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Gill E, Perks CM. Mini-Review: Current Bladder Cancer Treatment-The Need for Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1557. [PMID: 38338835 PMCID: PMC10855537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer and is a significant burden on health care services worldwide, as it is one of the most costly cancers to treat per patient. This expense is due to the extensive treatment and follow-ups that occur with costly and invasive procedures. Improvement in both treatment options and the quality of life these interventions offer has not progressed at the rates of other cancers, and new alternatives are desperately needed to ease the burden. A more modern approach needs to be taken, with urinary biomarkers being a positive step in making treatments more patient-friendly, but there is still a long way to go to make these widely available and of a comparable standard to the current treatment options. New targets to hit the major signalling pathways that are upregulated in bladder cancer, such as the PI3K/AkT/mTOR pathway, are urgently needed, with only one drug approved so far, Erdafitinib. Immune checkpoint inhibitors also hold promise, with both PD-1 and CDLA-4 antibody therapies approved for use. They effectively block ligand/receptor binding to block the immune checkpoint used by tumour cells. Other avenues must be explored, including drug repurposing and novel biomarkers, which have revolutionised this area in other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire M. Perks
- Cancer Endocrinology Group, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK;
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Perks CM. Role of the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) Axis in Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16969. [PMID: 38069291 PMCID: PMC10706945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor axis is a multifaceted, complex system that comprises two ligands, IGF-I and IGF-II, receptors (IGF-1R, IGF-IIR, insulin receptor isoforms IR-A and B, and hybrid receptors) six high affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs 1-6), and IGFBP proteases [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Perks
- Cancer Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS105NB, UK
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3
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Biernacka KM, Barker R, Sewell A, Bahl A, Perks CM. A role for androgen receptor variant 7 in sensitivity to therapy: Involvement of IGFBP-2 and FOXA1. Transl Oncol 2023; 34:101698. [PMID: 37307644 PMCID: PMC10276180 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in men. Localised PCa can be treated effectively, but most patients relapse/progress to more aggressive disease. One possible mechanism underlying this progression is alternative splicing of the androgen receptor, with AR variant 7(ARV7) considered to play a major role. Using viability assays, we confirmed that ARV7-positive PCa cells were less sensitive to treatment with cabazitaxel and an anti-androgen-enzalutamide. Also, using live-holographic imaging, we showed that PCa cells with ARV7 exhibited an increased rate of cell division, proliferation, and motility, which could potentially contribute to a more aggressive phenotype. Furthermore, protein analysis demonstrated that ARV7 knock-down was associated with a decrease in insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGFBP-2) and forkhead box protein A1(FOXA1). This correlation was confirmed in-vivo using PCa tissue samples. Spearman rank correlation analysis showed significant positive associations between ARV7 and IGFBP-2 or FOXA1 in tissue from patients with PCa. This association was not present with the AR. These data suggest an interplay of FOXA1 and IGFBP-2 with ARV7-mediated acquisition of an aggressive prostate cancer phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Biernacka
- Cancer Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB, Bristol, UK
| | - R Barker
- Cancer Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB, Bristol, UK
| | - A Sewell
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - A Bahl
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK
| | - C M Perks
- Cancer Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB, Bristol, UK.
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Perks CM, Belfiore A. Editorial: Insights in cancer endocrinology: 2022. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1236887. [PMID: 37484953 PMCID: PMC10361756 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1236887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Perks
- Bristol Medical School, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Biernacka KM, Giri D, Hawton K, Segers F, Perks CM, Hamilton-Shield JP. Case report: Molecular characterisation of adipose-tissue derived cells from a patient with ROHHAD syndrome. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1128216. [PMID: 37456561 PMCID: PMC10348915 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1128216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been over 100 cases of Rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD) syndrome reported, but there is currently no curative treatment for children with this condition. We aimed to better characterise adipose cells from a child with ROHHAD syndrome. We isolated pre-adipocytes from a 4 year-old female patient with ROHHAD syndrome and assessed proliferation rate of these cells. We evaluated levels of DLP-Pref-1(pre-adipocyte marker) using western blotting, and concentrations of interleukin-6(IL-6) using ELISA. We performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatic analyses on these cells compared to tissue from an age/sex-matched control. The two most up-/down-regulated genes were validated using QPCR. We successfully isolated pre-adipocytes from a fat biopsy, by confirming the presence of Pref-1 and differentiated them to mature adipocytes. Interleukin 6, (Il-6) levels were 5.6-fold higher in ROHHAD cells compared to a control age/sex-matched biopsy. NGS revealed 25,703 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from ROHHAD cells vs. control of which 2,237 genes were significantly altered. The 20 most significantly up/down-regulated genes were selected for discussion. This paper describes the first transcriptomic analysis of adipose cells from a child with ROHHAD vs. normal control adipose tissue as a first step in identifying targetable pathways/mechanisms underlying this condition with novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina M. Biernacka
- Cancer Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Dinesh Giri
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Hawton
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Francisca Segers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M. Perks
- Cancer Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Julian P. Hamilton-Shield
- Department of Translational Health Sciences, Nutrition Theme, NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UBHT Education Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Harland AJ, Perks CM, White P, Kurian KM, Barber HR. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 and glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa: Potential biomarkers affect prognosis in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma patients. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 37212470 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall survival of IDH-wildtype glioblastoma patients is poor despite best available treatments. There is an urgent need for new biomarkers to inform more precise disease stratification. Previous studies have identified insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) as a potential biomarker for glioblastoma diagnosis and therapeutic targeting. Other studies have indicated links between the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis and tumorigenic functions of a molecular chaperone glucose related protein of 78 kDa (GRP78). We aimed to interrogate the oncogenic effects of IGFBP-2 and GRP78 in our glioma stem cell (GSC) lines and clinical cohort. METHODS Immunoblotting, reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR were used to quantify protein and mRNA levels derived from GSCs and non-malignant neural stem cells (NSCs). Microarray analysis was used to compare the differences in IGFBP-2 (IGFBP-2) and GRP78 (HSPA5) transcript expression between NSCs, GSCs and adult human cortex samples. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantify IGFBP-2 and GRP78 expression in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma tissue sections (n = 92) and clinical implications assessed using survival analysis. Finally, the relationship between IGFBP-2 and GRP78 was further explored molecularly using coimmunoprecipitation. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that IGFBP-2 and HSPA5 mRNA is overexpressed in GSCs and NSCs in comparison to non-malignant brain tissue. We also determined a relationship in which G144 and G26 GSCs expressed higher IGFBP-2 protein and mRNA than GRP78, and this was reversed in mRNA isolated from adult human cortex samples. Clinical cohort analysis revealed that Glioblastomas with high IGFBP-2 protein expression paired with low GRP78 protein expression were significantly associated with a much shorter survival time (Median = 4 months, p = 0.019) compared with 12-14 months for any other combination of high/low protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Inverse levels of IGFBP-2 and GRP78 may be adverse clinical prognostic markers in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. Further interrogation of the mechanistic link between IGFBP-2 and GRP78 may be important for rationalisation of their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Harland
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul White
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the West England, Bristol, UK
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah R Barber
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Barker R, Biernacka K, Kingshott G, Sewell A, Gwiti P, Martin RM, Lane JA, McGeagh L, Koupparis A, Rowe E, Oxley J, Perks CM, Holly JMP. Associations of CTCF and FOXA1 with androgen and IGF pathways in men with localized prostate cancer. Growth Horm IGF Res 2023; 69-70:101533. [PMID: 37086646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2023.101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine associations between the transcription factors CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1) and the androgen receptor (AR) and their association with components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-pathway in a cohort of men with localized prostate cancer. METHODS Using prostate tissue samples collected during the Prostate cancer: Evidence of Exercise and Nutrition Trial (PrEvENT) trial (N = 70 to 92, depending on section availability), we assessed the abundance of CTCF, FOXA1, AR, IGFIR, p-mTOR, PTEN and IGFBP-2 proteins using a modified version of the Allred scoring system. Validation studies were performed using large, publicly available datasets (TCGA) (N = 489). RESULTS We identified a strong correlation between CTCF and AR staining with benign prostate tissue. CTCF also strongly associated with the IGFIR, with PTEN and with phospho-mTOR. FOXA1 was also correlated with staining for the IGF-IR, with IGFBP-2 and with staining for activated phosphor-mTOR. The staining for the IGF-IR was strongly correlated with the AR. CONCLUSION Our findings emphasise the close and complex links between the endocrine controls, well known to play an important role in prostate cancer, and the transcription factors implicated by the recent genetic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Barker
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Kalina Biernacka
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Georgina Kingshott
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Alex Sewell
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Paida Gwiti
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; Department of Pathology, North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust, Peterborough PE3 9GZ, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Biomedical Research Unit Offices, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - J Athene Lane
- Bristol Trials Centre, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Lucy McGeagh
- Supportive Cancer Care Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Institute of Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Research, Oxford Brookes University, Jack Straws Lane, Marston, Oxford OX3 0FL, UK
| | - Anthony Koupparis
- Department of Urology, Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Edward Rowe
- Department of Urology, Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Jon Oxley
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
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Fang S, Yarmolinsky J, Gill D, Bull CJ, Perks CM, Davey Smith G, Gaunt TR, Richardson TG. Association between genetically proxied PCSK9 inhibition and prostate cancer risk: A Mendelian randomisation study. PLoS Med 2023; 20:e1003988. [PMID: 36595504 PMCID: PMC9810198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PrCa) is the second most prevalent malignancy in men worldwide. Observational studies have linked the use of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) lowering therapies with reduced risk of PrCa, which may potentially be attributable to confounding factors. In this study, we performed a drug target Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis to evaluate the association of genetically proxied inhibition of LDL-c-lowering drug targets on risk of PrCa. METHODS AND FINDINGS Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with LDL-c (P < 5 × 10-8) from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium genome-wide association study (GWAS) (N = 1,320,016) and located in and around the HMGCR, NPC1L1, and PCSK9 genes were used to proxy the therapeutic inhibition of these targets. Summary-level data regarding the risk of total, advanced, and early-onset PrCa were obtained from the PRACTICAL consortium. Validation analyses were performed using genetic instruments from an LDL-c GWAS conducted on male UK Biobank participants of European ancestry (N = 201,678), as well as instruments selected based on liver-derived gene expression and circulation plasma levels of targets. We also investigated whether putative mediators may play a role in findings for traits previously implicated in PrCa risk (i.e., lipoprotein a (Lp(a)), body mass index (BMI), and testosterone). Applying two-sample MR using the inverse-variance weighted approach provided strong evidence supporting an effect of genetically proxied inhibition of PCSK9 (equivalent to a standard deviation (SD) reduction in LDL-c) on lower risk of total PrCa (odds ratio (OR) = 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.76 to 0.96, P = 9.15 × 10-3) and early-onset PrCa (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.95, P = 0.023). Genetically proxied HMGCR inhibition provided a similar central effect estimate on PrCa risk, although with a wider 95% CI (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.62 to 1.13, P = 0.244), whereas genetically proxied NPC1L1 inhibition had an effect on higher PrCa risk with a 95% CI that likewise included the null (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 0.87 to 2.04, P = 0.180). Analyses using male-stratified instruments provided consistent results. Secondary MR analyses supported a genetically proxied effect of liver-specific PCSK9 expression (OR = 0.90 per SD reduction in PCSK9 expression, 95% CI = 0.86 to 0.95, P = 5.50 × 10-5) and circulating plasma levels of PCSK9 (OR = 0.93 per SD reduction in PCSK9 protein levels, 95% CI = 0.87 to 0.997, P = 0.04) on PrCa risk. Colocalization analyses identified strong evidence (posterior probability (PPA) = 81.3%) of a shared genetic variant (rs553741) between liver-derived PCSK9 expression and PrCa risk, whereas weak evidence was found for HMGCR (PPA = 0.33%) and NPC1L1 expression (PPA = 0.38%). Moreover, genetically proxied PCSK9 inhibition was strongly associated with Lp(a) levels (Beta = -0.08, 95% CI = -0.12 to -0.05, P = 1.00 × 10-5), but not BMI or testosterone, indicating a possible role for Lp(a) in the biological mechanism underlying the association between PCSK9 and PrCa. Notably, we emphasise that our estimates are based on a lifelong exposure that makes direct comparisons with trial results challenging. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports a strong association between genetically proxied inhibition of PCSK9 and a lower risk of total and early-onset PrCa, potentially through an alternative mechanism other than the on-target effect on LDL-c. Further evidence from clinical studies is needed to confirm this finding as well as the putative mediatory role of Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Fang
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - James Yarmolinsky
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Dipender Gill
- Chief Scientific Advisor Office, Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline J. Bull
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Heart Institute, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - George Davey Smith
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom G. Richardson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Perks CM, Belfiore A. Editorial: insights in cancer endocrinology 2021. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:987764. [PMID: 35966091 PMCID: PMC9372769 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.987764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Perks
- Bristol Medical School, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Claire M. Perks,
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
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Perks CM, Radovick S, Samaras K. Editorial: Women in endocrinology 2021. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:987727. [PMID: 35966070 PMCID: PMC9366924 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.987727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Perks
- Bristol Medical School, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Claire M. Perks,
| | - Sally Radovick
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Katherine Samaras
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Clinical Obesity, Nutrition and Adipose Biology Lab, Clinical Science Pillar, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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Takahashi SI, Perks CM. Editorial: The Role of the IGF/Insulin-IGFBP Axis in Normal Physiology and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:892140. [PMID: 35528015 PMCID: PMC9069808 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.892140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shin-Ichiro Takahashi, ; Claire M. Perks,
| | - Claire M. Perks
- Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Shin-Ichiro Takahashi, ; Claire M. Perks,
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Mashat RM, Zielinska HA, Holly JMP, Perks CM. A Role for ER-Beta in the Effects of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and 27-Hydroxycholesterol on Breast Cancer Progression: Involvement of the IGF Signalling Pathway? Cells 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 35011656 PMCID: PMC8749996 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-in particular, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its metabolite, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC)-is correlated with increases in the risks of breast cancer and obesity. Although the high expression of LDL/27-OHC has been reported in breast cancer, its effects and mechanism of action remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we found that the effects of LDL on cell proliferation were mediated by the activation of the cytochrome P450 enzyme, sterol 27 hydroxylase, and cholesterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) in both ER-α-positive and ER-α-negative breast cancer cells. We found that treatment with 27-OHC only increased cell growth in oestrogen receptor-α (ER-α)-positive breast cancer cells in an ER-α-dependent manner, but, interestingly, the effects of 27-OHC on cell migration and invasion were independent of ER-α. Using ER-α-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, we found that 27-OHC similarly promoted cell invasion and migration, and this was mediated by oestrogen receptor β (ER-β). These results suggest that 27-OHC promotes breast cancer cell proliferation in ER-α-positive breast cancer cells via ER-α, but migration and invasion are mediated via ER-β in ER-α positive and negative cell lines. The addition of LDL/27OHC increased the production of IGF-I and the abundance of IGF-IR in TNBC. We further found that modulating ER-β using an agonist or antagonist increased or decreased, respectively, levels of the IGF-I and EGF receptors in TNBC. The inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor receptor blocked the effects of cholesterol on cell growth and the migration of TNBC. Using TCGA and METABRIC microarray expression data from invasive breast cancer carcinomas, we also observed that higher levels of ER-beta were associated with higher levels of IGF-IR. Thus, this study shows novel evidence that ER-β is central to the effects of LDL/27OHC on invasion, migration, and the IGF and EGF axes. Our data suggest that targeting ER-β in TNBC could be an alternative approach for downregulating IGF/EGF signalling and controlling the impact of LDL in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (R.M.M.); (H.A.Z.); (J.M.P.H.)
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Tan VY, Bull CJ, Biernacka KM, Teumer A, Richardson TG, Sanderson E, Corbin LJ, Dudding T, Qi Q, Kaplan RC, Rotter JI, Friedrich N, Völker U, Mayerle J, Perks CM, Holly JMP, Timpson NJ. Investigation of the Interplay between Circulating Lipids and IGF-I and Relevance to Breast Cancer Risk: An Observational and Mendelian Randomization Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:2207-2216. [PMID: 34583967 PMCID: PMC7612074 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating lipids and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) have been reliably associated with breast cancer. Observational studies suggest an interplay between lipids and IGF-I, however, whether these relationships are causal and if pathways from these phenotypes to breast cancer overlap is unclear. METHODS Mendelian randomization (MR) was conducted to estimate the relationship between lipids or IGF-I and breast cancer risk using genetic summary statistics for lipids (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C; triglycerides, TGs), IGF-I and breast cancer from GLGC/UKBB (N = 239,119), CHARGE/UKBB (N = 252,547), and Breast Cancer Association Consortium (N = 247,173), respectively. Cross-sectional observational and MR analyses were conducted to assess the bi-directional relationship between lipids and IGF-I in SHIP (N = 3,812) and UKBB (N = 422,389), and using genetic summary statistics from GLGC (N = 188,577) and CHARGE/UKBB (N = 469,872). RESULTS In multivariable MR (MVMR) analyses, the OR for breast cancer per 1-SD increase in HDL-C and TG was 1.08 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-1.13] and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.89-0.98), respectively. The OR for breast cancer per 1-SD increase in IGF-I was 1.09 (95% CI, 1.04-1.15). MR analyses suggested a bi-directional TG-IGF-I relationship (TG-IGF-I β per 1-SD: -0.13; 95% CI, -0.23 to -0.04; and IGF-I-TG β per 1-SD: -0.11; 95% CI, -0.18 to -0.05). There was little evidence for a causal relationship between HDL-C and LDL-C with IGF-I. In MVMR analyses, associations of TG or IGF-I with breast cancer were robust to adjustment for IGF-I or TG, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a causal role of HDL-C, TG, and IGF-I in breast cancer. Observational and MR analyses support an interplay between IGF-I and TG; however, MVMR estimates suggest that TG and IGF-I may act independently to influence breast cancer. IMPACT Our findings should be considered in the development of prevention strategies for breast cancer, where interventions are known to modify circulating lipids and IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Y Tan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline J Bull
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kalina M Biernacka
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Translational Health Sciences, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tom G Richardson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Sanderson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J Corbin
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Dudding
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claire M Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Translational Health Sciences, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Translational Health Sciences, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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14
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James R, Dimopoulou O, Martin RM, Perks CM, Kelly C, Mathias L, Brugger S, Higgins JPT, Lewis SJ. Could Reducing Body Fatness Reduce the Risk of Aggressive Prostate Cancer via the Insulin Signalling Pathway? A Systematic Review of the Mechanistic Pathway. Metabolites 2021; 11:726. [PMID: 34822385 PMCID: PMC8625823 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess body weight is thought to increase the risk of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa), although the biological mechanism is currently unclear. Body fatness is positively associated with a diminished cellular response to insulin and biomarkers of insulin signalling have been positively associated with PCa risk. We carried out a two-pronged systematic review of (a) the effect of reducing body fatness on insulin biomarker levels and (b) the effect of insulin biomarkers on PCa risk, to determine whether a reduction in body fatness could reduce PCa risk via effects on the insulin signalling pathway. We identified seven eligible randomised controlled trials of interventions designed to reduce body fatness which measured insulin biomarkers as an outcome, and six eligible prospective observational studies of insulin biomarkers and PCa risk. We found some evidence that a reduction in body fatness improved insulin sensitivity although our confidence in this evidence was low based on GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations). We were unable to reach any conclusions on the effect of insulin sensitivity on PCa risk from the few studies included in our systematic review. A reduction in body fatness may reduce PCa risk via insulin signalling, but more high-quality evidence is needed before any conclusions can be reached regarding PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel James
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
| | - Olympia Dimopoulou
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Richard M. Martin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK;
| | - Claire Kelly
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
| | - Louise Mathias
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
| | - Stefan Brugger
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
| | - Julian P. T. Higgins
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Sarah J. Lewis
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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15
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Gill E, Sandhu G, Ward DG, Perks CM, Bryan RT. The Sirenic Links between Diabetes, Obesity, and Bladder Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11150. [PMID: 34681810 PMCID: PMC8539374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable evidence of a positive association between the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity with bladder cancer (BCa), with the link between T2DM and obesity having already been established. There also appear to be potential associations between Pleckstrin homology domain containing S1 (PLEKHS1) and the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) axis. Seven literature searches were carried out to investigate the backgrounds of these potential links. PLEKHS1 is a candidate biomarker in BCa, with mutations that are easily detectable in urine and increased expression seemingly associated with worse disease states. PLEKHS1 has also been implicated as a potential mediator for the onset of T2DM in people with obesity. The substantial evidence of the involvement of IGF in BCa, the role of the IGF axis in obesity and T2DM, and the global prevalence of T2DM and obesity suggest there is scope for investigating the links between these components. Preliminary findings on the relationship between PLEKHS1 and the IGF axis signal possible associations with BCa progression. This indicates that PLEKHS1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of BCa that may be mediated by members of the IGF axis. Further detailed research is needed to establish the relationship between PLEKHS1 and the IGF axis in BCa and determine how these phenomena overlap with T2DM and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gill
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK;
| | - Gurimaan Sandhu
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.S.); (D.G.W.); (R.T.B.)
| | - Douglas G. Ward
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.S.); (D.G.W.); (R.T.B.)
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK;
| | - Richard T. Bryan
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.S.); (D.G.W.); (R.T.B.)
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16
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Harland A, Liu X, Ghirardello M, Galan MC, Perks CM, Kurian KM. Glioma Stem-Like Cells and Metabolism: Potential for Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743814. [PMID: 34532295 PMCID: PMC8438230 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) were first described as a population which may in part be resistant to traditional chemotherapeutic therapies and responsible for tumour regrowth. Knowledge of the underlying metabolic complexity governing GSC growth and function may point to potential differences between GSCs and the tumour bulk which could be harnessed clinically. There is an increasing interest in the direct/indirect targeting or reprogramming of GSC metabolism as a potential novel therapeutic approach in the adjuvant or recurrent setting to help overcome resistance which may be mediated by GSCs. In this review we will discuss stem-like models, interaction between metabolism and GSCs, and potential current and future strategies for overcoming GSC resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Harland
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Xia Liu
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mattia Ghirardello
- Galan Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M Carmen Galan
- Galan Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M Perks
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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17
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Lay AC, Hale LJ, Stowell-Connolly H, Pope RJP, Nair V, Ju W, Marquez E, Rollason R, Hurcombe JA, Hayes B, Roberts T, Gillam L, Allington J, Nelson RG, Kretzler M, Holly JMP, Perks CM, McArdle CA, Welsh GI, Coward RJM. IGFBP-1 expression is reduced in human type 2 diabetic glomeruli and modulates β1-integrin/FAK signalling in human podocytes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1690-1702. [PMID: 33758952 PMCID: PMC8187213 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Podocyte loss or injury is one of the earliest features observed in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure worldwide. Dysfunction in the IGF axis, including in IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), is associated with DKD, particularly in the early stages of disease progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential roles of IGFBPs in the development of type 2 DKD, focusing on podocytes. METHODS IGFBP expression was analysed in the Pima DKD cohort, alongside data from the Nephroseq database, and in ex vivo human glomeruli. Conditionally immortalised human podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells were studied in vitro, where IGFBP-1 expression was analysed using quantitative PCR and ELISAs. Cell responses to IGFBPs were investigated using migration, cell survival and adhesion assays; electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing; western blotting; and high-content automated imaging. RESULTS Data from the Pima DKD cohort and from the Nephroseq database demonstrated a significant reduction in glomerular IGFBP-1 in the early stages of human type 2 DKD. In the glomerulus, IGFBP-1 was predominantly expressed in podocytes and controlled by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) activity. In vitro, IGFBP-1 signalled to podocytes via β1-integrins, resulting in increased phosphorylation of focal-adhesion kinase (FAK), increasing podocyte motility, adhesion, electrical resistance across the adhesive cell layer and cell viability. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This work identifies a novel role for IGFBP-1 in the regulation of podocyte function and that the glomerular expression of IGFBP-1 is reduced in the early stages of type 2 DKD, via reduced FoxO1 activity. Thus, we hypothesise that strategies to maintain glomerular IGFBP-1 levels may be beneficial in maintaining podocyte function early in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Lay
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lorna J Hale
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Robert J P Pope
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Viji Nair
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wenjun Ju
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eva Marquez
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ruth Rollason
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jenny A Hurcombe
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bryony Hayes
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Timothy Roberts
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lawrence Gillam
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jonathan Allington
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert G Nelson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Craig A McArdle
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gavin I Welsh
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard J M Coward
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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18
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Uzor S, Porazinski SR, Li L, Clark B, Ajiro M, Iida K, Hagiwara M, Alqasem AA, Perks CM, Wilson ID, Oltean S, Ladomery MR. CDC2-like (CLK) protein kinase inhibition as a novel targeted therapeutic strategy in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7963. [PMID: 33846420 PMCID: PMC8041776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of alternative splicing is a feature of cancer, both in aetiology and progression. It occurs because of mutations in splice sites or sites that regulate splicing, or because of the altered expression and activity of splice factors and of splice factor kinases that regulate splice factor activity. Recently the CDC2-like kinases (CLKs) have attracted attention due to their increasing involvement in cancer. We measured the effect of the CLK inhibitor, the benzothiazole TG003, on two prostate cancer cell lines. TG003 reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in PC3 and DU145 cells. Conversely, the overexpression of CLK1 in PC3 cells prevented TG003 from reducing cell proliferation. TG003 slowed scratch closure and reduced cell migration and invasion in a transwell assay. TG003 decisively inhibited the growth of a PC3 cell line xenograft in nude mice. We performed a transcriptomic analysis of cells treated with TG003. We report widespread and consistent changes in alternative splicing of cancer-associated genes including CENPE, ESCO2, CKAP2, MELK, ASPH and CD164 in both HeLa and PC3 cells. Together these findings suggest that targeting CLKs will provide novel therapeutic opportunities in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Uzor
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 53, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Sean R Porazinski
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Bethany Clark
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Masahiko Ajiro
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Iida
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Abdullah A Alqasem
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Sebastian Oltean
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Michael R Ladomery
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
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19
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Kingshott G, Biernacka K, Sewell A, Gwiti P, Barker R, Zielinska H, Gilkes A, McCarthy K, Martin RM, Lane JA, McGeagh L, Koupparis A, Rowe E, Oxley J, Holly JMP, Perks CM. Alteration of Metabolic Conditions Impacts the Regulation of IGF-II/H19 Imprinting Status in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:825. [PMID: 33669311 PMCID: PMC7920081 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second major cause of male cancer deaths. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer risk are linked. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is involved in numerous cellular events, including proliferation and survival. The IGF-II gene shares its locus with the lncRNA, H19. IGF-II/H19 was the first gene to be identified as being "imprinted"-where the paternal copy is not transcribed-a silencing phenomenon lost in many cancer types. We disrupted imprinting behaviour in vitro by altering metabolic conditions and quantified it using RFLP, qPCR and pyrosequencing; changes to peptide were measured using RIA. Prostate tissue samples were analysed using ddPCR, pyrosequencing and IHC. We compared with in silico data, provided by TGCA on the cBIO Portal. We observed disruption of imprinting behaviour, in vitro, with a significant increase in IGF-II and a reciprocal decrease in H19 mRNA; the increased mRNA was not translated into peptides. In vivo, most specimens retained imprinting status apart from a small subset which showed reduced imprinting. A positive correlation was seen between IGF-II and H19 mRNA expression, which concurred with findings of larger Cancer Genome Atlas (TGCA) cohorts. This positive correlation did not affect IGF-II peptide. Our findings show that type 2 diabetes and/or obesity, can directly affect regulation growth factors involved in carcinogenesis, indirectly suggesting a modification of lifestyle habits may reduce cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Kingshott
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (K.B.); (R.B.); (H.Z.); (J.M.P.H.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Kalina Biernacka
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (K.B.); (R.B.); (H.Z.); (J.M.P.H.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Alex Sewell
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (A.S.); (P.G.); (J.O.)
| | - Paida Gwiti
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (A.S.); (P.G.); (J.O.)
- Department of Pathology, North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust, Peterborough PE3 9GZ, UK
| | - Rachel Barker
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (K.B.); (R.B.); (H.Z.); (J.M.P.H.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Hanna Zielinska
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (K.B.); (R.B.); (H.Z.); (J.M.P.H.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Amanda Gilkes
- Department of Haematology, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Kathryn McCarthy
- Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK;
| | - Richard M. Martin
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK;
- National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Biomedical Research Unit Offices, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - J. Athene Lane
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK;
| | - Lucy McGeagh
- Supportive Cancer Care Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Institute of Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Research, Oxford Brookes University, Jack Straws Lane, Marston, Oxford OX3 0FL, UK;
| | - Anthony Koupparis
- Department of Urology, Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (A.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Edward Rowe
- Department of Urology, Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (A.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Jon Oxley
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (A.S.); (P.G.); (J.O.)
| | - Jeff M. P. Holly
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (K.B.); (R.B.); (H.Z.); (J.M.P.H.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (K.B.); (R.B.); (H.Z.); (J.M.P.H.); (C.M.P.)
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Zielinska HA, Daly CS, Alghamdi A, Bahl A, Sohail M, White P, Dean SR, Holly JMP, Perks CM. Interaction between GRP78 and IGFBP-3 Affects Tumourigenesis and Prognosis in Breast Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3821. [PMID: 33352865 PMCID: PMC7767108 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) plays a key role in breast cancer progression and was recently shown to bind to the chaperone protein glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78); however, the clinical significance of this association remains poorly investigated. Here we report a direct correlation between the expression of GRP78 and IGFBP-3 in breast cancer cell lines and tumour sections. Kaplan-Meier survival plots revealed that patients with low GRP78 expression that are positive for IGFBP-3 had poorer survival rates than those with low IGFBP-3 levels, and we observed a similar trend in the publicly available METABRIC gene expression database. With breast cancer cells, in vitro IGFBP-3 enhanced induced apoptosis, however when GRP78 expression was silenced the actions of IGFBP-3 were switched from increasing to inhibiting ceramide (C2)-induced cell death and promoted cell invasion. Using immunofluorescence and cell surface biotinylation, we showed that knock-down of GRP78 negated the entry of IGFBP-3 into the cells. Together, our clinical and experimental results suggest that loss of GRP78 reduces IGFBP-3 entry into cells switching its actions to promote tumorigenesis and predicts a poor prognosis in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna A. Zielinska
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (H.A.Z.); (A.A.); (J.M.P.H.)
| | - Carl S. Daly
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the West England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (C.S.D.); (P.W.); (S.R.D.)
| | - Ahmad Alghamdi
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (H.A.Z.); (A.A.); (J.M.P.H.)
- Faculty of Applied medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amit Bahl
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK;
| | - Muhammed Sohail
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bristol University, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
| | - Paul White
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the West England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (C.S.D.); (P.W.); (S.R.D.)
| | - Sarah R. Dean
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the West England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (C.S.D.); (P.W.); (S.R.D.)
| | - Jeff M. P. Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (H.A.Z.); (A.A.); (J.M.P.H.)
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (H.A.Z.); (A.A.); (J.M.P.H.)
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Koobotse MO, Schmidt D, Holly JMP, Perks CM. Glucose Concentration in Cell Culture Medium Influences the BRCA1-Mediated Regulation of the Lipogenic Action of IGF-I in Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8674. [PMID: 33212987 PMCID: PMC7698585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia is a common metabolic alteration associated with breast cancer risk and progression. We have previously reported that BRCA1 restrains metabolic activity and proliferative response to IGF-I anabolic actions in breast cancer cells cultured in high glucose. Here, we evaluated the impact of normal physiological glucose on these tumour suppressive roles of BRCA1. Human breast cancer cells cultured in normal physiological and high glucose were treated with IGF-I (0-500 ng/mL). Cellular responses were evaluated using immunoblotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and cell viability assay. As we previously reported, IGF-I induced ACCA dephosphorylation by reducing the association between BRCA1 and phosphorylated ACCA in high glucose, and upregulated FASN abundance downstream of ACCA. However, these effects were not observed in normal glucose. Normal physiological glucose conditions completely blocked IGF-I-induced ACCA dephosphorylation and FASN upregulation. Co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that normal physiological glucose blocked ACCA dephosphorylation by increasing the association between BRCA1 and phosphorylated ACCA. Compared to high glucose, the proliferative response of breast cancer cells to IGF-I was reduced in normal glucose, whereas no difference was observed in normal mammary epithelial cells. Considering these results collectively, we conclude that normal physiological glucose promotes the novel function of BRCA1 as a metabolic restraint of IGF-I actions. These data suggest that maintaining normal glucose levels may improve BRCA1 function in breast cancer and slow down cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses O. Koobotse
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (M.O.K.); (D.S.); (J.M.P.H.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Allied Health Professions, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Plot 4775, Botswana
| | - Dayane Schmidt
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (M.O.K.); (D.S.); (J.M.P.H.)
| | - Jeff M. P. Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (M.O.K.); (D.S.); (J.M.P.H.)
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (M.O.K.); (D.S.); (J.M.P.H.)
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22
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Holly JMP, Biernacka K, Maskell N, Perks CM. Obesity, Diabetes and COVID-19: An Infectious Disease Spreading From the East Collides With the Consequences of an Unhealthy Western Lifestyle. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:582870. [PMID: 33042029 PMCID: PMC7527410 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.582870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has had a global impact not seen for an infectious disease for over a century. This acute pandemic has spread from the East and has been overlaid onto a slow pandemic of metabolic diseases of obesity and diabetes consequent from the increasing adoption of a Western-lifestyle characterized by excess calorie consumption with limited physical activity. It has become clear that these conditions predispose individuals to a more severe COVID-19 with increased morbidity and mortality. There are many features of diabetes and obesity that may accentuate the clinical response to SARS-CoV-2 infection: including an impaired immune response, an atherothrombotic state, accumulation of advanced glycation end products and a chronic inflammatory state. These could prime an exaggerated cytokine response to viral infection, predisposing to the cytokine storm that triggers progression to septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multi-organ failure. Infection leads to an inflammatory response and tissue damage resulting in increased metabolic activity and an associated increase in the mechanisms by which cells ingest and degrade tissue debris and foreign materials. It is becoming clear that viruses have acquired an ability to exploit these mechanisms to invade cells and facilitate their own life-cycle. In obesity and diabetes these mechanisms are chronically activated due to the deteriorating metabolic state and this may provide an increased opportunity for a more profound and sustained viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M. P. Holly
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Translational Health Science, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Holly JMP, Biernacka K, Perks CM. The role of insulin-like growth factors in the development of prostate cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2020; 15:237-250. [PMID: 32441162 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2020.1764844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preclinical, clinical, and population studies have provided robust evidence for an important role for the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in the development of prostate cancer. AREAS COVERED An overview of the IGF system is provided. The evidence implicating the IGF system in the development of prostate cancer is summarized. The compelling evidence culminated in a number of clinical trials of agents targeting the system; the reasons for the failure of these trials are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Clinical trials of agents targeting the IGF system in prostate cancer were terminated due to limited objective clinical responses and are unlikely to be resumed unless a convincing predictive biomarker is identified that would enable the selection of likely responders. The aging population and increased screening will lead to greater diagnosis of prostate cancer. Although the vast majority will be indolent disease, the epidemics of obesity and diabetes will increase the proportion that progress to clinical disease. The increased population of worried men will result in more trials aimed to reduce the risk of disease progression; actual clinical endpoints will be challenging and the IGFs remain the best intermediate biomarkers to indicate a response that could alter the course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M P Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Translational Health Science, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital , Bristol, UK
| | - Kalina Biernacka
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Translational Health Science, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital , Bristol, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Translational Health Science, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital , Bristol, UK
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Barker RM, Holly JMP, Biernacka KM, Allen-Birt SJ, Perks CM. Mini Review: Opposing Pathologies in Cancer and Alzheimer's Disease: Does the PI3K/Akt Pathway Provide Clues? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:403. [PMID: 32655497 PMCID: PMC7324530 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This minireview is a brief overview examining the roles of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and the PI3K/Akt pathway in two apparently unconnected diseases: Alzheimer's dementia and cancer. For both, increased age is a major risk factor, and, in accord with the global rise in average life expectancy, their prevalence is also increasing. Cancer, however, involves excessive cell proliferation and metastasis, whereas Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves cell death and tissue destruction. The apparent "inverse" nature of these disease states is examined here, but also some important commonalities in terms of the PI3K/Akt pathway, glucose utilization and cell deregulation/death. The focus here is on four key molecules associated with this pathway; notably, the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), cellular tumor antigen p53 (p53), peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1), all previously identified as potential therapeutic targets for both diseases. The insulin-resistant state, commonly reported in AD brain, results in neuronal glucose deprivation, due to a dampening down of the PI3K/Akt pathway, including overactivity of the mammalian target of rapamycin 1 (mTORC1) complex, hyperphosphorylation of p53 and neuronal death. This contrasts with cancer, where there is overstimulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and the suppression of mTORC1 and p53, enabling abundant energy and unrestrained cell proliferation. Although these disease states appear to be diametrically opposed, the same key molecules are controlling pathology and, with differential targeting of therapeutics, may yet provide a beneficial outcome for both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Barker
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff M. P. Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kalina M. Biernacka
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Shelley J. Allen-Birt
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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25
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Tang Z, Gillatt D, Rowe E, Koupparis A, Holly JM, Perks CM. IGFBP-2 acts as a tumour suppressor and plays a role in determining chemosensitivity in bladder cancer cells. Oncotarget 2019; 10:7043-7057. [PMID: 31903164 PMCID: PMC6925026 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are mixed reports on the role that IGFBP-2 plays in cancer progression, with some indicating a tumour suppressive role and others showing that IGFBP-2 may act as an oncogene. These apparent contradictions may be context and tissue specific. In this study we determined the role that IGFBP-2 played on the phenotype and chemosensitivity of a selection of bladder cancer cell lines and investigated how the abundance of IGFBP-2 was regulated. We found that IGFBP-2 was more abundant in the epithelial bladder cancer cells, RT4 and UMUC3 and absent in the more mesenchymal T24 and TCCSUP cells. Silencing IGFBP-2 using siRNA in epithelial RT4 cells promoted cell proliferation, invasion, colony formation, resulted in a reduction in epithelial (E-cadherin) and an increase in mesenchymal (N-cadherin) markers and increased sensitivity to cisplatin-induced cell death. Conversely, we observed the opposite effects when adding exogenous IGFBP-2 to the mesenchymal T24 cells. We determined that IGFBP-2 was epigenetically silenced via DNA methylation as the cells adopted a mesenchymal phenotype. Collectively these data suggest that IGFBP-2 acts as a tumour suppressor and marker of chemosensitivity in epithelial bladder cancer cells and that IGFBP-2 is epigenetically silenced by methylation to promote bladder cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tang
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5N, England
| | - David Gillatt
- Department of Surgery, Macquarie University Hospital, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Edward Rowe
- Department of Urology, Southmead Hospital and Bristol Urological Institute, Bristol BS10 5NB, England
| | - Anthony Koupparis
- Department of Urology, Southmead Hospital and Bristol Urological Institute, Bristol BS10 5NB, England
| | - Jeff M.P. Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5N, England
- Co-senior authors
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5N, England
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Hackshaw-McGeagh LE, Penfold C, Shingler E, Robles LA, Perks CM, Holly JMP, Rowe E, Koupparis A, Bahl A, Persad R, Shiridzinomwa C, Johnson L, Biernacka KM, Frankow A, Woodside JV, Gilchrist S, Oxley J, Abrams P, Lane JA, Martin RM. Phase II randomised control feasibility trial of a nutrition and physical activity intervention after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029480. [PMID: 31699723 PMCID: PMC6858112 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary factors and physical activity may alter prostate cancer progression. We explored the feasibility of lifestyle interventions following radical prostatectomy for localised prostate cancer. DESIGN Patients were recruited into a presurgical observational cohort; following radical prostatectomy, they were offered randomisation into a 2×3 factorial randomised controlled trial (RCT). SETTING A single National Health Service trust in the South West of England, UK. PARTICIPANTS Those with localised prostate cancer and listed for radical prostatectomy were invited to participate. RANDOMISATION Random allocation was performed by the Bristol Randomised Trial Collaboration via an online system. INTERVENTIONS Men were randomised into both a modified nutrition group (either increased vegetable and fruit, and reduced dairy milk; or lycopene supplementation; or control) and a physical activity group (brisk walking or control) for 6 months. BLINDING Only the trial statistician was blind to allocations. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes were measures of feasibility: randomisation rates and intervention adherence at 6 months. Collected at trial baseline, three and six months, with daily adherence reported throughout. Our intended adherence rate was 75% or above, the threshold for acceptable adherence was 90%. RESULTS 108 men entered the presurgical cohort, and 81 were randomised into the postsurgical RCT (randomisation rate: 93.1%) and 75 completed the trial. Of 25 men in the nutrition intervention, 10 (40.0%; 95% CI 23.4% to 59.3%) adhered to the fruit and vegetable recommendations and 18 (72.0%; 95% CI 52.4% to 85.7%) to reduced dairy intake. Adherence to lycopene (n=28), was 78.6% (95% CI 60.5% to 89.8%), while 21/39 adhered to the walking intervention (53.8%; 95% CI 38.6% to 68.4%). Most men were followed up at 6 months (75/81; 92.6%). Three 'possibly related' adverse events were indigestion, abdominal bloating and knee pain. CONCLUSIONS Interventions were deemed feasible, with high randomisation rates and generally good adherence. A definitive RCT is proposed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN 99048944.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy E Hackshaw-McGeagh
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (Nutrition Theme), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris Penfold
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (Surgical Innovation Theme), Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ellie Shingler
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (Nutrition Theme), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Luke A Robles
- Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Edward Rowe
- Bristol Urology Institute, Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Anthony Koupparis
- Bristol Urology Institute, Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Amit Bahl
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Raj Persad
- Bristol Urology Institute, Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Lyndsey Johnson
- Clinical Research Centre, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Kalina M Biernacka
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Aleksandra Frankow
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jayne V Woodside
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sarah Gilchrist
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Jon Oxley
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul Abrams
- Bristol Urology Institute, Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - J Athene Lane
- Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Holly JMP, Biernacka K, Perks CM. The Neglected Insulin: IGF-II, a Metabolic Regulator with Implications for Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101207. [PMID: 31590432 PMCID: PMC6829378 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When originally discovered, one of the initial observations was that, when all of the insulin peptide was depleted from serum, the vast majority of the insulin activity remained and this was due to a single additional peptide, IGF-II. The IGF-II gene is adjacent to the insulin gene, which is a result of gene duplication, but has evolved to be considerably more complicated. It was one of the first genes recognised to be imprinted and expressed in a parent-of-origin specific manner. The gene codes for IGF-II mRNA, but, in addition, also codes for antisense RNA, long non-coding RNA, and several micro RNA. Recent evidence suggests that each of these have important independent roles in metabolic regulation. It has also become clear that an alternatively spliced form of the insulin receptor may be the principle IGF-II receptor. These recent discoveries have important implications for metabolic disorders and also for cancer, for which there is renewed acknowledgement of the importance of metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M P Holly
- Department of Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Kalina Biernacka
- Department of Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- Department of Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
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28
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Holly JMP, Biernacka K, Perks CM. Systemic Metabolism, Its Regulators, and Cancer: Past Mistakes and Future Potential. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:65. [PMID: 30809194 PMCID: PMC6380210 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a resurgence of interest in cancer metabolism; primarily in the resetting of metabolism within malignant cells. Metabolism within cells has always been a tightly regulated process; initially in protozoans due to metabolic enzymes, and the intracellular signaling pathways that regulate these, being directly sensitive to the availability of nutrients. With the evolution of metazoans many of these controls had been overlaid by extra-cellular regulators that ensured coordinated regulation of metabolism within the community of cells that comprised the organism. Central to these systemic regulators is the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system that throughout evolution has integrated the control of tissue growth with metabolic status. Oncological interest in the main systemic metabolic regulators greatly subsided when pharmaceutical strategies designed to treat cancers failed in the clinic. During the same period, however the explosion of new information from genetics has revealed the complexity and heterogeneity of advanced cancers and helped explain the problems of managing cancer when it reaches such a stage. Evidence has also accumulated implying that the setting of the internal environment determines whether cancers progress to advanced disease and metabolic status is clearly an important component of this local ecology. We are in the midst of an epidemic of metabolic disorders and there is considerable research into strategies for controlling metabolism. Integrating these new streams of information suggests new possibilities for cancer prevention; both primary and secondary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M. P. Holly
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Translational Health Science, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
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29
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Alfares MN, Perks CM, Hamilton-Shield JP, Holly JMP. Insulin-like growth factor-II in adipocyte regulation: depot-specific actions suggest a potential role limiting excess visceral adiposity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1098-E1107. [PMID: 30040480 PMCID: PMC6336950 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00409.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The IGF system has an important role in growth and development. IGF-II is a recognized fetal growth promoter. However, its physiological postnatal role remains uncertain, although it is maintained in the circulation at a substantially high level throughout life. IGF-II has been strongly linked to obesity in genetic studies, and more recent evidence suggests a metabolic role. We examined fat depot differences in IGF-II's action on differentiation and metabolism. We speculate a specific effect on visceral adipocytes in relation to the differential distribution of insulin receptors between visceral and subcutaneous fat depots. We used a previously established adipocyte, cell culture system of matched pairs of visceral and subcutaneous fat biopsies from 20 normal weight children undergoing routine surgery for nonmalignant, nonseptic conditions. Preadipocytes were differentiated for 14 days in the presence or absence of IGF-II. Oil Red O staining, Western blotting, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction techniques were employed to assess levels of adipogenesis markers and levels of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor isoforms. Our data indicate that IGF-II promotes preadipocyte differentiation in subcutaneous preadipocytes but showed a protective, opposing effect restricting visceral preadipocyte differentiation, confirmed by reductions in the differentiation markers peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and adiponectin and in triglyceride staining. Additionally, IGF-II reduced mRNA expression of the insulin receptor in adipocytes and downregulated insulin receptor isoform A and glucose transporter 4 abundance and corresponding glucose uptake in visceral adipocytes. In conclusion, IGF-II is a regulator of preadipocyte differentiation and metabolism by acting as a differential modulator of fat accumulation favoring less visceral fat deposition in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiadah N Alfares
- Insulin-like Growth Factors and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - Claire M Perks
- Insulin-like Growth Factors and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital , Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - Julian P Hamilton-Shield
- Nutrition Theme, National Institute of Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol Medical School, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol , United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey M P Holly
- Insulin-like Growth Factors and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital , Bristol , United Kingdom
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Tan VY, Biernacka KM, Dudding T, Bonilla C, Gilbert R, Kaplan RC, Qibin Q, Teumer A, Martin RM, Perks CM, Timpson NJ, Holly JMP. Reassessing the Association between Circulating Vitamin D and IGFBP-3: Observational and Mendelian Randomization Estimates from Independent Sources. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27:1462-1471. [PMID: 30072546 PMCID: PMC6837868 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) has been associated with prostate cancer. Preclinical studies found that vitamin D regulates IGFBP-3 expression, although evidence from epidemiologic studies is conflicting. METHODS Mendelian randomization analyses (MR) were conducted to reassess associations between IGFBP-3 and prostate cancer risk and advanced prostate cancer using summary statistics from the PRACTICAL consortium (44,825 cases; 27,904 controls). Observational and MR analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between inactive vitamin D [25(OH)D] and IGFBP-3 using data from the ProtecT study (1,366 cases;1,071 controls) and summary statistics from the CHARGE consortium (n = 18,995). RESULTS The OR for prostate cancer per SD unit increase in circulating IGFBP-3 was 1.14 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.28]. The OR for advanced prostate cancer per SD unit increase in IGFBP-3 was 1.22 (95% CI, 1.07-1.40). Observationally, a SD increase in 25(OH)D was associated with a 0.1SD (95% CI, 0.05-0.14) increase in IGFBP-3. MR analyses found little evidence for a causal relationship between circulating 25(OH)D and IGFBP-3 in the circulation. CONCLUSIONS This study provided confirmatory evidence that IGFBP-3 is a risk factor for prostate cancer risk and progression. Observationally, there was evidence that 25(OH)D is associated with IGFBP-3, but MR analyses suggested that these findings were unlikely to be causal. Findings may be limited by the nature of instrumentation of 25(OH)D and IGFBP-3 and the utility of circulating measures. 25(OH)D appears unlikely to be causally related to IGFBP-3 in the circulation, however, our findings do not preclude causal associations at the tissue level. IMPACT IGFBP-3 is a prostate cancer risk factor but 25(OH)D are unlikely to be causally related to IGFBP-3 in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Y Tan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kalina M Biernacka
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Translational Health Sciences, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Dudding
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Bonilla
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Gilbert
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Qi Qibin
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Richard M Martin
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Translational Health Sciences, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Zielinska HA, Holly JMP, Bahl A, Perks CM. Inhibition of FASN and ERα signalling during hyperglycaemia-induced matrix-specific EMT promotes breast cancer cell invasion via a caveolin-1-dependent mechanism. Cancer Lett 2018; 419:187-202. [PMID: 29331414 PMCID: PMC5832758 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since disturbed metabolic conditions such as obesity and diabetes can be critical determinants of breast cancer progression and therapeutic failure, we aimed to determine the mechanism responsible for their pro-oncogenic effects. Using non-invasive, epithelial-like ERα-positive MCF-7 and T47D human breast cancer cells we found that hyperglycaemia induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key programme responsible for the development of metastatic disease. This was demonstrated by loss of the epithelial marker E-cadherin together with increases in mesenchymal markers such as vimentin, fibronectin and the transcription factor SLUG, together with an enhancement of cell growth and invasion. These phenotypic changes were only observed with cells grown on fibronectin and not with those plated on collagen. Analyzing metabolic parameters, we found that hyperglycaemia-induced, matrix-specific EMT promoted the Warburg effect by upregulating glucose uptake, lactate release and specific glycolytic enzymes and transporters. We showed that silencing of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and the downstream ERα, which we showed previously to mediate hyperglycaemia-induced chemoresistance in these cells, resulted in suppression of cell growth: however, this also resulted in a dramatic enhancement of cell invasion and SLUG mRNA levels via a novel caveolin-1-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Zielinska
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - J M P Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - A Bahl
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C M Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
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Holly JMP, Broadhurst J, Mansor R, Bahl A, Perks CM. Hyperglycemia Promotes TMPRSS2-ERG Gene Fusion in Prostate Cancer Cells via Upregulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-2. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:305. [PMID: 29163372 PMCID: PMC5681733 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic evidence shows that obesity is associated with a greater risk of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) and PCa-specific mortality and this is observed mainly in men with the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion. Obesity is often associated with comorbid conditions such as type 2 diabetes and hyperglycemia: we investigated whether some of the exposures associated with disturbed metabolism can also affect the frequency of this gene fusion. METHODS Fusion was induced in LNCaP PCa cells in normal or high levels of glucose, with or without insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) silenced or the presence of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), insulin, or epidermal growth factor (EGF). RNA was extracted for analysis by nested PCR. Abundance of IGFBP-2, γH2AX, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNAPKcs), and β-actin were analyzed by Western immunoblotting. RESULTS Our data suggest that hyperglycemia-induced IGFBP-2 increased the frequency of the gene fusion that was accompanied by decreased levels of DNAPKcs implying that they were mediated by alterations in the rate of repair of double-strand breaks. In contrast insulin, IGF-I and EGF all decreased gene fusion events. CONCLUSION These novel observations may represent a further mechanism by which obesity can exert an effect aggravating PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M. P. Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Broadhurst
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rehanna Mansor
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Bahl
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Lewis SJ, Gardner M, Higgins J, Holly JMP, Gaunt TR, Perks CM, Turner SD, Rinaldi S, Thomas S, Harrison S, Lennon RJ, Tan V, Borwick C, Emmett P, Jeffreys M, Northstone K, Mitrou G, Wiseman M, Thompson R, Martin RM. Developing the WCRF International/University of Bristol Methodology for Identifying and Carrying Out Systematic Reviews of Mechanisms of Exposure-Cancer Associations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:1667-1675. [PMID: 28978562 PMCID: PMC6029666 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human, animal, and cell experimental studies; human biomarker studies; and genetic studies complement epidemiologic findings and can offer insights into biological plausibility and pathways between exposure and disease, but methods for synthesizing such studies are lacking. We, therefore, developed a methodology for identifying mechanisms and carrying out systematic reviews of mechanistic studies that underpin exposure-cancer associations.Methods: A multidisciplinary team with expertise in informatics, statistics, epidemiology, systematic reviews, cancer biology, and nutrition was assembled. Five 1-day workshops were held to brainstorm ideas; in the intervening periods we carried out searches and applied our methods to a case study to test our ideas.Results: We have developed a two-stage framework, the first stage of which is designed to identify mechanisms underpinning a specific exposure-disease relationship; the second stage is a targeted systematic review of studies on a specific mechanism. As part of the methodology, we also developed an online tool for text mining for mechanism prioritization (TeMMPo) and a new graph for displaying related but heterogeneous data from epidemiologic studies (the Albatross plot).Conclusions: We have developed novel tools for identifying mechanisms and carrying out systematic reviews of mechanistic studies of exposure-disease relationships. In doing so, we have outlined how we have overcome the challenges that we faced and provided researchers with practical guides for conducting mechanistic systematic reviews.Impact: The aforementioned methodology and tools will allow potential mechanisms to be identified and the strength of the evidence underlying a particular mechanism to be assessed. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(11); 1667-75. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Lewis
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Gardner
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Higgins
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Learning and Research Building, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Learning and Research Building, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Rinaldi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Steve Thomas
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Harrison
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie J Lennon
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Tan
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Cath Borwick
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline Emmett
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mona Jeffreys
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Giota Mitrou
- WCRF International, London, United Kingdom, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Wiseman
- WCRF International, London, United Kingdom, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Thompson
- WCRF International, London, United Kingdom, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Martin
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Zielinska HA, Bahl A, Holly JMP, Perks CM. Abstract P6-02-09: Hyperglycaemia and fibronectin: The criminal partnership during breast cancer progression. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-p6-02-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This abstract was withdrawn by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- HA Zielinska
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - A Bahl
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - JMP Holly
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - CM Perks
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Biernacka KM, Persad RA, Bahl A, Gillatt D, Holly JMP, Perks CM. Hyperglycaemia-induced resistance to Docetaxel is negated by metformin: a role for IGFBP-2. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:17-30. [PMID: 27754854 PMCID: PMC5118949 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of many common cancers varies between different populations and appears to be affected by a Western lifestyle. Highly proliferative malignant cells require sufficient levels of nutrients for their anabolic activity. Therefore, targeting genes and pathways involved in metabolic pathways could yield future therapeutics. A common pathway implicated in energetic and nutritional requirements of a cell is the LKB1/AMPK pathway. Metformin is a widely studied anti-diabetic drug, which improves glycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes by targeting this pathway. We investigated the effect of metformin on prostate cancer cell lines and evaluated its mechanism of action using DU145, LNCaP, PC3 and VCaP prostate cancer cell lines. Trypan blue dye-exclusion assay was used to assess levels of cell death. Western immunoblotting was used to determine the abundance of proteins. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) and AMPK genes were silenced using siRNA. Effects on cell morphology were visualised using microscopy. IGFBP-2 gene expression was assessed using real-time RT-PCR. With DU145 and LNCaP cells metformin alone induced cell death, but this was reduced in hyperglycaemic conditions. Hyperglycaemia also reduced the sensitivity to Docetaxel, but this was countered by co-treatment with metformin. LKB1 was required for the activation of AMPK but was not essential to mediate the induction of cell death. An alternative pathway by which metformin exerted its action was through downregulation of IGFBP-2 in DU145 and LNCaP cells, independently of AMPK. This finding could have important implications in relation to therapeutic strategies in prostate cancer patients presenting with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Biernacka
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology GroupSchool of Clinical Sciences, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - R A Persad
- Department of UrologySouthmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - A Bahl
- Department of Clinical OncologyBristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D Gillatt
- Department of UrologySouthmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - J M P Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology GroupSchool of Clinical Sciences, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - C M Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology GroupSchool of Clinical Sciences, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Perks CM, Zielinska HA, Wang J, Jarrett C, Frankow A, Ladomery MR, Bahl A, Rhodes A, Oxley J, Holly JMP. Insulin Receptor Isoform Variations in Prostate Cancer Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:132. [PMID: 27733843 PMCID: PMC5039983 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Men who develop prostate cancer (PCa) increasingly have one of the co-morbidities associated with a Western lifestyle that are characterized by hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and increased expression of insulin-like growth factors-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II. Each have been associated with poor prognosis and more aggressive cancers that exhibit increased metabolism and increased glucose uptake. The insulin receptor (IR) has two splice isoforms IR-A and IR-B: IR-A has a higher affinity for IGF-II comparable to that for insulin, whereas the IR-B isoform predominantly just binds to insulin. In this study, we assessed alterations in the IR-A and IR-B isoform ratio and associated changes in cell proliferation and migration of PCa cell lines following exposure to altered concentrations of glucose and treatment with IGF-II and insulin. We observed that where IR-B predominated insulin had a greater effect on migration than IGF-II and IGF-II was more effective when IR-A was the main isoform. With regard to proliferation IGF-II was more effective than insulin regardless of which isoform was dominant. We assessed the abundance of the IR isoforms both in vivo and in vitro and observed that the majority of the tissue samples and cell lines expressed more IR-A than IR-B. Alterations in the isoforms in response to changes in their hormonal milieu could have a profound impact on how malignant cells behave and play a role in promoting carcinogenesis. A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying changes in alternative splicing of the IR may provide additional targets for future cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Perks
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - H. A. Zielinska
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jing Wang
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline Jarrett
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A. Frankow
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael R. Ladomery
- Department of Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Amit Bahl
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anthony Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jon Oxley
- Department of Cellular Histopathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeff M. P. Holly
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Bull CJ, Bonilla C, Holly JMP, Perks CM, Davies N, Haycock P, Yu OHY, Richards JB, Eeles R, Easton D, Kote‐Jarai Z, Amin Al Olama A, Benlloch S, Muir K, Giles GG, MacInnis RJ, Wiklund F, Gronberg H, Haiman CA, Schleutker J, Nordestgaard BG, Travis RC, Neal D, Pashayan N, Khaw K, Stanford JL, Blot WJ, Thibodeau S, Maier C, Kibel AS, Cybulski C, Cannon‐Albright L, Brenner H, Park J, Kaneva R, Batra J, Teixeira MR, Micheal A, Pandha H, Smith GD, Lewis SJ, Martin RM. Blood lipids and prostate cancer: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Cancer Med 2016; 5:1125-36. [PMID: 26992435 PMCID: PMC4924371 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk scores were used as unconfounded instruments for specific lipid traits (Mendelian randomization) to assess whether circulating lipids causally influence prostate cancer risk. Data from 22,249 prostate cancer cases and 22,133 controls from 22 studies within the international PRACTICAL consortium were analyzed. Allele scores based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously reported to be uniquely associated with each of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride (TG) levels, were first validated in an independent dataset, and then entered into logistic regression models to estimate the presence (and direction) of any causal effect of each lipid trait on prostate cancer risk. There was weak evidence for an association between the LDL genetic score and cancer grade: the odds ratio (OR) per genetically instrumented standard deviation (SD) in LDL, comparing high- (≥7 Gleason score) versus low-grade (<7 Gleason score) cancers was 1.50 (95% CI: 0.92, 2.46; P = 0.11). A genetically instrumented SD increase in TGs was weakly associated with stage: the OR for advanced versus localized cancer per unit increase in genetic risk score was 1.68 (95% CI: 0.95, 3.00; P = 0.08). The rs12916-T variant in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) was inversely associated with prostate cancer (OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.00; P = 0.03). In conclusion, circulating lipids, instrumented by our genetic risk scores, did not appear to alter prostate cancer risk. We found weak evidence that higher LDL and TG levels increase aggressive prostate cancer risk, and that a variant in HMGCR (that mimics the LDL lowering effect of statin drugs) reduces risk. However, inferences are limited by sample size and evidence of pleiotropy.
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Hackshaw-McGeagh L, Lane JA, Persad R, Gillatt D, Holly JMP, Koupparis A, Rowe E, Johnston L, Cloete J, Shiridzinomwa C, Abrams P, Penfold CM, Bahl A, Oxley J, Perks CM, Martin R. Prostate cancer - evidence of exercise and nutrition trial (PrEvENT): study protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial. Trials 2016; 17:123. [PMID: 26948468 PMCID: PMC4780152 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing body of observational evidence suggests that nutritional and physical activity interventions are associated with beneficial outcomes for men with prostate cancer, including brisk walking, lycopene intake, increased fruit and vegetable intake and reduced dairy consumption. However, randomised controlled trial data are limited. The ‘Prostate Cancer: Evidence of Exercise and Nutrition Trial’ investigates the feasibility of recruiting and randomising men diagnosed with localised prostate cancer and eligible for radical prostatectomy to interventions that modify nutrition and physical activity. The primary outcomes are randomisation rates and adherence to the interventions at 6 months following randomisation. The secondary outcomes are intervention tolerability, trial retention, change in prostate specific antigen level, change in diet, change in general physical activity levels, insulin-like growth factor levels, and a range of related outcomes, including quality of life measures. Methods/design The trial is factorial, randomising men to both a physical activity (brisk walking or control) and nutritional (lycopene supplementation or increased fruit and vegetables with reduced dairy consumption or control) intervention. The trial has two phases: men are enrolled into a cohort study prior to radical prostatectomy, and then consented after radical prostatectomy into a randomised controlled trial. Data are collected at four time points (cohort baseline, true trial baseline and 3 and 6 months post-randomisation). Discussion The Prostate Cancer: Evidence of Exercise and Nutrition Trial aims to determine whether men with localised prostate cancer who are scheduled for radical prostatectomy can be recruited into a cohort and subsequently randomised to a 6-month nutrition and physical activity intervention trial. If successful, this feasibility trial will inform a larger trial to investigate whether this population will gain clinical benefit from long-term nutritional and physical activity interventions post-surgery. Prostate Cancer: Evidence of Exercise and Nutrition Trial (PrEvENT) is registered on the ISRCTN registry, ref number ISRCTN99048944. Date of registration 17 November 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Hackshaw-McGeagh
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8AE, UK. .,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
| | - J Athene Lane
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8AE, UK. .,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
| | - Raj Persad
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - David Gillatt
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Anthony Koupparis
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Edward Rowe
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Lyndsey Johnston
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Jenny Cloete
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Constance Shiridzinomwa
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Paul Abrams
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Chris M Penfold
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8AE, UK.
| | - Amit Bahl
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK. .,University Hospital Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol, BS2 8ED, UK.
| | - Jon Oxley
- Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, Avon, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Claire M Perks
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Way, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Richard Martin
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8AE, UK. .,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
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Zeng L, Zielinska HA, Arshad A, Shield JP, Bahl A, Holly JMP, Perks CM. Hyperglycaemia-induced chemoresistance in breast cancer cells: role of the estrogen receptor. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:125-34. [PMID: 26647383 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer patients with diabetes respond less well to chemotherapy; in keeping with this we determined previously that hyperglycaemia-induced chemoresistance in estrogen receptor (ERα) positive breast cancer cells and showed that this was mediated by fatty acid synthase (FASN). More recent evidence suggests that the effect of metabolic syndrome and diabetes is not the same for all subtypes of breast cancer with inferior disease-free survival and worse overall survival only found in women with ERα positive breast cancer and not for other subtypes. Here we examined the impact of hyperglycaemia on ERα negative breast cancer cells and further investigated the mechanism underlying chemoresistance in ERα with a view to identifying strategies to alleviate hyperglycaemia-induced chemoresistance. We found that hyperglycaemia-induced chemoresistance was only observed in ERα breast cancer cells and was dependent upon the expression of ERα as chemoresistance was negated when the ERα was silenced. Hyperglycaemia-induced an increase in activation and nuclear localisation of the ERα that was downstream of FASN and dependent on the activation of MAPK. We found that fulvestrant successfully negated the hyperglycaemia-induced chemoresistance, whereas tamoxifen had no effect. In summary our data suggests that the ERα may be a predictive marker of poor response to chemotherapy in breast cancer patients with diabetes. It further indicates that anti-estrogens could be an effective adjuvant to chemotherapy in such patients and indicates the importance for the personalised management of breast cancer patients with diabetes highlighting the need for clinical trials of tailored chemotherapy for diabetic patients diagnosed with ERα positive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zeng
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology GroupSchool of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 1TD, UKDepartment of Clinical OncologyBristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - H A Zielinska
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology GroupSchool of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 1TD, UKDepartment of Clinical OncologyBristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A Arshad
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology GroupSchool of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 1TD, UKDepartment of Clinical OncologyBristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J P Shield
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology GroupSchool of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 1TD, UKDepartment of Clinical OncologyBristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A Bahl
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology GroupSchool of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 1TD, UKDepartment of Clinical OncologyBristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J M P Holly
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology GroupSchool of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 1TD, UKDepartment of Clinical OncologyBristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C M Perks
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology GroupSchool of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 1TD, UKDepartment of Clinical OncologyBristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Zeng L, Perks CM, Holly JMP. IGFBP-2/PTEN: A critical interaction for tumours and for general physiology? Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:103-107. [PMID: 25683897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
IGFBP-2 is an important modulator of IGF availability and activity. It is the second most abundant of the IGFBPs in the circulation and its levels are increased in a variety of tumours and associated with progression and poor prognosis. PTEN is a phosphatase that returns the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to its inactivated state and is therefore a critical modulator of one of the main intracellular signalling pathways activated by the IGFs. Recent evidence has indicated that IGFBP-2 regulates PTEN in a variety of normal and malignant cell types. This review summarises the recent evidence that these extracellular and intracellular modulators are linked to provide a synchronous system for cell regulation with coordinated control of both the 'accelerator' and the 'brake'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 1TD, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 1TD, UK.
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 1TD, UK
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Perks CM, Holly JM. Epigenetic regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:159-66. [PMID: 25920743 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that are independent of alterations in DNA sequence. It is now accepted that disruption of epigenetic mechanisms plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cancer: culminating in altered gene function and malignant cellular transformation. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the most widely studied changes but non-coding RNAs such as miRNAs are also considered part of the epigenetic machinery. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is composed of two ligands, IGF-I and -II, their receptors and six high affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). The IGF axis plays a key role in cancer development and progression. As IGFBP genes have consistently been identified among the most common to be aberrantly altered in tumours, this review will focus on epigenetic regulation of IGFBP-3 in cancer for which the majority of evidence has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Perks
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK,
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Zielinska HA, Bahl A, Holly JM, Perks CM. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer: a role for insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3? Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press) 2015; 7:9-19. [PMID: 25632238 PMCID: PMC4304531 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s43932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that for most human cancers the problem is not that gene mutations occur but is more dependent upon how the body deals with damaged cells. It has been estimated that only about 1% of human cancers can be accounted for by unmistakable hereditary cancer syndromes, only up to 5% can be accounted for due to high-penetrance, single-gene mutations, and in total only 5%-15% of all cancers may have a major genetic component. The predominant contribution to the causation of most sporadic cancers is considered to be environmental factors contributing between 58% and 82% toward different cancers. A nutritionally poor lifestyle is associated with increased risk of many cancers, including those of the breast. As nutrition, energy balance, macronutrient composition of the diet, and physical activity levels are major determinants of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) bioactivity, it has been proposed that, at least in part, these increases in cancer risk and progression may be mediated by alterations in the IGF axis, related to nutritional lifestyle. Localized breast cancer is a manageable disease, and death from breast cancer predominantly occurs due to the development of metastatic disease as treatment becomes more complicated with poorer outcomes. In recent years, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition has emerged as an important contributor to breast cancer progression and malignant transformation resulting in tumor cells with increased potential for migration and invasion. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests a strong link between components of the IGF pathway, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and breast cancer mortality. Here, we highlight some recent studies highlighting the relationship between IGFs, IGF-binding protein 3, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna A Zielinska
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Amit Bahl
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeff Mp Holly
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Rosendahl AH, Perks CM, Markkula A, Simonsson M, Rose CC, Ingvar C, Holly JM, Jernström H. Abstract 4685: Caffeine and caffeic acid inhibit growth and modify estrogen receptor (ER)-α and insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) levels in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER)-α is critically involved in breast cancer development, progression and disease management. Emerging evidence indicate that epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms may be a frequent cause for loss of ERα during tumor progression, which in turn may be modifiable by dietary and lifestyle factors. In line with epidemiological reports on chemopreventive effects by coffee on breast cancer risk and prognosis, we assessed the influence of coffee consumption on tumor characteristics in an extended cohort of 1090 patients with invasive primary breast cancer in southern Sweden, aged 24-99 years, with preoperatively reported daily coffee consumption. Moderate (2-4 cups/day) to high (5+ cups/day) daily coffee intake were associated with significantly smaller invasive primary tumor sizes (Ptrend = 0.013), while concomitantly lower frequency of ER+ tumors (Ptrend = 0.018), compared to women with low coffee consumption (≤1 cup/day). To establish how coffee intake may alter molecular mechanisms with impact on breast cancer growth in relation to ER status, we extended our clinical observations to in vitro models of ER+ (MCF-7) and ER- (MDA-MB-231) human breast cancer cells. Exposure to the coffee constituents caffeine and caffeic acid significantly suppressed the proliferation of both ER+ (by 59% and 38%, respectively) and ER- (by 47% and 28%, respectively) human breast cancer cells. In line with the clinical observations, the ER+ breast cancer cells appeared more sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects by the coffee constituents compared to ER- cells. The antiproliferative actions were associated with altered ER levels. We found that caffeine destabilized ERα and reduced ERα abundance in ER+ cells, while caffeine and caffeic acid enabled re-expression of ERα in ER- cells, both resulting in growth inhibition. In addition, caffeine reduced the levels of the mitogenic insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF-IR) in both ER+ and ER- breast cancer cells. Together the effects by caffeine and caffeic acid on ER and IGF-IR abundance with impact on downstream effectors, resulted in impaired G1 to S transition with incapacity to complete the cell cycle and enhanced cell death. In summary, this study demonstrate multiple anticancer properties of caffeine and caffeic acid against both ERα-positive and ERα-negative breast cancer in vitro that may sensitize tumor cells to current endocrine therapies. Together these experimental and clinical findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the functional and mechanistic effects of these dietary factors that can modify cancer progression.
Citation Format: Ann H. Rosendahl, Claire M. Perks, Andrea Markkula, Maria Simonsson, Carsten C. Rose, Christian Ingvar, Jeff MP Holly, Helena Jernström. Caffeine and caffeic acid inhibit growth and modify estrogen receptor (ER)-α and insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) levels in human breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4685. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4685
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann H. Rosendahl
- 1Division of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University Cancer Center/Kamprad, Lund, Sweden
| | - Claire M. Perks
- 2IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Markkula
- 3Division of Oncology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University Cancer Center/Kamprad, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Simonsson
- 3Division of Oncology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University Cancer Center/Kamprad, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carsten C. Rose
- 4CREATE Health and Dept of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Ingvar
- 5Division of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jeff M. Holly
- 2IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Jernström
- 3Division of Oncology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University Cancer Center/Kamprad, Lund, Sweden
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Dean SJR, Perks CM, Holly JMP, Bhoo-Pathy N, Looi LM, Mohammed NAT, Mun KS, Teo SH, Koobotse MO, Yip CH, Rhodes A. Loss of PTEN expression is associated with IGFBP2 expression, younger age, and late stage in triple-negative breast cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 141:323-33. [PMID: 24515759 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpr11deayptusl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between PTEN loss and IGFBP2 expression in a series of triple-negative breast cancers and to relate this expression to basal cytokeratin expression and clinicopathologic features. METHODS One hundred and one formalin-fixed and paraffin-processed triple-negative breast cancer cases from the University of Malaya Medical Centre were tested immunohistochemically for cytokeratins 5/6 and 14, PTEN, and IGFBP2. The resulting slides were scored for proportion and intensity of staining. RESULTS Loss of tumor nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for PTEN occurred in 48.3% of cases and was significantly associated with younger age at diagnosis (47 years compared with 57 years in those without PTEN loss; P = .005). Independent predictors of PTEN loss were late stage at presentation (P = .026), cytokeratin 5/6 positivity (P = .028), and IGFBP2 expression (P = .042). High levels of IGFBP2 expression were seen in 32% of cases; an independent predictor of high levels was cytokeratin 14 negativity (P = .005). PTEN loss and high levels of IGFBP2 expression were associated with poorer survival, but neither of these trends was significant. CONCLUSIONS PTEN loss is a frequent event in triple-negative breast cancers and is significantly associated with younger age at onset of breast cancer, late stage, and IGFBP2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. R. Dean
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, England
| | - Claire M. Perks
- School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Jeff M. P. Holly
- School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Nirmala Bhoo-Pathy
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- National Clinical Research Centre, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lai-Meng Looi
- Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Kein-Seong Mun
- Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Departments of Surgery, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Moses O. Koobotse
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, England
| | - Cheng-Har Yip
- Departments of Surgery, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anthony Rhodes
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, England
- Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zeng L, Holly JMP, Perks CM. Effects of physiological levels of the green tea extract epigallocatechin-3-gallate on breast cancer cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:61. [PMID: 24847310 PMCID: PMC4019852 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological concentrations of the green tea extract epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) caused growth inhibition in estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive MCF7 cells that was associated with down-regulation of the ERα and reduced insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 abundance and increased protein abundance of the tumor suppressor genes p53/p21. In contrast to MCF7 cells that have wt p53, EGCG alone did not change cell proliferation or death significantly in another ERα-positive cell line T47D that possesses mutant p53. EGCG increased ERα protein levels and as a consequence, the cells responded significantly better to an ERα antagonist tamoxifen (TAM) in the presence of EGCG. EGCG significantly increased cell death in an ERα-negative cell line, MDA-MB-231 that also possesses mutant p53. EGCG significantly increased the ERα and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor levels and thereby enhanced the sensitivities of the cells to TAM and a blocking antibody targeting the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (αIR3). In contrast to MCF7, T47D and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells that exhibited significant changes in key molecules involved in breast growth and survival upon treatment with physiological levels of EGCG, the growth, survival, and levels of these proteins in non-malignant breast epithelial cells, MCF10A cells, were not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeff M. P. Holly
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- *Correspondence: Claire M. Perks, IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, 2nd Floor, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK e-mail:
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Abstract
The age-related epithelial cancers of the breast, colorectum and prostate are the most prevalent and are increasing in our aging populations. Epithelial cells turnover rapidly and mutations naturally accumulate throughout life. Most epithelial cancers arise from this normal mutation rate. All elderly individuals will harbour many cells with the requisite mutations and most will develop occult neoplastic lesions. Although essential for initiation, these mutations are not sufficient for the progression of cancer to a life-threatening disease. This progression appears to be dependent on context: the tissue ecosystem within individuals and lifestyle exposures across populations of individuals. Together, this implies that the seeds may be plentiful but they only germinate in the right soil. The incidence of these cancers is much lower in Eastern countries but is increasing with Westernisation and increases more acutely in migrants to the West. A Western lifestyle is strongly associated with perturbed metabolism, as evidenced by the epidemics of obesity and diabetes: this may also provide the setting enabling the progression of epithelial cancers. Epidemiology has indicated that metabolic biomarkers are prospectively associated with cancer incidence and prognosis. Furthermore, within cancer research, there has been a rediscovery that a switch in cell metabolism is critical for cancer progression but this is set within the metabolic status of the host. The seed may only germinate if the soil is fertile. This perspective brings together the different avenues of investigation implicating the role that metabolism may play within the context of post-genomic concepts of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M P Holly
- School of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK,
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Biernacka KM, Uzoh CC, Zeng L, Persad RA, Bahl A, Gillatt D, Perks CM, Holly JMP. Hyperglycaemia-induced chemoresistance of prostate cancer cells due to IGFBP2. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:741-51. [PMID: 23959956 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Clinically relevant prostate cancer (PCa) is more frequent in Westernised societies and increasingly men have co-morbidities associated with a Western lifestyle, primarily diabetes, characterised by hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia. IGFs and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) are important mediators of the effects of nutrition on growth and play a key role in the development of PCa. We used DU145, PC3 and LNCaP PCa cell lines to examine how hyperglycaemia altered their response to docetaxel. Trypan Blue dye-exclusion assay was used to determine the percentage of cell death. Protein abundance was determined using western immunoblotting. Levels of IGFBP2 were measured using an ELISA. IGFBP2 gene silencing was achieved using siRNA technology. DNA methylation was assessed using combined bisulphide restriction analysis. Acetylation status of histones H3 and H4 associated with IGFBP2 gene was assessed using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Hyperglycaemia reduced docetaxel-induced apoptosis by 40% for DU145 cells and by 88% for LNCaP cells. This reduced cell death was mediated by a glucose-induced up-regulation of IGFBP2, as silencing IGFBP2 negated the survival effect of high glucose. Glucose increased IGFBP2 via increasing the acetylation of histones associated with the IGFBP2 gene promoter. This finding could have important implications in relation to therapeutic strategies as epigenetic modulation could be reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Biernacka
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences at North Bristol, Southmead Hospital, UK
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Foulstone EJ, Zeng L, Perks CM, Holly JMP. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) promotes growth and survival of breast epithelial cells: novel regulation of the estrogen receptor. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1780-93. [PMID: 23515291 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In breast tumors IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) is elevated, and the presence of IGFBP-2 has been shown to correlate with malignancy. However, how IGFBP-2 contributes to the malignant state is still unclear. Silencing IGFBP-2 blocked cell proliferation and in MCF-7 cells increased cell death, indicating that IGFBP-2 was acting in both a mitogenic and a survival capacity. Exogenous IGFBP-2 acting via integrin receptors to reduce phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) levels protected these cells against death induced by various chemotherapeutic agents. This was dependent on a functional estrogen receptor (ER)-α because silencing ER-α blocked the ability of IGFBP-2 to confer cell survival. Loss of IGFBP-2 increased levels of PTEN and improved chemosensitivity of the cells, confirming its role as a survival factor. Silencing IGFBP-2 had no effect on the response to IGF-II, but responses to estrogen and tamoxifen were no longer observed due to loss of ER-α, which could be prevented by the inhibition of PTEN. Conversely, exogenous IGFBP-2 increased ER-α mRNA and protein in both normal and cancer cells via its interaction with integrin receptors. These actions of IGFBP-2 on ER-α involved the IGF-I receptor and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the cancer cells but were independent of this in normal breast cells. The production of IGFBP-2 by breast cancer cells enhances their proliferative potential, increases their survival, and protects them against chemotherapy-induced death. IGFBP-2 not only modulates IGFs and directly regulates PTEN but also has a role in maintaining ER-α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Foulstone
- IGF and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 1TD, United Kingdom
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Hale LJ, Welsh GI, Perks CM, Hurcombe JA, Moore S, Hers I, Saleem MA, Mathieson PW, Murphy AJ, Jeansson M, Holly JM, Hardouin SN, Coward RJ. Insulin-like growth factor-II is produced by, signals to and is an important survival factor for the mature podocyte in man and mouse. J Pathol 2013; 230:95-106. [PMID: 23299523 DOI: 10.1002/path.4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are crucial for preventing the passage of albumin into the urine and, when lost, are associated with the development of albuminuria, renal failure and cardiovascular disease. Podocytes have limited capacity to regenerate, therefore pro-survival mechanisms are critically important. Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is a potent survival and growth factor; however, its major function is thought to be in prenatal development, when circulating levels are high. IGF-II has only previously been reported to continue to be expressed in discrete regions of the brain into adulthood in rodents, with systemic levels being undetectable. Using conditionally immortalized human and ex vivo adult mouse cells of the glomerulus, we demonstrated the podocyte to be the major glomerular source and target of IGF-II; it signals to this cell via the IGF-I receptor via the PI3 kinase and MAPK pathways. Functionally, a reduction in IGF signalling causes podocyte cell death in vitro and glomerular disease in vivo in an aged IGF-II transgenic mouse that produces approximately 60% of IGF-II due to a lack of the P2 promoter of this gene. Collectively, this work reveals the fundamental importance of IGF-II in the mature podocyte for glomerular health across mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Hale
- Academic and Children's Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Learning and Research, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
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Belfiore A, Perks CM. Grand challenges in cancer endocrinology: endocrine related cancers, an expanding concept. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:141. [PMID: 24115945 PMCID: PMC3792368 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: ;
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- *Correspondence: ;
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