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Alghamdi M, Chen JF, Jungbluth A, Koutzaki S, Palmer MB, Al-Ahmadie HA, Fine SW, Gopalan A, Sarungbam J, Sirintrapun SJ, Tickoo SK, Reuter VE, Chen YB. L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM) Expression and Molecular Alterations Distinguish Low-Grade Oncocytic Tumor From Eosinophilic Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100467. [PMID: 38460672 PMCID: PMC11102321 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Renal low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT) is a recently recognized renal cell neoplasm designated within the "other oncocytic tumors" category in the 2022 World Health Organization classification system. Although the clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features reported for LOT have been largely consistent, the data are relatively limited. The morphologic overlap between LOT and other low-grade oncocytic neoplasms, particularly eosinophilic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (E-chRCC), remains a controversial area in renal tumor classification. To address this uncertainty, we characterized and compared large cohorts of LOT (n = 67) and E-chRCC (n = 69) and revealed notable differences between the 2 entities. Clinically, LOT predominantly affected women, whereas E-chRCC showed a male predilection. Histologically, although almost all LOTs were dominated by a small-nested pattern, E-chRCC mainly showed solid and tubular architectures. Molecular analysis revealed that 87% of LOT cases harbored mutations in the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)-mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, most frequently in MTOR and RHEB genes; a subset of LOT cases had chromosomal 7 and 19q gains. In contrast, E-chRCC lacked mTORC1 mutations, and 60% of cases displayed chromosomal losses characteristic of chRCC. We also explored the cell of origin for LOT and identified L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), a collecting duct and connecting tubule principal cell marker, as a highly sensitive and specific ancillary test for differentiating LOT from E-chRCC. This distinctive L1CAM immunohistochemical labeling suggests the principal cells as the cell of origin for LOT, unlike the intercalated cell origin of E-chRCC and oncocytoma. The ultrastructural analysis of LOT showed normal-appearing mitochondria and intracytoplasmic lumina with microvilli, different from what has been described for chRCC. Our study further supports LOT as a unique entity with a benign clinical course. Based on the likely cell of origin and its clinicopathologic characteristics, we propose that changing the nomenclature of LOT to "Oncocytic Principal Cell Adenoma of the Kidney" may be a better way to define and describe this entity.
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Mulder L, Garcia E, Sirintrapun SJ, Kundu I, Soles R. Examining the role of diversity, equity, and inclusion in mitigating workforce burnout in laboratory medicine. Am J Clin Pathol 2024; 161:130-139. [PMID: 37793038 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The clinical laboratory workforce plays a crucial role in health care delivery, yet little is known about the unique pressures and challenges this workforce faces. The objective of this study was to identify factors that contribute to burnout, discrimination, exclusion, and inequity in pathology and laboratory medicine. METHODS A nationwide survey was conducted in 2 phases. In phase 1, 2391 laboratory professionals were surveyed over a 1-week period about their experiences with burnout, discrimination, and work-related stress. In phase 2, the survey was extended to 1 month and questions were added to elicit more detailed information about diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) as well as wellness. RESULTS Results showed a high prevalence of burnout, discrimination, and stress among laboratory professionals, with significant differences among certain demographic groups. Women, Black, indigenous, or people of color individuals and those with disabilities reported higher rates of discrimination. The study also showed a need for mentorship and resources to address educational barriers. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study highlight the urgent need for interventions to address burnout, discrimination, exclusion, and inequity in the laboratory workforce. Initiatives to increase workforce diversity, promote mentorship and diversity training programs, and improve recognition of the laboratory workforce are recommended. The results underscore the pressing need to addressing the challenges and apprehensions laboratory professionals face, including enhancing recognition of their role in patient care, tackling systemic problems related to discrimination and equity, and enhancing the provision of support and resources for managing burnout and fostering well-being.
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Arvisais-Anhalt S, Ravi A, Weia B, Aarts J, Ahmad HB, Araj E, Bauml JA, Benham-Hutchins M, Boyd AD, Brecht-Doscher A, Butler-Henderson K, Butte AJ, Cardilo AB, Chilukuri N, Cho MK, Cohen JK, Craven CK, Crusco S, Dadabhoy F, Dash D, DeBolt C, Elkin PL, Fayanju OA, Fochtmann LJ, Graham JV, Hanna JJ, Hersh W, Hofford MR, Hron JD, Huang SS, Jackson BR, Kaplan B, Kelly W, Ko K, Koppel R, Kurapati N, Labbad G, Lee JJ, Lehmann CU, Leitner S, Liao ZC, Medford RJ, Melnick ER, Muniyappa AN, Murray SG, Neinstein AB, Nichols-Johnson V, Novak LL, Ogan WS, Ozeran L, Pageler NM, Pandita D, Perumbeti A, Petersen C, Pierce L, Puttagunta R, Ramaswamy P, Rogers KM, Rosenbloom ST, Ryan A, Saleh S, Sarabu C, Schreiber R, Shaw KA, Sim I, Sirintrapun SJ, Solomonides A, Spector JD, Starren JB, Stoffel M, Subbian V, Swanson K, Tomes A, Trang K, Unertl KM, Weon JL, Whooley MA, Wiley K, Williamson DFK, Winkelstein P, Wong J, Xie J, Yarahuan JKW, Yung N, Zera C, Ratanawongsa N, Sadasivaiah S. Paging the Clinical Informatics Community: Respond STAT to Dobbs v. Jackson's Women's Health Organization. Appl Clin Inform 2023; 14:164-171. [PMID: 36535703 PMCID: PMC9977563 DOI: 10.1055/a-2000-7590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Teo MY, Guercio B, Arora A, Hao X, Regazzi AM, Donahue T, Herr HW, Goh AC, Cha EK, Pietzak E, Donat SM, Dalbagni G, Bochner BH, Olgac S, Sarungbam J, Sirintrapun SJ, Chen YB, Gopalan A, Fine SW, Tickoo SK, Reuter VE, Weigelt B, Schultheis AM, Funt S, Bajorin DF, Iyer G, Ostrovnaya I, Rosenberg JE, Al-Ahmadie H, Al-Ahmadie H. Long-term Outcomes of Local and Metastatic Small Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder and Genomic Analysis of Patients Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2022; 20:431-441. [PMID: 35676169 PMCID: PMC9809986 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small cell carcinoma of the bladder (SCCB) is a rare variant of bladder cancer with poor outcomes. We evaluated long-term outcomes of nonmetastatic (M0) and metastatic (M1) SCCB and correlated pathologic response with genomic alterations of patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical history and pathology samples from SCCB patients diagnosed at our institution were reviewed. RESULTS One hundred and ninety-nine SCCB patients were identified. (M0: 147 [74%]; M1: 52 [26%]). Among M0 patients, 108 underwent radical cystectomy (RC) (NAC: 71; RC only: 23; adjuvant chemotherapy: 14); 14 received chemoradiotherapy; the rest received chemotherapy alone or no cancer-directed therapy. RC-only patients had a median follow-up of 9.1 years, and median disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were 1.1 and 1.2 years, respectively. NAC patients had pathologic response (<pT2pN0) and pathologic complete response (pT0pN0) rates of 48% and 38%, respectively, with median follow-up of 7.2 years, and median DFS and OS of 5.6 and 14.5 years, respectively. NAC responders (<ypT2N0) had superior median DFS (14.5 vs. 0.6 years, hazard ratio [HR] 0.24, P< .001) and OS (14.5 vs. 2.5 years, HR 0.31, P = .002). DFS rates for responders and nonresponders were 76% and 27% at 5 years, and 71% and 23% at 10 years, respectively. Local and central nervous system recurrences were infrequent. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and OS for M1 disease were 6.9 and 10.3 months, respectively. Genomic profiling was performed on 47 NAC patients. Loss of ERCC2 function was significantly enriched among those with pathologic complete response to NAC (mutations present in 50% of pathologic complete responders vs. 15% nonresponders, P = .045). CONCLUSION M0 SCCB is chemo-sensitive and patients have excellent long-term survival following response to NAC. Patients with M1 disease have poor survival despite systemic therapy. Loss-of-function mutations of ERCC2 were associated with pathologic complete response to NAC.
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Fine SW, Al-Ahmadie HA, Vertosick E, Vickers AJ, Chen YB, Gopalan A, Sarungbam J, Sirintrapun SJ, Tickoo SK, Eastham JA, Scardino PT, Reuter VE. Impact of Zone of Origin in Anterior Dominant Prostate Cancer: Long-Term Biochemical Recurrence-Free Survival in an Anatomically Well-Characterized Cohort. UROLOGY PRACTICE 2022; 9:459-465. [PMID: 37145713 PMCID: PMC9988228 DOI: 10.1097/upj.0000000000000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our goal was to determine whether zonal origin of anterior dominant prostate cancers is associated with clinical outcome among patients treated with radical prostatectomy. METHODS We investigated the clinical outcomes of 197 patients with previously well-characterized anterior dominant prostatic tumors on radical prostatectomy. Univariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to test for an association between anterior peripheral zone (PZ) or transition zone (TZ) tumor location and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Zonal origin of anterior dominant tumors: 97/197 (49%) anterior PZ, 70 (36%) TZ, 14 (7%) both zones and 16 (8%) indeterminate zone. Comparing anterior PZ and TZ tumors, there were no significant differences in Grade group, incidence of extraprostatic extension or surgical margin positivity rate. Overall, 19 (9.6%) patients experienced biochemical recurrence (BCR), including 10 with anterior PZ origin and 5 with TZ origin. Median followup time among those without BCR was 9.5 years (IQR 7.2, 12.7). BCR-free survival at 5 and 10 years was 91% and 89% for anterior PZ tumors, and 94% and 92% for TZ tumors, respectively. On univariate analysis, there was no evidence of a difference in time to BCR between anterior PZ and TZ tumor zone of origin (p=0.5). CONCLUSIONS In this anatomically well-characterized cohort of anterior dominant prostate cancers, long-term BCR-free survival was not significantly associated with zone of origin. Future studies utilizing zone of origin as a parameter should consider separating anterior and posterior PZ localization, as outcomes may differ.
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Gopalan A, Al-Ahmadie H, Chen YB, Sarungbam J, Sirintrapun SJ, Tickoo SK, Reuter VE, Fine SW. Neuroendocrine Differentiation in the Setting of Prostatic Carcinoma: Contemporary Assessment of a Consecutive Series. Histopathology 2022; 81:246-254. [PMID: 35758203 PMCID: PMC9327588 DOI: 10.1111/his.14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Clinicopathologic characterization of contemporary series of neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in the setting of prostatic carcinoma (PCa). METHODS & RESULTS We reviewed institutional databases for in-house cases with history of PCa and histopathologic evidence of NE differentiation during the disease course. 79 cases identified: 32 primary and 47 metastases. Metastatic lesions were in liver [n=15], lymph node [n=9], bone [n=6], lung [n=3], brain [n=1], other sites [n=13]. 63 of 76 (82%) cases with NE differentiation and available history were post-therapy: 6 post-radiation therapy (RT), 24 post- androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) and 33 post-RT+ADT. Morphologic assessment [n=79]: a. 23 pure small cell/high-grade NE carcinoma (HGNEC): 20/23 metastatic; b. 10 combined high-grade PCa and small cell/HGNEC: 9/10 primary; c. 15 PCa with diffuse NE immunohistochemistry (IHC) marker positivity/differentiation, associated with nested to sheet-like growth of cells with abundant cytoplasm and prominent nucleoli, yet diffuse positivity for at least one prostatic and one NE IHC marker: all metastatic; d. 11 PCa with patchy NE differentiation, displaying more than single cell positivity for NE IHC: 5 primary / 6 metastatic; e. 9 PCa with focal NE marker positive cells: 4 primary / 5 metastatic; f. 11 PCa with 'Paneth cell-like' change: all primary. CONCLUSIONS In this contemporary series, the majority of NE differentiation in the setting of PCa was seen post-therapy. We highlight tendencies of small cell/HGNEC and PCa with diffuse NE differentiation by IHC to occur in metastatic settings, while morphologically combined high grade PCa+small cell/HGNEC and 'Paneth cell-like' change occur in primary disease.
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Haynes RM, Sirintrapun SJ, Gao J, McKenzie AJ. Using Technology to Enhance Cancer Clinical Trial Participation. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2022; 42:1-7. [PMID: 35486887 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_349671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic presented many challenges to health care systems, including oncology clinical research programs. There were substantial negative effects on oncology clinical trial screening, enrollment, and study activities that forced institutions and regulatory bodies to develop innovative solutions to maintain robust and equitable participation in these trials. Digital pathology innovations at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center have streamlined the diagnostic life cycle for patients with cancer, and the seamless integration of digital pathology services with next-generation sequencing and other molecular pathology services have accelerated the time to diagnosis and receipt of molecular results. Timely access to these results, coupled with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center's knowledge engine OncoKB, enhances patient clinical trial coordination precisely and efficiently. At the Sarah Cannon Research Institute, centralized remote clinical trial matching and screening, virtual molecular tumor boards, and centralized molecular interpretation support services have empowered clinic staff to identify more efficiently potential participants in clinical research, despite the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Oncology Center of Excellence has been involved in several efforts to address challenges for patients with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic, including writing guidance documents and participating in efforts to modernize clinical trials. The enclosed personal experience of a patient with cancer currently participating in an oncology clinical trial emphasizes the need for continued decreasing of barriers to study participation. Clinical trial advances that were accelerated by the pandemic will ultimately help patients with cancer and the greater oncology health care community.
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Dason S, Vertosick EA, Udo K, Sjoberg DD, Vickers AJ, Al-Ahmadie H, Chen YB, Gopalan A, Sirintrapun SJ, Tickoo SK, Scardino PT, Eastham JA, Reuter VE, Fine SW. Clinical utility of subclassifying positive surgical margins at radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2022; 129:194-200. [PMID: 34161656 PMCID: PMC9514027 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether subclassification of positive surgical margins (PSMs) increases predictive ability for biochemical recurrence (BCR) and aids clinical decision-making in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied 2147 patients with pT2 and pT3a prostate cancer with detailed surgical margin parameters and BCR status. We compared a base model, a linear predictor calculated from the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center postoperative nomogram (prostate-specific antigen, pathological tumour grade and stage), with the addition of surgical margin status to five additional models (base model plus surgical margin subclassifications) to evaluate enhancement in predictive accuracy. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was performed to determine the clinical utility of parameters that enhanced predictive accuracy. RESULTS Among 2147 men, 205 had PSMs, and 231 developed BCR. Discrimination for the base model with addition of surgical margin status was high (c-index = 0.801) and not meaningfully improved by adding surgical margin subclassification in the full cohort. In analyses considering only men with PSMs (N = 55 with BCR), adding surgical margin subclassification to the base model increased discrimination for total length of all PSMs - alone or with maximum Gleason grade at the margin (c-index improvement = 0.717 to 0.752 and 0.753, respectively). DCA demonstrated a modest benefit to clinical utility with the addition of these parameters. CONCLUSIONS Specific subclassification parameters add predictive accuracy for BCR and may aid clinical utility in decision-making for patients with PSMs. These findings may be useful for patient counselling and future adjuvant therapy trial design.
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Torous VF, Allan RW, Balani J, Baskovich B, Birdsong GG, Dellers E, Dryden M, Edgerton ME, Giannico GA, Heayn M, Jackson CR, Klepeis VE, Olson JE, Pettus JR, Simpson RW, Sirintrapun SJ, Smith DL, Srigley JR, Berman MA. In Reply. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2022; 146:141b-143. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0461-le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Torous VF, Simpson RW, Balani JP, Baras AS, Berman MA, Birdsong GG, Giannico GA, Paner GP, Pettus JR, Sessions Z, Sirintrapun SJ, Srigley JR, Spencer S. College of American Pathologists Cancer Protocols: From Optimizing Cancer Patient Care to Facilitating Interoperable Reporting and Downstream Data Use. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2021; 5:47-55. [PMID: 33439728 PMCID: PMC8140812 DOI: 10.1200/cci.20.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The College of American Pathologists Cancer Protocols have offered guidance to pathologists for standard cancer pathology reporting for more than 35 years. The adoption of computer readable versions of these protocols by electronic health record and laboratory information system (LIS) vendors has provided a mechanism for pathologists to report within their LIS workflow, in addition to enabling standardized structured data capture and reporting to downstream consumers of these data such as the cancer surveillance community. This paper reviews the history of the Cancer Protocols and electronic Cancer Checklists, outlines the current use of these critically important cancer case reporting tools, and examines future directions, including plans to help improve the integration of the Cancer Protocols into clinical, public health, research, and other workflows.
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Schüffler PJ, Geneslaw L, Yarlagadda DVK, Hanna MG, Samboy J, Stamelos E, Vanderbilt C, Philip J, Jean MH, Corsale L, Manzo A, Paramasivam NHG, Ziegler JS, Gao J, Perin JC, Kim YS, Bhanot UK, Roehrl MHA, Ardon O, Chiang S, Giri DD, Sigel CS, Tan LK, Murray M, Virgo C, England C, Yagi Y, Sirintrapun SJ, Klimstra D, Hameed M, Reuter VE, Fuchs TJ. Integrated digital pathology at scale: A solution for clinical diagnostics and cancer research at a large academic medical center. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2021; 28:1874-1884. [PMID: 34260720 PMCID: PMC8344580 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Broad adoption of digital pathology (DP) is still lacking, and examples for DP connecting diagnostic, research, and educational use cases are missing. We blueprint a holistic DP solution at a large academic medical center ubiquitously integrated into clinical workflows; researchapplications including molecular, genetic, and tissue databases; and educational processes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We built a vendor-agnostic, integrated viewer for reviewing, annotating, sharing, and quality assurance of digital slides in a clinical or research context. It is the first homegrown viewer cleared by New York State provisional approval in 2020 for primary diagnosis and remote sign-out during the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic. We further introduce an interconnected Honest Broker for BioInformatics Technology (HoBBIT) to systematically compile and share large-scale DP research datasets including anonymized images, redacted pathology reports, and clinical data of patients with consent. RESULTS The solution has been operationally used over 3 years by 926 pathologists and researchers evaluating 288 903 digital slides. A total of 51% of these were reviewed within 1 month after scanning. Seamless integration of the viewer into 4 hospital systems clearly increases the adoption of DP. HoBBIT directly impacts the translation of knowledge in pathology into effective new health measures, including artificial intelligence-driven detection models for prostate cancer, basal cell carcinoma, and breast cancer metastases, developed and validated on thousands of cases. CONCLUSIONS We highlight major challenges and lessons learned when going digital to provide orientation for other pathologists. Building interconnected solutions will not only increase adoption of DP, but also facilitate next-generation computational pathology at scale for enhanced cancer research.
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Morjaria S, Nouvini R, Sirintrapun SJ. Strategic Thinking in Test Selection for Mass SARS-CoV-2 Testing. J Appl Lab Med 2021; 6:1688-1693. [PMID: 34165509 PMCID: PMC8344554 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Kim D, Hanna MG, Vanderbilt C, Sirintrapun SJ. Pathology Informatics Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC). Acta Med Acad 2021; 50:136-142. [PMID: 34075769 DOI: 10.5644/ama2006-124.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This review details the development and structure of a four-week rotation in pathology informatics for a resident trainee at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) in New York City so that other programs interested in such a rotation can refer to. The role of pathology informatics is exponentially increasing in research and clinical practice. With an ever-expanding role, training in pathology informatics is paramount as pathology training programs and training accreditation bodies recognize the need for pathology informatics in training future pathologists. However, due to its novelty, many training programs are unfamiliar with implementing pathology informatics training. The rotation incorporates educational resources for pathology informatics, guidance in the development, and general topics relevant to pathology informatics training. Informatics topics include anatomic pathology related aspects such as whole slide imaging, laboratory information systems, image analysis, and molecular pathology associated issues such as the bioinformatics pipeline and data processing. Additionally, we highlight how the rotation pivoted to meet the department's informatics needs while still providing an educational experience during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: As pathology informatics continues to grow and integrate itself into practice, informatics education must also grow to meet the future needs of pathology. As informatics programs develop across institutions, such as the one detailed in this paper, these programs will better equip future pathologists with informatics to approach disease and pathology.
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Torous VF, Allan RW, Balani J, Baskovich B, Birdsong GG, Dellers E, Dryden M, Edgerton ME, Giannico GA, Heayn M, Jackson CR, Klepeis VE, Olson JE, Pettus JR, Simpson RW, Sirintrapun SJ, Smith DL, Srigley JR, Berman MA. Exploring the College of American Pathologists Electronic Cancer Checklists: What They Are and What They Can Do for You. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:392-398. [PMID: 33238006 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0239-ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yang C, Cimera RS, Aryeequaye R, Jayakumaran G, Sarungbam J, Al-Ahmadie HA, Gopalan A, Sirintrapun SJ, Fine SW, Tickoo SK, Epstein JI, Reuter VE, Zhang Y, Chen YB. Adverse histology, homozygous loss of CDKN2A/B, and complex genomic alterations in locally advanced/metastatic renal mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:445-456. [PMID: 32879414 PMCID: PMC7855055 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-00667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma (MTSCC) is a rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma with characteristic histologic features and chromosomal alterations. Although typically indolent, a small subset of cases has been reported to exhibit aggressive clinical behavior. We retrospectively identified 33 patients with MTSCC, consisting of 10 cases of locally advanced/metastatic MTSCC (pT3 or N1 or M1) and 23 kidney-confined MTSCC (pT1/T2) without disease recurrence or progression. Utilizing a single-nucleotide polymorphism array and a targeted next-generation sequencing platform, we examined genome-wide molecular alterations in 24 cases, including 11 available samples from 8 patients with locally advanced/metastatic MTSCC. Ten patients with locally advanced/metastatic MTSCC were 8 females (80%) and 2 males (20%). At nephrectomy, 7 of these 10 cases (70%) were pT3 or pN1 while the remaining 3 (30%) were pT1/T2. Eight patients (80%) developed metastases and common sites included lymph node (4, 40%), bone (4, 40%), and retroperitoneum (3, 30%). Four patients died of disease (40%) during follow-up. Locally advanced/metastatic MTSCCs shared typical MTSCC genomic profiles with loss of chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, and 22, while some exhibited additional complex genomic alterations, most frequently a relative gain of 1q (7/8). Homozygous loss of CDKN2A/B was observed in 3 (38%) locally advanced/metastatic MTSCCs. Tumor necrosis, solid nested/sheet pattern, irregular trabecular/single-file infiltration in a desmoplastic stroma, lymphovascular space invasion, and increased mitotic activity were associated with locally advanced/metastatic MTSCCs (all p < 0.05). Our findings reveal that MTSCCs with aggressive clinical behavior have progressed through clonal evolution; CDKN2A/B deletion and additional complex genomic abnormalities may contribute to this process. Recognizing the morphologic presentation of high-grade MTSCC and evaluating adverse histologic features seen in these tumors can help establish a definitive diagnosis and stratify patients for treatment and prognostication.
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Williams BJ, Fraggetta F, Hanna MG, Huang R, Lennerz J, Salgado R, Sirintrapun SJ, Pantanowitz L, Parwani A, Zarella M, Treanor DE. The Future of Pathology: What can we Learn from the COVID-19 Pandemic? J Pathol Inform 2020; 11:15. [PMID: 32685256 PMCID: PMC7363060 DOI: 10.4103/jpi.jpi_29_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Fine SW, Meisels DL, Vickers AJ, Al-Ahmadie H, Chen YB, Gopalan A, Sirintrapun SJ, Tickoo SK, Reuter VE. Practice Patterns in Reporting Tertiary Grades at Radical Prostatectomy: Survey of a Large Group of Experienced Urologic Pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2020; 144:356-360. [PMID: 31584841 PMCID: PMC7480272 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0224-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— In prostate cancer, "tertiary" higher-grade patterns (TPs) have been associated with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. OBJECTIVE.— To determine variation regarding definition and application of TPs. DESIGN.— Online survey regarding TPs in a range of grading scenarios circulated to 105 experienced urologic pathologists. RESULTS.— Among 95 respondents, 40 of 95 (42%) defined TPs as "third most common pattern" and 55 (58%) as "minor pattern/less than 5% of tumor." In a tumor with pattern 3 and less than 5% pattern 4, of the 95 respondents, 35 (37%) assigned 3 + 3 = 6 with TP4, while 56 (59%) assigned 3 + 4 = 7. In a tumor with pattern 4 and less than 5% pattern 5, of the 95 respondents, 51 (54%) assigned 4 + 4 = 8 with TP5, while 43 (45%) assigned 4 + 5 = 9. Six scenarios were presented in which the order of most common patterns was 3, 4, and 5 (Group 1) or 4, 3, and 5 (Group 2) with varying percentages. In both groups, when pattern 5 was less than 5%, we found that 98% and 93% of respondents would assign 3 + 4 = 7 or 4 + 3 = 7 with TP5. In scenarios with 15% or 25% pattern 5, most respondents (70% and 80%, respectively) would include pattern 5 as the secondary grade, that is, 3 + 5 = 8 (Group 1) or 4 + 5 = 9 (Group 2). For 85 of 95 (89%), a TP would not impact Grade Group assignment. CONCLUSIONS.— This survey highlights substantial variation in practice patterns regarding definition and application of "tertiary" grading in radical prostatectomy specimens. High consistency was observed in 3 + 4 = 7/4 + 3 = 7 scenarios with truly minor pattern 5. These findings should inform future studies assessing the standardization and predictive value of "tertiary" patterns.
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Jia L, Carlo MI, Khan H, Nanjangud GJ, Rana S, Cimera R, Zhang Y, Hakimi AA, Verma AK, Al-Ahmadie HA, Fine SW, Gopalan A, Sirintrapun SJ, Tickoo SK, Reuter VE, Gartrell BA, Chen YB. Distinctive mechanisms underlie the loss of SMARCB1 protein expression in renal medullary carcinoma: morphologic and molecular analysis of 20 cases. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:1329-1343. [PMID: 30980040 PMCID: PMC6731129 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Renal medullary carcinoma is a rare but highly aggressive type of renal cancer occurring in patients with sickle cell trait or rarely with other hemoglobinopathies. Loss of SMARCB1 protein expression, a core subunit of the switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex, has emerged as a key diagnostic feature of these tumors. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this loss remains unclear. We retrospectively identified 20 patients diagnosed with renal medullary carcinoma at two institutions from 1996 to 2017. All patients were confirmed to have sickle cell trait, and all tumors exhibited a loss of SMARCB1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry. The status of SMARCB1 locus was examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 3-color probes, and somatic alterations were detected by targeted next-generation sequencing platforms. FISH analysis of all 20 cases revealed 11 (55%) with concurrent hemizygous loss and translocation of SMARCB1, 6 (30%) with homozygous loss of SMARCB1, and 3 (15%) without structural or copy number alterations of SMARCB1 despite protein loss. Targeted sequencing revealed a pathogenic somatic mutation of SMARCB1 in one of these 3 cases that were negative by FISH. Tumors in the 3 subsets with different FISH findings largely exhibited similar clinicopathologic features, however, homozygous SMARCB1 deletion was found to show a significant association with the solid growth pattern, whereas tumors dominated by reticular/cribriform growth were enriched for SMARCB1 translocation. Taken together, we demonstrate that different molecular mechanisms underlie the loss of SMARCB1 expression in renal medullary carcinoma. Biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1 occurs in a large majority of cases either via concurrent hemizygous loss and translocation disrupting SMARCB1 or by homozygous loss.
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Hanna MG, Reuter VE, Samboy J, England C, Corsale L, Fine SW, Agaram NP, Stamelos E, Yagi Y, Hameed M, Klimstra DS, Sirintrapun SJ. Implementation of Digital Pathology Offers Clinical and Operational Increase in Efficiency and Cost Savings. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 143:1545-1555. [PMID: 31173528 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0514-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Digital pathology (DP) implementations vary in scale, based on aims of intended operation. Few laboratories have completed a full-scale DP implementation, which may be due to high overhead costs that disrupt the traditional pathology workflow. Neither standardized criteria nor benchmark data have yet been published showing practical return on investment after implementing a DP platform. OBJECTIVE.— To provide benchmark data and practical metrics to support operational efficiency and cost savings in a large academic center. DESIGN.— Metrics reviewed include archived pathology asset retrieval; ancillary test request for recurrent/metastatic disease; cost analysis and turnaround time (TAT); and DP experience survey. RESULTS.— Glass slide requests from the department slide archive and an off-site surgery center showed a 93% and 97% decrease, respectively. Ancillary immunohistochemical orders, compared in 2014 (52%)-before whole slide images (WSIs) were available in the laboratory information system-and 2017 (21%) showed $114 000/y in anticipated savings. Comprehensive comparative cost analysis showed a 5-year $1.3 million savings. Surgical resection cases with prior WSIs showed a 1-day decrease in TAT. A DP experience survey showed 80% of respondents agreed WSIs improved their clinical sign-out experience. CONCLUSIONS.— Implementing a DP operation showed a noteworthy increase in efficiency and operational utility. Digital pathology deployments and operations may be gauged by the following metrics: number of glass slide requests as WSIs become available, decrease in confirmatory testing for patients with metastatic/recurrent disease, long-term decrease in off-site pathology asset costs, and faster TAT. Other departments may use our benchmark data and metrics to enhance patient care and demonstrate return on investment to justify adoption of DP.
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Ito Y, Udo K, Vertosick EA, Sjoberg DD, Vickers AJ, Al-Ahmadie HA, Chen YB, Gopalan A, Sirintrapun SJ, Tickoo SK, Scardino PT, Eastham JA, Reuter VE, Fine SW. Clinical Usefulness of Prostate and Tumor Volume Related Parameters following Radical Prostatectomy for Localized Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2019; 201:535-540. [PMID: 30300632 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated whether the prediction of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy is enhanced by any of 6 parameters, including prostate volume, total tumor volume, high grade total tumor volume, the ratio of high grade total tumor volume to total tumor volume, the ratio of total tumor volume to prostate volume and/or the ratio of high grade total tumor volume to prostate volume. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1,261 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy during a 3-year period had tumor maps constructed with the Gleason pattern denoted as low-3 or high-4 or 5 and volumetric data generated using commercially available software. Univariate Cox regression models were used to assess whether each volume related parameter was associated with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. A multivariable Cox regression base model (age, prostate specific antigen, Gleason score/grade group, pathological stage and margin status) was compared with 6 additional models (base model plus each volume related parameter) to evaluate enhancement in predictive accuracy. Decision curve analysis was performed to determine the clinical utility of parameters that enhanced predictive accuracy. RESULTS On univariate analysis each parameter was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence except prostate volume. Predictive accuracy of the multivariable base model was high (c-index = 0.861). Adding volume related parameters marginally enhanced discrimination. Decision curve analysis failed to show added benefit even for high grade total tumor volume/total tumor volume, which was the parameter with the highest discriminative improvement. CONCLUSIONS Tumor volume related parameters are significantly associated with radical prostatectomy but do not add important discrimination to standard clinicopathological variables for radical prostatectomy prediction or provide benefit across a range of clinically relevant decision thresholds. Volume related measurement is not warranted in routine pathological evaluation and reporting.
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Dean LW, Assel M, Sjoberg DD, Vickers AJ, Al-Ahmadie HA, Chen YB, Gopalan A, Sirintrapun SJ, Tickoo SK, Eastham JA, Scardino PT, Reuter VE, Ehdaie B, Fine SW. Clinical Usefulness of Total Length of Gleason Pattern 4 on Biopsy in Men with Grade Group 2 Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2019; 201:77-82. [PMID: 30076908 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To our knowledge the ideal methodology of quantifying secondary Gleason pattern 4 in men with Grade Group 2/Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7 on biopsy remains unknown. We compared various methods of Gleason pattern 4 quantification and evaluated associations with adverse pathology findings at radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 457 men with Grade Group 2 prostate cancer on biopsy subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy at our institution. Only patients with 12 or more reviewed cores were included in analysis. We evaluated 3 methods of quantifying Gleason pattern 4, including the maximum percent of Gleason pattern 4 in any single core, the overall percent of Gleason pattern 4 (Gleason pattern 4 mm/total cancer mm) and the total length of Gleason pattern 4 in mm across all cores. Adverse pathology features at radical prostatectomy were defined as Gleason score 4 + 3 = 7 or greater (Grade Group 3 or greater), and any extraprostatic extension, seminal vesical invasion and/or lymph node metastasis. A training/test set approach and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine whether Gleason pattern 4 quantification methods could aid in predicting adverse pathology. RESULTS On multivariable analysis all Gleason pattern 4 quantification methods were significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse pathology (p <0.0001) and an increased AUC beyond the base model. The largest AUC increase was 0.044 for the total length of Gleason pattern 4 (AUC 0.728, 95% CI 0.663-0.793). Decision curve analysis demonstrated an increased clinical net benefit with the addition of Gleason pattern 4 quantification to the base model. The total length of Gleason pattern 4 clearly provided the largest net benefit. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the inclusion of Gleason pattern 4 quantification in the pathology reports and risk prediction models of patients with Grade Group 2/Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7 prostate cancer. The total length of Gleason pattern 4 across all cores provided the strongest benefit to predict adverse pathology features.
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Lin O, Rudomina D, Feratovic R, Sirintrapun SJ. Rapid on-site evaluation using telecytology: A major cancer center experience. Diagn Cytopathol 2019; 47:15-19. [PMID: 29575752 PMCID: PMC8059101 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) with cytology preparations plays a critical role in minimally invasive procedures. The time spent by a pathologist performing ROSE is unpredictable and could be used for more cost-effective activities. The solution encountered by several institutions to address this issue is the use of telecytology (TC). This study analyzes the experience of using telecytology for ROSE in a major cancer center over a period of over 2 years. METHODS A retrospective analysis of all remote TC evaluations for adequacy on fine needle aspiration (FNA) and touch preparations (TP) of core biopsies (CB) performed at a major cancer center was performed. The preliminary adequacy assessment was then compared to the adequacy assessment at final diagnosis. RESULTS A total of 12 949 adequacy assessments were analyzed. The most common sites biopsied in our institution were lymph node, lung, and liver. There were 7725 adequacy assessments for CB (59.7%), while adequacy assessment for FNA specimens represented 40.3% (n = 5224) of the total number of specimens evaluated by ROSE. Perfect concordance between initial adequacy assessment and the adequacy assessment at final cytologic diagnosis was 93% (12 049/12 949). The final diagnosis adequacy upgrade rate was 6.7% (n = 863), and the adequacy downgrade (a specimen considered adequate on-site that was determined to be nondiagnostic on final examination) was 0.3% (n = 37). CONCLUSIONS TC can be easily implemented with the current technologies available. It is cost-effective and allows for better patient care with a more efficient use of the pathologist's time and laboratory resources.
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Renshaw AA, Mena-Allauca M, Gould EW, Sirintrapun SJ. Synoptic Reporting: Evidence-Based Review and Future Directions. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2018; 2:1-9. [PMID: 30652566 PMCID: PMC6873952 DOI: 10.1200/cci.17.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Telemedicine uses telecommunications technology as a tool to deliver health care to populations with limited access to care. Telemedicine has been tested in multiple clinical settings, demonstrating at least equivalency to in-person care and high levels of patient and health professional satisfaction. Teleoncology has been demonstrated to improve access to care and decrease health care costs. Teleconsultations may take place in a synchronous, asynchronous, or blended format. Examples of successful teleoncology applications include cancer telegenetics, bundling of cancer-related teleapplications, remote chemotherapy supervision, symptom management, survivorship care, palliative care, and approaches to increase access to cancer clinical trials. Telepathology is critical to cancer care and may be accomplished synchronously and asynchronously for both cytology and tissue diagnoses. Mobile applications support symptom management, lifestyle modification, and medication adherence as a tool for home-based care. Telemedicine can support the oncologist with access to interactive tele-education. Teleoncology practice should maintain in-person professional standards, including documentation integrated into the patient's electronic health record. Telemedicine training is essential to facilitate rapport, maximize engagement, and conduct an accurate virtual exam. With the appropriate attachments, the only limitation to the virtual exam is palpation. The national telehealth resource centers can provide interested clinicians with the latest information on telemedicine reimbursement, parity, and practice. To experience the gains of teleoncology, appropriate training, education, as well as paying close attention to gaps, such as those inherent in the digital divide, are essential.
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Chmielewski JP, Bowlby SC, Wheeler FB, Shi L, Sui G, Davis AL, Howard TD, D'Agostino RB, Miller LD, Sirintrapun SJ, Cramer SD, Kridel SJ. CD38 Inhibits Prostate Cancer Metabolism and Proliferation by Reducing Cellular NAD + Pools. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1687-1700. [PMID: 30076241 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells require increased rates of cell metabolism to generate the macromolecules necessary to sustain proliferation. They rely heavily on NAD+ as a cofactor for multiple metabolic enzymes in anabolic and catabolic reactions. NAD+ also serves as a substrate for PARPs, sirtuins, and cyclic ADP-ribose synthases. Dysregulation of the cyclic ADP-ribose synthase CD38, the main NAD'ase in cells, is reported in multiple cancer types. This study demonstrates a novel connection between CD38, modulation of NAD+, and tumor cell metabolism in prostate cancer. CD38 expression inversely correlates with prostate cancer progression. Expressing CD38 in prostate cancer cells lowered intracellular NAD+, resulting in cell-cycle arrest and expression of p21Cip1 (CDKNA1). In parallel, CD38 diminishes glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and inhibits fatty acid and lipid synthesis. Pharmacologic inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) mimicked the metabolic consequences of CD38 expression, demonstrating similarity between CD38 expression and NAMPT inhibition. Modulation of NAD+ by CD38 also induces significant differential expression of the transcriptome, producing a gene expression signature indicative of a nonproliferative phenotype. Altogether, in the context of prostate cancer, the data establish a novel role for the CD38-NAD+ axis in the regulation of cell metabolism and development.Implications: This research establishes a mechanistic connection between CD38 and metabolic control. It also provides the foundation for the translation of agents that modulate NAD+ levels in cancer cells as therapeutics. Mol Cancer Res; 16(11); 1687-700. ©2018 AACR.
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