Bio-Inspired Underwater Superoleophobic Aramid Nanofiber-Based Aerogel Membranes for Highly Efficient Removal of Emulsified Oils and Organic Dyes

Effective elimination of insoluble emulsified oils and soluble organic dyes has received extensively attention in wastewater treatment. In this work, a chitosan and polydopamine @ aramid nanofibers (CS&PDA@ANFs) aerogel membrane was fabricated through an integration methodology consisting of phase inversion and successive deposition of PDA and CS. The as-prepared aerogel membrane possessed a satisfactory three-dimensional interpenetrating network architecture with high porosity and desirable mechanical property. Furthermore, due to the synergistic effect of hydrophilic CS and PDA, the resultant membrane exhibited good superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity associated with favorable oil resistance/antioil fouling properties. The combination of the interconnected porous structures and super wettability endowed the aerogel membranes with desirable oil-in-water emulsion separation performance. Particularly, an extremely high permeation flux (3729 L/m2/h) and a rejection rate (99.3%) were achieved for the CS&PDA@ANFs membrane. Moreover, diverse dyes could be also adsorbed by the resultant membrane, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity of cationic dye malachite green could reach 36 mg/g, with a high rejection rate over 97%. This study indicated that the CS&PDA@ANFs aerogel membrane held great promise for practical applications in complex wastewater remediation.

Netrin-1 Promotes M2 Type Activation and Inhibits Pyroptosis of Microglial Cells by Depressing RAC1/Nf-?B Pathway to Alleviate Inflammatory Pain

Netrin-1 (NTN-1) plays a vital role in the progress of nervous system development and inflammatory diseases. However, the role and underlying mechanism of NTN-1 in inflammatory pain (IP) are unclear. BV2 microglia were treated with LPS to mimic the cell status under IP. Adeno-associated virus carrying the NTN-1 gene (AAV-NTN-1) was used to overexpress NTN-1. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced mouse was recruited as an in vivo model. MTT and commercial kits were utilized to evaluate cell viability and cell death of BV2 cells. The mRNA expressions and secretions of cytokines were measured using the ELISA method. Also, the pyroptosis and activation of BV2 cells were investigated based on western blotting. To verify the role of Rac1/NF-kappaB signaling, isochamaejasmin (ISO) and AAV-Rac1 were presented. The results showed that NTN-1 expression was decreased in LPS-treated BV2 microglia and spinal cord tissues of CFA-injected mice. Overexpressing NTN-1 dramatically reversed cell viability and decreased cell death rate of BV2 microglia under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, while the level of pyroptosis was inhibited. Besides, AAV-NTN-1 rescued the activation of microglia and inflammatory injury induced by LPS, decreasing IBA-1 expression, as well as iNOS, IL-1beta and IL-6 secretions. Meanwhile AAV-NTN-1 promoted the anti-inflammation response, including increases in Arg-1, IL-4 and IL-10 levels. In addition, the LPS-induced activation of Rac1/NF-kappaB signaling was depressed by NTN-1 overexpression. The same results were verified in a CFA-induced mouse model. In conclusion, NTN-1 alleviated IP by suppressing pyroptosis and promoting M2 type activation of microglia via inhibiting Rac1/NF-?B signaling, suggesting the protective role of NTN-1 in IP. Keywords: Netrin-1, Inflammatory pain, Pyroptosis, Microglia M2 activation, Rac1/NF-kappaB.

One-Pot Synthesis of Alkyl Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites as the Lubrication Additive Enabling Enhanced Tribological Performance

Recently, aiming for the enhanced dispersibility of graphene-based nanomaterials in lubricating oil matrices to serve as highly efficient lubricant additives, numerous modification approaches have been extensively studied. However, these previous modification routes usually involve a tedious multistep modification process or multitudinous toxic reagents, restricting their extensive practical application. In this work, novel graphene oxide (GO) nanoadditives (RGO-g-BO) featuring excellent durable dispersion capability and remarkable tribological performance were successfully prepared via an environmentally friendly one-step approach consisting of surface grafting of long-chain bromooctadecane (BO) and in situ chemical reduction. Benefiting from the greatly improved lipophilicity (resulting from the introduction of hydrophobic long-chain alkane groups and chemical reduction), along with the miniaturization effect, RGO-g-BO exhibits superior long-term dispersion stability in the finished oil. Moreover, the tribological properties results demonstrated that the finished oil filled with RGO-g-BO nanolubricants achieved an outstanding friction-reducing and antiwear performance. Particularly, under the optimum content of RGO-g-BO (as low as 0.005 wt%), the friction coefficient as well as the wear volume of the composite finished oil were greatly reduced by 13% and 53%, respectively, as compared with nascent finished oil. Therefore, in view of the advantages of low-cost, one-step facile synthesis, desirable dispersion capability, and remarkable tribological performance, RGO-g-BO holds great prospects as a highly efficient lubrication additive in the tribology field.

[Incidence and mortality of endometrial cancer in China, data from China Cancer Registry Annual Report, 2004-2017]

Objective: To analysis the incidence rate and mortality rate of endometrial cancer in China from 2004 to 2017 according to the data from China Cancer Registry Annual Report. Methods: The incidence and mortality data of endometrial cancer were extracted from the China Cancer Registry Annual Report 2004 to 2017, and the incidence, mortality, number of new cases, number of deaths were extracted according to the region (national, urban, rural and eastern, middle and western areas) and the age composition of population to estimate the incidence and mortality of endometrial cancer nationwide. The age-standardized incidence rate and mortality rate were calculated based on the Chinese standard population in 2000 (ASIRC, ASIRW) and Segi's world population (ASMRC, ASMRW). Join Point regression was used to calculate the annual percentage change of morbidity rate, and Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to analyze the changing trend of morbidity and mortality. Results: From 2004 to 2017, the number of women covered by the China Cancer Registry Annual Report has increased from 35 571 657 to 215 201 995, and the total population of the covered areas has increased from 5.53% to 31.39%. The crude incidence rate of endometrial cancer increased from 6.20/100 000 to 10.06/100 000, and showed an upward trend over time (P<0.001). After adjusting for age, ASIRC increased from 5.75/100 000 in 2004 to 6.79/100 000 in 2017, and ASIRW increased from 5.60/100 000 in 2004 to 6.56/100 000 in 2017, both showing an upward trend over time (all P<0.001). The crude incidence rates in urban area and rural area were respectively 10.89/100 000 and 9.25/100 000 in 2017, and the ASIRC was higher in urban than rural areas (7.14/100 000 vs 6.43/100 000) after adjusting for age. The ASIRW was higher in eastern areas than middle areas and western areas (7.16/100 000 vs 6.44/100 000 vs 5.60/100 000). The incidence rate in rural areas showed more significant growth than urban areas [annual percent change (APC): 3.2% vs 0.7%, P<0.001]. The age-specific incidence rate increased with age and reached a peak in the age group of 50-54 years (25.70/100 000). Incidence rate in the under-40 age group increased more in rural areas than in urban areas (69.84% vs-7.09%). From 2004 to 2017, the age-standardized mortality rate shows a decreasing trend, with the ASMRC from 1.83/100 000 to 1.47/100 000, and the ASMRW from 1.81/100, 000 to 1.46/100, 000. There was no significant difference between urban and rural areas in mortality of endometrial cancer. Age-specific mortality rates increased with age, reaching a peak in the age group 85 years and older (13.16/100 000). Conclusions: Recent years, there was an increasing incidence rate of endometrial cancer in China. Especially in rural areas, the incidence rate of endometrial cancer is increasing rapidly in young women under 40 years of age. There were differences between urban and rural areas and regions in the incidence rate of endometrial cancer. The incidence rates of endometrial cancer in some high-income cities have occupied the first place of female reproductive system malignant cancers. The age-standardized mortality rate of endometrial cancer shows a decreasing trend.

Prognostic value of the baseline magnetic resonance score in patients with acute posterior circulation ischaemic stroke after mechanical thrombectomy

AIM

To investigate the prognostic value of the composite posterior circulation Acute Stroke Prognosis Early Computed tomography (CT) Score (ASPECTS)-Collaterals (pcASCO) score, which combines diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) posterior circulation ASPECTS (pcASPECTS) and the magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)-collateral circulation score at baseline among patients with acute posterior circulation ischaemic stroke after mechanical thrombectomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with acute posterior circulation ischaemic stroke who underwent mechanical thrombectomy were analysed retrospectively. The DWI-pcASPECTS and MRA-collateral circulation score before treatment and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days after treatment were used as the endpoints. An mRS ≤2 was defined as a good prognosis, and an mRS ≥3 was defined as a poor prognosis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse independent predictors of functional outcome 90 days after mechanical thrombectomy.

RESULTS

Mechanical thrombectomy was performed in 57 patients; 38 patients had a good prognosis, 19 patients had a poor prognosis, and 33 patients were successfully recanalised. Univariate logistic regression found that National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (OR: 1.18, p<0.001), pcASPECTS (OR: 1.91, p=0.028) and pcASCO score (OR: 0.51, p=0.001) were factors of good functional outcome. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) analysis showed that the diagnostic efficiency of the NIHSS and pcASCO was better (AUC = 0.88, 0.83, p<0.05) than that of the pcASPECTS (AUC = 0.65). The prediction model was established by age, NIHSS, and pcASCO, and the diagnostic efficiency of the prediction model was better (AUC = 0.94).

CONCLUSIONS

The composite MR-pcASCO score can be used as an important predictor of the prognosis of patients with acute posterior circulation ischaemic stroke after mechanical thrombectomy.

Lifestyle and Socioeconomic Transition and Health Consequences of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias in Global, from 1990 to 2019

BACKGROUND

Previous studies only focused on changes in the global age-specific incidence and mortality for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, failed to distinguish between cohort and period effects, and did not discuss risk factors separately.

METHODS

In this study, Alzheimer's disease disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) data to estimate the burden by gender, age, locations, and social-demographic status for 21 regions from 1990 to 2019. Additionally, trend analysis was performed using the age-period-cohort (APC) model and Join-point model.

RESULTS

In most regions, indicators (incidence, mortality, and DALYs) increased steadily with socio-demographic index(SDI) increased. The age effects for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias showed a significant increase from 40 to 95 years. The cohort effects rate ratios (RRs) had a rapid reduction attributed to smoking, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body mass index (BMI).

CONCLUSIONS

Countries in middle-low and low SDI regions have higher levels of risk factor exposure. As a result, rapid and effective government responses are necessary to control dementia risk factors and reduce the disease burden in these countries.

[Analysis of clinical presentation and genetic characteristics of malignant infantile osteopetrosis]

Objective: To investigate the clinical presentation and genetic characteristics of malignant infantile osteopetrosis. Methods: This was a retrospective case study. Thirty-seven children with malignant infantile osteopetrosis admitted into Beijing Children's Hospital from January 2013 to September 2022 were enrolled in this study. According to the gene mutations, the patients were divided into the CLCN7 group and the TCIRG1 group. Clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, and prognosis were compared between two groups. Wilcoxon test or Fisher exact test were used in inter-group comparison. The survival rate was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and the Log-Rank test was used to compare the difference in survival between groups. Results: Among the 37 cases, there were 22 males and 15 females. The age of diagnosis was 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) year. There were 13 patients (35%) and 24 patients (65%) with mutations in CLCN7 and TCIRGI gene respectively. Patients in the CLCN7 group had an older age of diagnosis than those in the TCIRGI group (1.2 (0.4, 3.6) vs. 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) years, Z=-2.60, P=0.008). The levels of serum phosphorus (1.7 (1.3, 1.8) vs. 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) mmol/L, Z=-2.59, P=0.010), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) (457 (143, 610) vs. 56 (37, 82) U/L, Z=-3.38, P=0.001) and the level of neutrophils (14.0 (9.9, 18.1) vs. 9.2 (6.7, 11.1) ×109/L, Z=-2.07, P=0.039) at diagnosis were higher in the CLCN7 group than that in the TCIRG1 group. However, the level of D-dimer in the CLCN7 group was lower than that in the TCIRGI group (2.7 (1.0, 3.1) vs. 6.3 (2.5, 9.7) μg/L, Z=2.83, P=0.005). After hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, there was no significant difference in 5-year overall survival rate between the two groups (92.3%±7.4% vs. 83.3%±7.6%, χ²=0.56, P=0.456). Conclusions: TCIRGI gene mutations are more common in children with osteopetrosis. Children with TCIRGI gene mutations have younger age, lower levels of phosphorus, CK-MB, and neutrophils and higher level of D-dimer at the onset. After hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, patients with CLCN7 or TCIRGI gene mutations have similar prognosis.

Modeling Gamma Knife Radiosurgical Toxicity for Multiple Brain Metastases

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Dosing for single fraction radiosurgery has traditionally relied on tumor measurements from a single maximum diameter. Most protocols recommend setting dosing criteria based on assumed risk of radionecrosis roughly correlating with tumor size. However, the risk of radionecrosis after radiosurgery is best modeled by a function of dose and volume treated, with the largest body of evidence supporting the use of brain tissue receiving ≥12 Gy in one fraction (V12, i.e., > 10.9 cm3). Here we show that tumor surface area (SA) and second order dimensions are superior predictors for Gamma Knife radiosurgical toxicity and can be used to estimate V12.

MATERIALS/METHODS

A total of 1217 brain metastases from 245 patients treated with a prescribed dose from 13 to 27 Gy in one fraction were retrospectively reviewed. Eight independent modeling parameters were considered; 3 geometric tumor characteristics: SA, volume (V), and largest axial dimension (LAD) and 5 treatment planning variables: prescription dose (Rx), coverage, selectivity, gradient index, and number of shots. Linear regression and power-law formulations were performed to determine which parameters were the most accurate predictors of V12. The power model is dependent on a conceptualized "pseudo surface area" (PSA), defined as the surface area of a sphere with a diameter of LAD of a lesion (PSA = π*LAD2). At the aggregate patient level, the model predicts total brain V12 by summing the V12 values for each singular lesion only by using LAD and Rx as input variables.

RESULTS

Tumor SA was the best univariate linear predictor of V12 (adjR2 = 0.770), followed by LAD (adjR2 = 0.755) and V (adjR2 = 0.745). The SA predictive model improves for lesions that have high sphericity > 0.85 (adjR2 = 0.837), with a measure of 1 indicating a perfect sphere. Using bivariable regression analysis, we formulated a single term power model that even more accurately predicts for V12 (V12 = 0.0137 * Rx1.5 * LAD2, adjR2 = 0.906) and is proportional to PSA. At the patient level, this model also accurately predicts for total brain V12 (adjR2 = 0.896) and V12 > 10.9 cm3 (Sensitivity = 99.1%, Specificity = 90.5%).

CONCLUSION

Conceptually, SA univariately predicts for V12 more accurately than other tumor physical dimensions or treatment planning parameters, while the best bivariable power model involves PSA. We provide a preplan model for brain metastases that can help better estimate radionecrosis risk, determine prescription doses given a target V12, and provide safe dose escalation strategies without the use of any planning software.

Initial Experience with the Commercial Electron FLASH Research Extension

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

The purpose of this study was to introduce a new commercial electron FLASH system that has the potential to become widely available for FLASH researchers globally. In this study, we first present the initial acceptance and commissioning tests for the FLASH system, and second, we highlight preliminary FLASH effect results from our cell studies.

MATERIALS/METHODS

A linear accelerator was converted into a commercial research platform with the FLASH Research Extension, enabling the generation of a powerful 16 MeV electron FLASH beam. The dosimetric and stability tests were conducted using various dosimeters (i.e., radiochromic film, optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLDs), and a plane-parallel ionization chamber). To evaluate the FLASH effect, normal and cancer cell lines were FLASH irradiated using different pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) of 18 pulses/s and 180 pulses/s.

RESULTS

The electron FLASH mode was able to generate over 1 Gy per pulse at the isocenter and a dose rate of up to 690 Gy/s near the accessory mount of the Linac gantry head. The charge collected by the plane-parallel ionization chamber at the highest PRF (i.e., 180 pulses/s) showed a linear relationship with the delivered number of pulses (i.e., 1 to 99 pulses) with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9996. The absorbed dose measured using radiochromic film and OSLDs agreed within 3%, on average, and followed an inverse square law as the source-to-axis distance (SAD) varied for which the R2 values were 0.9972 and 0.9955 for radiochromic film and OSLDs, respectively. The profile of the FLASH beam was symmetrical but was not as flat as the conventional 16 MeV electron beam due to the use of a thinner custom scattering foil to reduce the degradation of the ultra-high dose rate. The depth-dose curve beyond the build-up region for the FLASH beam was similar to the conventional 16 MeV electron beam for which the range at 50% the maximum dose (R50) agreed within 0.5 mm. The FLASH beam output remained consistent over a 4-month period with a variation of 2.5%, on average. The FLASH sparing effect was observed in vitro for healthy human pancreatic cells. Furthermore, we observed that the highest PRF beam (180 pulses/s) was more effective at destroying pancreatic cancerous cells while minimizing damage to healthy cells compared to the lowest PRF beam (18 pulses/s).

CONCLUSION

The novel commercial FLASH Research Extension system was dosimetrically characterized for pre-clinical FLASH research, and preliminary in vitro results demonstrated the FLASH effect. Given the prevalence of linear accelerators, this new commercial system has the potential to greatly increase the access to FLASH research.

Induction Immunochemotherapy Followed by Definitive Chemoradiotherapy for Unresectable Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) followed by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) consolidation is the current standard of care for unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC). However, most patients diagnosed with unresectable LA-NSCLC will not meet the criteria for adjuvant ICIs in the real world. Theoretically, adjusting the ICIs from the consolidation phase to the induction setting could greatly improve the patient' s compliance to receive ICIs therapy. Consequently, we performed this study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of induction ICIs and chemotherapy followed by definitive CRT for unresectable LA-NSCLC.

MATERIALS/METHODS

A total of 102 unresectable stage III NSCLC patients who received neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy followed by definitive CRT between 2019 and 2022 were identified. The primary endpoint of this study was to determine the efficacy of this treatment pattern, including overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). Disease control rate (DCR) and toxicities were the secondary objective.

RESULTS

The median age was 64 years (range 34-81), including 58 (56.9%) squamous cell carcinoma and 37 (36.3%) non-squamous cell carcinoma patients. There were 34 (33.3%), 39 (38.2%) and 29 (28.4%) patients with stage IIIA, IIIB and IIIC disease, respectively. The DCR at the end of induction immunochemotherapy was 87.3%. The median PFS was 20.4 months (95% CI, 15.7-25.1), with PFS rates of 90.1% at 6 months, 70.4% at 1 year, 55.2% at 18 months and 41.9% at 2 years. The rates of OS were 92.8%, and 76.2% at 1 year, and 2 years, respectively, and the median OS was not reached. For patients without progression before CRT, the median OS was also not reached, and the median PFS was 21.3 months. Patients receiving concurrent CRT manifested significantly better OS, compared with sequential CRT (12-month OS, 89.4% vs. 100.0%; 24-month OS, 70.2% vs. 87.3%; P = 0.030). Patients with PD-L1 expression of 50% or more manifested significantly higher partial response rate (70.4% vs. 45.3%, P = 0.033), along with better survival (median PFS, 17.3 months vs. NR, P = 0.034; median OS, 26.5 months vs. NR, P = 0.037), compared to those less than 50%. Treatment was well tolerated, with an incidence of 4.9% for grade 3 or greater pneumonitis or radiation pneumonitis (RP). The most common severe (grade ≥3) adverse events were hematologic toxicities and no unexpected treatment related toxicities occurred.

CONCLUSION

Induction immunochemotherapy followed by definitive CRT showed promising efficacy and tolerable toxicities for unresectable LA-NSCLC, especially for those with tumoral PD-L1 expression over 50%.

Commissioning and Initial Validation of Commercial Treatment Planning System for the Electron FLASH Research Extension

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of commissioning the 16 MeV electron FLASH beam in a commercial treatment planning system (TPS) for pre-clinical research purposes. The delivery system consisted of a new commercial solution for which a linear accelerator was modified into a FLASH Research Extension platform. Additionally, preliminary radiation biology results were highlighted to showcase the future use of this system.

MATERIALS/METHODS

To commission a commercial electron Monte Carlo (MC) for dose calculation of a 16 MeV FLASH beam in the TPS, radiochromic film was used to measure the vendor-required beam data, e.g., profiles and percent depth dose (PDD) curves for cone sizes of 6 × 6 cm2, 10 × 10 cm2, and 15 × 15 cm2 as well as an in-air profile for a 40 × 40 cm2 open field (no cone). Once the electron MC beam model was generated, additional measurements were collected for validation and compared against the calculated dose from the TPS. A treatment planning comparison between the newly commissioned FLASH beam and the conventional electron beam was conducted. Specifically, the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) for target volumes and organs at risk were investigated for skin cancer cases previously treated with conventional electron beams. Lastly, the FLASH dose distribution predicted by the electron MC for an in vitro cell study setup was validated with radiochromic film measurements, and initial radiobiology tests were conducted using FLASH and conventional dose-rate electron beams.

RESULTS

The electron MC calculated dose for the 16 MeV electron FLASH beam agreed with measured PDDs within 1% for all field sizes. The beam profile characteristics, such as penumbra, shape, and full width at half maximum, demonstrated good agreement with less than 0.5 mm difference between the TPS and measurements. There were noticeable differences in the profiles of large fields between the FLASH and conventional dose-rate beam models due to the more forward-peaked FLASH beam. For treatment planning, Regarding DVH, the FLASH dose-rate plan provided comparable plan quality to the conventional dose-rate plan, achieving adequate coverage for the target volumes and sparing the healthy organs and tissues. The electron MC dose prediction for the FLASH beam was also found to be in good agreement with the film measurements of the in vitro cell study setup. Furthermore, the FLASH beam was observed to be more effective with a 20 % increase in killing pancreatic cancer cells compared to the conventional dose rate.

CONCLUSION

The study successfully incorporated the 16 MeV electron FLASH Research Extension into the commercial TPS using electron Monte Carlo for dose calculation. This will be valuable for pre-clinical cell and animal studies. This research also enables FLASH treatment planning studies, a key component for the future implementation of FLASH into clinical care. Further research is necessary to incorporate the radiation biology effect of FLASH into the treatment planning system.

[The consistency of skeletal muscle mass measured by CT at L1 and L3 levels and the correlation of skeletal muscle density at L1 level with prognosis in dialysis patients]

Objective: To investigate the consistency of skeletal muscle mass by CT at 1st lumbar vertebrae (L1) and 3rd lumbar vertebrae (L3) levels and the correlation of skeletal muscle density (SMD) at L1 level with prognosis in dialysis patients. Methods: A total of 1 020 patients who underwent initial dialysis and had CT examination data in four centers (Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University and the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University) from January 2014 to December 2019 were retrospectively collected. The skeletal muscle index (SMI) and SMD at L1 and L3 CT images were measured and calculated in patients with both L1 and L3 level CT images. The consistency of SMI and SMD at L1 and L3 levels was analyzed, and the cut-off value of SMI and SMD at L1 level for predicting all-cause mortality and their correlation with the prognosis of dialysis patients were studied. Cox regression model was used to analyze the risk factors for all-cause death and cardiac death. Results: A total of 383 patients had both L1 and L3 level images, including 233 males and 150 females. The average SMD value of 16 samples (4.2%) exceeded the 95% consistency limit range (-8.71 to 7.75 HU), and the average SMI value of 15 samples (3.9%) exceeded the 95% consistency limit range (-20.45 to 9.53 HU). The optimal cut-off value of SMD at L1 level for predicting all-cause mortality was 36.46 HU and the area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.658 (95%CI: 0.596-0.721, P<0.001), with the sensitivity and specificity of 83.8% and 57.5%, respectively. SMI at L1 level was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality (P=0.299). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that low SMD at L1 level was associated with all-cause mortality (HR=2.861, 95%CI: 1.576-5.193, P=0.001) and cardiac death (HR=3.771, 95%CI:1.462-9.724, P=0.006). Conclusions: SMD at L1 levelis consistent with SMD at L3 level and can be used to evaluate muscle mass. Low SMD is a risk factor for mortality in dialysis patients.

[Research progress of vitamin D in inflammatory skin disease]

It is well known that vitamin D is engaged in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. However, vitamin D also plays an important role in other aspects over the past decades, such as immune response. Vitamin D has thus aroused the interest of the scientific community, especially the field of dermatology. The major source of vitamin D comes from the exposure of the skin to ultraviolet B. In turn, vitamin D regulates the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, prevents opportunistic infection, and regulates the inflammatory response and immune response of the skin. Acne, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and other inflammatory skin diseases have been found to have a certain relationship with vitamin D. This article review the correlation between vitamin D and inflammatory skin diseases.

Structural design and preparation of Ti3C2Tx MXene/polymer composites for absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference shielding

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a pervasive and harmful phenomenon in modern society that affects the functionality and reliability of electronic devices and poses a threat to human health. To address this issue, EMI-shielding materials with high absorption performance have attracted considerable attention. Among various candidates, two-dimensional MXenes are promising materials for EMI shielding due to their high conductivity and tunable surface chemistry. Moreover, by incorporating magnetic and conductive fillers into MXene/polymer composites, the EMI shielding performance can be further improved through structural design and impedance matching. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the recent progress in MXene/polymer composites for absorption-dominated EMI shielding applications. We summarize the fabrication methods and EMI shielding mechanisms of different composite structures, such as homogeneous, multilayer, segregated, porous, and hybrid structures. We also analyze the advantages and disadvantages of these structures in terms of EMI shielding effectiveness and the absorption ratio. Furthermore, we discuss the roles of magnetic and conductive fillers in modulating the electrical properties and EMI shielding performance of the composites. We also introduce the methods for evaluating the EMI shielding performance of the materials and emphasize the electromagnetic parameters and challenges. Finally, we provide insights and suggestions for the future development of MXene/polymer composites for EMI shielding applications.

[Effect of the varicella vaccination on the clinical characteristics of herpes zoster cases aged 20 years and under]

To discuss the effect of varicella vaccination on the clinical characteristics of herpes zoster (shingles) cases aged 20 years and under, and analyze its clinical features. Based on the Yichang Health Big Data Platform, a descriptive study was conducted to collect the information of cases aged 20 years and under in three medical institutions of Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang First People's Hospital and Yichang Second People's Hospital from March 2019 to September 2020. According to the history of varicella vaccine, cases were divided into vaccination group and non-vaccination group, and their clinical features and outcomes were compared. The results showed that 46 shingles cases, aged from 7 to 20 years old, were included in this study. 26 males (56.5%), 20 females (43.5%), 15 cases in vaccination group (32.6%) and 31 cases in non-vaccination group (67.4%). 28 cases had thoracic involvement, followed by lumbar (n=8), cranial (n=7) involvements and extremities (n=7). The spread of herpes skin area: 2 cases involved too large area, 21 cases of 10 cm×10 cm, 14 cases of 5 cm×5 cm, 9 cases of 1 cm×1 cm. Herpes number: 26 cases had 10-49 herpes, followed by <10 herpes (n=9), uncountable herpes (n=7) and 50-99 herpes (n=4). The clinical course[M(Q₁,Q₃)] lasted 20.5 (13.5,24.8) d averagely, 5 cases had postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and 1 case had respiratory complications. Shingles decrustation time was significantly shorter in vaccination group (Z=-2.01, P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in other characteristics by vaccination. In conclusion, the number and spread of shingles in most children and adolescents are less, and the complications such as PHN are less. Varicella vaccination can reduce the decrustation time and relieve shingles cases with some clinical symptoms.

[Development and validation of risk prediction model for new-onset cardiovascular diseases among breast cancer patients: Based on regional medical data of Inner Mongolia]

OBJECTIVE

To develop and validate a three-year risk prediction model for new-onset cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among female patients with breast cancer.

METHODS

Based on the data from Inner Mongolia Regional Healthcare Information Platform, female breast cancer patients over 18 years old who had received anti-tumor treatments were included. The candidate predictors were selected by Lasso regression after being included according to the results of the multivariate Fine & Gray model. Cox proportional hazard model, Logistic regression model, Fine & Gray model, random forest model, and XGBoost model were trained on the training set, and the model performance was evaluated on the testing set. The discrimination was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC), and the calibration was evaluated by the calibration curve.

RESULTS

A total of 19 325 breast cancer patients were identified, with an average age of (52.76±10.44) years. The median follow-up was 1.18 [interquartile range (IQR): 2.71] years. In the study, 7 856 patients (40.65%) developed CVD within 3 years after the diagnosis of breast cancer. The final selected variables included age at diagnosis of breast cancer, gross domestic product (GDP) of residence, tumor stage, history of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease, type of surgery, type of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In terms of model discrimination, when not considering survival time, the AUC of the XGBoost model was significantly higher than that of the random forest model [0.660 (95%CI: 0.644-0.675) vs. 0.608 (95%CI: 0.591-0.624), P < 0.001] and Logistic regression model [0.609 (95%CI: 0.593-0.625), P < 0.001]. The Logistic regression model and the XGBoost model showed better calibration. When considering survival time, Cox proportional hazard model and Fine & Gray model showed no significant difference for AUC [0.600 (95%CI: 0.584-0.616) vs. 0.615 (95%CI: 0.599-0.631), P=0.188], but Fine & Gray model showed better calibration.

CONCLUSION

It is feasible to develop a risk prediction model for new-onset CVD of breast cancer based on regional medical data in China. When not considering survival time, the XGBoost model and the Logistic regression model both showed better performance; Fine & Gray model showed better performance in consideration of survival time.

[Clinical application of a quantitative method of atlantoaxial reduction angle in basilar invagination]

Objectives: To investigate the clinical application effect of a quantitative method of atlantoaxial reduction angle in basilar invagination. Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical and radiographic data was conducted of 38 patients with complicated atlantoaxial dislocation and basilar invagination admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from May 2020 to May 2022. There were 5 males and 33 females, aged (53.5±9.9) years (range: 38 to 80 years). All patients underwent C_1-2 interarticular fusion cage implantation+occipital-cervical fixation by pressing rob with the cantilever technique. The atlantoaxial reduction model of previous studies by our team was used to calculate the reduction angles before surgery. Then titanium rods of prebending angle were prepared according to the calculation before the operation. After that quantitative reduction of angle was performed during the operation. The paired t-test was used to compare the difference between the theoretical and actual reset value. Results: The theoretical reduction angle of all patients was (10.62±1.78)° (range: 6.40° to 13.20°), the actual reduction angle was (10.53±1.63)° (range: 6.70° to 13.30°) and there was no statistical difference between them (t=1.688, P=0.100). The theoretical posterior occipitocervical angle after the operation of all patients was (117.37±5.88)° (range: 107.00° to 133.00°), the actual posterior occipitocervical angle after the operation was (118.25±6.77)° (range: 105.40° to 135.80°) and there was no statistical difference between them (t=-0.737, P=0.466). The postoperative follow-up time of the patients was more than 6 months and the symptoms of all patients were relieved. All patients had satisfactory fusion between small joints without incision infection, internal fixation fracture, displacement, atlantoaxial redislocation, and other long-term complications. Conclusion: The quantitative method of atlantoaxial reduction angle in basilar invagination can calculate the theoretical reduction angle of the clivus axis angle and guide the preparation of the pre-bending titanium rod before surgery, so as to realize the quantification of the atlantoaxial reduction angle.

Safety and efficacy of cobimetinib plus atezolizumab in patients with solid tumors: a phase II, open-label, multicenter, multicohort study

BACKGROUND

Although introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, their response rates are generally low. Preclinical and early phase clinical data suggest that MEK inhibition may sensitize tumors to immune checkpoint inhibitors by upregulating tumor antigen expression, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, and tumor T-cell infiltration. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of cobimetinib plus atezolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors in the open-label, multicohort phase II COTEST study.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This analysis of the COTEST trial included patients from cohorts 1-4 [1-3: anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 treatment-naive patients; 4: patients with disease progression on anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 treatment] who received cobimetinib 60 mg once daily for the first 21 days and intravenous infusions of atezolizumab 840 mg on days 1 and 15 of each 28-day cycle. Efficacy endpoints included objective response rate, overall survival, progression-free survival (PFS), and disease control rate.

RESULTS

Overall, 77 patients were enrolled in cohorts 1-4 (78% male; median age 62.8 years). Objective response rate was 20% in cohort 1 [squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN)], 30% in cohort 2 (urothelial carcinoma), and 18% in cohort 3 (renal cell carcinoma); there were no responders among 20 patients in cohort 4 (SCCHN). The disease control rates in cohorts 1-4 were 50%, 40%, 24%, and 25%, respectively. The median PFS was 5.5, 3.4, 3.4, and 3.6 months in cohorts 1-4, respectively, and the median overall survival was 16.8, 18.7, 21.7, and 7.7 months, respectively. Most adverse events were of grade 1/2 and were manageable.

CONCLUSIONS

Cobimetinib plus atezolizumab had moderate activity in patients with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment-naive SCCHN and urothelial carcinoma, and weak activity in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment-naive renal cell carcinoma, and no activity in checkpoint inhibitor-treated patients.

Multifunctional magnesium-organic framework doped biodegradable bone cement for antibacterial growth, inflammatory regulation and osteogenic differentiation

Degradable bone cement has superior osteoconductivity and plasticity and is commonly used to treat defects greater than the critical-size. Magnesium gallate metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) (Mg-MOF), with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, are doped into a composite cement composed of calcium sulfate, calcium citrate, and dicalcium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous (CS/CC/DCPA). The doping of the Mg-MOF slightly influences the microstructure and curing properties of the composite cement, with the mechanical strength of the cement displaying a significant increase from 27 to 32 MPa. Antibacterial tests reveal that the Mg-MOF bone cement has excellent antibacterial characteristics and can effectively inhibit bacterial growth in 4 h (Staphyloccocus aureus survival rate <10%). Herein, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage models are used to investigate the anti-inflammatory characteristics of composite cement. The Mg-MOF bone cement can regulate the inflammatory factors and polarization of macrophages (M1 and M2). In addition, the composite cement promotes cell proliferation and osteo-differentiation of mBMSCs, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase and calcium nodules are increased. The bone related transcription factor and specific proteins, such as runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), bone morphogenetic protein 2, osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and collagen type 1 (COL1), were highly expressed by the Mg-MOF bone cements. Therefore, Mg-MOF doped CS/CC/DCPA bone cement is multifunctional for bone repair, which will promote bone formation and avoid the infection of wounds, and it is suitable for use with non-load-bearing bone defects.

Development of Electromagnetic-Wave-Shielding Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Ti3C2Tx MXene-Carbon Nanotube Composites by Improving Impedance Matching and Conductivity

Absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is attained by improving impedance matching and conductivity through structural design. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) composites with layered heterogeneous conductive fillers and segregated structures were prepared through electrostatic flocculation and hot pressing of the PVDF composite microsphere-coated MXene and SWCNTs in a layer-by-layer fashion. Results suggest that the heterogeneous fillers improve impedance matching and layered coating, and hot compression allows the MXene and SWCNTs to form a continuous conducting network at the PVDF interface, thereby conferring excellent conductivity to the composite. The PVDF-MXene-SWCNTs composite showed a conductivity of 2.75 S cm^-1 at 2.5% MXene and 1% SWCNTs. The EMI shielding efficiency (SE) and contribution from absorption loss to the total EMI SE of PVDF-MXene-SWCNTs were 46.1 dB and 85.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the PVDF-MXene-SWCNTs composite exhibited excellent dielectric losses and impedance matching. Therefore, the layered heteroconductive fillers in a segregated structure optimize impedance matching, provide excellent conductivity, and improve absorption-dominated electromagnetic shielding.

Author Correction: Experimental study on thioredoxin redox inhibitor 1-methylpropyl 2-imidazolyl disulfide promoting apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo

Correction to: European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2022; 26 (4): 1283-1292. DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202202_28121-PMID: 35253185-published online on December 15, 2022. After publication, the authors corrected the order of the author's affiliations as follows: Q.-D. Lin1,2,3,4, L.-N. Liu1,2,3,4, X.-Y. Liu1,2, Y. Yan1,2, B.-J. Fang1,2,3,4, Y.-L. Zhang1,2,3,4, J. Zhou1,2,3,4, Y.-F. Li1,2,3,4, W.-L. Zuo1,2,3,4, Y.-P. Song1,2,3,4 1Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China 2Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China 3Henan Key Lab of Experimental Hematology, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China 4Henan Institute of Hematology, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China There are amendments to this paper. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/28121.