Fucoidan Ameliorates Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) in Rats

Purpose

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a major urological health issue for men globally. Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide, displays diverse bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, and immunoregulatory effects. This 28-day study examined the effects of Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan on testosterone-induced BPH in rats.

Methods

Forty-eight Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into six groups; G1- vehicle control, G2- testosterone alone BPH control group (3 mg/kg), G3- finasteride (10 mg/kg) + testosterone, G4- fucoidan (40 mg/kg) + testosterone, G5- fucoidan (400 mg/kg) + testosterone, and G6- fucoidan alone (400 mg/kg). The animals were observed for clinical signs, body weight, feed consumption, prostate weight, prostate index, and biochemical markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin- 1β (IL-1β), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) in serum. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels were evaluated in both serum and prostate.

Results

Fucoidan significantly prevented an increase in prostate weight and prostate index induced by testosterone. DHT levels in the prostate of the intervention groups were significantly lower than in the BPH control group (p <0.05); however, no significant difference was observed in serum levels. Similarly, a significant reduction was observed in serum and prostate testosterone levels in the intervention groups compared to the BPH control group (p <0.05). Biochemical analyses showed PSA levels were significantly lower in the fucoidan groups compared to the BPH control group (p<0.05). Although not statistically significant, fucoidan groups showed a trend of reducing IL-1β and TNF-α levels. Fucoidan demonstrated pro-apoptotic potential in its ability to decrease BCL-2 and increase BAX. Histopathological evidence revealed fewer microscopic lesions in the fucoidan groups compared to the BPH control group.

Conclusion

The results suggest Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan can reduce testosterone-induced BPH symptoms in SD rats.

Combinative workflow for mRNA vaccine development

Recently, mRNA has gained a lot of attention in the field of vaccines, gene therapy, and protein replacement therapies. Herein, we are demonstrating a comprehensive approach to designing, cloning, and characterizing an antigenic cassette for the development of mRNA vaccine for COVID-19. The gene encoding the antigenic spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) was designed using the databases, characterized by in-silico tools, and assembled using overlapping oligonucleotide-based assembly by PCR. Next, the gene was cloned, mRNA was synthesized, and characterized using orthogonal approaches (Capillary electrophoresis, Sanger DNA sequencing, Next-generation sequencing, HPLC, qPCR, etc.). Furthermore, the antigen expression was monitored in-vitro using an animal cell model by western blot, flow cytometer, and surface plasmon resonance. The demonstrated approach has also been followed for developing the mRNA vaccines for various other indications such as Malaria, Herpes, Dengue, HPV, etc.

Augmenting the landscape of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy

INTRODUCTION

The inception of recombinant DNA technology and live cell genomic alteration have paved the path for the excellence of cell and gene therapies and often provided the first curative treatment for many indications. The approval of the first Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy was one of the breakthrough innovations that became the headline in 2017. Currently, the therapy is primarily restricted to a few nations, and the market is growing at a CAGR (current annual growth rate) of 11.6% (2022-2032), as opposed to the established bio-therapeutic market at a CAGR of 15.9% (2023-2030). The limited technology democratization is attributed to its autologous nature, lack of awareness, therapy inclusion criteria, high infrastructure cost, trained personnel, complex manufacturing processes, regulatory challenges, recurrence of the disease, and long-term follow-ups.

AREAS COVERED

This review discusses the vision and strategies focusing on the CAR T-cell therapy democratization with mitigation plans. Further, it also covers the strategies to leverage the mRNA-based CAR T platform for building an ecosystem to ensure availability, accessibility, and affordability to the community.

EXPERT OPINION

mRNA-guided CAR T cell therapy is a rapidly growing area wherein a collaborative approach among the stakeholders is needed for its success.

Antibacterial action of penicillin against Mycobacterium avium complex

INTRODUCTION

β-lactam antibiotics are promising treatments for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease. We hypothesized that benzylpenicillin has efficacy against MAC.

METHODS

Benzylpenicillin lung concentration-time profiles of seven doses in three dosing schedules were administered for 28 days using the hollow fiber system model of intracellular MAC (HFS-MAC). Data were analyzed using the inhibitory sigmoid maximal effect (Emax) model for each sampling day, while two ordinary differential equations (ODEs) were used for the wild-type and penicillin-resistant mutants.

RESULTS

Benzylpenicillin killed >2.1 log10 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL below Day 0, better than azithromycin, ethambutol, and rifabutin. Efficacy was terminated by acquired resistance. Sigmoid Emax parameter estimates significantly differed between sampling days and were a poor fit. However, ODE model parameter estimates vs. exposure were a better fit. The exposure mediating Emax was 84.6% (95% CI 76.91-82.98) of time concentration exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In Monte Carlo experiments, 24 million international units of benzylpenicillin continuous infusion achieved the target exposure in lungs of >90% of 10,000 subjects until an MIC of 64 mg/L, designated the susceptibility breakpoint.

CONCLUSIONS

Benzylpenicillin demonstrated a better bactericidal effect against MAC than guideline-recommended drugs before the development of resistance. Its role in combination therapy with other drugs with better efficacy than guideline-recommended drugs should be explored.

Bioenergetic stress potentiates antimicrobial resistance and persistence

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health crisis and there is an urgent need to better understand AMR mechanisms. Antibiotic treatment alters several aspects of bacterial physiology, including increased ATP utilization, carbon metabolism, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. However, how the "bioenergetic stress" induced by increased ATP utilization affects treatment outcomes is unknown. Here we utilized a synthetic biology approach to study the direct effects of bioenergetic stress on antibiotic efficacy. We engineered a genetic system that constitutively hydrolyzes ATP or NADH in Escherichia coli. We found that bioenergetic stress potentiates AMR evolution via enhanced ROS production, mutagenic break repair, and transcription-coupled repair. We also find that bioenergetic stress potentiates antimicrobial persistence via potentiated stringent response activation. We propose a unifying model that antibiotic-induced antimicrobial resistance and persistence is caused by antibiotic-induced. This has important implications for preventing or curbing the spread of AMR infections.

Effect of SophorOx® on Oxidative Stress and Body Composition in Individuals with High BMI: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Purpose

The study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of SophorOx® (LN-OS-22) on oxidative stress and body composition in adults with excessive body weight and obesity.

Participants and Methods

The 56-days randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-centric clinical trial had individuals aged 30-60 years with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 to ≤34.9 kg/m2. 68 participants were randomly allocated to LN-OS-22 or placebo groups. The primary outcome was improvement in the oxidative stress. Secondary outcomes were changes in plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, weight and waist circumference, inflammatory markers, and quality of life.

Results

At day 56, a statistically significant change in the 8-Isoprostane levels between LN-OS-22 vs placebo was observed (p = 0.0222). As compared to placebo, at the end of study, statistically significant reductions were demonstrated in body weight, waist circumference and BMI in the LN-OS-22 group (p < 0.0001). Also, a statistically significant change when compared to placebo for the energy/stamina domain (p = 0.0300) of the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite-Clinical Trials Version (IWQOL-Lite-CT) questionnaire was depicted in LN-OS-22 group.

Conclusion

The study demonstrates that LN-OS-22 was effective in reducing the oxidative stress, anthropometrics and improving the quality of life in individuals with overweight and obesity.

Cryopreservation of bovine semen using extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum

BACKGROUND

Antioxidants minimise oxidative stress and enhance sperm quality in the process of cryopreservation.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the impact of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract as an additive during the post-dilution and post-thaw stages of Murrah buffalo semen cryopreservation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The semen sample was diluted using Tris-Egg-Yolk-Citric-Acid-Fructose-Glycerol extender and subsequently divided into three groups: Group 1, TEYCAFG without any additives or controls (C); Group 2, TEYCAFG fortified with a 50 ug/mL aqueous extract of cinnamon (T1); and Group 3, TEYCAFG fortified with a 50 ug/mL ethanolic extract of cinnamon (T2). The evaluation included an assessment of progressive motility, live spermatozoa, sperm abnormalities, HOST, CMPT, and enzyme leakage (GOT and GPT) at both the post-dilution and post-thaw stages.

RESULTS

The groups that received cinnamon supplementation demonstrated statistically significant improvements (p<0.05) in various parameters, including an increase in the progressive motility, live spermatozoa, and HOS-positive spermatozoa, as well as greater distance traveled by vanguard spermatozoa compared to the control group. Furthermore, the cinnamon-added groups exhibited a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the percentage of sperm abnormalities and lower enzyme leakage (GOT and GPT) in post-thawed semen.

CONCLUSION

Aqueous extract of C. zeylanicum at a concentration of 50 µg/mL provides superior protection of sperm structures and functions as compared to both the ethanolic extract of C. zeylanicum at the same concentration and the control group. Doi.org/10.54680/fr24310110712.

Assessment of the Effect of Rehmannia glutinosa Leaf Extract in Maintaining Skin Health: A Proof-of-Concept, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Purpose

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, proof-of-concept trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of VerbasnolTM [Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch leaf-based extract (RGLE)] in females, with moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

Participants and Methods

Twenty-two females aged 18 to 35 years having moderate to severe acne with Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) scores of 19 to 38 were included in the study and were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either one capsule (100 mg/day) of RGLE or placebo orally after breakfast for 56 days. The primary outcome was a change in acne severity measured by the GAGS compared to the placebo on day 56. The secondary outcomes were changes in the number of inflammatory acne lesions, facial sebum secretion, quality of life, local pain and itching, skin wrinkle severity, and other skin characteristics, including radiance, luminosity, smoothness, texture, firmness, and hydration. Additionally, the percentage of responders and global tolerability and efficacy were evaluated.

Results

The mean GAGS score was reduced by 21.72% and 14.20% on day 28 in RGLE (n=10) and placebo groups (n=12), respectively, which further reduced in both groups on day 56. The RGLE group reported better improvement in other skin characteristics on day 56. No safety or tolerability concerns were reported for the extract. RGLE reduced acne and improved the skin quality in females compared to placebo as early as 28 days of supplementation.

Conclusion

RGLE supplementation at a dose of 100 mg/day has provided a clinically relevant decrease in acne severity and improved the skin hydration and quality of life of the participants with acne after 56 days of dose administration.

VagiBIOM Lactobacillus suppository improves vaginal health index in perimenopausal women with bacterial vaginosis: a randomized control trial

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) can cause vaginal dysbiosis that may influence general vaginal health and pregnancy complications. Balancing vaginal microbiome using Lactobacillus spp. may be a new way to prevent and treat mild BV. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study aimed at evaluating the effect of the product VagiBIOM, a multi-Lactobacillus vaginal suppository, on peri- and premenopausal women with BV in restoring vaginal pH and overall vaginal health by resetting the vaginal microbiome composition. Sixty-six peri- and premenopausal women with BV symptoms were randomized with a 2:1 ratio to be treated with VagiBIOM or placebo suppositories. Vaginal pH, VAS itching score, total Nugent score, and vaginal health index (VHI) were measured. Vaginal microbiome changes before and after the treatment were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. After 4 weeks of intervention with VagiBIOM or a placebo, the mean score for vaginal pH, VAS itching, and total Nugent score was significantly decreased from the baseline. Compared to the baseline scores, the VHI scores improved significantly following 28-day intervention (p < 0.001). Our results revealed two Lactobacillus species, L. hamsteri, and L. helveticus, as indicator species occurring differentially in the VagiBIOM-treated group. Furthermore, the regression and species network analyses revealed significant bacterial associations after VagiBIOM treatment. Lactobacillus hamsteri was positively associated with the Nugent score and negatively associated with vaginal pH. L. iners and L. salivarius were positively and inversely associated with VHI. As is typical, Bacteroides fragilis was positively associated with vaginal pH and negatively associated with the Nugent score. Interestingly, the Lactobacillus spp. diversity improved after VagiBIOM treatment. The VagiBIOM suppository treatment for peri- and premenopausal women with BV significantly relieved vaginal itching by decreasing vaginal pH and Nugent scores and improving the overall VHI after 4 weeks' intervention. This effect was primarily the result of VagiBIOM improving vaginal Lactobacillus diversity.Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05060029, first registration 09/28/2021: Title: A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lactobacillus Species Suppositories on Vaginal Health and pH.

A cross-sectional study to assess the under-nutrition amongst the elderly population in a rural area of district Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh

Background

Ageing is a universal process. It is influenced by a person's genetic makeup, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Nutrition plays a significant role in modulation of ageing. In developing countries like India, the health and nutritional status of the elderly population is not satisfactory.

Objectives

The current study was done to assess undernutrition amongst the elderly population and to find the various associations with sociodemographic factors and social determinants.

Materials and Methods

This cross-sectional study was done from February 2023 to July 2023 in rural area of District Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. The elderly participants who were 60 years of age and more and who met the inclusion criteria were selected by simple random sampling technique for the study. Undernutrition was assessed by Mini Nutritional Assessment Tool (MNA).

Result

Out of the total of 400 elderly persons, 18% were found to be undernourished and 38% were at risk of undernutrition. The association between undernutrition and age group, gender, occupation, family type, living arrangements that is staying with family or not, financial dependence, any co-morbid illness, smoking, and physical activity was found to be significant.

Conclusion

The present findings reveal that undernutrition is not an uncommon problem in the elderly, and further studies are needed in this regard.

Quality of life and its determinants among hypertensive patients in a rural area of district Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh - A community-based cross-sectional study

Context

Hypertension is the leading cause of mortality and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) all over the world. World Health Organization defines quality of life (QOL) as an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns.

Aims

The study was aimed to compare the the QOL of adult hypertensive patients with healthy study subjects and to determine the factors associated with poor QOL among the hypertensive subjects.

Materials and Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to June 2022 in Gautam Budh Nagar District. The study was carried out among 250 hypertensive patients and 50 healthy persons based on World Health Organization-Quality of Life-BREF questionnaire Manual.

Statistical Analysis Used

Data collected were entered and statistically analyzed using statistical software (SPSS-22).

Results

Overall QOL and general health scores were significantly lower among hypertensive subjects showing worsening of QOL among diseased persons (P value <0.001). Factors significantly associated with poor overall QOL were low educational status (P value <0.001), home makers (P value <0.001), lower socio-economic class (P value < 0.001), and subjects with co-morbidities (P value <0.001).

Conclusion

The findings revealed that QOL was poor among the hypertensive subjects as compared to healthy subjects.

Reproductive healthcare seeking behaviour of women of the reproductive age group in an urban resettlement area of district Gautam Buddh Nagar in Uttar Pradesh, India

Background

Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and gynaecological morbidities constitute a significant proportion of morbidities in women of the reproductive age group.

Objective

To find out the proportion of reproductive age group women in an urban resettlement colony having the symptoms of gynaecological morbidities and RTI/sexually transmitted infection (STI) and to explore the healthcare seeking behaviour of the women during such ailments.

Materials and Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2023 among 317 females aged 15 to 49 years in an urban resettlement area of Gautam Buddh Nagar district in Uttar Pradesh. Statistical analysis used included descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. SPSS 23 was used for data analysis.

Results

There was a prevalence of 65.3% of at least one self-reported symptom suggestive of RTI/STI or gynaecological morbidity among the respondents. Among the symptomatic respondents, 54.1% were found to seek treatment. Among the reasons given for not seeking treatment in any health facility, the majority (83.1%) responded 'lack of awareness that the problem needed medical treatment' and 'stigma related with the problem' to be the main reasons.

Conclusion

The reproductive healthcare seeking behaviour was found to be inadequate, with only 54.1% of symptomatic respondents seeking treatment. Enhanced health awareness sessions can be planned in the short term, and skilled communicators within or outside of the health system in the long term may be deployed to disseminate information in the community regarding sexual and gynaecological morbidities in reproductive age group women and their timely intervention.

Effect of E-PR-01 on non-specific low back pain in the adult population: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial

BACKGROUND

Low back pain (LBP) has emerged as a major public health concern leading to significant work productivity loss and deterioration in the quality of life.

OBJECTIVE

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effect of E-PR-01, a proprietary blend of Vitex negundo leaves and zingiber officinale rhizome, in individuals with LBP.

METHODS

Seventy-two individuals aged 18 to 60 years with LBP were randomized in a 1:1 ratio in either the E-PR-01 or placebo group. The participants were instructed to take 2 capsules/day of the study products in two divided doses for 30 days. The study outcomes were changes in functional activity, bending flexibility, pain intensity, work productivity, and sleep quality. The sustained effect of the study products was also evaluated on the pain and physical functioning for 7 days after stopping the product intake. The product's safety was evaluated by adverse events reporting throughout the study.

RESULTS

Compared to the placebo, the E-PR-01 demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in functional disability (mean RMQ score: -5.47 vs. -2.48), pain intensity (mean VAS score: -31.29 vs. -14.55) and improved bending flexibility (mean distance: -5.60 vs. -2.38 cm). In addition, a significant improvement in work productivity as well as sleep quality was also observed. In the E-PR-01 group, a statistically significant sustained effect was observed compared to the placebo for the pain intensity (p< 0.0005) and the functional activity (p< 0.0001) scores. No significant adverse event was reported in the study.

CONCLUSION

E-PR-01 significantly improved low back pain and bending flexibility in adults without adverse effects. Moreover, the effect of E-PR-01 lasted 7 days after stopping the intervention.

A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of live Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 (ES1) and heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 (HT-ES1) in participants with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome

To determine the efficacy of the probiotic Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 (ES1) and postbiotic heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 (HT-ES1) in improving symptom severity in adults with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 200 participants split into three groups was carried out. Two capsules of either ES1, HT-ES1 or placebo were administered orally, once daily, for 84 days (12 weeks). The primary outcome was change in total IBS-Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS) score from baseline, compared to placebo. Secondary outcome measures were stool consistency, quality of life, abdominal pain severity and anxiety scores. Safety parameters and adverse events were also monitored. The change in IBS-SSS scores from baseline compared to placebo, reached significance in the ES1 and HT-ES1 group, on Days 28, 56 and 84. The decrease in mean IBS-SSS score from baseline to Day 84 was: ES1 (-173.70 [±75.60]) vs placebo (-60.44 [±65.5]) (p < .0001) and HT-ES1 (-177.60 [±79.32]) vs placebo (-60.44 [±65.5]) (p < .0001). Secondary outcomes included changes in IBS-QoL, APS-NRS, stool consistency and STAI-S and STAI-T scores, with changes from baseline to Day 84 being significant in ES1 and HT-ES1 groups, compared to the placebo group. Both ES1 and HT-ES1 were effective in reducing IBS-D symptom severity, as evaluated by measures such as IBS-SSS, IBS-QoL, APS-NRS, stool consistency, and STAI, in comparison to the placebo. These results are both statistically significant and clinically meaningful, representing, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first positive results observed for either a probiotic or postbiotic from the same strain, in this particular population.

Endothelial-dependent relaxation of α-pinene and two metabolites, myrtenol and verbenol, in isolated murine blood vessels

Epidemiological evidence shows that residential proximity to greenspaces is associated with lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality; however, the mechanism(s) underlying this link remains unclear. Plants emit biogenic volatile organic compounds such as α-pinene that could elicit beneficial cardiovascular effects. To explore the role of α-pinene more directly, we studied the metabolism and the vascular effects of α-pinene. We found that exposure of mice to α-pinene (1 ppm, 6 h) generated two phase I oxidation metabolites, cis- and trans-verbenol [(1R,2R,5R)-verbenol and (1 R,2S,5R)-verbenol)] and myrtenol [(1S,5R)-(+)-myrtenol] that were identified in urine by GC-MS. Precontracted naïve murine male and female aorta and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) were relaxed robustly (60% tension reduction) by increasing concentrations of α-pinene, myrtenol, and verbenol to 0.3 mM, whereas 1 mM α-pinene was vasotoxic. The SMA was six times more sensitive than the aorta to α-pinene. Both myrtenol and verbenol were equally potent and efficacious as parent α-pinene in male and female SMA. The sensitive portion of the α-pinene-, myrtenol-, and verbenol-induced relaxations in male SMA was mediated by 1) endothelium, 2) eNOS-derived NO, and 3) guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity. Moreover, α-pinene activated the transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) channel whereas the metabolites did not. Endothelial-derived NO regulates blood flow, blood pressure, and thrombosis, and it is plausible that inhaled (and ingested) α-pinene (or its metabolites) augments NO release to mediate the cardiovascular benefits of exposure to greenness.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A common plant-derived biogenic volatile organic compound, α-pinene, and two of its metabolites, myrtenol and verbenol, stimulate vasorelaxation in murine superior mesenteric artery. Both α-pinene- and its metabolites induce vasorelaxation by activation of the endothelium, nitric oxide, and guanylyl cyclase. α-Pinene also activates the transient receptor potential ankyrin-1. Positive associations between greenness exposure and human cardiovascular health may be a result of the vascular action of α-pinene and its metabolites, a novel consideration.

Evaluation of self-amplifying mRNA platform for protein expression and genetic stability: Implication for mRNA therapies

The consecutive launch of mRNA vaccines like mRNA-1273, BNT 162b2, and GEMCOVAC®-19 against COVID-19 has triggered the debate of long-term expression, safety, and genomic integration of the mRNA vaccine platforms. In the present study, we examined the longevity of antigenic protein expression of mRNA-614 and mRNA-S1LC based on self-amplifying mRNA (SAM) in Expi-293F™, HEK-293 T, and ARPE-19 cells. The protein expression was checked by sandwich-ELISA, FACS, luciferase activity assay, and Western blot. The transcribed antigenic mRNA was sequenced and found to be un-mutated. Additionally, no genomic integration of the reverse transcribed mRNA was observed even up to 7 days post-transfection as verified by PCR. Furthermore, we have generated high-quality 3D structures of non-structural proteins (nsPs) in silico and the genes encoding for the nsPs were cloned and expressed using the T7 system. Findings from the current study have strengthened the fact that the alphavirus-based SAM platform has the potential to become a modality in the upcoming years.

Phytophthora

Many members of the Oomycota genus Phytophthora cause economic and environmental impact diseases in nurseries, horticulture, forest, and natural ecosystems and many are of regulatory concern around the world. At present, there are 223 described species, including eight unculturable and three lost species. Twenty-eight species need to be redescribed or validated. A lectotype, epitype or neotype was selected for 20 species, and a redescription based on the morphological/molecular characters and phylogenetic placement is provided. In addition, the names of five species are validated: P. cajani, P. honggalleglyana (Synonym: P. hydropathica), P. megakarya, P. pisi and P. pseudopolonica for which morphology and phylogeny are given. Two species, P. ×multiformis and P. uniformis are presented as new combinations. Phytophthora palmivora is treated with a representative strain as both lecto- and epitypification are pending. This manuscript provides the updated multigene phylogeny and molecular toolbox with seven genes (ITS rDNA, β-tub, COI, EF1α, HSP90, L10, and YPT1) generated from the type specimens of 212 validly published, and culturable species (including nine hybrid taxa). The genome information of 23 types published to date is also included. Several aspects of the taxonomic revision and phylogenetic re-evaluation of the genus including species concepts, concept and position of the phylogenetic clades recognized within Phytophthora are discussed. Some of the contents of this manuscript, including factsheets for the 212 species, are associated with the "IDphy: molecular and morphological identification of Phytophthora based on the types" online resource (https://idtools.org/tools/1056/index.cfm). The first version of the IDphy online resource released to the public in September 2019 contained 161 species. In conjunction with this publication, we are updating the IDphy online resource to version 2 to include the 51 species recently described. The current status of the 223 described species is provided along with information on type specimens with details of the host (substrate), location, year of collection and publications. Additional information is provided regarding the ex-type culture(s) for the 212 valid culturable species and the diagnostic molecular toolbox with seven genes that includes the two metabarcoding genes (ITS and COI) that are important for Sanger sequencing and also very valuable Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTU) for second and third generation metabarcoding High-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies. The IDphy online resource will continue to be updated annually to include new descriptions. This manuscript in conjunction with IDphy represents a monographic study and the most updated revision of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Phytophthora, widely considered one of the most important genera of plant pathogens. Taxonomic novelties: New species: Phytophthora cajani K.S. Amin, Baldev & F.J. Williams ex Abad, Phytophthora honggalleglyana Abad, Phytophthora megakarya Brasier & M.J. Griffin ex Abad, Phytophthora pisi Heyman ex Abad, Phytophthora pseudopolonica W.W. Li, W.X. Huai & W.X. Zhao ex Abad & Kasiborski; New combinations: Phytophthora ×multiformis (Brasier & S.A. Kirk) Abad, Phytophthora uniformis (Brasier & S.A. Kirk) Abad; Epitypifications (basionyms): Peronospora cactorum Lebert & Cohn, Pythiacystis citrophthora R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm., Phytophthora colocasiae Racib., Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker, Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethybr., Phytophthora fragariae Hickman, Phytophthora hibernalis Carne, Phytophthora ilicis Buddenh. & Roy A. Young, Phytophthora inundata Brasier et al., Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler, Phytophthora mexicana Hotson & Hartge, Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan, Phytophthora phaseoli Thaxt., Phytophthora porri Foister, Phytophthora primulae J.A. Toml., Phytophthora sojae Kaufm. & Gerd., Phytophthora vignae Purss, Pythiomorpha gonapodyides H.E. Petersen; Lectotypifications (basionym): Peronospora cactorum Lebert & Cohn, Pythiacystis citrophthora R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm., Phytophthora colocasiae Racib., Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker, Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethybr., Phytophthora fragariae Hickman, Phytophthora hibernalis Carne, Phytophthora ilicis Buddenh. & Roy A. Young, Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler, Phytophthora mexicana Hotson & Hartge, Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan, Phytophthora phaseoli Thaxt., Phytophthora porri Foister, Phytophthora primulae J.A. Toml., Phytophthora sojae Kaufm. & Gerd., Phytophthora vignae Purss, Pythiomorpha gonapodyides H.E. Petersen; Neotypifications (basionym): Phloeophthora syringae Kleb., Phytophthora meadii McRae Citation: Abad ZG, Burgess TI, Bourret T, Bensch K, Cacciola S, Scanu B, Mathew R, Kasiborski B, Srivastava S, Kageyama K, Bienapfl JC, Verkleij G, Broders K, Schena L, Redford AJ (2023). Phytophthora: taxonomic and phylogenetic revision of the genus. Studies in Mycology 106: 259-348. doi: 10.3114/sim.2023.106.05.

Isoniazid and rifampicin exposure during treatment in drug-susceptible TB

BACKGROUND: Observational real-world studies on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in relation to pharmacokinetic (PK) target values are lacking. This study aims to describe the PK of rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) in a real-world setting of patients with drug-susceptible TB in relation to frequently used threshold values.METHODS: A total of 116 patients with TB using standard doses of RIF and INH and who had TDM as part of clinical care were included. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and 24 h area under the concentration time curve (AUC24) at standard and revised doses were described in relation to the threshold values (Cmax ≥8 mg/L for RIF and ≥3 mg/L for INH).RESULTS: For RIF (100 patients), median Cmax and median AUC24 were respectively 7.9 mg/L (IQR 6.0-11.0) and 35.8 mg*h/L (IQR 27.4-57.3) at the first TDM measurement after a standard dose of 600 mg. For INH (90 patients), median Cmax and median AUC24 were respectively 2.9 mg/L (IQR 1.3-2.5) and 12.5 mg*h/L (IQR 8.7-18.9) at the first TDM after a standard dose 300 mg. Overall, more than 50% of study participants had drug exposure below threshold values at the first TDM.CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the measured Cmax values for both RIF and INH were frequently below the pre-specified targets, emphasising the need for better justification of drug exposure targets. These TDM results highlight the need for validating PK targets of anti-TB drugs associated with clinically relevant outcomes.

Theoretical study of highly efficient all-inorganic Sb2S3-on-Si monolithically integrated (2-T) and mechanically stacked (4-T) tandem solar cells using SCAPS-1D

The power conversion efficiency of all-inorganic Sb2S3-on-Si two-terminal (2-T) monolithically integrated and four-terminal (4-T) mechanically stacked tandem solar cells are investigated. A one-dimensional solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) has been used to simulate the stand-alone antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) top sub-cell, silicon (Si) bottom sub-cell, 2-T monolithic, and 4-T mechanically stacked tandem solar cells. The stand-alone sub-cells are optimized by extensive studies, including interface defects density, bulk defects density, absorber layer thickness, and series resistance. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of simulated stand-alone sub-cells is compared and verified with the existing literature. A current matching condition is established to characterize the 2-T monolithic Sb2S3-on-Si tandem cell. A filtered spectrum has been utilized for bottom sub-cell measurement in the tandem solar cells. The best-simulated PCE of Sb2S3-on-Si 2-T monolithic and 4-T tandem cells is 30.22% and 29.30%, respectively. The simulation results presented in this paper open an opportunity for the scientific community to consider Sb2S3 as a potential top sub-cell material in Sb2S3-on-Si tandem solar cells with high PCE.

Effect of synbiotics on weight loss and metabolic health in adults with overweight and obesity: A randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to investigate the effect of synbiotics on body composition and metabolic health in individuals with excessive body weight.

METHODS

The 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial had individuals aged 30 to 60 years with BMI of 25 to 34.9 kg/m2 . In total, 172 participants were randomly allocated to either synbiotic V5 or V7 groups or the placebo group. The primary outcome was change in BMI and body fat percentage. Secondary outcomes were changes in weight, other metabolic health and inflammatory markers, gastrointestinal quality of life, and eating behaviors.

RESULTS

The V5 and V7 groups had a significant reduction in BMI (p < 0.0001) from baseline to the end of the study, as opposed to the nonsignificant change in the placebo group (p = 0.0711). This reduction in the V5 and V7 groups was statistically significant when compared individually with the change in the placebo group (p < 0.0001). This corresponded well with the decrease in body weight with V5 and V7 (p < 0.0001). In addition, compared with placebo, the increase in high-density lipoprotein was statistically significant in the V5 (p < 0.0001) and V7 groups (p = 0.0205). A similar trend was observed in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, with a statistically significant decrease in the V5 (p < 0.0001) and V7 (0.0005) groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The study demonstrates that synbiotic V5 and V7 were effective in reducing body weight in individuals with lifestyle modification.

Efficacy and dose response of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome

BACKGROUND

Probiotics have shown promise in alleviating symptoms of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D); however, the certainty of evidence is low. Well-powered randomized controlled dose-ranging trials are warranted on promising single-strain candidates.

AIM

To investigate the clinical efficacy of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) Lpla33 (DSM34428) in adults with IBS-D.

METHODS

This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center, and dose-ranging study. Three hundred and seven adults, 18-70 years of age, with IBS-D, according to Rome IV criteria, were allocated (1:1:1) to receive placebo or L. plantarum Lpla33 at 1 × 109 (1B) or 1 × 1010 (10B) colony-forming units/d over an 8-wk intervention period. The primary outcome was the change in IBS severity scoring system (IBS-SSS) total score after 8 wk, while secondary and exploratory outcomes included abdominal pain severity, IBS related quality of life, stool and microbial profile, and perceived stress.

RESULTS

IBS-SSS was significantly reduced, after 8 wk, in participants receiving L. plantarum 1B (-128.45 ± 83.30; P < 0.001) and L. plantarum 10B (-156.77 ± 99.06; P < 0.001), compared to placebo (-58.82 ± 74.75). Further, a dose-ranging effect was observed, with a greater absolute reduction in the L. plantarum 10B group (P < 0.05). A reduction in sub-scores related to abdominal pain, abdominal distension, bowel habits, and quality of life was observed in both L. plantarum groups compared to placebo (P < 0.001). Further, 62.5% and 88.4% of participants administered L. plantarum 1B and 10B, respectively, were classified as stool consistency responders based on a reduction in diarrheal stool form, as compared to 26.3% in the placebo group (P < 0.001). In contrast, no significant shifts were observed in microbial diversity.

CONCLUSION

L. plantarum Lpla33 (DSM34428) is well tolerated and improves IBS symptom severity with a dose-ranging effect and a corresponding normalization of bowel habits in adults with IBS-D.

The genesis of the PM-JAY health insurance scheme in India: technical and political elements influencing a national reform towards universal health coverage

Many countries are using health insurance to advance progress towards universal health coverage (UHC). India launched the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) health insurance scheme in 2018. We examine the political economy context around PM-JAY policy formulation, by examining the perspectives of policy stakeholders shaping decisions around the reform. More specifically, we focus on early policy design at the central (national) level. We use a framework on the politics of UHC reform proposed by Fox and Reich (The politics of universal health coverage in low- and middle-income countries: A framework for evaluation and action. J. Health Polit. Policy Law 2015;40:1023-1060), to categorize the reform into phases and examine the interactions between actors, institutions, interests, ideas and ideology which shaped reform decisions. We interviewed 15 respondents in Delhi between February and April 2019, who were either closely associated with the reform process or subject experts. The ruling centre-right government introduced PM-JAY shortly before national elections, drawing upon policy legacies from prior and state insurance schemes. Empowered policy entrepreneurs within the government focused discourse around ideas of UHC and strategic purchasing, and engaged in institution building leading to the creation of the National Health Authority and State Health Agencies through policy directives, thereby expanding state infrastructural and institutional power for insurance implementation. Indian state inputs were incorporated in scheme design features like mode of implementation, benefit package and provider network, while features like the coverage amount, portability of benefits and branding strategy were more centrally driven. These balanced negotiations opened up political space for a cohesive, central narrative of the reform and facilitated adoption. Our analysis shows that the PM-JAY reform focused on bureaucratic rather than ideological elements and that technical compromises and adjustments accommodating the interests of states enabled the political success of policy formulation. Appreciating these politics, power and structural issues shaping PM-JAY institutional design will be important to understand how PM-JAY is implemented and how it advances UHC in India.

Patterns of endocardial fibroelastosis without atrioventricular block in fetuses exposed to anti-Ro/SSA antibodies

Anti-Ro/SSA-antibody-mediated endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) without atrioventricular (AV) block at presentation is a rare cardiac phenotype. We report on 11 fetuses with this rare type of anti-Ro/SSA-antibody-mediated cardiac involvement, presenting with a distinctive echocardiographic pattern of EFE. Eleven fetuses with isolated EFE at presentation were included from four cardiac centers, and experienced fetal cardiologists reached a consensus regarding EFE location on echocardiography at presentation. Interval changes to subsequent fetal and postnatal echocardiograms were assessed to evaluate response to therapy. Echocardiographic markers of cardiac performance, including diastolic function and AV conduction, were reviewed. Ten fetuses were found to have EFE of the aortic root, proximal aorta and/or left ventricular outflow tract. In the same 10 cases, EFE of the pulmonary root, pulmonary artery and/or right ventricular outflow tract was identified. Six cases had atrial EFE and six had EFE of the crux. Four cases were known to be positive for anti-Ro/SSA antibodies prior to diagnosis, whereas, in the remaining seven, echocardiographic findings prompted testing, which was positive in all cases. The AV interval at presentation was normal in all cases, but one fetus subsequently developed AV block. Nine patients were treated with transplacental dexamethasone, five of which also received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and one received IVIG only. Of the 10 treated cases, six had improvement in EFE as shown by serial imaging and, in four cases, the severity was unchanged. All patients were liveborn. In our cohort, EFE of the aortic and pulmonary arteries and outflow tracts was nearly universal, and involvement of the atria and the crux of the heart was also common. The high survival rate and low burden of AV block are also suggestive of a distinct phenotype of anti-Ro/SSA-antibody-mediated cardiac disease with a favorable prognosis. © 2023 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Clinical standards for the management of adverse effects during treatment for TB

BACKGROUND: Adverse effects (AE) to TB treatment cause morbidity, mortality and treatment interruption. The aim of these clinical standards is to encourage best practise for the diagnosis and management of AE.METHODS: 65/81 invited experts participated in a Delphi process using a 5-point Likert scale to score draft standards.RESULTS: We identified eight clinical standards. Each person commencing treatment for TB should: Standard 1, be counselled regarding AE before and during treatment; Standard 2, be evaluated for factors that might increase AE risk with regular review to actively identify and manage these; Standard 3, when AE occur, carefully assessed and possible allergic or hypersensitivity reactions considered; Standard 4, receive appropriate care to minimise morbidity and mortality associated with AE; Standard 5, be restarted on TB drugs after a serious AE according to a standardised protocol that includes active drug safety monitoring. In addition: Standard 6, healthcare workers should be trained on AE including how to counsel people undertaking TB treatment, as well as active AE monitoring and management; Standard 7, there should be active AE monitoring and reporting for all new TB drugs and regimens; and Standard 8, knowledge gaps identified from active AE monitoring should be systematically addressed through clinical research.CONCLUSION: These standards provide a person-centred, consensus-based approach to minimise the impact of AE during TB treatment.

Effect of E-PR-01 on Activity-Induced Acute Knee Joint Discomfort in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Study

Purpose

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study was conducted to investigate the efficacy and safety of E-PR-01, a proprietary formula containing Vitex negundo and Zingiber officinale, on knee joint discomfort due to pain.

Patients and Methods

Forty adults aged 20-60 years with self-reported pain score of ≤30 mm at rest and ≥60 mm post-exertion on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either the E-PR-01 (200 mg twice daily) or placebo for 5 days. The primary outcome was time to achieve meaningful pain relief (MPR) (≥40% reduction in post-exertion pain VAS score from baseline) post-single dose of intervention on day 1 compared to placebo. The secondary outcomes were post-exertion pain intensity difference (PID) at 2-, 3- and 4-hours and time-weighted sum of pain intensity difference (SPID) over 4 hours post single dose on day 1; post-exertion VAS score at 4 hours' post-intervention on day 5; percentage of responders on day 1; and physical efficiency as assessed by the total duration of exercise sessions completed after single dose of IP compared to placebo.

Results

The average time to achieve MPR was 3.38 hours, 32.50% of participants achieved it in the E-PR-01 group post single-dose administration on day 1 as opposed to the placebo where no participant achieved MPR. There were significant intergroup differences in PID (-23.58 vs 2.45 mm) and SPID (-67.48 vs -0.08 mm) at 4 hours of E-PR-01 and placebo administration on day 1. 95% of participants in the IP group experienced some degree of pain relief within 2 hours compared to 37.5% in the placebo group.

Conclusion

A single dose of E-PR-01 provided a statistically significant as well as clinically meaningful reduction in exercise-induced knee joint discomfort within 4 hours of administration.