Bilateral primary ovarian Ewing sarcoma recurring as left submandibular lymphadenopathy diagnosed on cytology

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a highly malignant and aggressive small round-cell tumor originating from primitive neuroepithelium and mesenchymal stem cells. It is usually seen in children and adolescents with a male predilection and a preponderance to occur in long bones. Although skeletal/soft tissue ES is encountered in clinical practice, primary ES of the genital tract, particularly bilateral primary ovarian ES, is highly uncommon, with only a handful of cases reported worldwide. Ovarian ES is occasionally reported to involve para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes in advanced stages. Still, cervical lymph node metastasis from ovarian ES is an infrequent clinical occurrence and, when present, indicates a worse prognosis. Here, we present an intriguing case of bilateral peripheral primary ovarian ES in an adult female, recurring as metastasis in the left submandibular lymph node. This case underlines the importance of keeping metastasis from ES as a possible differential while diagnosing metastatic small round cell tumors in peripheral lymph nodes. It also highlights the usefulness of a minimally invasive diagnostic modality of fine needle aspiration cytology and cell block preparation with applied ancillary techniques of immunohistochemistry and confirmatory molecular testing by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), for an accurate and quick diagnosis of such entities. The cytological diagnosis of our patient helped in the prompt and early initiation of chemotherapy without requiring any invasive procedure.

Disturbance and vegetational structure in an urban forest of Indian Siwaliks: an ecological assessment

Urban forests face multiple human-mediated pressures leading to compromised ecosystem structure and functioning. Therefore, understanding ecosystem structure in response to ongoing pressures is crucial for sustaining ecological integrity and human well-being. We aim to assess the disturbance and its effects on the vegetation structure of urban forests in Chandigarh using a combination of remote sensing techniques and vegetation surveys. The disturbance was evaluated as a change in NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) from 2001 to 2021 by applying the BFAST (Breaks For Additive Season and Trend) algorithm to the MODIS satellite imagery data. A vegetation survey was conducted to compare the species composition, taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity as measures of forest vegetational structure. While signals of disturbance were evident, the changes in vegetation structure were not well established from our study. Further, this analysis indicated no significant differences in vegetation composition due to disturbance (F1,12 = 0.91, p = 0.575). However, the phylogenetic diversity was substantially lower for disturbed plots than undisturbed plots, though the taxonomic diversity was similar among the disturbed and undisturbed plots. Our results confirmed that disturbance effects are more prominent on the phylogenetic than taxonomic diversity. These findings can be considered early signals of disturbance and its impact on the vegetation structure of urban forests and contribute to the knowledge base on urban ecosystems. Our study has implications for facilitating evidence-based decision-making and the development of sustainable management strategies for urban forest ecosystems.

Serum miR-215-5p, miR-192-5p and miR-378a-5p as novel diagnostic biomarkers for periampullary adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are present in human serum in a stable form. Circulating miRNAs are increasingly recognized as promising biomarkers for early cancer detection. The aim of this study was to identify serum miRNAs as biomarkers for periampullary adenocarcinoma (PAC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

68 patients with PAC and 50 healthy controls (HCs) subjects were recruited in this study. The expression levels of 11 selected miRNAs were determined in serum samples using the SYBR-green quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic potential of serum miRNAs.

RESULTS

The expression levels of three miRNAs (miR-215-5p, miR-192-5p, and miR-378a-5p) were significantly upregulated in the serum samples derived from the PAC patients compared with those from the HC (p < 0.001). The ROC analysis showed that all three significantly altered miRNAs (miR-215-5p, miR-192-5p, and miR-378a-5p) could potentially discriminate patients with PAC from HC with AUC value of 0.771 (95% CI: 0.684-0.843), 0.877 (95% CI: 0.799-0.927) and 0.768 (95% CI: 0.674-0.853) respectively. Further comparisons showed that these three serum miRNAs (miR-215-5p, miR-192-5p, and miR-378a-5p) can strongly discriminate early-stage PAC patients from HC with an AUC value of 0.802 (95% CI: 0.719-0.886), 0.870 (95% CI: 0.793-0.974) and 0.793 (95% CI: 0.706-0.880) respectively, may aid in early detection of PAC.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, our findings demonstrated that these three serum miRNAs (miR-215-5p, miR-192-5p, and miR-378a-5p) may serve as noninvasive biomarkers for the early detection of PAC.

Utility of dual-energy CT and advanced multiparametric MRI based imaging biomarkers of pancreatic fibrosis in grading the severity of chronic pancreatitis

PURPOSE

To non-invasively quantify pancreatic fibrosis and grade severity of chronic pancreatitis (CP) on dual-energy CT (DECT) and multiparametric MRI (mpMRI).

METHODS

We included 72 patients (mean age:30years; 59 men) with suspected or confirmed CP from December 2019 to December 2021 graded as equivocal(n = 20), mild(n = 18), and moderate-marked(n = 34) using composite imaging and endoscopic ultrasound criteria. Study patients underwent multiphasic DECT and mpMRI of the abdomen. Normalized iodine concentration(NIC) and fat fraction(FF) on 6-minute delayed DECT, and T1 relaxation time(T1Rt), extracellular volume fraction(ECVf), intravoxel incoherent motion-based perfusion fraction(PF), and magnetization transfer ratio(MTR) on mpMRI of pancreas were compared. 20 renal donors(for DECT) and 20 patients with renal mass(for mpMRI) served as controls.

RESULTS

NIC of pancreas in controls and progressive grades of CP were 0.24 ± 0.05, 0.80 ± 0.18, 1.06 ± 0.23, 1.40 ± 0.36, FF were 9.28 ± 5.89, 14.19 ± 5.29, 17.31 ± 5.99, 29.32 ± 12.22, T1Rt were 590.11 ± 61.13, 801.93 ± 211.01, 1006.79 ± 352.18, 1388.01 ± 312.23ms, ECVf were 0.07 ± 0.03, 0.30 ± 0.12, 0.41 ± 0.12, 0.53 ± 0.13, PF were 0.38 ± 0.04, 0.28 ± 0.07, 0.25 ± 0.09, 0.21 ± 0.05 and MTR were 0.12 ± 0.03, 0.15 ± 0.06, 0.21 ± 0.07, 0.26 ± 0.06, respectively. There were significant differences for all quantitative parameters between controls and mild CP; for NIC, PF, and ECVf between controls and progressive CP grades (p < 0.05). Area under curve for NIC, FF, T1Rt, ECVf, PF, and MTR in differentiating controls and mild CP were 1.00, 0.86, 0.95, 1.00, 0.90 and 0.84 respectively and for NIC, FF, ECVf and PF in differentiating controls and equivocal CP were 1.00, 0.76, 0.95 and 0.92 respectively.

CONCLUSION

DECT and mpMRI were useful in quantifying pancreatic fibrosis and grading the severity of CP. NIC was the most accurate marker.

Hepatic and perihepatic PEComas: A study describing a series of five rare cases

BACKGROUND

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) encompass a group of rare mesenchymal neoplasms, with dual melanocytic and muscular differentiation. Hepatic PEComas are rare and difficult to diagnose, and their behavior is still unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Herein, we report a total of five cases of hepatic and perihepatic PEComas over a period of the last 5 years from our and collaborating center's archive. A detailed histological evaluation was done. A comprehensive panel of immunohistochemical stains was used and fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis was performed for the TFE3 gene using break-apart probes.

RESULT

All these patients were women, with an average age of presentation of 44 years. The lesions were in the right hepatic lobe: three cases, the left hepatic lobe: one case, and gastrohepatic ligament: one case. The preoperative clinicoradiological diagnoses were hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), focal nodular hyperplasia, hemangioma, metastasis, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor, respectively. Surgical excision was performed in four cases with no further adjuvant therapy. Histopathological examination and subsequent immunophenotyping revealed a diagnosis of PEComa. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis was performed for TFE3 gene rearrangement in four cases.

CONCLUSIONS

This series highlights the fact that accurate histological diagnosis of hepatic or perihepatic PEComas is important to prevent unnecessary aggressive treatment, unlike primary hepatocellular carcinomas or hepatoid/epithelioid metastatic tumors.

Cyanobacteria Based Nanoformulation of Biogenic CuO Nanoparticles for Plant Growth Promotion of Rice Under Hydroponics Conditions

Synthesizing nanoparticles through a green synthesis approach is common nowadays. Cyanobacteria have attained great importance in the field of biosynthesis of nanoparticles as there is no use of toxic chemicals as reducing or capping agents for the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. Micronutrient-based nano-formulations have become a topic of great interest in recent times due to their various advantageous properties and applications in agriculture. The current study aims to exploit the potential cyanobacterial strains isolated from different locations such as freshwater and soil ecosystems. The potential cyanobacterial isolates were screened based on their multiple plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes such as Indol acetic acid (IAA) production, siderophores, and phosphate solubilization. After the screening of cyanobacteria based on multiple PGP activities, the cyanobacterial strain was identified at the species level as Pseudanabaena foetida RJ1, based on microscopy and molecular characterization using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The cyanobacterial biomass extract and cell-free extracts are utilized for the synthesis of CuO micronutrient Nanoparticles (NPs). The cyanobacterial strain Pseudanabaena foetida RJ1 possesses plant growth-promoting (PGP) attributes that provide reduction and capping for CuO NPs. The synthesized NPs were characterized and subjected to make a nano-formulation, utilizing the cyanobacteria-mediated CuO NPs along with low-cost zeolite as an adsorbent. The application of cyanobacterial biomass extract and cell-free extract provided an excellent comparative aspect in terms of micronutrient NP synthesis. The NPs in the form of formulations were applied to germinated paddy seeds (Pusa Basmati -1509) with varying concentrations (5, 10, 15 mg/l). Effects of cyanobacteria based CuO NPs on hydroponically grown paddy crops were analyzed. The application of nano-formulations has shown a significant increase in plant growth promotion in rice plants under hydroponics conditions. There is no such type of comparative investigation reported earlier, and NPs of micronutrients can be utilized as a new economic nanofertilizer and can be applied to plants for their growth promotion.

Collinsella aerofaciens linked with increased ethanol production and liver inflammation contribute to the pathophysiology of NAFLD

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging global health problem and a potential risk factor for metabolic diseases. The bidirectional interactions between liver and gut made dysbiotic gut microbiome one of the key risk factors for NAFLD. In this study, we reported an increased abundance of Collinsella aerofaciens in the gut of obese and NASH patients living in India. We isolated C. aerofaciens from the fecal samples of biopsy-proven NASH patients and observed that their genome is enriched with carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and pro-inflammatory functions and have the potency to increase ethanol level in blood. An animal study indicated that mice supplemented with C. aerofaciens had increased levels of circulatory ethanol, high levels of hepatic hydroxyproline, triglyceride, and inflammation in the liver. The present findings indicate that perturbation in the gut microbiome composition is a key risk factor for NAFLD.

Diagnosis of peritoneal metastasis in an unruptured hepatocellular carcinoma on ascitic fluid cytology: A rare scenario with brief review of literature

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy in adults occurring in a background of cirrhosis. Peritoneal dissemination of HCC is an unusual presentation with an incidence of 2%-16%. Peritoneal metastasis of an unruptured HCC is extremely uncommon. Despite low yield, ascitic fluid cytology serves as a valuable tool for diagnostic evaluation in a patient of cirrhosis with suspicion of malignant transformation. We present a rare case scenario in an elderly female with cirrhosis where the diagnosis of peritoneal metastasis was established on ascitic fluid cytology and confirmed by immunocytochemistry. This report illustrates the unique clinical presentation of an unruptured HCC with its cytological features and a brief review of literature.

Methylation study of tumor suppressor genes in human aberrant crypt foci, colorectal carcinomas, and normal colon

BACKGROUND

Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are the earliest preneoplastic lesions in human colon, identifiable on chromoendoscopic screening. Our objective was to evaluate the %methylation of APC, CDKN2A, MLH1, RASSF1, MGMT, and WIF1 tumor suppressor genes (TSG) in ACF, corresponding colorectal carcinomas (CRC), and normal colonic mucosal controls.

METHODS

In this study, macroscopically normal-appearing mucosal flaps were sampled 5-10 cm away from the tumor mass from 302 fresh colectomy specimens to identify ACF-like lesions. Thirty-five cases with multiple ACFs were selected (n 35) as the main study group, with corresponding sections from CRC (n 35) as disease controls, and mucosal tissue blocks from 20 colectomy specimens (normal controls), operated for non-neoplastic pathologies. Genomic DNA was extracted, and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on a customized methylation array model. %Methylation data were compared among the groups and with clinicopathological parameters. Selected target mRNA and protein expression studies were performed.

RESULTS

%Methylation of TSGs in ACF was intermediate between normal colon and CRC, although a statistically significant difference was observed only for the WIF1 gene (P < 0.01). Also, there was increased nuclear β-catenin expression and upregulation of CD44-positive cancer-stem cells in ACF and CRCs than in controls. Right-sided ACFs and dysplastic ACFs had a higher %methylation of CDKN2A (P < 0.01), whereas hyperplastic ACFs had a higher %methylation of RASSF1 (P 0.04). The topographic characteristics of ACFs did not correlate with TSG %methylation.

CONCLUSIONS

Early epigenetic methylation of WIF1 gene is one of the mechanisms for ACF development in human colon.

Primary Small Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney: A Case Study with Emphasis on Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography Findings

Small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the kidney is included in extrapulmonary SCC which is a group of extremely rare but highly aggressive cancers. There have been only a few case reports and small retrospective series in the literature describing the malignancy in kidneys. Most of the published reports describe the entity as a variant mixed with other tumor subtypes such as urothelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Pure-form SCC in kidneys is exceedingly rare. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography plays an essential role in the accurate staging evaluation of this cancer.

Poor Performance of Non-invasive Tests for Advanced Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Multicentric Asian Study

BACKGROUND

Non-invasive tests (NITs) are useful to assess advanced fibrosis (AF) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Data from Asian countries suggest that these tests have poor performance. We aimed to assess diagnostic accuracy of established thresholds of biomarker-based NITs and Transient Elastography (TE) in identifying AF and evaluated the utility of a two-step test approach.

METHODS

Biopsy-proven 641 NAFLD patients (55.2% males, median age 42 years) were included from three different centers of Asia. AF (≥ F3) was identified as per histological staging (24.8%).

RESULTS

TE had the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) 0.82 (0.79-0.86), and all other biomarker-based NITs had low AUROC (< 0.7). NITs performed poorly at established thresholds. The combination of NITs utilizing liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and biomarkers, Agile 3+ and FAST, demonstrated acceptable diagnostic accuracy (AUROC 0.82 and 0.78, respectively), but none were superior to LSM alone. LSM measured using appropriate M and XL probes remained accurate regardless of body mass index (BMI); NFS and APRI scores were less accurate at higher BMI ranges. A two-step approach using NFS rule-out criteria (< - 2.97 to rule out) followed by LSM (< 7.3 kPa to rule out and ≥ 12.7 kPa to rule in) correctly classified 62.4% of patients, with only 10.2% of patients incorrectly classified.

CONCLUSION

NITs have not been validated to identify AF in the Asian NAFLD population, and internationally accepted thresholds yield high false-negative rates. LSM and LSM-based combination tests remain the most accurate.

DENTAL CAVITIES IN PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: AN ANALYSIS OF RISK INDICATORS

Diabetes is associated with a greater number of dental cavities. It is unclear, therefore, how potential risk factors such as salivary glucose, glycemic control and blood sugar could impact the onset of dental caries between people that have type 2 diabetes (T2D). Aim of the study - analyzing the risk factors for oral cavity disease in T2D patients. We analyzed the patient data including their dietary habits, dental hygiene practices, age and control of glycemic. The Indian dataset was used. Individual patient observations include the patient's diabetes classification as a range of medical attributes such as age, pregnancy, pedigree, glucose, body mass index, skin, blood pressure and insulin. The research discovered a significant correlation between poorly managed glycemic levels and dental caries are more prevalent in people with T2DM. High sugar consumption and poor oral hygiene habits have been identified as risk factors. These results highlight the need for integrating diabetes treatment measures with dental care to reduce dental caries in this susceptible group. Utilizing dental cavities into account improves oral health and has a positive impact on health outcomes for those with type 2 diabetes.

Short-term exposure to air pollution and emergency room visits for acute respiratory symptoms among adults

OBJECTIVE: To examine the short-term effect of ambient air pollution on daily acute respiratory emergency room visits among adults.METHODS: A time-series study (June 2017-February 2019) was carried out among adults (≥18 years) visiting a multi-specialty hospital in Delhi. We evaluated the association between the daily levels of particulate matter (PM) <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) and PM <10 μm in diameter (PM10), ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide and daily count of emergency room (ER) visits for acute respiratory symptoms. Generalised additive model (GAM) was used with the Poisson link function to analyse the associations for 0-1 to 0-7 lag days.RESULTS: A total of 69,400 ER visits were recorded, of which 2,669 were by adults due to acute respiratory symptoms. At 0-7 lag days, an increment of 1 standard deviation in NO₂ and PM2.5 concentration was associated with a percentage increase in acute respiratory ER visits of respectively 53.0% (95% CI 30.84-78.97) and 19.5% (95% CI 4.53-36.65). During 0-7 lag days, a positive trend was observed at higher concentrations of CO (>1.86-3.28 mg/m³), while a negative significant association was observed at low concentrations of CO (<1.171 mg/m³).CONCLUSION: Short-term exposure to ambient NO2 and PM2.5 was associated with acute respiratory emergency visits of adults at lag 0-7 days.

Involvement of DPP3 in modulating oncological features and oxidative stress response in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Resistance to therapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a critical clinical problem and identification of novel therapeutic targets is highly warranted. Dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPP3) is a zinc-dependent aminopeptidase and functions in the terminal stages of the protein turnover. Several studies have reported overexpression and oncogenic functions of DPP3 in numerous malignancies. The present study aimed to determine the expression pattern and functional role of DPP3 in ESCC. DPP3 expression was assessed in normal and tumor tissues using quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR and corroborated with ESCC gene expression datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The cancer genome atlas (TCGA). DPP3 stable knockdown was performed in ESCC cells by shRNA and its effect on cell proliferation, migration, cell cycle, apoptosis, and activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway was assessed. The results suggested that DPP3 is overexpressed in ESCC and its knockdown leads to reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis, and inhibited migration of ESCC cells. Additionally, DPP3 knockdown leads to down-regulation of the NRF2 pathway proteins, such as NRF2, G6PD, and NQO1 along with increased sensitivity toward oxidative stress-induced cell death and chemotherapy. Conclusively, these results demonstrate critical role of DPP3 in ESCC and DPP3/NRF2 axis may serve as an attractive therapeutic target against chemoresistance in this malignancy.

Impact of body mass index on disease progression and outcomes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND

The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and outcomes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not well defined. This study aimed to assess the presentations, outcomes, and development of liver-related events (LREs) and non-LREs in patients with NAFLD stratified by BMI.

METHODS

Records of NAFLD patients from 2000-2022 were reviewed. Patients were categorized as lean (18.5-22.9 kg/m2), overweight (23-24.9 kg/m2), and obese (>25 kg/m2) based on BMI. Stage of steatosis, fibrosis, and NAFLD activity score were noted in the patients undergoing liver biopsy in each group.

RESULTS

Out of 1051 NAFLD patients, 127 (12.1%) had normal BMI, 177 (16.8%) and 747 (71.1%) were overweight and obese, respectively. Median [interquartile range] BMI was 21.9 [20.6-22.5], 24.2 [23.7-24.6], and 28.3 [26.6-30.6] kg/m2 in each group, respectively. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia were significantly higher in the obese. Obese patients had significantly higher median [interquartile range] liver stiffness (6.4 [4.9-9.4] kPa) than overweight and lean subjects. A higher proportion of obese patients had significant and advanced liver fibrosis. At follow-up, there were no significant differences in the progression of liver disease, new LREs, coronary artery disease, or hypertension across the BMI groups. Overweight and obese patients were more likely to develop new-onset diabetes by follow-up. The mortality rates in the three groups were comparable (0.47, 0.68, and 0.49 per 100 person-years, respectively), with similar causes of death (liver-related vs non-liver-related).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with lean NAFLD have similar disease severity and rates of progression as the obese. BMI is not a reliable determinant of outcomes in NAFLD patients.

KEY MESSAGES

Phthalate induced hormetic effect reveals susceptibility of gill compared to muscle tissue after depuration in commercially important fish (Etroplus suratensis)

Effect of Bis-2ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on commercially important tropical fish pearl spot has not been demonstrated at environmental concentrations along with depuration. The species is estuarine, juvenile and difficult to maintain but widely consumed and well distributed in tropical estuaries. Antioxidant activity of SOD, CAT and GPx was enhanced on all exposure days for gill and muscle suggesting high oxidative stress, except on day 5. Detoxifying enzyme-GST behaved differentially in gill and muscle tissue after depuration, depicting inhibited activity of GST in gill leading to lipid peroxidation. However, the muscle tissue was able to recover from stress after 7 days of depuration with the help of detoxifying enzymes. Overcompensation of antioxidant activity was observed over disruption of homeostasis defining hormesis effect. Integrated biomarker (IBR) index depicted high toxicity during entire exposure time, but after depuration, gill could not mediate LPO at lowest concentration (10 μg/l) while muscle tissue recovered, suggesting persistence of stress in gill.

Cytomorphology of paediatric hepatocellular carcinoma: A useful diagnostic adjunct

INTRODUCTION

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common primary malignancy of the liver but is rare in the paediatric age group; thus, it may be misdiagnosed as the more common tumour, hepatoblastoma. Management varies in both these tumours, and pathological diagnosis thus plays an important role for definitive therapy. Only a few case reports available in the literature have described the cytological characteristics of paediatric HCC. The present study was thus planned to evaluate the cytomorphological features of paediatric HCC.

METHODS

Cases diagnosed with HCC on ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology over a period of 14 years were retrieved. The cases were evaluated for detailed cytological features including cellularity, architecture, sinusoidal wrapping, trabecular thickness, necrosis, anisonucleosis, chromatin, nucleoli, nuclear contours, bi- or multinucleation, intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions, naked nuclei, extra-medullary haematopoiesis, monomorphism, and nuclear overlapping.

RESULTS

Twelve cases of HCC were included in the study. The median age at diagnosis was 10 years. Serum alpha-fetoprotein level was raised in most of them. Five of the 12 cases were characterised as moderately differentiated, three as poorly differentiated, two as well differentiated, and two as the fibrolamellar type of HCC. Cytohistological correlation was performed in seven cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration serves as a useful tool to diagnose paediatric HCC and differentiate it from other primary hepatic malignancies, especially hepatoblastoma which closely mimics HCC in this age group, as serum alpha protein levels and imaging findings are unable to distinguish these two tumours.

Compensated Advanced Chronic Liver Disease in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Two-Step Strategy is Better than Baveno Criteria

BACKGROUND

Advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis (compensated advanced chronic liver disease [cACLD]) are clinically indistinguishable and increase risk of developing clinically significant portal hypertension. Baveno VII recommends using elastography to rule out and diagnose cACLD with liver stiffness measurement (LSM) cut-offs of 10/15 kPa.

METHODS

In a retrospective analysis of 330 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, performance of the Baveno VII cut-offs for diagnosing cACLD was compared with newly suggested lower cut-offs (8/12 kPa). A model for detecting cACLD among those with LSM between 8 and 12 kPa was developed and compared with recently published models.

RESULTS

Seventy (21.2%) of the 330 NAFLD patients had biopsy-proven cACLD. The Baveno VII cut-offs (10/15 kPa) had a lower sensitivity of 72.8% (60.9-82.8%) and a specificity of 93.4% (89.7-96.1%). Sensitivity and specificity of lower cut-offs (8/12 kPa) were 91.4% (82.3-96.8%) and 88.5% (83.9-92.1%), respectively. Modeling based on the presence of diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 3.625[1.161-11.320], p = 0.027) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (OR 1.636[1.098-2.436], p = 0.015) correctly identified 75.7% of patients with LSM between 8 and 12 kPa. Our model performed best with an area under receiver operator curve (AUROC) of 0.725 (95%CI 0.609-0.822), compared to Papatheodoridi (AUROC 0.626, CI 0.506-.736) and Zhou (AUROC 0.523, CI 0.403-0.640) models. A two-step strategy comprising application of lower LSM cut-offs followed by the predictive model correctly identified the presence of cACLD in 83% of the patients as compared to 75% by the Baveno VII cut-offs.

CONCLUSION

A two-step strategy employing lower LSM cut-offs and modeling based on diabetes and AST levels outperforms Baveno VII cut-offs for identifying cACLD in NAFLD patients.

Evaluation of chromatin remodelers in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

652

Background: Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) are rare entities comprising 1-2% of gastroenteropancreatic neoplasms with an annual incidence of 0.48/100,000 population in the world. The molecular pathways underpinning the entity are less explored owing to its rarity. We aimed to analyse and correlate the expression of chromatin remodelers in PanNENs from Indian subcontinent. Methods: An ambispective study (prospective 2014-2018 as well as retrospective 2018-2021) was conducted. Haematoxylin and eosin stained slides with immunohistochemistry slides (chromogranin, synaptophysin) of 73 cases of PanNENs were retrieved from archives of Department of Pathology, AlIMS, New Delhi and evaluated for assessment of histopathological parameters. Following slide review, grading and staging were done based on WHO 2017 Classification and AJCC eighth edition respectively. Representative formalin fixed paraffin embedded block was selected after slide review and retrieved for performing immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against ATRX, DAXX, SETD2, H3K36Me3 and ARID1A using Ultra Vision Quanto polymer detection system by Thermo Fisher Scientific. Data was analysed using STATA version SE14. Results: Study cohort of 73 PanNENs had a mean age of presentation 41 years (Range: 8 years -70 years) and male to female ratio of 1.43:1. Majority of the tumors in our study were non functional (63.01%). Loss of nuclear expression of ATRX/DAXX (at least one marker) was seen in 26/73 (35.62%) cases. Loss of expression had significant correlation with pathological stage of the tumor, presence of distant metastasis and adverse prognostic outcome (p value-<0.05). Lower grade tumors with low to intermediate ki67 index had higher preponderance for loss of expression of ARID1A. Loss of expression of any of the chromatin remodelers (ATRX/DAXX/ARID1A/H3K36Me3) was noted in 44/73 cases (60.27%) and was more frequently associated with advanced stage of tumor or recurrence/metastasis/death (p value-0.005). Conclusions: Loss of chromatin remodelers such as ATRX, DAXX, ARID1A, SETD2 and H3K36ME3 is involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms and are associated with adverse outcomes, so loss or lower immunohistochemical expression for these can serve as a poor prognostic factor and guide for adjuvant therapy.

Insights into the medical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumours: lessons learnt from a dedicated gastrointestinal stromal tumour clinic in North India

Background

The advent of molecular driver alterations has brought in a revolutionary transformation in the treatment landscape of gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST). However, there is a paucity of data regarding mutational testing prevalence and associated outcomes from India.

Methods

It was a retrospective study. We reviewed the case records of all patients diagnosed with GIST in a tertiary care centre from 2015 to 2021. The clinicopathological, mutational analysis and treatment plans were recorded. The study cohort was characterised by descriptive statistics.

Results

Our study included 120 patients with a median age of 53 years (range: 28-77), with a male preponderance of 2:1. The most common site of the primary was the stomach (50%), followed by the small intestine (37%), with 55.8% of the patients having disseminated disease at presentation with a predominance of liver metastasis (67%). The prevalence of mutational analysis among patients prior to referral was 4%. 60.8% of the patients at our clinic had mutational analysis performed, and unavailability of analysis in the rest was due to financial constraints (12.5%), exhaustion of tissue (7.5%), reluctance to repeat biopsy (4.1%) and low-risk patients. We report c-kit in the majority (52%), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) in 19.2% and wild type in 16.4% along with the rarer subtypes: succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient GIST in 10.9% and Neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) fusion in 1.3%. Four of the eight SDH-deficient GIST patients had germline mutations (50%). The knowledge of driver mutations led to a change of treatment in 39.7% (29/73), i.e. stoppage of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in 3, switch of TKI in 23, increase in TKI dose in 2 and upfront surgery in 1. The most common change was the use of sunitinib and regorafenib in patients with SDH-deficient GIST.

Conclusion

Our study is one of the largest comprehensive series describing the clinical and mutational profile of GIST from India. The mutation testing rates at primary care centres continue to be low. Despite the hurdles, a large percentage of our patients underwent molecular testing, aiding in therapeutic decision-making.

Incidentally Detected Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor in a Patient with Carcinoma Prostate: 68Ga-Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Versus 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography

Uptake of 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in various nonprostatic tumors is well documented in the literature. We present a case of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor, incidentally detected on 68Ga-PSMA positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging in a patient who underwent imaging for a suspected recurrence of carcinoma prostate.

Acute pancreatitis is characterized by generalized intestinal barrier dysfunction in early stage

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The role of intestinal-barrier in acute pancreatitis(AP) is poorly understood. We aimed to assess structural and functional changes in the intestinal-barrier in patients with early AP (time from onset<2 weeks) and the effect of enteral nutrition on them.

METHODS

In this prospective observational study, patients with early AP not on enteral nutrition were compared with controls for baseline intestinal-permeability(lactulose: mannitol ratio(L:M)), endotoxinemia(serum IgM/IgG anti-endotoxin antibodies), bacterial-translocation(serum bacterial 16S rRNA) and duodenal epithelial tight-junction structure by immunohistochemistry(IHC) for tight-junction proteins(claudin-2,-3,-4, zonula occludens-1(ZO1), junctional adhesion molecule(JAM) and occludin) and electron microscopy. These parameters were reassessed after 2 weeks enteral feeding in a AP patients subset.

RESULTS

96 patients with AP(age: 38.0 ± 14.5 years; etiology: biliary[46.8%]/alcohol[39.6%]; severe:53.2%, mortality:11.4%) and 40 matched controls were recruited. Patients with AP had higher baseline intestinal permeability(median L:M 0.176(IQR 0.073-0.376) vs 0.049(0.024-0.075) in controls; p < 0.001) and more frequent bacteraemia(positive bacterial 16S rRNA in 24/48 AP vs 0/21 controls; p < 0.001) with trend towards higher serum endotoxinemia(median IgG anti-endotoxin 78(51.2-171.6) GMU/ml vs 51.2(26.16-79.2) in controls; p = 0.061). Claudin-2, claudin-3, ZO1 were downregulated in both duodenal crypts and villi while claudin-4 and JAM were downregulated in duodenal villi and crypts respectively. 22 AP patients reassessed after initiation of enteral nutrition showed trend towards improving intestinal permeability, serum endotoxinemia and bacteraemia, with significant improvement in claudin-2,-3 in duodenal villi.

CONCLUSION

Patients with AP have significant disturbances in intestinal barrier structure and function in first 2 weeks from onset that persist despite institution of enteral nutrition.