
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hayley Whitaker
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sharon Pitteri
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Benjamin Schumann
- The Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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22
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Palombo M, Valindria V, Singh S, Chiou E, Giganti F, Pye H, Whitaker HC, Atkinson D, Punwani S, Alexander DC, Panagiotaki E. Joint estimation of relaxation and diffusion tissue parameters for prostate cancer with relaxation-VERDICT MRI. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2999. [PMID: 36810476 PMCID: PMC9943845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents a biophysical model of diffusion and relaxation MRI for prostate called relaxation vascular, extracellular and restricted diffusion for cytometry in tumours (rVERDICT). The model includes compartment-specific relaxation effects providing T1/T2 estimates and microstructural parameters unbiased by relaxation properties of the tissue. 44 men with suspected prostate cancer (PCa) underwent multiparametric MRI (mp-MRI) and VERDICT-MRI followed by targeted biopsy. We estimate joint diffusion and relaxation prostate tissue parameters with rVERDICT using deep neural networks for fast fitting. We tested the feasibility of rVERDICT estimates for Gleason grade discrimination and compared with classic VERDICT and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) from mp-MRI. The rVERDICT intracellular volume fraction fic discriminated between Gleason 3 + 3 and 3 + 4 (p = 0.003) and Gleason 3 + 4 and ≥ 4 + 3 (p = 0.040), outperforming classic VERDICT and the ADC from mp-MRI. To evaluate the relaxation estimates we compare against independent multi-TE acquisitions, showing that the rVERDICT T2 values are not significantly different from those estimated with the independent multi-TE acquisition (p > 0.05). Also, rVERDICT parameters exhibited high repeatability when rescanning five patients (R2 = 0.79-0.98; CV = 1-7%; ICC = 92-98%). The rVERDICT model allows for accurate, fast and repeatable estimation of diffusion and relaxation properties of PCa sensitive enough to discriminate Gleason grades 3 + 3, 3 + 4 and ≥ 4 + 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Palombo
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK.
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Vanya Valindria
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eleni Chiou
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Giganti
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hayley Pye
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Atkinson
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shonit Punwani
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel C Alexander
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eleftheria Panagiotaki
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
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23
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Rushworth LK, Loveridge C, Salji M, MacLeod M, Mui E, Sumpton D, Neilson M, Hedley A, Alexander L, McCartney E, Patel R, Wallace J, Delles C, Jones R, Leung HY. Phase II proof-of-concept study of atorvastatin in castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int 2023; 131:236-243. [PMID: 35844167 PMCID: PMC10087532 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test for evidence of statin-mediated effects in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) as post-diagnosis use of statins in patients with prostate cancer is associated with favourable survival outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS The SPECTRE trial was a 6-weeks-long proof-of-concept single-arm Phase II treatment trial, combining atorvastatin and androgen deprivation therapy in patients with CRPC (regardless of metastatic status), designed to test for evidence of statin-mediated effects in patients with CRPC. The primary study endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving a ≥50% drop from baseline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels at any time over the 6-week period of atorvastatin medication (PSA response). Exploratory endpoints include PSA velocity and serum metabolites identified by mass spectrometry . RESULTS At the scheduled interim analysis, one of 12 patients experienced a ≥50% drop in PSA levels (primary endpoint), with ≥2 patients satisfying the primary endpoint required for further recruitment. All 12 patients experienced substantial falls in serum cholesterol levels following statin treatment. While all patients had comparable pre-study PSA velocities, six of 12 patients showed decreased PSA velocities after statin treatment, suggestive of disease stabilization. Unbiased metabolomics analysis on serial weekly blood samples identified tryptophan to be the dominant metabolite associated with patient response to statin. CONCLUSIONS Data from the SPECTRE study provide the first evidence of statin-mediated effects on CRPC and early sign of disease stabilization. Our data also highlight the possibility of altered tryptophan metabolism being associated with tumour response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K. Rushworth
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Carolyn Loveridge
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Mark Salji
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Martin MacLeod
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer CentreGlasgowUK
- CRUK West of Scotland Clinical Trials UnitGlasgowUK
| | - Ernest Mui
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | | | | | | | - Laura Alexander
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- CRUK West of Scotland Clinical Trials UnitGlasgowUK
| | - Elaine McCartney
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- CRUK West of Scotland Clinical Trials UnitGlasgowUK
| | | | - Jan Wallace
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer CentreGlasgowUK
| | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Rob Jones
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer CentreGlasgowUK
- CRUK West of Scotland Clinical Trials UnitGlasgowUK
| | - Hing Y. Leung
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
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24
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Stavrinides V, Norris JM, Karapanagiotis S, Giganti F, Grey A, Trahearn N, Freeman A, Haider A, Carmona Echeverría LM, Bott SRJ, Brown LC, Burns-Cox N, Dudderidge TJ, El-Shater Bosaily A, Ghei M, Henderson A, Hindley RG, Kaplan RS, Oldroyd R, Parker C, Persad R, Rosario DJ, Shergill IS, Winkler M, Kirkham A, Punwani S, Whitaker HC, Ahmed HU, Emberton M. Regional Histopathology and Prostate MRI Positivity: A Secondary Analysis of the PROMIS Trial. Radiology 2022; 307:e220762. [PMID: 36511804 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.220762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The effects of regional histopathologic changes on prostate MRI scans have not been accurately quantified in men with an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and no previous biopsy. Purpose To assess how Gleason grade, maximum cancer core length (MCCL), inflammation, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), or atypical small acinar proliferation within a Barzell zone affects the odds of MRI visibility. Materials and Methods In this secondary analysis of the Prostate MRI Imaging Study (PROMIS; May 2012 to November 2015), consecutive participants who underwent multiparametric MRI followed by a combined biopsy, including 5-mm transperineal mapping (TPM), were evaluated. TPM pathologic findings were reported at the whole-prostate level and for each of 20 Barzell zones per prostate. An expert panel blinded to the pathologic findings reviewed MRI scans and declared which Barzell areas spanned Likert score 3-5 lesions. The relationship of Gleason grade and MCCL to zonal MRI outcome (visible vs nonvisible) was assessed using generalized linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts for individual participants. Inflammation, PIN, and atypical small acinar proliferation were similarly assessed in men who had negative TPM results. Results Overall, 161 men (median age, 62 years [IQR, 11 years]) were evaluated and 3179 Barzell zones were assigned MRI status. Compared with benign areas, the odds of MRI visibility were higher when a zone contained cancer with a Gleason score of 3+4 (odds ratio [OR], 3.1; 95% CI: 1.9, 4.9; P < .001) or Gleason score greater than or equal to 4+3 (OR, 8.7; 95% CI: 4.5, 17.0; P < .001). MCCL also determined visibility (OR, 1.24 per millimeter increase; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.33; P < .001), but odds were lower with each prostate volume doubling (OR, 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5, 0.9). In men who were TPM-negative, the presence of PIN increased the odds of zonal visibility (OR, 3.7; 95% CI: 1.5, 9.1; P = .004). Conclusion An incremental relationship between cancer burden and prostate MRI visibility was observed. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia contributed to false-positive MRI findings. ClinicalTrials.gov registration no. NCT01292291 © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Harmath in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Stavrinides
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Joseph M Norris
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Solon Karapanagiotis
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Francesco Giganti
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Alistair Grey
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Nick Trahearn
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Alex Freeman
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Aiman Haider
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Lina María Carmona Echeverría
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Simon R J Bott
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Louise C Brown
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Nicholas Burns-Cox
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Timothy J Dudderidge
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Ahmed El-Shater Bosaily
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Maneesh Ghei
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Alastair Henderson
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Richard G Hindley
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Richard S Kaplan
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Robert Oldroyd
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Chris Parker
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Raj Persad
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Derek J Rosario
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Iqbal S Shergill
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Mathias Winkler
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Alex Kirkham
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Shonit Punwani
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Hashim U Ahmed
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
| | - Mark Emberton
- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
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- From the Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (V.S., J.M.N., F.G., A.G., L.M.C.E., S.P., H.C.W., M.E.), Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (L.C.B., R.S.K.), and Centre for Medical Imaging (S.P.), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley St, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (V.S., S.K.); Departments of Urology (V.S., J.M.N., A.G., M.E.), Radiology (F.G., A.K., S.P.), and Pathology (A.F., A. Haider., L.M.C.E.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S.K.); Computational Pathology Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK (N.T.); Department of Urology, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (S.R.J.B.); Department of Urology, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK (N.B.C.); Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (T.J.D.); Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (A.E.S.B.); Department of Urology, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK (M.G.); Department of Urology, Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, UK (A. Henderson); Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK (R.G.H.); Public and patient representative, Nottingham, UK (R.O.); Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK (C.P.); Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK (R.P.); Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK (D.J.R.); Department of Urology, Wrexham Maelor Hospital NHS Trust, Wrexham, UK (I.S.S.); Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.); and Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK (M.W., H.U.A.)
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Brett J, Davey Z, Matley F, Butcher H, Keenan J, Catton D, Watson E, Wright P, Gavin A, Glaser AW. Impact of patient and public (PPI) involvement in the Life After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis (LAPCD) study: a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060861. [PMID: 36375983 PMCID: PMC9664269 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Standardised reporting of patient and public involvement (PPI) in research studies is needed to facilitate learning about how to achieve effective PPI. The aim of this evaluation was to explore the impact of PPI in a large UK study, the Life After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis (LAPCD) study, and to explore the facilitators and challenges experienced. DESIGN Mixed-methods study using an online survey and semistructured interviews. Survey and topic guide were informed by systematic review evidence of the impact of PPI and by realist evaluation. Descriptive analysis of survey data and thematic analysis of interview data were conducted. Results are reported using the GRIPP2 (Guidance for Reporting Involvement of Patients and the Public, Version 2) reporting guidelines. SETTING LAPCD study, a UK-wide patient-reported outcome study. PARTICIPANTS User Advisory Group (UAG) members (n=9) and researchers (n=29) from the LAPCD study. RESULTS Impact was greatest on improving survey design and topic guides for interviews, enhancing clarity of patient-facing materials, informing best practices around data collection and ensuring steering group meetings were grounded in what is important to the patient. Further impacts included ensuring patient-focused dissemination of study findings at conference presentations and in lay summaries.Facilitating context factors included clear aims, time to contribute, confidence to contribute, and feeling valued and supported by researchers and other UAG members. Facilitating mechanisms included embedding the UAG within the study as a separate workstream, allocating time and resources to the UAG reflecting the value of input, and putting in place clear communication channels. Hindering factors included time commitment, geographical distance, and lack of standardised feedback mechanisms. CONCLUSION Including PPI as an integral component of the LAPCD study and providing the right context and mechanisms for involving the UAG helped maximise the programme's effectiveness and impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Brett
- Oxford Institute of Nursing Midwifery and Allied Health Research, Faculty Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Zoe Davey
- Faculty Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Matley
- Faculty Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugh Butcher
- Faculty Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John Keenan
- Oxford Institute of Nursing Midwifery and Allied Health Research, Faculty Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Darryl Catton
- Oxford Institute of Nursing Midwifery and Allied Health Research, Faculty Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Eila Watson
- Faculty Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Penny Wright
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anna Gavin
- Northern Ireland Cancer Registry, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Sushentsev N, McLean MA, Warren AY, Brodie C, Jones J, Gallagher FA, Barrett T. The potential of hyperpolarised 13C-MRI to target glycolytic tumour core in prostate cancer. Eur Radiol 2022; 32:7155-7162. [PMID: 35731287 PMCID: PMC9474577 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-08929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarised [1-13C]pyruvate MRI (HP-13C-MRI) is an emerging metabolic imaging technique that has shown promise for evaluating prostate cancer (PCa) aggressiveness. Accurate tumour delineation on HP-13C-MRI is vital for quantitative assessment of the underlying tissue metabolism. However, there is no consensus on the optimum method for segmenting HP-13C-MRI, and whole-mount pathology (WMP) as the histopathological gold-standard is only available for surgical patients. Although proton MRI can be used for tumour delineation, this approach significantly underestimates tumour volume, and metabolic tumour segmentation based on HP-13C-MRI could provide an important functional metric of tumour volume. In this study, we quantified metabolism using HP-13C-MRI and segmentation approaches based on WMP maps, 1H-MRI-derived T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), and HP-13C-MRI-derived total carbon signal-to-noise ratio maps (TC-SNR) with an SNR threshold of 5.0. 13C-labelled pyruvate SNR, lactate SNR, TC-SNR, and the pyruvate-to-lactate exchange rate constant (kPL) were significantly higher when measured using the TC-SNR-guided approach, which also corresponded to a significantly higher tumour epithelial expression on RNAscope imaging of the enzyme catalysing pyruvate-to-lactate metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)). However, linear regression and Bland-Altman analyses demonstrated a strong linear relationship between all three segmentation approaches, which correlated significantly with RNA-scope-derived epithelial LDH expression. These results suggest that standard-of-care T2WI and TC-SNR maps could be used as clinical reference tools for segmenting localised PCa on HP-13C-MRI in the absence of the WMP gold standard. The TC-SNR-guided approach could be used clinically to target biopsies towards highly glycolytic tumour areas and therefore to sample aggressive disease with higher precision. KEY POINTS: • T2WI- and TC-SNR-guided segmentations can be used in all PCa patients and do not explicitly require WMP maps. • Agreement between the three segmentation approaches is biologically validated by their strong relationship with epithelial LDH mRNA expression. • The TC-SNR-guided approach can potentially be used to identify occult disease on 1H-MRI and target the most glycolytically active regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sushentsev
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Mary A McLean
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cara Brodie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tristan Barrett
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Buhigas C, Warren AY, Leung WK, Whitaker HC, Luxton HJ, Hawkins S, Kay J, Butler A, Xu Y, Woodcock DJ, Merson S, Frame FM, Sahli A, Abascal F, Martincorena I, Bova GS, Foster CS, Campbell P, Maitland NJ, Neal DE, Massie CE, Lynch AG, Eeles RA, Cooper CS, Wedge DC, Brewer DS. The architecture of clonal expansions in morphologically normal tissue from cancerous and non-cancerous prostates. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:183. [PMID: 36131292 PMCID: PMC9494848 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 80% of cases of prostate cancer present with multifocal independent tumour lesions leading to the concept of a field effect present in the normal prostate predisposing to cancer development. In the present study we applied Whole Genome DNA Sequencing (WGS) to a group of morphologically normal tissue (n = 51), including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and non-BPH samples, from men with and men without prostate cancer. We assess whether the observed genetic changes in morphologically normal tissue are linked to the development of cancer in the prostate. RESULTS Single nucleotide variants (P = 7.0 × 10-03, Wilcoxon rank sum test) and small insertions and deletions (indels, P = 8.7 × 10-06) were significantly higher in morphologically normal samples, including BPH, from men with prostate cancer compared to those without. The presence of subclonal expansions under selective pressure, supported by a high level of mutations, were significantly associated with samples from men with prostate cancer (P = 0.035, Fisher exact test). The clonal cell fraction of normal clones was always higher than the proportion of the prostate estimated as epithelial (P = 5.94 × 10-05, paired Wilcoxon signed rank test) which, along with analysis of primary fibroblasts prepared from BPH specimens, suggests a stromal origin. Constructed phylogenies revealed lineages associated with benign tissue that were completely distinct from adjacent tumour clones, but a common lineage between BPH and non-BPH morphologically normal tissues was often observed. Compared to tumours, normal samples have significantly less single nucleotide variants (P = 3.72 × 10-09, paired Wilcoxon signed rank test), have very few rearrangements and a complete lack of copy number alterations. CONCLUSIONS Cells within regions of morphologically normal tissue (both BPH and non-BPH) can expand under selective pressure by mechanisms that are distinct from those occurring in adjacent cancer, but that are allied to the presence of cancer. Expansions, which are probably stromal in origin, are characterised by lack of recurrent driver mutations, by almost complete absence of structural variants/copy number alterations, and mutational processes similar to malignant tissue. Our findings have implications for treatment (focal therapy) and early detection approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Buhigas
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Wing-Kit Leung
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences University College London, London, W1W 7TS, UK
| | - Hayley J Luxton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences University College London, London, W1W 7TS, UK
| | - Steve Hawkins
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Jonathan Kay
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences University College London, London, W1W 7TS, UK
| | - Adam Butler
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1RQ, UK
| | - Yaobo Xu
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1RQ, UK
| | - Dan J Woodcock
- Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Sue Merson
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Fiona M Frame
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Atef Sahli
- Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Federico Abascal
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1RQ, UK
| | - Iñigo Martincorena
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1RQ, UK
| | - G Steven Bova
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33014, Tampere, FI, Finland
| | | | - Peter Campbell
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1RQ, UK
| | - Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - David E Neal
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Charlie E Massie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Andy G Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- School of Medicine/School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9AJ, UK
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Colin S Cooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Daniel S Brewer
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK.
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Marklund M, Schultz N, Friedrich S, Berglund E, Tarish F, Tanoglidi A, Liu Y, Bergenstråhle L, Erickson A, Helleday T, Lamb AD, Sonnhammer E, Lundeberg J. Spatio-temporal analysis of prostate tumors in situ suggests pre-existence of treatment-resistant clones. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5475. [PMID: 36115838 PMCID: PMC9482614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer remain poorly understood, with intratumoral heterogeneity a likely contributing factor. To examine the temporal aspects of resistance, we analyze tumor heterogeneity in needle biopsies collected before and after treatment with androgen deprivation therapy. By doing so, we are able to couple clinical responsiveness and morphological information such as Gleason score to transcriptome-wide data. Our data-driven analysis of transcriptomes identifies several distinct intratumoral cell populations, characterized by their unique gene expression profiles. Certain cell populations present before treatment exhibit gene expression profiles that match those of resistant tumor cell clusters, present after treatment. We confirm that these clusters are resistant by the localization of active androgen receptors to the nuclei in cancer cells post-treatment. Our data also demonstrates that most stromal cells adjacent to resistant clusters do not express the androgen receptor, and we identify differentially expressed genes for these cells. Altogether, this study shows the potential to increase the power in predicting resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Marklund
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Niklas Schultz
- Division of Translational Medicine & Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Friedrich
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Science for Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Emelie Berglund
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Firas Tarish
- Division of Translational Medicine & Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anna Tanoglidi
- Department of Pathology, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou str, Athens, Greece
| | - Yao Liu
- Division of Translational Medicine & Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Bergenstråhle
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Andrew Erickson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Division of Translational Medicine & Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erik Sonnhammer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Science for Laboratory, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden.
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29
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Grist E, Friedrich S, Brawley C, Mendes L, Parry M, Ali A, Haran A, Hoyle A, Gilson C, Lall S, Zakka L, Bautista C, Landless A, Nowakowska K, Wingate A, Wetterskog D, Hasan AMM, Akato NB, Richmond M, Ishaq S, Matthews N, Hamid AA, Sweeney CJ, Sydes MR, Berney DM, Lise S, Parmar MKB, Clarke NW, James ND, Cremaschi P, Brown LC, Attard G. Accumulation of copy number alterations and clinical progression across advanced prostate cancer. Genome Med 2022; 14:102. [PMID: 36059000 PMCID: PMC9442998 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic copy number alterations commonly occur in prostate cancer and are one measure of genomic instability. The clinical implication of copy number change in advanced prostate cancer, which defines a wide spectrum of disease from high-risk localised to metastatic, is unknown. METHODS We performed copy number profiling on 688 tumour regions from 300 patients, who presented with advanced prostate cancer prior to the start of long-term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), in the control arm of the prospective randomised STAMPEDE trial. Patients were categorised into metastatic states as follows; high-risk non-metastatic with or without local lymph node involvement, or metastatic low/high volume. We followed up patients for a median of 7 years. Univariable and multivariable Cox survival models were fitted to estimate the association between the burden of copy number alteration as a continuous variable and the hazard of death or disease progression. RESULTS The burden of copy number alterations positively associated with radiologically evident distant metastases at diagnosis (P=0.00006) and showed a non-linear relationship with clinical outcome on univariable and multivariable analysis, characterised by a sharp increase in the relative risk of progression (P=0.003) and death (P=0.045) for each unit increase, stabilising into more modest increases with higher copy number burdens. This association between copy number burden and outcome was similar in each metastatic state. Copy number loss occurred significantly more frequently than gain at the lowest copy number burden quartile (q=4.1 × 10-6). Loss of segments in chromosome 5q21-22 and gains at 8q21-24, respectively including CHD1 and cMYC occurred more frequently in cases with higher copy number alteration (for either region: Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance, 0.5; adjusted P<0.0001). Copy number alterations showed variability across tumour regions in the same prostate. This variance associated with increased risk of distant metastases (Kruskal-Wallis test P=0.037). CONCLUSIONS Copy number alteration in advanced prostate cancer associates with increased risk of metastases at diagnosis. Accumulation of a limited number of copy number alterations associates with most of the increased risk of disease progression and death. The increased likelihood of involvement of specific segments in high copy number alteration burden cancers may suggest an order underlying the accumulation of copy number changes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00268476 , registered on December 22, 2005. EudraCT 2004-000193-31 , registered on October 4, 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Grist
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Marina Parry
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adnan Ali
- GU Cancer Research/FASTMAN Group, Manchester Cancer Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Aine Haran
- The Christie and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trusts, Manchester, UK
| | - Alex Hoyle
- The Christie and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trusts, Manchester, UK
| | - Claire Gilson
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Leila Zakka
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Alex Landless
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anna Wingate
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Nafisah B Akato
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
| | - Malissa Richmond
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
| | - Sofeya Ishaq
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
| | - Nik Matthews
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Anis A Hamid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Sydes
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel M Berney
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stefano Lise
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Noel W Clarke
- GU Cancer Research/FASTMAN Group, Manchester Cancer Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicholas D James
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Louise C Brown
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
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30
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Erickson A, He M, Berglund E, Marklund M, Mirzazadeh R, Schultz N, Kvastad L, Andersson A, Bergenstråhle L, Bergenstråhle J, Larsson L, Alonso Galicia L, Shamikh A, Basmaci E, Díaz De Ståhl T, Rajakumar T, Doultsinos D, Thrane K, Ji AL, Khavari PA, Tarish F, Tanoglidi A, Maaskola J, Colling R, Mirtti T, Hamdy FC, Woodcock DJ, Helleday T, Mills IG, Lamb AD, Lundeberg J. Spatially resolved clonal copy number alterations in benign and malignant tissue. Nature 2022; 608:360-367. [PMID: 35948708 PMCID: PMC9365699 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Defining the transition from benign to malignant tissue is fundamental to improving early diagnosis of cancer1. Here we use a systematic approach to study spatial genome integrity in situ and describe previously unidentified clonal relationships. We used spatially resolved transcriptomics2 to infer spatial copy number variations in >120,000 regions across multiple organs, in benign and malignant tissues. We demonstrate that genome-wide copy number variation reveals distinct clonal patterns within tumours and in nearby benign tissue using an organ-wide approach focused on the prostate. Our results suggest a model for how genomic instability arises in histologically benign tissue that may represent early events in cancer evolution. We highlight the power of capturing the molecular and spatial continuums in a tissue context and challenge the rationale for treatment paradigms, including focal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Erickson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mengxiao He
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Emelie Berglund
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Maja Marklund
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Reza Mirzazadeh
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Niklas Schultz
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Linda Kvastad
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alma Andersson
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Bergenstråhle
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Joseph Bergenstråhle
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Larsson
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Leire Alonso Galicia
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alia Shamikh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Basmaci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teresita Díaz De Ståhl
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timothy Rajakumar
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kim Thrane
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Andrew L Ji
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Khavari
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Firaz Tarish
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anna Tanoglidi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Uppsala Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Maaskola
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Richard Colling
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki & Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN-Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Dan J Woodcock
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Weston Park Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden.
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31
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Scott E, Garnham R, Cheung K, Duxfield A, Elliott DJ, Munkley J. Pro-Survival Factor EDEM3 Confers Therapy Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158184. [PMID: 35897761 PMCID: PMC9332126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, and it is primarily driven by androgen steroid hormones. The glycosylation enzyme EDEM3 is controlled by androgen signalling and is important for prostate cancer viability. EDEM3 is a mannosidase that trims mannose from mis-folded glycoproteins, tagging them for degradation through endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. Here, we find that EDEM3 is upregulated in prostate cancer, and this is linked to poorer disease-free survival. Depletion of EDEM3 from prostate cancer cells induces an ER stress transcriptomic signature, and EDEM3 overexpression is cyto-protective against ER stressors. EDEM3 expression also positively correlates with genes involved in the unfolded protein response in prostate cancer patients, and its expression can be induced through exposure to radiation. Importantly, the overexpression of EDEM3 promotes radio-resistance in prostate cancer cells and radio-resistance can be reduced through depletion of EDEM3. Our data thus implicate increased levels of EDEM3 with a role in prostate cancer pathology and reveal a new therapeutic opportunity to sensitise prostate tumours to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Scott
- Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (R.G.); (A.D.); (D.J.E.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Rebecca Garnham
- Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (R.G.); (A.D.); (D.J.E.)
| | - Kathleen Cheung
- Bioinformatic Support Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK;
| | - Adam Duxfield
- Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (R.G.); (A.D.); (D.J.E.)
| | - David J. Elliott
- Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (R.G.); (A.D.); (D.J.E.)
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (R.G.); (A.D.); (D.J.E.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (J.M.)
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) function collectively as a transcriptional signaling network that mediates gene regulatory actions to either maintain cellular homeostasis in response to hormonal, dietary and other environmental factors, or act as orphan receptors with no known ligand. NR complexes are large and interact with multiple protein partners, collectively termed coregulators. Coregulators are essential for regulating NR activity and can dictate whether a target gene is activated or repressed by a variety of mechanisms including the regulation of chromatin accessibility. Altered expression of coregulators contributes to a variety of hormone-dependent cancers including breast and prostate cancers. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which coregulators interact with and modulate the activity of NRs provides opportunities to develop better prognostic and diagnostic approaches, as well as novel therapeutic targets. This review aims to gather and summarize recent studies, techniques and bioinformatics methods used to identify distorted NR coregulator interactions that contribute as cancer drivers in hormone-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Jafari
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Shahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Moray J. Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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33
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Fletcher CE, Deng L, Orafidiya F, Yuan W, Lorentzen MPGS, Cyran OW, Varela-Carver A, Constantin TA, Leach DA, Dobbs FM, Figueiredo I, Gurel B, Parkes E, Bogdan D, Pereira RR, Zhao SG, Neeb A, Issa F, Hester J, Kudo H, Liu Y, Philippou Y, Bristow R, Knudsen K, Bryant RJ, Feng FY, Reed SH, Mills IG, de Bono J, Bevan CL. A non-coding RNA balancing act: miR-346-induced DNA damage is limited by the long non-coding RNA NORAD in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:82. [PMID: 35317841 PMCID: PMC8939142 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01540-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND miR-346 was identified as an activator of Androgen Receptor (AR) signalling that associates with DNA damage response (DDR)-linked transcripts in prostate cancer (PC). We sought to delineate the impact of miR-346 on DNA damage, and its potential as a therapeutic agent. METHODS RNA-IP, RNA-seq, RNA-ISH, DNA fibre assays, in vivo xenograft studies and bioinformatics approaches were used alongside a novel method for amplification-free, single nucleotide-resolution genome-wide mapping of DNA breaks (INDUCE-seq). RESULTS miR-346 induces rapid and extensive DNA damage in PC cells - the first report of microRNA-induced DNA damage. Mechanistically, this is achieved through transcriptional hyperactivation, R-loop formation and replication stress, leading to checkpoint activation and cell cycle arrest. miR-346 also interacts with genome-protective lncRNA NORAD to disrupt its interaction with PUM2, leading to PUM2 stabilisation and its increased turnover of DNA damage response (DDR) transcripts. Confirming clinical relevance, NORAD expression and activity strongly correlate with poor PC clinical outcomes and increased DDR in biopsy RNA-seq studies. In contrast, miR-346 is associated with improved PC survival. INDUCE-seq reveals that miR-346-induced DSBs occur preferentially at binding sites of the most highly-transcriptionally active transcription factors in PC cells, including c-Myc, FOXA1, HOXB13, NKX3.1, and importantly, AR, resulting in target transcript downregulation. Further, RNA-seq reveals widespread miR-346 and shNORAD dysregulation of DNA damage, replication and cell cycle processes. NORAD drives target-directed miR decay (TDMD) of miR-346 as a novel genome protection mechanism: NORAD silencing increases mature miR-346 levels by several thousand-fold, and WT but not TDMD-mutant NORAD rescues miR-346-induced DNA damage. Importantly, miR-346 sensitises PC cells to DNA-damaging drugs including PARP inhibitor and chemotherapy, and induces tumour regression as a monotherapy in vivo, indicating that targeting miR-346:NORAD balance is a valid therapeutic strategy. CONCLUSIONS A balancing act between miR-346 and NORAD regulates DNA damage and repair in PC. miR-346 may be particularly effective as a therapeutic in the context of decreased NORAD observed in advanced PC, and in transcriptionally-hyperactive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Fletcher
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - L Deng
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - F Orafidiya
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - W Yuan
- Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - M P G S Lorentzen
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - O W Cyran
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Varela-Carver
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - T A Constantin
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D A Leach
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - F M Dobbs
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
- Broken String Biosciences, Unit AB303, Level 3, BioData Innovation Centre, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - I Figueiredo
- Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - B Gurel
- Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - E Parkes
- Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, London, UK
| | - D Bogdan
- Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - R R Pereira
- Translational Oncogenomics, Manchester Cancer Research Centre and Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S G Zhao
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A Neeb
- Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - F Issa
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Hester
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Kudo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Y Liu
- Veracyte, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Y Philippou
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - R Bristow
- Translational Oncogenomics, Manchester Cancer Research Centre and Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - K Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- American Cancer Society and American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, Washington DC, USA
| | - R J Bryant
- Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, London, UK
| | - F Y Feng
- Departments of Urology and Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S H Reed
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - I G Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - J de Bono
- Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - C L Bevan
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Sushentsev N, McLean MA, Warren AY, Benjamin AJV, Brodie C, Frary A, Gill AB, Jones J, Kaggie JD, Lamb BW, Locke MJ, Miller JL, Mills IG, Priest AN, Robb FJL, Shah N, Schulte RF, Graves MJ, Gnanapragasam VJ, Brindle KM, Barrett T, Gallagher FA. Hyperpolarised 13C-MRI identifies the emergence of a glycolytic cell population within intermediate-risk human prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:466. [PMID: 35075123 PMCID: PMC8786834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarised magnetic resonance imaging (HP 13C-MRI) is an emerging clinical technique to detect [1-13C]lactate production in prostate cancer (PCa) following intravenous injection of hyperpolarised [1-13C]pyruvate. Here we differentiate clinically significant PCa from indolent disease in a low/intermediate-risk population by correlating [1-13C]lactate labelling on MRI with the percentage of Gleason pattern 4 (%GP4) disease. Using immunohistochemistry and spatial transcriptomics, we show that HP 13C-MRI predominantly measures metabolism in the epithelial compartment of the tumour, rather than the stroma. MRI-derived tumour [1-13C]lactate labelling correlated with epithelial mRNA expression of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA and LDHB combined), and the ratio of lactate transporter expression between the epithelial and stromal compartments (epithelium-to-stroma MCT4). We observe similar changes in MCT4, LDHA, and LDHB between tumours with primary Gleason patterns 3 and 4 in an independent TCGA cohort. Therefore, HP 13C-MRI can metabolically phenotype clinically significant disease based on underlying metabolic differences in the epithelial and stromal tumour compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sushentsev
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mary A McLean
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arnold J V Benjamin
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cara Brodie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy Frary
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew B Gill
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua D Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin W Lamb
- Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- School of Allied Health, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew J Locke
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jodi L Miller
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrew N Priest
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nimish Shah
- Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Martin J Graves
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent J Gnanapragasam
- Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Urology Translational Research and Clinical Trials Office, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tristan Barrett
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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35
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Blijdorp CJ, Hartjes TA, Wei K, van Heugten MH, Bovée DM, Budde RP, van de Wetering J, Hoenderop JG, van Royen ME, Zietse R, Severs D, Hoorn EJ. Nephron mass determines the excretion rate of urinary extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12181. [PMID: 35064766 PMCID: PMC8783354 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are emerging as non-invasive biomarkers for various kidney diseases, but it is unknown how differences in nephron mass impact uEV excretion. To address this, uEV excretion was measured before and after human kidney donor nephrectomy and rat nephrectomy. In male and female donors, uEVs were quantified in cell-free spot and 24-h urine samples using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), EVQuant, and CD9-time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay. Female donors had significantly lower total kidney volume (TKV) and excreted 49% fewer uEVs than male donors. uEV excretion correlated positively with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), creatinine clearance, and TKV (R's between 0.6 and 0.7). uEV excretion rate could also be predicted from spot urines after multiplying spot uEV/creatinine by 24-h urine creatinine. Donor nephrectomy reduced eGFR by 36% ± 10%, but the excretion of uEVs by only 16% (CD9+ uEVs -37%, CD9- uEVs no decrease). Donor nephrectomy increased the podocyte marker WT-1 and the proximal tubule markers NHE3, NaPi-IIa, and cubilin in uEVs two- to four-fold when correcting for the nephrectomy. In rats, the changes in GFR and kidney weight correlated with the changes in uEV excretion rate (R = 0.46 and 0.60, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the estimated degree of hypertrophy matched the change in uEV excretion rate (1.4- to 1.5-fold after uninephrectomy and four-fold after 5/6th nephrectomy). Taken together, our data show that uEV excretion depends on nephron mass, and that nephrectomy reduces uEV excretion less than expected based on nephron loss due to compensatory hypertrophy. The major implication of our findings is that a measure for nephron mass or uEV excretion rate should be included when comparing uEV biomarkers between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Blijdorp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas A. Hartjes
- Department of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kuang‐Yu Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn H. van Heugten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dominique M. Bovée
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ricardo P.J. Budde
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineErasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline van de Wetering
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joost G.J. Hoenderop
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Martin E. van Royen
- Department of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robert Zietse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - David Severs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ewout J. Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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36
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Prim JH, Phillips MC, Lamm MS, Brady J, Cabral I, Durden S, Dustin E, Hazellief A, Klapheke B, Lamb AD, Lukowsky A, May D, Sanchez SG, Thompson KC, Tyler WA, Godwin J. Estrogenic signaling and sociosexual behavior in wild sex-changing bluehead wrasses, Thalassoma bifasciatum. J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol 2022; 337:24-34. [PMID: 34752686 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Estrogenic signaling is an important focus in studies of gonadal and brain sexual differentiation in fishes and vertebrates generally. This study examined variation in estrogenic signaling (1) across three sexual phenotypes (female, female-mimic initial phase [IP] male, and terminal phase [TP] male), (2) during socially-controlled female-to-male sex change, and (3) during tidally-driven spawning cycles in the protogynous bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum). We analyzed relative abundances of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for the brain form of aromatase (cyp19a1b) and the three nuclear estrogen receptors (ER) (ERα, ERβa, and ERβb) by qPCR. Consistent with previous reports, forebrain/midbrain cyp19a1b was highest in females, significantly lower in TP males, and lowest in IP males. By contrast, ERα and ERβb mRNA abundances were highest in TP males and increased during sex change. ERβa mRNA did not vary significantly. Across the tidally-driven spawning cycle, cyp19a1b abundances were higher in females than TP males. Interestingly, cyp19a1b levels were higher in TP males close (~1 h) to the daily spawning period when sexual and aggressive behaviors rise than males far from spawning (~10-12 h). Together with earlier findings, our results suggest alterations in neural estrogen signaling are key regulators of socially-controlled sex change and sexual phenotype differences. Additionally, these patterns suggest TP male-typical sociosexual behaviors may depend on intermediate rather than low estrogenic signaling. We discuss these results and the possibility that an inverted-U shaped relationship between neural estrogen and male-typical behaviors is more common than presently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna H Prim
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marshall C Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melissa S Lamm
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeannie Brady
- Department of Biology, Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Itze Cabral
- Department of Biology, Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Shelby Durden
- Department of Biology, Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth Dustin
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allison Hazellief
- Department of Biology, Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Brandon Klapheke
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - April D Lamb
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alison Lukowsky
- Department of Biology, Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Dianna May
- Department of Biology, Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Sidney G Sanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly C Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - William A Tyler
- Department of Biology, Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - John Godwin
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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37
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Gil V, Miranda S, Riisnaes R, Gurel B, D'Ambrosio M, Vasciaveo A, Crespo M, Ferreira A, Brina D, Troiani M, Sharp A, Sheehan B, Christova R, Seed G, Figueiredo I, Lambros M, Dolling D, Rekowski J, Alajati A, Clarke M, Pereira R, Flohr P, Fowler G, Boysen G, Sumanasuriya S, Bianchini D, Rescigno P, Aversa C, Tunariu N, Guo C, Paschalis A, Bertan C, Buroni L, Ning J, Carreira S, Workman P, Swain A, Califano A, Shen MM, Alimonti A, Neeb A, Welti J, Yuan W, de Bono J. HER3 Is an Actionable Target in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:6207-6218. [PMID: 34753775 PMCID: PMC8932336 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been recognized for decades that ERBB signaling is important in prostate cancer, but targeting ERBB receptors as a therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer has been ineffective clinically. However, we show here that membranous HER3 protein is commonly highly expressed in lethal prostate cancer, associating with reduced time to castration resistance (CR) and survival. Multiplex immunofluorescence indicated that the HER3 ligand NRG1 is detectable primarily in tumor-infiltrating myelomonocytic cells in human prostate cancer; this observation was confirmed using single-cell RNA sequencing of human prostate cancer biopsies and murine transgenic prostate cancer models. In castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patient-derived xenograft organoids with high HER3 expression as well as mouse prostate cancer organoids, recombinant NRG1 enhanced proliferation and survival. Supernatant from murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells promoted murine prostate cancer organoid growth in vitro, which could be reversed by a neutralizing anti-NRG1 antibody and ERBB inhibition. Targeting HER3, especially with the HER3-directed antibody-drug conjugate U3-1402, exhibited antitumor activity against HER3-expressing prostate cancer. Overall, these data indicate that HER3 is commonly overexpressed in lethal prostate cancer and can be activated by NRG1 secreted by myelomonocytic cells in the tumor microenvironment, supporting HER3-targeted therapeutic strategies for treating HER3-expressing advanced CRPC. SIGNIFICANCE: HER3 is an actionable target in prostate cancer, especially with anti-HER3 immunoconjugates, and targeting HER3 warrants clinical evaluation in prospective trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives
- Camptothecin/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neuregulin-1/genetics
- Neuregulin-1/metabolism
- Organoids/drug effects
- Organoids/metabolism
- Organoids/pathology
- Prognosis
- Prospective Studies
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptor, ErbB-3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-3/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-3/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gil
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Miranda
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Riisnaes
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bora Gurel
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mateus Crespo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Ferreira
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Brina
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Martina Troiani
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Adam Sharp
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - George Seed
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maryou Lambros
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Dolling
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Rekowski
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Alajati
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Clarke
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Pereira
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Flohr
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Fowler
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gunther Boysen
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Semini Sumanasuriya
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diletta Bianchini
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pasquale Rescigno
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Aversa
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Tunariu
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Guo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alec Paschalis
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Bertan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Buroni
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Ning
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Workman
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Swain
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Califano
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Michael M Shen
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Andrea Alimonti
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Jonathan Welti
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johann de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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38
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Ball RY, Cardenas R, Winterbone MS, Hanna MY, Parker C, Hurst R, Brewer DS, D’Sa L, Mills R, Cooper CS, Clark J. The Urine Biomarker PUR-4 Is Positively Associated with the Amount of Gleason 4 in Human Prostate Cancers. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111172. [PMID: 34833048 PMCID: PMC8622091 DOI: 10.3390/life11111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Prostate Urine Risk (PUR) biomarker is a four-group classifier for predicting outcome in patients prior to biopsy and for men on active surveillance. The four categories correspond to the probabilities of the presence of normal tissue (PUR-1), D’Amico low-risk (PUR-2), intermediate-risk (PUR-3), and high-risk (PUR-4) prostate cancer. In the current study we investigate how the PUR-4 status is linked to Gleason grade, prostate volume, and tumor volume as assessed from biopsy (n = 215) and prostatectomy (n = 9) samples. For biopsy data PUR-4 status alone was linked to Gleason Grade group (GG) (Spearman’s, ρ = 0.58, p < 0.001 trend). To assess the impact of tumor volume each GG was dichotomized into Small and Large volume cancers relative to median volume. For GG1 (Gleason Pattern 3 + 3) cancers volume had no impact on PUR-4 status. In contrast for GG2 (3 + 4) and GG3 (4 + 3) cancers PUR-4 levels increased in large volume cancers with statistical significance observed for GG2 (p = 0.005; Games-Howell). These data indicated that PUR-4 status is linked to the presence of Gleason Pattern 4. To test this observation tumor burden and Gleason Pattern were assessed in nine surgically removed and sectioned prostates allowing reconstruction of 3D maps. PUR-4 was not correlated with Gleason Pattern 3 amount, total tumor volume or prostate size. A strong correlation was observed between amount of Gleason Pattern 4 tumor and PUR-4 signature (r = 0.71, p = 0.034, Pearson’s). These observations shed light on the biological significance of the PUR biomarker and support its use as a non-invasive means of assessing the presence of clinically significant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y. Ball
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK; (R.Y.B.); (L.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Ryan Cardenas
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (R.C.); (M.S.W.); (R.H.); (D.S.B.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Mark S. Winterbone
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (R.C.); (M.S.W.); (R.H.); (D.S.B.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Marcelino Y. Hanna
- Urology Department Castle Hill, Hull University Teaching Hospital, Castle Rd, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, UK;
| | - Chris Parker
- Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK;
- Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Rachel Hurst
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (R.C.); (M.S.W.); (R.H.); (D.S.B.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Daniel S. Brewer
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (R.C.); (M.S.W.); (R.H.); (D.S.B.); (C.S.C.)
- Earlham Institute, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Lauren D’Sa
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK; (R.Y.B.); (L.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Rob Mills
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK; (R.Y.B.); (L.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Colin S. Cooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (R.C.); (M.S.W.); (R.H.); (D.S.B.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Jeremy Clark
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (R.C.); (M.S.W.); (R.H.); (D.S.B.); (C.S.C.)
- Correspondence:
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39
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Carreira S, Porta N, Arce-Gallego S, Seed G, Llop-Guevara A, Bianchini D, Rescigno P, Paschalis A, Bertan C, Baker C, Goodall J, Miranda S, Riisnaes R, Figueiredo I, Ferreira A, Pereira R, Crespo M, Gurel B, Nava Rodrigues D, Pettitt SJ, Yuan W, Serra V, Rekowski J, Lord CJ, Hall E, Mateo J, de Bono JS. Biomarkers Associating with PARP Inhibitor Benefit in Prostate Cancer in the TOPARP-B Trial. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:2812-2827. [PMID: 34045297 PMCID: PMC9414325 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PARP inhibitors are approved for treating advanced prostate cancers (APC) with various defective DNA repair genes; however, further studies to clinically qualify predictive biomarkers are warranted. Herein we analyzed TOPARP-B phase II clinical trial samples, evaluating whole-exome and low-pass whole-genome sequencing and IHC and IF assays evaluating ATM and RAD51 foci (testing homologous recombination repair function). BRCA1/2 germline and somatic pathogenic mutations associated with similar benefit from olaparib; greater benefit was observed with homozygous BRCA2 deletion. Biallelic, but not monoallelic, PALB2 deleterious alterations were associated with clinical benefit. In the ATM cohort, loss of ATM protein by IHC was associated with a better outcome. RAD51 foci loss identified tumors with biallelic BRCA and PALB2 alterations while most ATM- and CDK12-altered APCs had higher RAD51 foci levels. Overall, APCs with homozygous BRCA2 deletion are exceptional responders; PALB2 biallelic loss and loss of ATM IHC expression associated with clinical benefit. SIGNIFICANCE: Not all APCs with DNA repair defects derive similar benefit from PARP inhibition. Most benefit was seen among patients with BRCA2 homozygous deletions, biallelic loss of PALB2, and loss of ATM protein. Loss of RAD51 foci, evaluating homologous recombination repair function, was found primarily in tumors with biallelic BRCA1/2 and PALB2 alterations.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2659.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuria Porta
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Arce-Gallego
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - George Seed
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alba Llop-Guevara
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diletta Bianchini
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pasquale Rescigno
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alec Paschalis
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Bertan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Baker
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Goodall
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Miranda
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Riisnaes
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ana Ferreira
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Pereira
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mateus Crespo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bora Gurel
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Violeta Serra
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Rekowski
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Hall
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquin Mateo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johann S de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prostate cancer (PrCa) is the most common cancer in men in the western world and is a major source of morbidity and mortality. Currently, general population PrCa screening is not recommended due to the limitations of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. As such, there is increasing interest in identifying and screening higher-risk groups. The only established risk factors for PrCa are age, ethnicity, and having a family history of PrCa. A significant proportion of PrCa cases are caused by genetic factors. RECENT FINDINGS Several rare germline variants have been identified that moderately increase risk of PrCa, and targeting screening to these men is proving useful at detecting clinically significant disease. The use of a "polygenic risk score" (PRS) that can calculate a man's personalized risk based on a number of lower-risk, but common genetic variants is the subject of ongoing research. Research efforts are currently focusing on the utility of screening in specific at-risk populations based on ethnicity, such as men of Black Afro-Caribbean descent. Whilst most screening studies have focused on use of PSA testing, the incorporation of additional molecular and genomic biomarkers alongside increasingly sophisticated imaging modalities is being designed to further refine and individualise both the screening and diagnostic pathway. Approximately 10% of men with advanced PrCa have a germline genetic predisposition leading to the opportunity for novel, targeted precision treatments. SUMMARY The mainstreaming of genomics into the PrCa screening, diagnostic and treatment pathway will soon become standard practice and this review summarises current knowledge on genetic predisposition to PrCa and screening studies that are using genomics within their algorithms to target screening to higher-risk groups of men. Finally, we evaluate the importance of germline genetics beyond screening and diagnostics, and its role in the identification of lethal PrCa and in the selection of targeted treatments for advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Bancroft
- Urology Genetics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Holly Ni Raghallaigh
- Urology Genetics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Elizabeth C. Page
- Urology Genetics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rosalind A. Eeles
- Urology Genetics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
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Shephard AP, Giles P, Mbengue M, Alraies A, Spary LK, Kynaston H, Gurney MJ, Falcón‐Pérez JM, Royo F, Tabi Z, Parthimos D, Errington RJ, Clayton A, Webber JP. Stroma-derived extracellular vesicle mRNA signatures inform histological nature of prostate cancer. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12150. [PMID: 34596356 PMCID: PMC8485336 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological assessment of prostate cancer is the key diagnostic test and can predict disease outcome. This is however an invasive procedure that carries associated risks, hence non-invasive assays to support the diagnostic pathway are much needed. A key feature of disease progression, and subsequent poor prognosis, is the presence of an altered stroma. Here we explored the utility of prostate stromal cell-derived vesicles as indicators of an altered tumour environment. We compared vesicles from six donor-matched pairs of adjacent-normal versus disease-associated primary stromal cultures. We identified 19 differentially expressed transcripts that discriminate disease from normal stromal extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs isolated from patient serum were investigated for these putative disease-discriminating mRNA. A set of transcripts including Caveolin-1 (CAV1), TMP2, THBS1, and CTGF were found to be successful in discriminating clinically insignificant (Gleason = 6) disease from clinically significant (Gleason > 8) prostate cancer. Furthermore, correlation between transcript expression and progression-free survival suggests that levels of these mRNA may predict disease outcome. Informed by a machine learning approach, combining measures of the five most informative EV-associated mRNAs with PSA was shown to significantly improve assay sensitivity and specificity. An in-silico model was produced, showcasing the superiority of this multi-modal liquid biopsy compared to needle biopsy for predicting disease progression. This proof of concept highlights the utility of serum EV analytics as a companion diagnostic test with prognostic utility, which may obviate the need for biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P. Shephard
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Peter Giles
- Wales Gene ParkHenry Welcome BuildingCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Mariama Mbengue
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Amr Alraies
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Lisa K. Spary
- Wales Cancer BankUniversity Hospital of WalesCardiffUK
| | - Howard Kynaston
- Section of Surgery, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Department of UrologyCardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of WalesCardiffUK
| | - Mark J. Gurney
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Juan M. Falcón‐Pérez
- Exosomes Lab. CICbioGUNE‐BRTAParque TecnologicoDerioSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd)MadridSpain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Félix Royo
- Exosomes Lab. CICbioGUNE‐BRTAParque TecnologicoDerioSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd)MadridSpain
| | - Zsuzsanna Tabi
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Dimitris Parthimos
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Rachel J. Errington
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Jason P. Webber
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Institute of Life ScienceSwansea University Medical School, Swansea UniversitySwanseaUK
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42
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Webb EJD, Kind P, Meads D, Martin A. Does a health crisis change how we value health? Health Econ 2021; 30:2547-2560. [PMID: 34302310 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
General population health state values are used in healthcare resource allocation, including health technology assessment. We examine whether UK general population health valuations changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ratings of EQ-5D-5L health states 11111 (no problems), 55555 (extreme problems), and dead were collected in a UK general population survey during the pandemic (April-May 2020) using the 0 = worst imaginable health, 100 = best imaginable health visual analog scale (EQ-VAS). Ratings for 55555 were transformed to a full health = 1, dead = 0 scale. Responses were compared to similar data collected pre-pandemic (2018). After propensity score matching to minimize sample differences, EQ-VAS responses were analyzed using Tobit regressions. On the 0-100 scale, 11111 was rated on average 8.67 points lower, 55555 rated 9.56 points higher, and dead rated 7.45 points lower post-pandemic onset compared to pre-pandemic. On the full health = 1, dead = 0 scale, 55555 values were 0.09 higher post-pandemic onset. There was evidence of differential impacts of COVID-19 by gender, age, and ethnicity, although only age impacted values on the 1-0 scale. COVID-19 may have affected how people value health. It is unknown whether the effect is large enough to have policy relevance, but caution should be taken in assuming pre-COVID-19 values are unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J D Webb
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul Kind
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Meads
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Adam Martin
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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43
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Conteduca V, Wetterskog D, Castro E, Scarpi E, Romero-Laorden N, Gurioli G, Jayaram A, Lolli C, Schepisi G, Wingate A, Casadei C, Lozano R, Brighi N, Aragón IM, Marin-Aguilera M, Gonzalez-Billalabeitia E, Mellado B, Olmos D, Attard G, De Giorgi U. Plasma androgen receptor and response to adapted and standard docetaxel regimen in castration-resistant prostate cancer: A multicenter biomarker study. Eur J Cancer 2021; 152:49-59. [PMID: 34077818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma AR status has been identified as a potential biomarker of response in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients receiving docetaxel or AR-targeted therapies. However, the relevance of plasma AR in the overall management of CRPC patients receiving different docetaxel doses is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a multi-institution study of associations between baseline plasma AR copy number status, assessed by droplet digital PCR, and outcome in 325 mCRPC patients receiving docetaxel at standard or adapted regimen at the discretion of the treating physician. Upon analysis, patients were assigned randomly to either a training (n = 217) or validation (n = 108) cohort. RESULTS In the training cohort, AR-gained patients treated with adapted docetaxel regimen had a significantly worse median progression-free survival (PFS) (3.8 vs 6.3 months, hazard ratio [HR] 2.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-4.95, p < 0.0001), median overall survival (10.8 vs 20.6 months, HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.09-3.62, p = 0.0064) and PSA response (PSA > -50%: odds ratio 4.88 95%CI 1.55-14.32, p = 0.013) as compared to plasma AR normal patients. These findings were all confirmed in the validation cohort. However, in patients treated with standard docetaxel regimen, these differences were not seen. The interaction between AR CN status and dose reduction of docetaxel was considered as independent factor for PFS in both the training and validation cohort (HR 2.84, 95% CI 1.41-5.73, p = 0.003, and HR 4.79, 95% CI 1.79-12.82, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Despite the retrospective non-randomised design of this study, our hypothesis-generating findings could suggest plasma AR as a potential biomarker for optimal docetaxel timing and dose in mCRPC patients. Prospective trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Conteduca
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy.
| | | | - Elena Castro
- Prostate Cancer Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre
| | - Emanuela Scarpi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Gurioli
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | | | - Cristian Lolli
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schepisi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Anna Wingate
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Chiara Casadei
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Rebeca Lozano
- Centro Nacional Investigaciones Oncologica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Brighi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Isabel M Aragón
- Genitourinary Translational Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research, Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Gonzalez-Billalabeitia
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, IMIB-Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Begoña Mellado
- Medical Oncology Department, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínico y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Olmos
- Prostate Cancer Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre
| | | | - Ugo De Giorgi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
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Lloyd MD, Yevglevskis M, Nathubhai A, James TD, Threadgill MD, Woodman TJ. Racemases and epimerases operating through a 1,1-proton transfer mechanism: reactivity, mechanism and inhibition. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5952-5984. [PMID: 34027955 PMCID: PMC8142540 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Racemases and epimerases catalyse changes in the stereochemical configurations of chiral centres and are of interest as model enzymes and as biotechnological tools. They also occupy pivotal positions within metabolic pathways and, hence, many of them are important drug targets. This review summarises the catalytic mechanisms of PLP-dependent, enolase family and cofactor-independent racemases and epimerases operating by a deprotonation/reprotonation (1,1-proton transfer) mechanism and methods for measuring their catalytic activity. Strategies for inhibiting these enzymes are reviewed, as are specific examples of inhibitors. Rational design of inhibitors based on substrates has been extensively explored but there is considerable scope for development of transition-state mimics and covalent inhibitors and for the identification of inhibitors by high-throughput, fragment and virtual screening approaches. The increasing availability of enzyme structures obtained using X-ray crystallography will facilitate development of inhibitors by rational design and fragment screening, whilst protein models will facilitate development of transition-state mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lloyd
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Maksims Yevglevskis
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and CatSci Ltd., CBTC2, Capital Business Park, Wentloog, Cardiff CF3 2PX, UK
| | - Amit Nathubhai
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and University of Sunderland, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sciences Complex, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael D Threadgill
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BY, UK
| | - Timothy J Woodman
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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45
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Pye H, Singh S, Norris JM, Carmona Echeverria LM, Stavrinides V, Grey A, Dinneen E, Pilavachi E, Clemente J, Heavey S, Stopka-Farooqui U, Simpson BS, Bonet-Carne E, Patel D, Barker P, Burling K, Stevens N, Ng T, Panagiotaki E, Hawkes D, Alexander DC, Rodriguez-Justo M, Haider A, Freeman A, Kirkham A, Atkinson D, Allen C, Shaw G, Beeston T, Brizmohun Appayya M, Latifoltojar A, Johnston EW, Emberton M, Moore CM, Ahmed HU, Punwani S, Whitaker HC. Evaluation of PSA and PSA Density in a Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Directed Diagnostic Pathway for Suspected Prostate Cancer: The INNOVATE Trial. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1985. [PMID: 33924255 PMCID: PMC8074769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the clinical outcomes of mpMRI before biopsy and evaluate the space remaining for novel biomarkers. Methods: The INNOVATE study was set up to evaluate the validity of novel fluidic biomarkers in men with suspected prostate cancer who undergo pre-biopsy mpMRI. We report the characteristics of this clinical cohort, the distribution of clinical serum biomarkers, PSA and PSA density (PSAD), and compare the mpMRI Likert scoring system to the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System v2.1 (PI-RADS) in men undergoing biopsy. Results: 340 men underwent mpMRI to evaluate suspected prostate cancer. 193/340 (57%) men had subsequent MRI-targeted prostate biopsy. Clinically significant prostate cancer (csigPCa), i.e., overall Gleason ≥ 3 + 4 of any length OR maximum cancer core length (MCCL) ≥4 mm of any grade including any 3 + 3, was found in 96/195 (49%) of biopsied patients. Median PSA (and PSAD) was 4.7 (0.20), 8.0 (0.17), and 9.7 (0.31) ng/mL (ng/mL/mL) in mpMRI scored Likert 3,4,5 respectively for men with csigPCa on biopsy. The space for novel biomarkers was shown to be within the group of men with mpMRI scored Likert3 (178/340) and 4 (70/350), in whom an additional of 40% (70/178) men with mpMRI-scored Likert3, and 37% (26/70) Likert4 could have been spared biopsy. PSAD is already considered clinically in this cohort to risk stratify patients for biopsy, despite this 67% (55/82) of men with mpMRI-scored Likert3, and 55% (36/65) Likert4, who underwent prostate biopsy had a PSAD below a clinical threshold of 0.15 (or 0.12 for men aged <50 years). Different thresholds of PSA and PSAD were assessed in mpMRI-scored Likert4 to predict csigPCa on biopsy, to achieve false negative levels of ≤5% the proportion of patients whom who test as above the threshold were unsuitably high at 86 and 92% of patients for PSAD and PSA respectively. When PSA was re tested in a sub cohort of men repeated PSAD showed its poor reproducibility with 43% (41/95) of patients being reclassified. After PI-RADS rescoring of the biopsied lesions, 66% (54/82) of the Likert3 lesions received a different PI-RADS score. Conclusions: The addition of simple biochemical and radiological markers (Likert and PSAD) facilitate the streamlining of the mpMRI-diagnostic pathway for suspected prostate cancer but there remains scope for improvement, in the introduction of novel biomarkers for risk assessment in Likert3 and 4 patients, future application of novel biomarkers tested in a Likert cohort would also require re-optimization around Likert3/PI-RADS2, as well as reproducibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Pye
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.M.N.); (L.M.C.E.); (V.S.); (S.H.); (U.S.-F.); (B.S.S.); (M.E.); (C.M.M.); (H.C.W.)
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.S.); (E.P.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (D.A.); (T.B.); (M.B.A.); (A.L.); (E.W.J.); (S.P.)
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.K.); (C.A.)
| | - Joseph M. Norris
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.M.N.); (L.M.C.E.); (V.S.); (S.H.); (U.S.-F.); (B.S.S.); (M.E.); (C.M.M.); (H.C.W.)
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.G.); (E.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Lina M. Carmona Echeverria
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.M.N.); (L.M.C.E.); (V.S.); (S.H.); (U.S.-F.); (B.S.S.); (M.E.); (C.M.M.); (H.C.W.)
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.G.); (E.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Vasilis Stavrinides
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.M.N.); (L.M.C.E.); (V.S.); (S.H.); (U.S.-F.); (B.S.S.); (M.E.); (C.M.M.); (H.C.W.)
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.G.); (E.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Alistair Grey
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.G.); (E.D.); (G.S.)
- Department of Urology, Barts Health, NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Eoin Dinneen
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.G.); (E.D.); (G.S.)
- Department of Urology, Barts Health, NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Elly Pilavachi
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.S.); (E.P.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (D.A.); (T.B.); (M.B.A.); (A.L.); (E.W.J.); (S.P.)
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.K.); (C.A.)
| | - Joey Clemente
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.S.); (E.P.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (D.A.); (T.B.); (M.B.A.); (A.L.); (E.W.J.); (S.P.)
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.K.); (C.A.)
| | - Susan Heavey
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.M.N.); (L.M.C.E.); (V.S.); (S.H.); (U.S.-F.); (B.S.S.); (M.E.); (C.M.M.); (H.C.W.)
| | - Urszula Stopka-Farooqui
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.M.N.); (L.M.C.E.); (V.S.); (S.H.); (U.S.-F.); (B.S.S.); (M.E.); (C.M.M.); (H.C.W.)
| | - Benjamin S. Simpson
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.M.N.); (L.M.C.E.); (V.S.); (S.H.); (U.S.-F.); (B.S.S.); (M.E.); (C.M.M.); (H.C.W.)
| | - Elisenda Bonet-Carne
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (E.B.-C.); (E.P.); (D.C.A.)
| | - Dominic Patel
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (D.P.); (M.R.-J.); (A.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Peter Barker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrookes Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (P.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Keith Burling
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrookes Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (P.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Nicola Stevens
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.S.); (E.P.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (D.A.); (T.B.); (M.B.A.); (A.L.); (E.W.J.); (S.P.)
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.K.); (C.A.)
| | - Tony Ng
- Molecular Oncology Group, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Eleftheria Panagiotaki
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (E.B.-C.); (E.P.); (D.C.A.)
| | - David Hawkes
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Daniel C. Alexander
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (E.B.-C.); (E.P.); (D.C.A.)
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Justo
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (D.P.); (M.R.-J.); (A.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Aiman Haider
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (D.P.); (M.R.-J.); (A.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (D.P.); (M.R.-J.); (A.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Alex Kirkham
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.K.); (C.A.)
| | - David Atkinson
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.S.); (E.P.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (D.A.); (T.B.); (M.B.A.); (A.L.); (E.W.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Clare Allen
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.K.); (C.A.)
| | - Greg Shaw
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.G.); (E.D.); (G.S.)
- Department of Urology, Barts Health, NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Teresita Beeston
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.S.); (E.P.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (D.A.); (T.B.); (M.B.A.); (A.L.); (E.W.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Mrishta Brizmohun Appayya
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.S.); (E.P.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (D.A.); (T.B.); (M.B.A.); (A.L.); (E.W.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Arash Latifoltojar
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.S.); (E.P.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (D.A.); (T.B.); (M.B.A.); (A.L.); (E.W.J.); (S.P.)
- Department of Radiology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Edward W. Johnston
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.S.); (E.P.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (D.A.); (T.B.); (M.B.A.); (A.L.); (E.W.J.); (S.P.)
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.K.); (C.A.)
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.M.N.); (L.M.C.E.); (V.S.); (S.H.); (U.S.-F.); (B.S.S.); (M.E.); (C.M.M.); (H.C.W.)
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.G.); (E.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Caroline M. Moore
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.M.N.); (L.M.C.E.); (V.S.); (S.H.); (U.S.-F.); (B.S.S.); (M.E.); (C.M.M.); (H.C.W.)
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.G.); (E.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Hashim U. Ahmed
- Imperial Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK;
- Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shonit Punwani
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.S.); (E.P.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (D.A.); (T.B.); (M.B.A.); (A.L.); (E.W.J.); (S.P.)
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1H 8NJ, UK; (A.K.); (C.A.)
| | - Hayley C. Whitaker
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.M.N.); (L.M.C.E.); (V.S.); (S.H.); (U.S.-F.); (B.S.S.); (M.E.); (C.M.M.); (H.C.W.)
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Uzor S, Porazinski SR, Li L, Clark B, Ajiro M, Iida K, Hagiwara M, Alqasem AA, Perks CM, Wilson ID, Oltean S, Ladomery MR. CDC2-like (CLK) protein kinase inhibition as a novel targeted therapeutic strategy in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7963. [PMID: 33846420 PMCID: PMC8041776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of alternative splicing is a feature of cancer, both in aetiology and progression. It occurs because of mutations in splice sites or sites that regulate splicing, or because of the altered expression and activity of splice factors and of splice factor kinases that regulate splice factor activity. Recently the CDC2-like kinases (CLKs) have attracted attention due to their increasing involvement in cancer. We measured the effect of the CLK inhibitor, the benzothiazole TG003, on two prostate cancer cell lines. TG003 reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in PC3 and DU145 cells. Conversely, the overexpression of CLK1 in PC3 cells prevented TG003 from reducing cell proliferation. TG003 slowed scratch closure and reduced cell migration and invasion in a transwell assay. TG003 decisively inhibited the growth of a PC3 cell line xenograft in nude mice. We performed a transcriptomic analysis of cells treated with TG003. We report widespread and consistent changes in alternative splicing of cancer-associated genes including CENPE, ESCO2, CKAP2, MELK, ASPH and CD164 in both HeLa and PC3 cells. Together these findings suggest that targeting CLKs will provide novel therapeutic opportunities in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Uzor
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 53, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Sean R Porazinski
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Bethany Clark
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Masahiko Ajiro
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Iida
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Abdullah A Alqasem
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Sebastian Oltean
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Michael R Ladomery
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
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Collaço N, Wagland R, Alexis O, Gavin A, Glaser A, Watson EK. The experiences and needs of couples affected by prostate cancer aged 65 and under: a qualitative study. J Cancer Surviv 2021; 15:358-366. [PMID: 32968952 PMCID: PMC7966139 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-020-00936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate Cancer (PCa) is often considered to be an illness affecting older men, however the prevalence in younger men (<=65 years) is rising. Diagnosis and treatment for PCa can have a significant impact on the lives of both the man with PCa and his partner. This study explored the experiences and needs of younger men and their partners affected by PCa. The findings will be used to inform service provision and develop interventions appropriate to need. METHODS Participants were recruited from respondents to a national PROMS study (Life After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis (LAPCD), who indicated on completed questionnaires their willingness to be interviewed. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with twenty-eight couples, separately (56 participants). Data were analysed using the Framework Method. RESULTS Following the diagnosis of PCa, couples' experienced changes in their intimate relationships, parental/familial roles, work and finances, and social connections and activities. Couples adopted a range of strategies and behaviours to help their adjustment to PCa, such as communicating with each other, distancing, distraction, and adopting a positive mindset towards PCa. This, in turn, influenced how their identity as a couple evolved. CONCLUSIONS Following a diagnosis of PCa, the identity of couples are continually evolving. It is important that these couples are provided with the appropriate information, support and resources to help them transition along the cancer pathway. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS Key areas of support identified for younger couples include: 1) couple focused support programme to foster relationship strategies/behaviours that facilitate couple adjustment; 2) age-specific support, e.g. 'buddying systems' connecting younger couples affected by PCa and providing them with tailored information (written/online/app).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Collaço
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, S017 1BJ, UK.
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Jack Straws Lane, Oxford, OX3 0FL, UK.
| | - Richard Wagland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, S017 1BJ, UK
| | - Obrey Alexis
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Jack Straws Lane, Oxford, OX3 0FL, UK
| | - Anna Gavin
- Northern Ireland Cancer Registry Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Adam Glaser
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK
| | - Eila K Watson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Jack Straws Lane, Oxford, OX3 0FL, UK
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48
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Zirimwabagabo JO, Jailani ABA, Avgoustou P, Tozer MJ, Gibson KR, Glossop PA, Mills JEJ, Porter RA, Blaney P, Wang N, Skerry TM, Richards GO, Harrity JPA. Discovery of a First-In-Class Small Molecule Antagonist against the Adrenomedullin-2 Receptor: Structure-Activity Relationships and Optimization. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3299-3319. [PMID: 33666424 PMCID: PMC8006142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Class B G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain an underexploited target for drug development. The calcitonin receptor (CTR) family is particularly challenging, as its receptors are heteromers comprising two distinct components: the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) or calcitonin receptor (CTR) together with one of three accessory proteins known as receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). CLR/RAMP1 forms a CGRP receptor, CLR/RAMP2 forms an adrenomedullin-1 (AM1) receptor, and CLR/RAMP3 forms an adrenomedullin-2 (AM2) receptor. The CTR/RAMP complexes form three distinct amylin receptors. While the selective blockade of AM2 receptors would be therapeutically valuable, inhibition of AM1 receptors would cause clinically unacceptable increased blood pressure. We report here a systematic study of structure-activity relationships that has led to the development of first-in-class AM2 receptor antagonists. These compounds exhibit therapeutically valuable properties with 1000-fold selectivity over the AM1 receptor. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of AM2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ameera B. A. Jailani
- Department
of Oncology and Metabolism, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | - Paris Avgoustou
- Department
of Oncology and Metabolism, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | | | - Karl R. Gibson
- Sandexis
Medicinal Chemistry Ltd., Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K.
| | - Paul A. Glossop
- Sandexis
Medicinal Chemistry Ltd., Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K.
| | | | | | - Paul Blaney
- Concept
Life Sciences, High Peak SK23 0PG, U.K.
| | - Ning Wang
- Department
of Oncology and Metabolism, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | - Timothy M. Skerry
- Department
of Oncology and Metabolism, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | - Gareth O. Richards
- Department
of Oncology and Metabolism, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
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49
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Paschalis A, Welti J, Neeb AJ, Yuan W, Figueiredo I, Pereira R, Ferreira A, Riisnaes R, Rodrigues DN, Jiménez-Vacas JM, Kim S, Uo T, Micco PD, Tumber A, Islam MS, Moesser MA, Abboud M, Kawamura A, Gurel B, Christova R, Gil VS, Buroni L, Crespo M, Miranda S, Lambros MB, Carreira S, Tunariu N, Alimonti A, Al-Lazikani B, Schofield CJ, Plymate SR, Sharp A, de Bono JS. JMJD6 Is a Druggable Oxygenase That Regulates AR-V7 Expression in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1087-1100. [PMID: 33822745 PMCID: PMC8025710 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine resistance (EnR) in advanced prostate cancer is fatal. EnR can be mediated by androgen receptor (AR) splice variants, with AR splice variant 7 (AR-V7) arguably the most clinically important variant. In this study, we determined proteins key to generating AR-V7, validated our findings using clinical samples, and studied splicing regulatory mechanisms in prostate cancer models. Triangulation studies identified JMJD6 as a key regulator of AR-V7, as evidenced by its upregulation with in vitro EnR, its downregulation alongside AR-V7 by bromodomain inhibition, and its identification as a top hit of a targeted siRNA screen of spliceosome-related genes. JMJD6 protein levels increased (P < 0.001) with castration resistance and were associated with higher AR-V7 levels and shorter survival (P = 0.048). JMJD6 knockdown reduced prostate cancer cell growth, AR-V7 levels, and recruitment of U2AF65 to AR pre-mRNA. Mutagenesis studies suggested that JMJD6 activity is key to the generation of AR-V7, with the catalytic machinery residing within a druggable pocket. Taken together, these data highlight the relationship between JMJD6 and AR-V7 in advanced prostate cancer and support further evaluation of JMJD6 as a therapeutic target in this disease. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies JMJD6 as being critical for the generation of AR-V7 in prostate cancer, where it may serve as a tractable target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Paschalis
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Welti
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antje J Neeb
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rita Pereira
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Ferreira
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Riisnaes
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Juan M Jiménez-Vacas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and VAPSHCS-GRECC, Seattle, Washington
| | - Takuma Uo
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and VAPSHCS-GRECC, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Anthony Tumber
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marc A Moesser
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martine Abboud
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bora Gurel
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Veronica S Gil
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Buroni
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mateus Crespo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Miranda
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Nina Tunariu
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Plymate
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and VAPSHCS-GRECC, Seattle, Washington
| | - Adam Sharp
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johann S de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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50
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Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in the UK, accounting for the deaths of over 11,000 men per year. A major problem in this disease are tumours which no longer respond to available treatments. Understanding how this occurs will reveal new ways to treat these patients. In this review, the latest findings regarding a particular group of cellular factors which make up a signalling network called the Hippo pathway will be described. Accumulating evidence suggests that this network contributes to prostate cancer progression and resistance to current treatments. Identifying how this pathway can be targeted with drugs is a promising area of research to improve the treatment of prostate cancer. Abstract Identifying novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of prostate cancer (PC) remains a key area of research. With the emergence of resistance to androgen receptor (AR)-targeting therapies, other signalling pathways which crosstalk with AR signalling are important. Over recent years, evidence has accumulated for targeting the Hippo signalling pathway. Discovered in Drosophila melanogasta, the Hippo pathway plays a role in the regulation of organ size, proliferation, migration and invasion. In response to a variety of stimuli, including cell–cell contact, nutrients and stress, a kinase cascade is activated, which includes STK4/3 and LATS1/2 to inhibit the effector proteins YAP and its paralogue TAZ. Transcription by their partner transcription factors is inhibited by modulation of YAP/TAZ cellular localisation and protein turnover. Trnascriptional enhanced associate domain (TEAD) transcription factors are their classical transcriptional partner but other transcription factors, including the AR, have been shown to be modulated by YAP/TAZ. In PC, this pathway can be dysregulated by a number of mechanisms, making it attractive for therapeutic intervention. This review looks at each component of the pathway with a focus on findings from the last year and discusses what knowledge can be applied to the field of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Coffey
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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