1
|
Hung SM, Adams SW, Molloy C, Wu DA, Shimojo S, Arakaki X. Practice makes imperfect: stronger implicit interference with practice in individuals at high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2024; 46:2777-2786. [PMID: 37817004 PMCID: PMC10828369 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Early screening to determine patient risk of developing Alzheimer's will allow better interventions and planning but necessitates accessible methods such as behavioral biomarkers. Previously, we showed that cognitively healthy older individuals whose cerebrospinal fluid amyloid/tau ratio indicates high risk of cognitive decline experienced implicit interference during a high-effort task, signaling early changes in attention. To further investigate attention's effect on implicit interference, we analyzed two experiments completed sequentially by the same high- and low-risk individuals. We hypothesized that if attention modulates interference, practice would affect the influence of implicit distractors. Indeed, while both groups experienced a strong practice effect, the association between practice and interference effects diverged between groups: stronger practice effects correlated with more implicit interference in high-risk participants, but less interference in low-risk individuals. Furthermore, low-risk individuals showed a positive correlation between implicit interference and EEG low-range alpha event-related desynchronization when switching from high- to low-load tasks. This suggests that lower attention on the task was correlated with stronger interference, a typical phenomenon in the younger population. These results demonstrate how attention impacts implicit interference and highlight early differences in perception between high- and low-risk individuals.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hung SM, Adams SW, Molloy C, Wu DA, Shimojo S, Arakaki X. Practice makes imperfect: stronger implicit interference with practice in individuals at high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.16.541059. [PMID: 37292951 PMCID: PMC10245765 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.16.541059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Early screening to determine patient risk of developing Alzheimer's will allow better interventions and planning but necessitates accessible methods such as behavioral biomarkers. Previously, we showed that cognitively healthy older individuals whose cerebrospinal fluid amyloid / tau ratio indicates high risk of cognitive decline experienced implicit interference during a high-effort task, signaling early changes in attention. To further investigate attention's effect on implicit interference, we analyzed two experiments completed sequentially by the same high- and low-risk individuals. We hypothesized that if attention modulates interference, practice would affect the influence of implicit distractors. Indeed, while both groups experienced a strong practice effect, the association between practice and interference effects diverged between groups: stronger practice effects correlated with more implicit interference in high-risk participants, but less interference in low-risk individuals. Furthermore, low-risk individuals showed a positive correlation between implicit interference and EEG low-range alpha event-related desynchronization when switching from high- to low-load tasks. These results demonstrate how attention impacts implicit interference and highlight early differences in cognition between high- and low-risk individuals.
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang W, Guo H, Mittelstein DR, Shapiro MG, Shimojo S, Shehata M. Auditory Mondrian masks the airborne-auditory artifact of focused ultrasound stimulation in humans. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:604-606. [PMID: 36898575 PMCID: PMC10314733 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
|
4
|
Arakaki X, Arechavala RJ, Choy EH, Bautista J, Bliss B, Molloy C, Wu DA, Shimojo S, Jiang Y, Kleinman MT, Kloner RA. The connection between heart rate variability (HRV), neurological health, and cognition: A literature review. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1055445. [PMID: 36937689 PMCID: PMC10014754 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1055445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart and brain have bi-directional influences on each other, including autonomic regulation and hemodynamic connections. Heart rate variability (HRV) measures variation in beat-to-beat intervals. New findings about disorganized sinus rhythm (erratic rhythm, quantified as heart rate fragmentation, HRF) are discussed and suggest overestimation of autonomic activities in HRV changes, especially during aging or cardiovascular events. When excluding HRF, HRV is regulated via the central autonomic network (CAN). HRV acts as a proxy of autonomic activity and is associated with executive functions, decision-making, and emotional regulation in our health and wellbeing. Abnormal changes of HRV (e.g., decreased vagal functioning) are observed in various neurological conditions including mild cognitive impairments, dementia, mild traumatic brain injury, migraine, COVID-19, stroke, epilepsy, and psychological conditions (e.g., anxiety, stress, and schizophrenia). Efforts are needed to improve the dynamic and intriguing heart-brain interactions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Noguchi M, Toma FM, Seiner EJ, Wu DAJ, Shehata MH, Shimojo S. Neural networks vs. humans in assessing trademark similarities. J Vis 2022. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.14.3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
6
|
Marks T, Hung SM(S, Wu DA, Adams S, Shimojo S. Saccade trajectories reflect subliminal priming. J Vis 2022. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.14.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
7
|
Hung SM(S, Wu DA, Hsieh PJ(B, Shimojo S. Tracking contingency unconsciously. J Vis 2022. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.14.3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
8
|
Shimojo K, Katsuragi R, Shimojo E, Akashi T, Shimojo S. Preservation of conditioned behavior based on UV light sensitivity in dissected tail halves of planarians – a proof by DNN. J Vis 2022. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.14.3639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
9
|
Hung S(S, Wu D, Shimojo S, Arakaki X. Practice makes imperfect: Positive correlation between practice and implicit distraction in asymptomatic individuals with Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.069470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
10
|
Hung S, Wu D, Shimojo S, Arakaki X. Stronger implicit interference in cognitively healthy older participants with higher risk of Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12340. [PMID: 36187196 PMCID: PMC9489163 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta (Aβ)42 and tau levels have been revealed decades before symptoms onset in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the examination is usually invasive and inaccessible to most people. We thus aimed to develop a non-invasive behavioral test that targets early potential cognitive changes to gauge cognitive decline. Specifically, we hypothesized that older cognitive healthy participants would exhibit comparable performance when the task was explicit and relied on conscious cognition. However, when the task was implicit, the performance of participants at high and low risks for AD would bifurcate. That is, early changes in unconscious cognition could be linked to cognitive health. Methods We measured implicit interference elicited by an imperceptible distractor in cognitively healthy elderly participants with normal (low risk) and pathological (high risk) Aβ42/total tau ratio. Participants were required to perform a Stroop task (word-naming or color-naming on an ink-semantics inconsistent word) with a visually masked distractor presented prior to the target task. Results We found that, under a high-effort task (i.e., color-naming in the Stroop task), high-risk participants suffered interference when the imperceptible distractor and the subsequent target were incongruent in the responses they triggered. Their reaction times were slowed down by approximately 4%. This implicit interference was not found in the low-risk participants. Discussion These findings indicate that weakened inhibition of distracting implicit information can be a potential behavioral biomarker of early identification of AD pathology. Our study thus offers a new experimental paradigm to reveal early pathological aging by assessing how individuals respond to subperceptual threshold visual stimuli.
Collapse
|
11
|
Stiles NRB, Tanguay AR, Shimojo S. Crossmodal Postdiction: Conscious Perception as Revisionist History. JOURNAL OF PERCEPTUAL IMAGING 2022; 5:jpi0150. [PMID: 35464341 PMCID: PMC9028020 DOI: 10.2352/j.percept.imaging.2022.5.000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Postdiction occurs when later stimuli influence the perception of earlier stimuli. As the multisensory science field has grown in recent decades, the investigation of crossmodal postdictive phenomena has also expanded. Crossmodal postdiction can be considered (in its simplest form) the phenomenon in which later stimuli in one modality influence earlier stimuli in another modality (e.g., Intermodal Apparent Motion). Crossmodal postdiction can also appear in more nuanced forms, such as unimodal postdictive illusions (e.g., Apparent Motion) that are influenced by concurrent crossmodal stimuli (e.g., Crossmodal Influence on Apparent Motion), or crossmodal illusions (e.g., the Double Flash Illusion) that are influenced postdictively by a stimulus in one or the other modality (e.g., a visual stimulus in the Illusory Audiovisual Rabbit Illusion). In this review, these and other varied forms of crossmodal postdiction will be discussed. Three neuropsychological models proposed for unimodal postdiction will be adapted to the unique aspects of processing and integrating multisensory stimuli. Crossmodal postdiction opens a new window into sensory integration, and could potentially be used to identify new mechanisms of crossmodal crosstalk in the brain.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu D, Adams SW, Hung S, Rossi IP, Harrington MG, Shimojo S, Arakaki X. Preliminary analysis of qEEG during a subliminally‐primed task‐switching test in pre‐symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.057869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
13
|
Arechavala RJ, Rochart R, Kloner RA, Liu A, Wu DA, Hung SM, Shimojo S, Fonteh AN, Kleinman MT, Harrington MG, Arakaki X. Task switching reveals abnormal brain-heart electrophysiological signatures in cognitively healthy individuals with abnormal CSF amyloid/tau, a pilot study. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 170:102-111. [PMID: 34666107 PMCID: PMC8865562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha oscillations have been related to heart rate variability (HRV) and both change in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We explored if task switching reveals altered alpha power and HRV in cognitively healthy individuals with AD pathology in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and whether HRV improves the AD pathology classification by alpha power alone. We compared low and high alpha event-related desynchronization (ERD) and HRV parameters during task switch testing between two groups of cognitively healthy participants classified by CSF amyloid/tau ratio: normal (CH-NAT, n = 19) or pathological (CH-PAT, n = 27). For the task switching paradigm, participants were required to name the color or word for each colored word stimulus, with two sequential stimuli per trial. Trials include color (cC) or word (wW) repeats with low load repeating, and word (cW) or color switch (wC) for high load switching. HRV was assessed for RR interval, standard deviation of RR-intervals (SDNN) and root mean squared successive differences (RMSSD) in time domain, and low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio in frequency domain. Results showed that CH-PATs compared to CH-NATs presented: 1) increased (less negative) low alpha ERD during low load repeat trials and lower word switch cost (low alpha: p = 0.008, Cohen’s d = −0.83, 95% confidence interval −1.44 to −0.22, and high alpha: p = 0.019, Cohen’s d = −0.73, 95% confidence interval −1.34 to −0.13); 2) decreasing HRV from rest to task, suggesting hyper-activated sympatho-vagal responses. 3) CH-PATs classification by alpha ERD was improved by supplementing HRV signatures, supporting a potentially compromised brain-heart interoceptive regulation in CH-PATs. Further experiments are needed to validate these findings for clinical significance.
Collapse
|
14
|
Shimojo K, Shimojo E, Shimojo S. New evidence for preservation of conditioned behavior based on UV light sensitivity in dissected tail halves of planarians. J Vis 2021. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.9.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
15
|
Hung S, Wu D, Harrington MG, Shimojo S, Arakaki X. Implicit response incompatibility slowed down asymptomatic individuals with Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.044884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
16
|
Liao HI, Kashino M, Shimojo S. Attractiveness in the Eyes: A Possibility of Positive Loop between Transient Pupil Constriction and Facial Attraction. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 33:315-340. [PMID: 33166194 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to the long-held belief of a close linkage between pupil dilation and attractiveness, we found an early and transient pupil constriction response when participants viewed an attractive face (and the effect of luminance/contrast was controlled). While human participants were making an attractiveness judgment on faces, their pupil constricted more for the more attractive (as-to-be-rated) faces. Further experiments showed that the effect of pupil constriction to attractiveness judgment extended to intrinsically esthetic visual objects such as natural scene images (as well as faces) but not to line-drawing geometric figures. When participants were asked to judge the roundness of faces, pupil constriction still correlated with their attractiveness but not the roundness rating score, indicating the automaticity of the pupil constriction to attractiveness. When pupillary responses were manipulated implicitly by relative background luminance changes (from the prestimulus screen), the facial attractiveness ratings were in accordance with the amount of pupil constriction, which could not be explained solely by simultaneous or sequential luminance contrast. The overall results suggest that pupil constriction not only reflects but, as a part of self-monitoring and attribution mechanisms, also possibly contributes to facial attractiveness implicitly.
Collapse
|
17
|
Adams S, Wu DA, Shimojo S. Dynamic vision in the extreme-periphery: Perception of flicker rate. J Vis 2020. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.11.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
18
|
Tanguay, Jr. AR, Stiles NRB, Ganguly I, Shimojo S. Mapping Audio-Visual Crossmodal Interactions in the Visually Impaired. J Vis 2020. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.11.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
19
|
Stiles NRB, Tanguay AR, Shimojo S. The Dynamic Double Flash Illusion: Auditory Triggered Replay of Illusory Visual Expansion. Multisens Res 2020; 33:87-108. [PMID: 31648193 DOI: 10.1163/22134808-20191392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the original double flash illusion, a visual flash (e.g., a sharp-edged disk, or uniformly filled circle) presented with two short auditory tones (beeps) is often followed by an illusory flash. The illusory flash has been previously shown to be triggered by the second auditory beep. The current study extends the double flash illusion by showing that this paradigm can not only create the illusory repeat of an on-off flash, but also trigger an illusory expansion (and in some cases a subsequent contraction) that is induced by the flash of a circular brightness gradient (gradient disk) to replay as well. The perception of the dynamic double flash illusion further supports the interpretation of the illusory flash (in the double flash illusion) as similar in its spatial and temporal properties to the perception of the real visual flash, likely by replicating the neural processes underlying the illusory expansion of the real flash. We show further that if a gradient disk (generating an illusory expansion) and a sharp-edged disk are presented simultaneously side by side with two sequential beeps, often only one visual stimulus or the other will be perceived to double flash. This indicates selectivity in auditory-visual binding, suggesting the usefulness of this paradigm as a psychophysical tool for investigating crossmodal binding phenomena.
Collapse
|
20
|
Shimojo S, Wu DAJ, Shimojo K, Shimojo E, Suegami T, Shehata M, Stiles NR, Berger CC, Tanguay AR. Vision in the Extreme Periphery (1a):Auditory Modulation of Flicker Perception. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
21
|
Shirai Y, Suegami T, Shehata M, Shimojo S, Nakauchi S. Vision in the extreme-periphery (3b): effects of eccentricity and foveal input on color perception. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
22
|
Zhai AJ, Hung SM(S, Shimojo S. The role of color preference under interocular suppression. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.264b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
23
|
Wu DA, Suegami T, Shimojo S. Vision in the extreme-periphery (1b): perception of rotation rate. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
24
|
Hung SM(S, Wu DA, Shimojo S. The automatic and non-automatic aspects of unconscious visual processing. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
25
|
Shehata M, Suegami T, Shirai Y, Wu DA, Nakauchi S, Shimojo S. Vision in the extreme-periphery (3a): color perception is induced by foveal input. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.71c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|