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Parsons IT, Stacey MJ, Faconti L, Hill N, O’Hara J, Walter E, Farukh B, McNally R, Sharp H, Patten A, Grimaldi R, Gall N, Chowienczyk P, Woods DR. Correction to: Histamine, mast cell tryptase and post-exercise hypotension in healthy and collapsed marathon runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3257-3258. [PMID: 34410476 PMCID: PMC8505363 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Scott KP, Grimaldi R, Cunningham M, Sarbini SR, Wijeyesekera A, Tang MLK, Lee JCY, Yau YF, Ansell J, Theis S, Yang K, Menon R, Arfsten J, Manurung S, Gourineni V, Gibson GR. Developments in understanding and applying prebiotics in research and practice-an ISAPP conference paper. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:934-949. [PMID: 31446668 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The concept of using specific dietary components to selectively modulate the gut microbiota to confer a health benefit, defined as prebiotics, originated in 1995. In 2018, a group of scientists met at the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics annual meeting in Singapore to discuss advances in the prebiotic field, focussing on issues affecting functionality, research methodology and geographical differences. METHODS AND RESULTS The discussion ranged from examining scientific literature supporting the efficacy of established prebiotics, to the prospects for establishing health benefits associated with novel compounds, isolated from different sources. CONCLUSIONS While many promising candidate prebiotics from across the globe have been highlighted in preliminary research, there are a limited number with both demonstrated mechanism of action and defined health benefits as required to meet the prebiotic definition. Prebiotics are part of a food industry with increasing market sales, yet there are great disparities in regulations in different countries. Identification and commercialization of new prebiotics with unique health benefits means that regulation must improve and remain up-to-date so as not to risk stifling research with potential health benefits for humans and other animals. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY This summary of the workshop discussions indicates potential avenues for expanding the range of prebiotic substrates, delivery methods to enhance health benefits for the end consumer and guidance to better elucidate their activities in human studies.
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Richardson AJ, Leckie T, Watkins ER, Fitzpatrick D, Galloway R, Grimaldi R, Baker P. Post marathon cardiac troponin T is associated with relative exercise intensity. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:880-884. [PMID: 29588114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate whether measures of cardiopulmonary fitness and relative exercise intensity were associated with high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (cTnT) rise after a road marathon. METHODS Fifty-two marathon runners (age 39±11 years, body mass 76.2±12.9kg, height 1.74±0.09m) attended the laboratory between 2 and 3 weeks prior to attempting the Brighton Marathon, UK. Running economy at 10kmh-1 (RE10) and race pace (RERP), ventilatory threshold (VT) and VO2max tests were completed. CTnT was measured within 48h prior to the marathon and within 10min of completing the marathon, using a high sensitivity assay. Heart rates (HR) were recorded throughout the marathon. RESULTS Runners demonstrated a significant increase in cTnT over the marathon (pre-race 5.60±3.27ngL-1, post-race 74.52±30.39ngL-1, p<0.001). Markers of endurance performance such as running economy (10kmh-1 223±18mlkg-1km-1; race pace 225±22mlkg-1km-1), VT (38.5±6.4mlkg-1min-1) and V˙O2max (50.9±7.7mlkg-1min-1) were not associated with post-race cTnT. Runners exercise intensity correlated with post-race cTnT (mean HR %VT 104±5%, r=0.50; peak HR %VT 118±8%, r=0.68; peak HR %V˙O2max 96±6, r=0.60, p<0.05) and was different between the low, medium and high cTnT groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS CTnT increases above reference limits during a marathon. Magnitude of cTnT rise is related to exercise intensity relative to ventilatory threshold and V˙O2max, but not individuals' absolute cardiopulmonary fitness, training state or running history.
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Hallyburton I, Grimaldi R, Woodland A, Baragaña B, Luksch T, Spinks D, James D, Leroy D, Waterson D, Fairlamb AH, Wyatt PG, Gilbert IH, Frearson JA. Screening a protein kinase inhibitor library against Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2017; 16:446. [PMID: 29115999 PMCID: PMC5678585 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein kinases have been shown to be key drug targets, especially in the area of oncology. It is of interest to explore the possibilities of protein kinases as a potential target class in Plasmodium spp., the causative agents of malaria. However, protein kinase biology in malaria is still being investigated. Therefore, rather than assaying against individual protein kinases, a library of 4731 compounds with protein kinase inhibitor-like scaffolds was screened against the causative parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. This approach is more holistic and considers the whole kinome, making it possible to identify compounds that inhibit more than one P. falciparum protein kinase, or indeed other malaria targets. Results As a result of this screen, 9 active compound series were identified; further validation was carried out on 4 of these series, with 3 being progressed into hits to lead chemistry. The detailed evaluation of one of these series is described. Discussion This screening approach proved to be an effective way to identify series for further optimisation against malaria. Compound optimisation was carried out in the absence of knowledge of the molecular target. Some of the series had to be halted for various reasons. Mode of action studies to find the molecular target may be useful when problems prevent further chemical optimisation. Conclusions Progressible series were identified through phenotypic screening of a relatively small focused kinase scaffold chemical library.![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-017-2085-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Gomm E, Grimaldi R, Galloway R, Sharma S, Simpson W, Cottingham R. Successful out-of-hospital therapy for heatstroke in three marathon runners with a novel core body cooling device: CAERvest(®). Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 26:854-5. [PMID: 27354330 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Baragaña B, Norcross NR, Wilson C, Porzelle A, Hallyburton I, Grimaldi R, Osuna-Cabello M, Norval S, Riley J, Stojanovski L, Simeons FRC, Wyatt PG, Delves MJ, Meister S, Duffy S, Avery VM, Winzeler EA, Sinden RE, Wittlin S, Frearson JA, Gray DW, Fairlamb AH, Waterson D, Campbell SF, Willis P, Read KD, Gilbert IH. Discovery of a Quinoline-4-carboxamide Derivative with a Novel Mechanism of Action, Multistage Antimalarial Activity, and Potent in Vivo Efficacy. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9672-9685. [PMID: 27631715 PMCID: PMC5108032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The antiplasmodial activity, DMPK
properties, and efficacy of a series of quinoline-4-carboxamides are
described. This series was identified from a phenotypic screen against
the blood stage of Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) and
displayed moderate potency but with suboptimal physicochemical properties
and poor microsomal stability. The screening hit (1,
EC50 = 120 nM) was optimized to lead molecules with low
nanomolar in vitro potency. Improvement of the pharmacokinetic profile
led to several compounds showing excellent oral efficacy in the P. berghei malaria mouse model with ED90 values
below 1 mg/kg when dosed orally for 4 days. The favorable potency,
selectivity, DMPK properties, and efficacy coupled with a novel mechanism
of action, inhibition of translation elongation factor 2 (PfEF2), led to progression of 2 (DDD107498)
to preclinical development.
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Norcross NR, Baragaña B, Wilson C, Hallyburton I, Osuna-Cabello M, Norval S, Riley J, Stojanovski L, Simeons FRC, Porzelle A, Grimaldi R, Wittlin S, Duffy S, Avery VM, Meister S, Sanz L, Jiménez-Díaz B, Angulo-Barturen I, Ferrer S, Martínez MS, Gamo FJ, Frearson JA, Gray DW, Fairlamb AH, Winzeler EA, Waterson D, Campbell SF, Willis P, Read KD, Gilbert IH. Trisubstituted Pyrimidines as Efficacious and Fast-Acting Antimalarials. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6101-20. [PMID: 27314305 PMCID: PMC4947981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In this paper we describe the optimization
of a phenotypic hit
against Plasmodium falciparum, based on a trisubstituted
pyrimidine scaffold. This led to compounds with good pharmacokinetics
and oral activity in a P. berghei mouse model of
malaria. The most promising compound (13) showed a reduction
in parasitemia of 96% when dosed at 30 mg/kg orally once a day for
4 days in the P. berghei mouse model of malaria.
It also demonstrated a rapid rate of clearance of the erythrocytic
stage of P. falciparum in the SCID mouse model with
an ED90 of 11.7 mg/kg when dosed orally. Unfortunately,
the compound is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes, probably
due to a 4-pyridyl substituent. Nevertheless, this is a lead molecule
with a potentially useful antimalarial profile, which could either
be further optimized or be used for target hunting.
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Woodland A, Thompson S, Cleghorn LAT, Norcross N, De Rycker M, Grimaldi R, Hallyburton I, Rao B, Norval S, Stojanovski L, Brun R, Kaiser M, Frearson JA, Gray DW, Wyatt PG, Read KD, Gilbert IH. Discovery of Inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei by Phenotypic Screening of a Focused Protein Kinase Library. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1809-20. [PMID: 26381210 PMCID: PMC4648050 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A screen of a focused kinase inhibitor library against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense led to the identification of seven series, totaling 121 compounds, which showed >50 % inhibition at 5 μm. Screening of these hits in a T. b. brucei proliferation assay highlighted three compounds with a 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazin-2(3H)-one scaffold that showed sub-micromolar activity and excellent selectivity against the MRC5 cell line. Subsequent rounds of optimisation led to the identification of compounds that exhibited good in vitro drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) properties, although in general this series suffered from poor solubility. A scaffold-hopping exercise led to the identification of a 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine scaffold, which retained potency. A number of examples were assessed in a T. b. brucei growth assay, which could differentiate static and cidal action. Compounds from the 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazin-2(3H)-one series were found to be either static or growth-slowing and not cidal. Compounds with the 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine scaffold were found to be cidal and showed an unusual biphasic nature in this assay, suggesting they act by at least two mechanisms.
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Baragaña B, Hallyburton I, Lee MCS, Norcross NR, Grimaldi R, Otto TD, Proto WR, Blagborough AM, Meister S, Wirjanata G, Ruecker A, Upton LM, Abraham TS, Almeida MJ, Pradhan A, Porzelle A, Luksch T, Martínez MS, Luksch T, Bolscher JM, Woodland A, Norval S, Zuccotto F, Thomas J, Simeons F, Stojanovski L, Osuna-Cabello M, Brock PM, Churcher TS, Sala KA, Zakutansky SE, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Sanz LM, Riley J, Basak R, Campbell M, Avery VM, Sauerwein RW, Dechering KJ, Noviyanti R, Campo B, Frearson JA, Angulo-Barturen I, Ferrer-Bazaga S, Gamo FJ, Wyatt PG, Leroy D, Siegl P, Delves MJ, Kyle DE, Wittlin S, Marfurt J, Price RN, Sinden RE, Winzeler EA, Charman SA, Bebrevska L, Gray DW, Campbell S, Fairlamb AH, Willis PA, Rayner JC, Fidock DA, Read KD, Gilbert IH. A novel multiple-stage antimalarial agent that inhibits protein synthesis. Nature 2015; 522:315-20. [PMID: 26085270 PMCID: PMC4700930 DOI: 10.1038/nature14451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new drugs to treat malaria, with broad therapeutic potential and novel modes of action, to widen the scope of treatment and to overcome emerging drug resistance. Here we describe the discovery of DDD107498, a compound with a potent and novel spectrum of antimalarial activity against multiple life-cycle stages of the Plasmodium parasite, with good pharmacokinetic properties and an acceptable safety profile. DDD107498 demonstrates potential to address a variety of clinical needs, including single-dose treatment, transmission blocking and chemoprotection. DDD107498 was developed from a screening programme against blood-stage malaria parasites; its molecular target has been identified as translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2), which is responsible for the GTP-dependent translocation of the ribosome along messenger RNA, and is essential for protein synthesis. This discovery of eEF2 as a viable antimalarial drug target opens up new possibilities for drug discovery.
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Urich R, Grimaldi R, Luksch T, Frearson JA, Brenk R, Wyatt PG. The design and synthesis of potent and selective inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei glycogen synthase kinase 3 for the treatment of human african trypanosomiasis. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7536-49. [PMID: 25198388 PMCID: PMC4175002 DOI: 10.1021/jm500239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a genetically validated drug target for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also called African sleeping sickness. We report the synthesis and biological evaluation of aminopyrazole derivatives as Trypanosoma brucei GSK3 short inhibitors. Low nanomolar inhibitors, which had high selectivity over the off-target human CDK2 and good selectivity over human GSK3β enzyme, have been prepared. These potent kinase inhibitors demonstrated low micromolar levels of inhibition of the Trypanosoma brucei brucei parasite grown in culture.
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Woodland A, Grimaldi R, Luksch T, Cleghorn LAT, Ojo KK, Van Voorhis WC, Brenk R, Frearson JA, Gilbert IH, Wyatt PG. Back Cover: From On-Target to Off-Target Activity: Identification and Optimisation of Trypanosoma bruceiGSK3 Inhibitors and Their Characterisation as Anti- Trypanosoma bruceiDrug Discovery Lead Molecules (ChemMedChem 7/2013). ChemMedChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201390029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Woodland A, Grimaldi R, Luksch T, Cleghorn LAT, Ojo KK, Van Voorhis WC, Brenk R, Frearson JA, Gilbert IH, Wyatt PG. From on-target to off-target activity: identification and optimisation of Trypanosoma brucei GSK3 inhibitors and their characterisation as anti-Trypanosoma brucei drug discovery lead molecules. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1127-37. [PMID: 23776181 PMCID: PMC3728731 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a life-threatening disease with approximately 30 000–40 000 new cases each year. Trypanosoma brucei protein kinase GSK3 short (TbGSK3) is required for parasite growth and survival. Herein we report a screen of a focused kinase library against T. brucei GSK3. From this we identified a series of several highly ligand-efficient TbGSK3 inhibitors. Following the hit validation process, we optimised a series of diaminothiazoles, identifying low-nanomolar inhibitors of TbGSK3 that are potent in vitro inhibitors of T. brucei proliferation. We show that the TbGSK3 pharmacophore overlaps with that of one or more additional molecular targets.
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Urbaniak MD, Mathieson T, Bantscheff M, Eberhard D, Grimaldi R, Miranda-Saavedra D, Wyatt P, Ferguson MAJ, Frearson J, Drewes G. Chemical proteomic analysis reveals the drugability of the kinome of Trypanosoma brucei. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1858-65. [PMID: 22908928 PMCID: PMC3621575 DOI: 10.1021/cb300326z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, and there is an urgent unmet need for improved treatments. Parasite protein kinases are attractive drug targets, provided that the host and parasite kinomes are sufficiently divergent to allow specific inhibition to be achieved. Current drug discovery efforts are hampered by the fact that comprehensive assay panels for parasite targets have not yet been developed. Here, we employ a kinase-focused chemoproteomics strategy that enables the simultaneous profiling of kinase inhibitor potencies against more than 50 endogenously expressed T. brucei kinases in parasite cell extracts. The data reveal that T. brucei kinases are sensitive to typical kinase inhibitors with nanomolar potency and demonstrate the potential for the development of species-specific inhibitors.
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Ruggeri M, Zoli M, Grimaldi R, Ungerstedt U, Eliasson A, Agnati LF, Fuxe K. Aspects of neural plasticity in the central nervous system-III. Methodological studies on the microdialysis technique. Neurochem Int 2012; 16:427-35. [PMID: 20504583 DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(90)90004-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/1989] [Accepted: 12/21/1989] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some methodological aspects of the intracerebral microdialysis technique have been investigated: the existence of a pressure gradient at the level of the dialyzing membrane, the substance diffusion from the microdialysis probe and the extent of tissue damage induced by the implantation of the microdialysis probe. At the level of the dialyzing membrane a rough balance between the pressure inside the probe and the one present in the extracellular fluid compartment has been observed. The pattern of substance diffusion in the tissue showed a large variability depending on the substance used and the experimental conditions. Relevant deductions can be made by the use of labeled markers. By means of this approach, the diffusion pattern of tritiated ganglioside GM1 in the tissue around the probe could be shown to follow a biexponential pattern, suggesting a two-step process of diffusion. The degree of tissue damage induced by the microdialysis probe was assessed by analyzing the glial reaction, and was measured by means of semiquantitative immunocytochemistry of glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity. Only a limited area of neuronal damage was observed in the region surrounding the microdialysis probe. The amount of glial reaction after probe implantation was shown to be comparable with that induced by the implantation of a microinjection cannula.
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Tidten-Luksch N, Grimaldi R, Torrie LS, Frearson JA, Hunter WN, Brenk R. IspE inhibitors identified by a combination of in silico and in vitro high-throughput screening. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35792. [PMID: 22563402 PMCID: PMC3340893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CDP-ME kinase (IspE) contributes to the non-mevalonate or deoxy-xylulose phosphate (DOXP) pathway for isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis found in many species of bacteria and apicomplexan parasites. IspE has been shown to be essential by genetic methods and since it is absent from humans it constitutes a promising target for antimicrobial drug development. Using in silico screening directed against the substrate binding site and in vitro high-throughput screening directed against both, the substrate and co-factor binding sites, non-substrate-like IspE inhibitors have been discovered and structure-activity relationships were derived. The best inhibitors in each series have high ligand efficiencies and favourable physico-chemical properties rendering them promising starting points for drug discovery. Putative binding modes of the ligands were suggested which are consistent with established structure-activity relationships. The applied screening methods were complementary in discovering hit compounds, and a comparison of both approaches highlights their strengths and weaknesses. It is noteworthy that compounds identified by virtual screening methods provided the controls for the biochemical screens.
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Ribeiro APB, Claro da Silva R, Gioielli LA, De Almeida Gonçalves MI, Grimaldi R, Gonçalves LA, Guenter Kieckbusch T. Physico-chemical properties of Brazilian cocoa butter and industrial blends. Part I Chemical composition, solid fat content and consistency. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2012. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.069011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Cardoso KC, Da Silva MJ, Grimaldi R, Stahl M, Simas RC, Cunha IBS, Eberlin MN, Alberici RM. TAG Profiles of Jatropha curcas L. Seed Oil by Easy Ambient Sonic-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Oliveira D, Baião N, Cançado S, Grimaldi R, Souza M, Lara L, Lana A. Effects of lipid sources in the diet of laying hens on the fatty acid profiles of egg yolks. Poult Sci 2010; 89:2484-90. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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19
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Ma J, Benz C, Grimaldi R, Stockdale C, Wyatt P, Frearson J, Hammarton TC. Nuclear DBF-2-related kinases are essential regulators of cytokinesis in bloodstream stage Trypanosoma brucei. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:15356-15368. [PMID: 20231285 PMCID: PMC2865264 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.074591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear DBF-2-related (NDR) kinases are essential regulators of cell cycle progression, growth, and development in many organisms and are activated by the binding of an Mps One Binder (MOB) protein partner, autophosphorylation, and phosphorylation by an upstream STE20 family kinase. In the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis, the NDR kinase, PK50, is expressed in proliferative life cycle stages and was shown to complement a yeast NDR kinase mutant cell line. However, the function of PK50 and a second NDR kinase, PK53, in T. brucei has not been determined to date, although trypanosome MOB1 is known to be essential for cytokinesis, suggesting the NDR kinases may also be involved in this process. Here, we show that specific depletion of PK50 or PK53 from bloodstream stage trypanosomes resulted in the rapid accumulation of cells with two nuclei and two kinetoplasts, indicating that cytokinesis was specifically inhibited. This led to a deregulation of the cell cycle and cell death and provides genetic validation of these kinases as potential novel drug targets for human African trypanosomiasis. Recombinant active PK50 and PK53 were produced and biochemically characterized. Both enzymes autophosphorylated, were able to trans-phosphorylate generic kinase substrates in vitro, and were active in the absence of phosphorylation by an upstream kinase. Additionally, both enzymes were active in the absence of MOB1 binding, which was also demonstrated to likely be a feature of the kinases in vivo. Biochemical characterization of recombinant PK50 and PK53 has revealed key kinetic differences between them, and the identification of in vitro peptide substrates in this study paves the way for high throughput inhibitor screening of these kinases.
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Feltes MMC, De Oliveira Pitol L, Gomes Correia JF, Grimaldi R, Block JM, Ninow JL. Incorporation of medium chain fatty acids into fish oil triglycerides by chemical and enzymatic interesterification. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2009. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.074708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bakker ABH, Python C, Kissling CJ, Pandya P, Marissen WE, Brink MF, Lagerwerf F, Worst S, van Corven E, Kostense S, Hartmann K, Weverling GJ, Uytdehaag F, Herzog C, Briggs DJ, Rupprecht CE, Grimaldi R, Goudsmit J. First administration to humans of a monoclonal antibody cocktail against rabies virus: safety, tolerability, and neutralizing activity. Vaccine 2008; 26:5922-7. [PMID: 18804136 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immediate passive immune prophylaxis as part of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) often cannot be provided due to limited availability of human or equine rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG and ERIG, respectively). We report first clinical data from two phase I studies evaluating a monoclonal antibody cocktail CL184 against rabies. The studies included healthy adult subjects in the USA and India and involved two parts. First, subjects received a single intramuscular dose of CL184 or placebo in a double blind, randomized, dose-escalation trial. Second, open-label CL184 (20IU/kg) was co-administered with rabies vaccine. Safety was the primary objective and rabies virus neutralizing activity (RVNA) was investigated as efficacy parameter. Pain at the CL184 injection site was reported by less than 40% of subjects; no fever or local induration, redness or swelling was observed. RVNA was detectable from day 1 to day 21 after a single dose of CL184 20 or 40IU/kg. All subjects had adequate (>0.5IU/mL) RVNA levels from day 14 onwards when combined with rabies vaccine. CL184 appears promising as an alternative to RIG in PEP.
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Della Valle E, Grimaldi R, Farinaro E. [Importance of physical activity for prevention of chronic diseases]. ANNALI DI IGIENE : MEDICINA PREVENTIVA E DI COMUNITA 2008; 20:485-493. [PMID: 19069254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A lot of epidemiological studies have shown that physical activity can prevent the development of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer Physical activity can be classified by rate of energy expenditure: light intensity 1-3 METs, moderate 3-6 MET's, vigorous 6-9 MET's, very vigorous >9 MET's. Although it is evident that an active lifestyle has many health benefits and sedentary habits are associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, the debate still continues as to how much, what type, how often, at what intensity physical activity should be performed to have a positive effect on the health. Reduction of cardiovascular risk is observed already with a moderate intensity physical activity (3-6METs); whilst to improve physical fitness training must be more vigorous (6-9 METs). In conclusion good goals are achieved when moderate levels of physical activity are performed on a regular basis (at least 3- 5 days a week for 30 minutes). But to reach also countable results on body weight control the frequency should be 5-7 days a week for 60 minutes.
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Ferrero P, Castagno D, Massa R, De Luca A, Castellano M, Chirio C, Grimaldi R. Spinal cord stimulation affects T-wave alternans in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy: a pilot study. Europace 2008; 10:506-8. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eun052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Anselmino M, Castagno D, Chirio C, Biondi-Zoccai G, Grimaldi R, Sheiban I. Telecardiogram: still of matter in the modern cardiac imaging era? Minerva Cardioangiol 2008; 56:251-4. [PMID: 18319703 DOI: pmid/18319703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The modern cardiovascular imaging era has seen the introduction in clinical practice of highly innovative and performing diagnostic features. The negative side of this outstanding evolution risks to be an under-assessment of well-established classical diagnostic techniques. Thereby, to support the actual relevance of a properly executed chest X-ray, this article describes two paradigmatic cases of exceptional cardiac abnormalities, in which X-rays played a key diagnostic role.
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Grimaldi R, Capuano P, Miranda N, Wagner C, Capasso G. [Pendrin: physiology, molecular biology and clinical importance]. GIORNALE ITALIANO DI NEFROLOGIA : ORGANO UFFICIALE DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI NEFROLOGIA 2007; 24:288-94. [PMID: 17659500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pendrin, first identified in 1997, belongs to a superfamily of anion transporters localized in the thyroid gland, inner ear and kidney. Immunohistochemical studies have shown that pendrin is expressed at the apical surface of follicular thyroid cells, where it acts as a Cl-/I- exchanger regulating the chloride transport from the cytoplasm to the colloid space. In the inner ear, pendrin has been found in the stria vascularis of the cochlea and in the endolymphatic duct and sac, where it functions as a Cl- /HCO-3 exchanger. Finally, pendrin is expressed in the kidney, where it is localized in the apical membrane of type-B intercalated cells and non-A, non-B intercalated cells of the cortical collecting ducts and connecting tubules, where it again acts as a Cl /HCO-3 exchanger regulating the acid-base status and chloride homeostasis. Pendrin is encoded by the PDS gene, which is mapped on chromosome 7 (7q22-31.1). Mutations of PDS lead to the Pendred syndrome, a genetic disorder transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait characterized by sensorineural deafness and goiter. It is reasonable to hypothesize that patients affected by Pendred's syndrome may have disturbances of renal function, especially in the regulation of electrolytes and acid-base balance in stress conditions.
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