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Singh I, Shakya K, Gupta P, Rani P, Kong I, Verma V, Balani K. Multifunctional 58S Bioactive Glass/Silver/Cerium Oxide-Based Biocomposites with Effective Antibacterial, Cytocompatibility, and Mechanical Properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:18327-18343. [PMID: 38588343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
58S bioactive glass (BG) has effective biocompatibility and bioresorbable properties for bone tissue engineering; however, it has limitations regarding antibacterial, antioxidant, and mechanical properties. Therefore, we have developed BGAC biocomposites by reinforcing 58S BG with silver and ceria nanoparticles, which showed effective bactericidal properties by forming inhibited zones of 2.13 mm (against Escherichia coli) and 1.96 mm (against Staphylococcus aureus; evidenced by disc diffusion assay) and an increment in the antioxidant properties by 39.9%. Moreover, the elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness were observed to be increased by ∼84.7% (∼51.9 GPa), ∼54.5% (∼3.4 GPa), and ∼160% (∼1.3 MPam1/2), whereas the specific wear rate was decreased by ∼55.2% (∼1.9 × 10-11 m3/Nm). X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy confirmed the fabrication of biocomposites and the uniform distribution of the nanomaterials in the BG matrix. The addition of silver nanoparticles in the 58S BG matrix (in BGA) increased mechanical properties by composite strengthening and bactericidal properties by damaging the cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells. The addition of nanoceria in 58S BG (BGC) increased the antioxidant properties by 44.5% (as evidenced by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay). The resazurin reduction assay and MTT assay confirmed the effective cytocompatibility for BGAC biocomposites against mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (NIH3T3) and mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Overall, BGAC resulted in mechanical properties comparable to those of cancellous bone, and its effective antibacterial and cytocompatibility properties make it a good candidate for bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajeet Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria 3552, Australia
| | - Kaushal Shakya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Pooja Rani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Ing Kong
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria 3552, Australia
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Kantesh Balani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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Bragov A, Lomunov A, Rusin E, Gavrilov G, Kurkin A. Effect of Combined Laser Thermal and Shock Wave Effects on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Steels. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1809. [PMID: 38673166 PMCID: PMC11050940 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present the results of an experimental study on the mechanical properties of Fe-C alloys with different carbon contents (0.2, 0.45, and 0.8%) in a wide range of deformation rates (10-3-103 s-1) and abrasive wear resistance, which underwent combined laser thermal (laser surface hardening-LSH) and laser shock wave (Laser Shock Peening-LSP) processing. The combined treatment modes included a different sequence of exposure to laser thermal and laser-induced shock pulses on the material. The amplitude and duration of laser-induced shock waves were measured using a laser Michelson interferometer. The mechanical properties of steel samples were studied under conditions of uniaxial tension under static loads on a standard universal testing machine, the LR5KPlus, and under dynamic loading, tests were carried out on a specialized experimental complex according to the H. Kolsky method using a split Hopkinson rod. The abrasive wear resistance of hardened surfaces was studied using the Brinell-Haworth method. Studies have shown that the use of a combination of LSH and LSP treatments leads to an increase in both the mechanical properties of steels and abrasive wear resistance compared to traditional laser hardening. It has been established that in the combinations considered, the most effective is laser treatment, in which LSP treatment is applied twice: before and after LSH. Thus, after processing steels using this mode, an increase in the depth of the hardened layer was recorded-by 1.53 times for steel 20, by 1.41 times for steel 45, and by 1.29 times for steel U8-as well as a maximum increase in microhardness values by 22% for steel 20, by 27% for steel 45, and by 13% for U8 steel. The use of this mode made it possible to obtain the maximum strength properties of the studied materials under static and dynamic loading, which is associated with an increase in the volume fraction of the strengthened metal and high microhardness values of the strengthened layer of traditional LSH. The dependences of abrasive wear of the studied steels after various combinations of LSP and LSH impacts were established. It is shown that the greatest wear resistance of the studied steels is observed in the case when the LSH pulse is located between two LSP pulses. In this case, abrasive wear resistance increases by 1.5-2 times compared to traditional LSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Bragov
- Research Institute of Mechanics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; (A.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrey Lomunov
- Research Institute of Mechanics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; (A.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Evgeny Rusin
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering Problems, Russian Academy of Science, Nizhny Novgorod 603024, Russia;
| | - Gennady Gavrilov
- Department of Materials Science, Materials Technology and Heat Treatment of Metals, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, Nizhny Novgorod 603155, Russia;
| | - Andrey Kurkin
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, Nizhny Novgorod 603155, Russia
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Wegst UGK, Cloetens P, Betz O. Desert locusts ( Schistocerca gregaria) feed with self-sharpening, scissor-like mandibles. Interface Focus 2024; 14:20230069. [PMID: 38618238 PMCID: PMC11008957 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The mandibles of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forsskål, 1775) are digger-shovel-shaped mouthparts that are part of the locust's exoskeleton formed by the insect cuticle. The cuticle is a polymer-fibre composite, which supports, encases and protects the entire body. Mandibles experience heavy loading and wear due to direct contact with hard and abrasive food, just like teeth, their mineralized analogues in vertebrates. With dual-energy X-ray tomography, we image well-defined regions of zinc (Zn)-enriched cuticle at the mandible cutting edges and quantify the Zn concentrations in these regions. Zn is known to increase stiffness, hardness and wear resistance of the otherwise purely polymeric insect cuticle. In S. gregaria, the position of the Zn-enriched cutting-edge regions relative to one another suggests that the mandibles form a scissor-like cutting tool, which sharpens itself as the mouthparts shear past one another during feeding. Comparing the architecture of these purely polymeric mandibles with the mineralized incisors of rodents, we find fundamental design differences in cutting-tool structure and performance. Locusts' scissors and rodents' carving knives perform different functions, because they act on food that differs significantly in properties and shape: softer, sheet-like material in the case of locusts and harder bulk material in the case of rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike G. K. Wegst
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, 360 Huntingdon Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Cloetens
- ESRF, the European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Oliver Betz
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28E, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Tang C, Jiang Y, Chen C, Xiao C, Sun J, Qian L, Chen L. Graphene Failure under MPa: Nanowear of Step Edges Initiated by Interfacial Mechanochemical Reactions. Nano Lett 2024; 24:3866-3873. [PMID: 38442405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The low wear resistance of macroscale graphene coatings does not match the ultrahigh mechanical strength and chemical inertness of the graphene layer itself; however, the wear mechanism responsible for this issue at low mechanical stress is still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the susceptibility of the graphene monolayer to wear at its atomic step edges is governed by the mechanochemistry of frictional interfaces. The mechanochemical reactions activated by chemically active SiO2 microspheres result in atomic attrition rather than mechanical damage such as surface fracture and folding by chemically inert diamond tools. Correspondingly, the threshold contact stress for graphene edge wear decreases more than 30 times to the MPa level, and mechanochemical wear can be described well with the mechanically assisted Arrhenius-type kinetic model, i.e., exponential dependence of the removal rate on the contact stress. These findings provide a strategy for improving the antiwear of graphene-based materials by reducing the mechanochemical interactions at tribological interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Tang
- Tribology Research Institute, The State Key Laboratory of Rail Vehicle System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yilong Jiang
- Tribology Research Institute, The State Key Laboratory of Rail Vehicle System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Tribology Research Institute, The State Key Laboratory of Rail Vehicle System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Chen Xiao
- Tribology Research Institute, The State Key Laboratory of Rail Vehicle System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- Research Institute of Frontier Science, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Junhui Sun
- Tribology Research Institute, The State Key Laboratory of Rail Vehicle System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Linmao Qian
- Tribology Research Institute, The State Key Laboratory of Rail Vehicle System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Tribology Research Institute, The State Key Laboratory of Rail Vehicle System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Turk S, Erden Kayalidere E, Celik EU, Yasa B. In vitro wear resistance of conventional and flowable composites containing various filler types after thermomechanical loading. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:643-651. [PMID: 37723851 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To comparatively assess the wear resistance of conventional and flowable composites containing different filler types using thermomechanical chewing simulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six different composite resin materials were used: a conventional and flowable composite from each of three manufacturers respectively classified by different filler characterizations: (1), a nanohybrid conventional (G-aenial Posterior, GC) and flowable (G-aenial Universal Injectable, GC), (2) a nanofilled conventional (Filtek One Bulk-fill Restorative, 3M) and flowable (Filtek Ultimate Flow, 3M), and submicron-filled conventional (Estelite Posterior Quick, Tokuyama) and flowable (Estelite Bulk-Fill Flow, Tokuyama). The buccal surfaces of extracted human premolars were planarly abraded and used as control (n = 12). The prepared surfaces were subjected to wear using a thermocycler chewing simulator against 6-mm diameter steatite balls for 240,000 cycles, simulating 1 year of in vivo use. Digital profiles of treated sample surfaces were scanned using a laser scanner, and the volume loss and maximum depth of loss were calculated. Two-way MANOVA was used to compare the wear volume loss and depth according viscosity (conventional/flowable) and filler type (nanohybrid, nanofilled, submicron-filled), and multiple comparisons were performed using Duncan's test. RESULTS Wear volume loss and loss depth were significantly lower in enamel than in all composite resin groups. The wear volume loss and loss depth of nanofilled composites were significantly higher than the other composite filler types, with no significant difference in either parameter between the nanohybrid and submicron-filled composite groups. With respect to apparent viscosity, wear volume loss and loss depth of conventional composites were significantly lower than the flowable composites. CONCLUSIONS The type of composite filler and its apparent viscosity significantly influence the in vitro wear resistance of the material. All composite materials tested demonstrated a susceptibility to simulated wear that was two to three times greater than that of human enamel. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Flowable composite resins provide a level of convenience in clinical application. Despite advancements in their wear characteristics, they continue to display inferior wear resistance compared to conventional composite resins. Nevertheless, all tested composite resins exhibited a significantly higher potential for wear than human enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ezgi Erden Kayalidere
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Kent University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Uzer Celik
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bilal Yasa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Kent University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Elsayed A, Chaar MS, Kern M, Libecki W, Yazigi C. Wear resistance of CAD/CAM one-piece screw-retained hybrid-abutment-crowns made from different restorative materials. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2024; 26:281-288. [PMID: 37408517 DOI: 10.1111/cid.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to measure the wear progress of three high performance polymers (HPP) materials as well as that of zirconia after artificial aging (simulated 2.5- and 5-year of clinical service with thermo-mechanical loading) and compare it with the well-documented wear of lithium disilicate. METHODS Forty implants were used to restore a maxillary first premolar, where the abutment and the crown were manufactured as hybrid-abutment-crown and connected to the implant using a titanium insert. The implants were randomly divided, according to the restorative materials used, into five groups: 3Y-TZP zirconia (Z), lithium disilicate (L), ceramic-reinforced polyetheretherketon (P), nano-hybrid composite resin (C) and polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network (E). All hybrid-abutment-crowns were produced using CAD/CAM technology. A design of a maxillary first premolar was created with an angle of 120° between the buccal and palatal cusps, which were designed as planes. The restorations were adhesively luted onto the titanium inserts, according to the manufacturers' recommendations for each material individually, by means of dual-curing luting resin with the exception of group P, where the blocks were pre-fitted (heat-pressed) with an integrated titanium insert. The suprastructures were assembled onto the implants through titanium screws. The screw channels were sealed with Teflon tape and composite resin filling material that was polished to high-gloss. All specimens underwent 1 200 000 thermo-dynamic loading cycles with 49 N in a dual-axis chewing simulator. Elastomeric impressions were made for all specimens after 600 000 and after 1 200 000 cycles. The corresponding impressions were imaged using a laser scanning microscope and then 3D-analyzed using the software (Geomagic Wrap) to measure the volume loss of the wear area for all specimens. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon-Test regarding the two different time measurements for each material. For the analysis of the material variable, Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted followed by Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS Group Z showed statistically the lowest volume loss compared to the other test materials, both after 600 000 and 1 200 000 cycles of artificial aging, with a median value of 0.002 mm3 volume loss after 1 200 000 cycles. In contrast, group E showed the highest volume loss with median values of 0.18 and 0.3 mm3 after 600 000 and 1 200 000 cycles, respectively. Artificial aging had significantly negative effect on the volume loss for all test materials. In addition, the choice of material had statistical influence on the outcome. CONCLUSION Monolithic zirconia ceramic demonstrated lower wear than that reported for enamel after simulated 5-year of clinical service, whereas all other test materials showed higher volume loss after artificial aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham Elsayed
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mohamed Sad Chaar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Kern
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wojtek Libecki
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Yazigi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Furukimi O, Kabasawa H, Yamamoto M, Protasius R, Tanaka M. Enhancing Wear Resistance in Functionally Graded Metallic Components: Insights from Nanoindentation and Mechanical Analysis. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1567. [PMID: 38612081 PMCID: PMC11012926 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
To manufacture metallic components with high wear resistance, treatments such as nitriding and carburising followed by quenching and tempering (NQT and CQT, respectively) are applied to various types of steel to increase the hardness (H) of the friction surface. However, the wear mechanism of the resulting functionally graded materials has not been fully understood. In this study, specimens of industrial 99.82% pure iron treated with NQT at 913 and 1033 K, and CQT at 1203 K, as well as hot-rolled sheets without heat treatment were examined by performing nanoindentation tests to measure changes in their H, reduced Young's moduli (Er), elastic deformation energies (We), and plastic deformation energies (Wp) along the depth direction. The relationship between Wp/We and the elastic strain resistance (H/Er) can be expressed for all specimens via the equation Wp/We = -1.0 + 0.16 (H/Er)-1. Furthermore, the obtained H/Er av measured at 5 µm intervals based on the specimen profile and wear volume has a good correlation depending to the sliding distance, as confirmed by the results of the ring-on-plate sliding tests conducted for the carbon-treated, nitrogen-treated, and hot-rolled specimens. This study provides a new approach, using H/Er parameters to identify the dominant factors affecting wear resistance at the initial stage of wear that may contribute to the development of wear-resistant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Furukimi
- Department of Materials, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (O.F.); (R.P.)
| | - Hitoshi Kabasawa
- Nihon Techno Co., Ltd., 3968 Uruido Hasuda, Saitama 349-0133, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Yamamoto Scientific Tool Lab. Co., Ltd., 2-15-4 Sakae-cho Funabashi, Chiba 273-0018, Japan;
| | - Roonie Protasius
- Department of Materials, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (O.F.); (R.P.)
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Materials, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (O.F.); (R.P.)
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Gu W, Li F, Cao Y, Gao Q, Zhuo C. Carding Behavior and Bearing Capacity of a Newly Developed Cylinder Card-Clothing Compatible with Cotton and Terylene Fibers by Nb Alloying of AISI 1090 Steel. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1511. [PMID: 38612026 PMCID: PMC11012293 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Changing the metallic card clothing on a carding machine is costly when the spinning mills want to card different fibers from cotton to terylene or vice versa. This article proposes a newly developed cylinder card clothing compatible with cotton and terylene fibers by Nb alloying of AISI 1090 steel so that the spinning mills can change the type of fiber without changing the card clothing. Based on an idea developed from classical carding balance theory to study the adaptability of the cylinder card clothing for cotton and terylene fibers, the wall shear stress was used as the basis for compatibility analysis of carding behavior and bearing capacity with cotton and terylene fibers and as the focus of this study. Nb alloying of AISI 1090 steel showed good wear resistance in carding areas after heat treatment with high hardness above 840 Hv0.2 and extremely fine grain grade of 13.5 class, which increased about 25% compared to conventional 80 WV. The testing results in the spinning mills, including one cotton and two terylene fibers, showed good performance with this newly developed card clothing. In conclusion, the card clothing made of Nb alloying of AISI 1090 steel can handle different fibers with acceptable carding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Gu
- Geron Card Clothing Co., Ltd., Nantong 226009, China; (W.G.); (Q.G.); (C.Z.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Fuguo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Joint R&D Center for Metallic Materials, Metallic Wire and Metallic Card Clothing, Xi’an 710002, China
| | - Youchang Cao
- Texhong International Group Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qinchao Gao
- Geron Card Clothing Co., Ltd., Nantong 226009, China; (W.G.); (Q.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chengzhi Zhuo
- Geron Card Clothing Co., Ltd., Nantong 226009, China; (W.G.); (Q.G.); (C.Z.)
- Joint R&D Center for Metallic Materials, Metallic Wire and Metallic Card Clothing, Xi’an 710002, China
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Xu T, Sun B, Zhang S, Liu Y, Sun W, Cui N, Lv B. The {332}<113> Twinning Behavior of a Ti-15Mo Medical Alloy during Cyclic Deformation and Its Effect on Microstructure and Performance. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1462. [PMID: 38611977 PMCID: PMC11012642 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the microstructural evolution of a Ti-15Mo medical alloy was investigated, when the in situ cyclic tensile strain had 2% amplitude and the tension-compression cyclic deformation had 1%, 2%, and 3% amplitude. The Vickers hardness and wear resistance of the alloy were also optimized due to the grain-refining effect after cyclic deformation and annealing. The twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) was considered the main deformation mechanism of the Ti-15Mo alloy during the tensile-compressive cycle deformation with suitable strain amplitude. The {332}<113> twins and boundaries were the main contributors to the grain refinement. The optimal microstructure, hardness, and wear resistance were obtained in the alloy deformed by tension-compression cyclic strain with a 3% strain amplitude. The wear resistance of the annealed alloy in Hank's solution was excellent in contrast to the original Ti-15Mo alloy due to its reasonable microstructure and hardness. It is clear that abundant twins were formed and retained in the coarse grains of the original alloy after cyclic deformation and annealing, which provided the expected refined grains and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shanshan Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China; (T.X.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (W.S.); (N.C.); (B.L.)
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Zhang W, Wu X, Tian J, Huang X, Yu W, Zhu W, He J. Improving Wear Resistance and Corrosive Resistance of Cemented Carbide for Mud Pulser Rotor by Deep Cryogenic Treatment. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1195. [PMID: 38473666 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Cemented carbide used in the rotor of a mud pulser is subjected to the scouring action of solid particles and corrosive mud media for a long time, which causes abrasive wear and electrochemical corrosion. To improve the wear and corrosive resistance of cemented carbide, samples with different cobalt content (WC-5Co, WC-8Co, and WC-10Co) receive deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) at -196 °C for 2.5 h. An optical metalloscope (OM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) are used to observe the phase changes of cemented carbides, and the XRD is also used to observe the change in residual stress on the cemented carbide's surface. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to characterize the wear and electrochemical corrosion surface microstructure of cemented carbides (untreated and DCT). The results show that the DCT promotes the precipitation of the η phase, and the diffraction peak of ε-Co tends to intensify. Compared with the untreated, the wear rates of WC-5Co, WC-8Co, and WC-10Co can be reduced by 14.71%, 37.25%, and 41.01% by DCT, respectively. The wear form of the cemented carbides is mainly the extrusion deformation of Co and WC shedding. The precipitation of the η phase and the increase in WC residual compressive stress by DCT are the main reasons for the improvement of wear resistance. The electrochemical corrosion characteristic is the dissolution of the Co phase. DCT causes the corrosion potential of cemented carbide to shift forward and the corrosion current density to decrease. The enhancement of the corrosion resistance of cemented carbide caused by DCT is due to the Co phase transition, η phase precipitation, and the increase in the compressive stress of cemented carbide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Zhang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Disaster Prevention and Emergency Technologies for Urban Lifeline Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
- College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Disaster Prevention and Emergency Technologies for Urban Lifeline Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jun Tian
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Disaster Prevention and Emergency Technologies for Urban Lifeline Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xi Huang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wentao Yu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wenchao Zhu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jingwen He
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
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11
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Zang X, Bian J, Ni Y, Zheng W, Zhu T, Chen Z, Cao X, Huang J, Lai Y, Lin Z. A Robust Biomimetic Superhydrophobic Coating with Superior Mechanical Durability and Chemical Stability for Inner Pipeline Protection. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2305839. [PMID: 38225713 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Durable superhydrophobic anti-erosion/anticorrosion coatings are highly demanded across various applications. However, achieving coatings with exceptional superhydrophobicity, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance remains a grand challenge. Herein, a robust microstructure coating, inspired by the cylindrical structures situated on the surface of conch shell, for mitigating erosion and corrosion damages in gas transportation pipelines is reported. Specifically, citric acid monohydrate as a pore-forming agent is leveraged to create a porous structure between layers, effectively buffering the impact on the surface. As a result, the coating demonstrates remarkable wear resistance and water repellency. Importantly, even after abrasion by sandpaper and an erosion loop test, the resulting superhydrophobic surfaces retain the water repellency. The design strategy offers a promising route to manufacturing multifunctional materials with desired features and structural complexities, thereby enabling effective self-cleaning and antifouling abilities in harsh operating environments for an array of applications, including self-cleaning windows, antifouling coatings for medical devices, and anti-erosion/anticorrosion protection, among other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Zang
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), No. 66, West Changjiang Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
- College of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Jiang Bian
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), No. 66, West Changjiang Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Yimeng Ni
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Tianxue Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xuewen Cao
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), No. 66, West Changjiang Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, 362801, P. R. China
| | - Yuekun Lai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, 362801, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- College of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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12
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Hatfield KO, Brown N, Dervishi E, Carpenter B, Janusz JN, Hooks DE. Correlation of Fabrication Methods and Enhanced Wear Performance in Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide with Incorporated Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS 2) Nanomaterials. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:451. [PMID: 38470781 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Wear performance is integral to component longevity, minimizing industrial waste and excess energy costs in a wide variety of applications. Anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) has many beneficial properties leading to its wide use across industries as a surface treatment for many aluminum components, but the wear properties of the coating could be improved significantly. Here, we used an electrochemical method to incorporate molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a nanomaterial used as a dry lubricant, to modify alloys of aluminum during AAO preparation. Using Raman spectroscopy and tribological scratch measurements, we thoroughly characterized the structure and wear behavior of the films. The MoS2 deposition procedure was optimal on aluminum 5052 anodized in higher acid concentrations, with friction coefficients at around 0.05 (~10× better than unmodified AAO). Changing anodization conditions to produce harder films with smaller pores led to worsened wear properties, likely because of lower MoS2 content. Studying a commercial MoS2/AAO film of a different Al alloy (7075) showed that a heat treatment step intended to fully convert all deposited MoSx species to MoS2 can adversely affect wear in some alloys. While Al 6061 and 1100 produced films with worse wear performance compared to Al 5052 or 7075, our results show evidence that acid cleaning after initial anodization likely removes residual alloying elements, affecting MoS2 incorporation. This study demonstrates a nanomaterial modified AAO film with superior wear characteristics to unmodified AAO and relates fabrication procedure, film structure, and practical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Brown
- Finishing Manufacturing Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Enkeleda Dervishi
- Finishing Manufacturing Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Bradley Carpenter
- Finishing Manufacturing Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Jordyn N Janusz
- Finishing Manufacturing Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Daniel E Hooks
- Finishing Manufacturing Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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13
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Men B, Sun S, Hu C, Zhang Q, Han B. Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Si-TC4 Composite Coatings by High-Speed Wire-Powder Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1126. [PMID: 38473600 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The hardness and wear resistance of the surface of TC4 titanium alloy, which is widely used in aerospace and other fields, need to be improved urgently. Considering the economy, environmental friendliness, and high efficiency, Si-reinforced Ti-based composite coatings were deposited on the TC4 surface by the high-speed wire-powder laser cladding method, which combines the paraxial feeding of TC4 wires with the coaxial feeding of Si powders. The microstructures and wear resistance of the coatings were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Vickers hardness tester, and friction and wear tester. The results indicate that the primary composition of the coating consisted of α-Ti and Ti5Si3. The microstructure of the coating underwent a notable transformation process from dendritic to petal, bar, and block shapes as the powder feeding speed increased. The hardness of the composite coatings increased with the increasing Si powder feeding rate, and the average hardness of the composite coating was 909HV0.2 when the feeding rate reached 13.53 g/min. The enhancement of the microhardness of the coatings can be attributed primarily to the reinforcing effect of the second phase generated by Ti5Si3 in various forms within the coatings. As the powder feeding speed increased, the wear resistance initially improved before deteriorating. The optimal wear resistance of the coating was achieved at a powder feeding rate of 6.88 g/min (wear loss of 2.55 mg and friction coefficient of 0.12). The main wear mechanism for coatings was abrasive wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxuan Men
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Shenzhen Sun
- Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group LTD Technical Center, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Chunyang Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Bin Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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14
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Cao X, Wu J, Zhong G, Wu J, Chen X. Laser Shock Peening: Fundamentals and Mechanisms of Metallic Material Wear Resistance Improvement. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:909. [PMID: 38399161 PMCID: PMC10890423 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the advanced manufacturing industry, equipment requirements are becoming increasingly stringent. Since metallic materials often present failure problems resulting from wear due to extreme service conditions, researchers have developed various methods to improve their properties. Laser shock peening (LSP) is a highly efficacious mechanical surface modification technique utilized to enhance the microstructure of the near-surface layer of metallic materials, which improves mechanical properties such as wear resistance and solves failure problems. In this work, we summarize the fundamental principles of LSP and laser-induced plasma shock waves, along with the development of this technique. In addition, exemplary cases of LSP treatment used for wear resistance improvement in metallic materials of various nature, including conventional metallic materials, laser additively manufactured parts, and laser cladding coatings, are outlined in detail. We further discuss the mechanism by which the microhardness enhancement, grain refinement, and beneficial residual stress are imparted to metallic materials by using LSP treatment, resulting in a significant improvement in wear resistance. This work serves as an important reference for researchers to further explore the fundamentals and the metallic material wear resistance enhancement mechanism of LSP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xinhui Chen
- College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (X.C.); (J.W.)
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15
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Beloglazov I, Plaschinsky V. Development MPC for the Grinding Process in SAG Mills Using DEM Investigations on Liner Wear. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:795. [PMID: 38399046 PMCID: PMC10890367 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The rapidly developing mining industry poses the urgent problem of increasing the energy efficiency of the operation of basic equipment, such as semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mills. For this purpose, a large number of studies have been carried out on the establishment of optimal operating parameters of the mill, the development of the design of lifters, the rational selection of their materials, etc. However, the dependence of operating parameters on the properties of the ore, the design of the linings and the wear of lifters has not been sufficiently studied. This work analyzes the process of grinding rock in SAG mill and the wear of lifters. The discrete element method (DEM) was used to simulate the grinding of apatite-nepheline ore in a mill using different types of linings and determining the process parameters. It was found that the liners operating in cascade mode were subjected to impact-abrasive wear, while the liners with the cascade mode of operation were subjected predominantly to abrasive wear. At the same time, the results showed an average 40-50% reduction in linear wear. On the basis of modelling results, the service life of lifters was calculated. It is concluded that the Archard model makes it possible to reproduce with sufficient accuracy the wear processes occurring in the mills, taking into account the physical and mechanical properties of the specified materials. The control system design for the grinding process for SAG mills with the use of modern variable frequency drives (VFD) was developed. With the use of the proposed approach, the model predictive control (MPC) was developed to provide recommendations for controlling the optimum speed of the mill drum rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Beloglazov
- Department of Automation of Technological Processes and Production, Saint Petersburg Mining University, 199106 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Plaschinsky
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Saint Petersburg Mining University, 199106 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
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16
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Zhang W, Gao H, Liu D, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Kong L. Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Low-Alloy Cylinder Liner. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:802. [PMID: 38399053 PMCID: PMC10890617 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Cylinder liners, considered a crucial component of internal combustion (IC) engines, often require excellent mechanical properties to ensure optimal engine performance under elevated temperatures, pressures, and varying loads. In this work, a new low-alloy cylinder liner, incorporating a low content of molybdenum, copper, and chromium into gray cast iron, was fabricated using a centrifugal casting process. Subsequently, the heat treatment processes were designed to achieve bainite microstructures in the cylinder liner through rapid air cooling, isothermal transformation, and tempering. The effects of different air-cooling rates and tempering temperatures on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of cylinder liner were investigated. The results revealed that during the supercooled austenite transformation process, rapid air cooling at a rate of 14.5-23.3 °C/s can effectively bypass the formation of pearlitic structures and directly induce the formation of bainite structures. Once the temperature exceeded 480-520 °C, hardness and tensile strength increased with the temperature increase owing to the enhancement of the lower bainite content, the reduction of residual austenite, and the precipitation of the fine hard carbides in the matrix. With temperatures above 520-550 °C, the carbide and lower bainite organization coarsened, thereby reducing the hardness and tensile strength of the material. Therefore, the optimal heat treatment parameters were rapid cooling at 14.5-23.3 °C/s rate to obtain bainite, and tempering of 480-520 °C for finer and more uniform bainite. In addition, the results of the characterization of the mechanical properties of the cylinder liner after heat treatment showed that the hardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance were improved with the refinement of the bainite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China;
| | - Hao Gao
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China;
| | - Dong Liu
- ZYNP International Corporation, Industrial Cluster District, Mengzhou 454750, China; (D.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ying Gao
- ZYNP International Corporation, Industrial Cluster District, Mengzhou 454750, China; (D.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
| | - Lingchao Kong
- Fujian Taiming Casting Pipe Technology Co., Ltd., Sanming 365004, China;
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17
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Li Y, Zhang Q, He Y, Zhao R, Chu J, Niu L, Qu J. Sliding and Fretting Wear Behavior of Biomedical Ultrafine-Grained TiNbZrTaFe/Si Alloys in Simulated Physiological Solution. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:787. [PMID: 38399037 PMCID: PMC10890648 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This work investigated the wear behavior of ultrafine-grained Ti65Nb23.33Zr5Ta1.67Fe5 (at.%, TNZTF) and Ti65Nb23.33Zr5Ta1.67Si5 (at.%, TNZTS) alloys fabricated by high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering. Wear tests were conducted in a simulated physiological solution under both reciprocating sliding and fretting wear conditions with different loads, frequencies, and stroke lengths. The microstructures, mechanical properties, and anti-wear properties of the investigated alloys were characterized. The results showed that the TNZTF and TNZTS alloys had much less wear volume than the commonly used Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloy and commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti). The TNZTF and TNZTS alloys exhibited much more smooth wear surfaces and shallower wear scars compared with TC4 and CP-Ti. The investigated alloys exhibited different wear mechanisms under the reciprocating sliding wear conditions, while they were similar under the fretting wear conditions. Compared with TC4 and CP-Ti, the fabricated TNZTF and TNZTS alloys showed a substantially higher wear resistance, owing to their ultrafine-grained microstructure and superior hardness. Additionally, the addition of Nb and Zr further enhanced the wear resistance by forming a protective Nb2O5 and ZrO2 oxide film. This work provides guidance for designing new biomedical titanium alloys with excellent wear resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Li
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Yuxin He
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Jinghui Chu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Libin Niu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Juxin Qu
- National Engineering Research Center of Near-Net-Shape Forming for Metallic Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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18
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Ko UJ, Jung JH, Kang JH, Choi K, Kim JH. Enhanced Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Vanadium Carbide Coating via Directed Energy Deposition. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:733. [PMID: 38591983 PMCID: PMC10856340 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Ti-6Al-4V alloys are known for their suboptimal tribological properties and are often challenged by durability issues under severe wear conditions. This study was conducted to enhance the alloy's wear resistance by forming a hardened surface layer. Utilizing directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing with a diode laser, vanadium carbide particles were successfully integrated onto a Ti-6Al-4V substrate. This approach deviates from traditional surface enhancement techniques like surface hardening and cladding, as it employs DED additive manufacturing under parameters akin to those used in standard Ti-6Al-4V production. The formed vanadium carbide layer achieved a remarkable thickness of over 400 µm and a Vickers hardness surpassing 1500 HV. Pin-on-disk test results further corroborated the enhanced surface wear properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy following the additive-manufacturing process. These findings suggest that employing vanadium carbide additive manufacturing, under conditions similar to the conventional DED process with a diode laser, significantly improves the surface wear properties of Ti-6Al-4V in metal 3D-printing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui Jun Ko
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea; (U.J.K.); (J.H.J.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Ju Hyeong Jung
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea; (U.J.K.); (J.H.J.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Jung Hyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea; (U.J.K.); (J.H.J.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Kyunsuk Choi
- Department of Industry University Convergence, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeoung Han Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea; (U.J.K.); (J.H.J.); (J.H.K.)
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19
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Bhargava T, Yadav M, Vijayavargiya N, Chohan H, Purusothaman A, Subramani SK. Evaluating the Effect of NanoFilled Composite Restorations on the Wear Resistance of Posterior Teeth: An RCT. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2024; 16:S930-S932. [PMID: 38595544 PMCID: PMC11001048 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1101_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Dental restorations play a crucial role in preserving the structural integrity and function of posterior teeth. However, wear resistance remains a significant concern for these restorations. Materials and Methods In this RCT, 120 participants with posterior tooth restoration needs were randomly assigned to two groups. Group A received conventional composite restorations, while Group B received NanoFilled Composite restorations. The restorations were placed according to standardized protocols. Wear resistance was assessed using a custom-designed chewing simulator, and the material wear was quantified using a profilometer. Patient-reported outcomes and clinical evaluations were also recorded at regular intervals over a 24-month follow-up period. Results The wear resistance of the NanoFilled Composite restorations (Group B) was significantly higher than that of the conventional composite restorations (Group A) after 24 months of follow-up (P < 0.05). Profilometer measurements revealed that Group B had an average wear depth of 0.15 mm, while Group A had an average wear depth of 0.25 mm. Patient-reported outcomes indicated higher satisfaction and comfort in Group B. Clinical evaluations also demonstrated that Group B restorations had better retention and marginal integrity. Conclusion This RCT demonstrates that NanoFilled Composite restorations exhibit superior wear resistance compared to conventional composite restorations when used in posterior teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triveni Bhargava
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Madhulika Yadav
- Department of Dentistry, Government Medical College Kannauj, Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Vijayavargiya
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hitesh Chohan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Purusothaman
- Department Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Savadamoorthi K. Subramani
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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20
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Zhang X, Xu J, He W, Jia J. Effect of Multidirectional Forging and Aging Treatment on Wear Properties of ZK61 Alloy. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:523. [PMID: 38276462 PMCID: PMC10817632 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of multidirectional forging (MDF) and aging treatments on the wear properties of ZK61 magnesium alloy. Dry sliding wear tests were performed on homogenized, MDF, and aged samples using a friction wear machine to analyze the surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and white light interferometry, as well as the hardness and tensile mechanical properties. The ZK61 magnesium alloy has higher sliding wear properties after MDF due to higher strength, hardness, and work hardening. Grain refinement affects the wear resistance of the material, but aging increases the hardness and tensile strength and decreases the wear resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Wenyu He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jingjing Jia
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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21
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Mao Y, Gao Y, Hu J, Shen X, Zhou H. Effect of Hatch Spacing on the Quality of Inconel 718 Alloy Part. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:452. [PMID: 38255620 PMCID: PMC10817345 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) has attracted increasing attention all over the world. As an important parameter, hatch spacing, which is the distance between scan lines, however, still needs a more systematic study. In this paper, the relationship between hatch spacing and mechanical properties, including microhardness, wear resistance, and porous density, was studied. The testing results revealed that when hatch spacing decreased, the overlapping rate increased which resulted in an increase in the convection in the molten pool. It led to the formation of pores in the molten pool. However, when hatch spacing was too large, the overlapping zone decreased, while the strength between each welding line was not strong enough. It caused a decrease in the quality of printed parts. Combined with the testing results gained in this work, it can be seen that a 0.06 mm hatch spacing was considered as a relatively optimal condition for part formation under 0.05 μm. Comparison of the morphology of the samples printed under different hatch spacing also confirmed the phenomenon observed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Mao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yintao Gao
- Wuxi Institution of Inspection, Testing and Certification, Wuxi 214028, China; (Y.G.); (J.H.)
| | - Juan Hu
- Wuxi Institution of Inspection, Testing and Certification, Wuxi 214028, China; (Y.G.); (J.H.)
| | - Xiaodong Shen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
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22
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Iioka M, Kawanabe W, Tsujimura S, Kobayashi T, Shohji I. An Evaluation of the Wear Resistance of Electroplated Nickel Coatings Composited with 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:224. [PMID: 38257022 PMCID: PMC10819372 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the wear resistance of nickel (Ni)-cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composite electroplated films on steel plates (JIS SPCC, cold-rolled steel) was evaluated, including their surface and microstructural properties. In the CNF sample, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized CNF was used. As a result of the ball-on-disk abrasion test, in which steel (SUJ2) balls were used as the counterpart material, the plated film obtained with the addition of 1 g/L of CNF to the plating solution showed the highest wear resistance in this study. Compared to the conventional Ni-plated film without CNF, the abrasion loss volume on the plated side was reduced by approximately 79%, and that on the ball side was reduced remarkably by 94%. A microstructural analysis of the abrasion scars showed areas where co-deposited CNFs were stretched in the direction of abrasion, suggesting that the wear reduction effect was caused by sliding between the individual CNFs within the aggregates. Moreover, the hardness of the plated film increased when the Ni crystallite size became finer. It was confirmed that the co-deposition of fine CNFs is effective in improving hardness, whereas the co-deposition of a certain degree of aggregated CNFs is effective in exhibiting the wear reduction effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Iioka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Wataru Kawanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Subaru Tsujimura
- School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Ikuo Shohji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
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Kostadinov G, Penyashki T, Nikolov A, Vencl A. Improving the Surface Quality and Tribological Characteristics of 3D-Printed Titanium Parts through Reactive Electro-Spark Deposition. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:382. [PMID: 38255549 PMCID: PMC10817268 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This work presents the results of research conducted with an aim to improve the surface quality, hardness and wear resistance of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, obtained via the laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) process of additive manufacturing (AM) known as the 3D printing of metals. The 3D surfaces were coated via reactive electrospark deposition (RESD) with low-pulse energy and electrode materials of low-melting metals and multi-component hard alloys. The relationship between the electrical parameters of the RESD process and the quality, composition, structure, microhardness and wear resistance of the treated surfaces were investigated and analysed. It was found that the roughness and thickness of the resulting surface layers could be changed by changing the RESD modes within the limits of 2.5-5 µm and 8-20 µm, respectively. RESD processing allowed us to achieve two to five times lower roughness than that of titanium AM surfaces. The microhardness and wear resistance of the RESD surfaces are two to four times higher than those of the titanium substrate. Possibilities for the purposeful synthesis of new wear-resistant phases and compounds and for obtaining surface layers with predetermined thickness and roughness were established. It was shown that the subsequent reaction's electrospark processing helped to simultaneously reduce the roughness and increase the hardness and wear resistance of the modified surfaces, and can be successfully used instead of the material-energy-labour and machine-intensive finishing treatments of the titanium surfaces obtained after 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Kostadinov
- Institute of Soil Science Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection “N. Pushkarov”, Agricultural Academy, Shose Bankya Str. 7, 1331 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Todor Penyashki
- Institute of Soil Science Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection “N. Pushkarov”, Agricultural Academy, Shose Bankya Str. 7, 1331 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Antonio Nikolov
- Faculty of Industrial Technology, Technical University of Sofia, Kliment Ochridsky 8, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Aleksandar Vencl
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kraljice Marije 16, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Chen H, Cui X, Hui S, Li C, Ye W, Yu Y. Effect of Cold Deformation and Heat Treatment on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Au-15Ag-12Cu-6Ni Alloy Sheets. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:356. [PMID: 38255524 PMCID: PMC10817260 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of the microstructure and hardness changes in the Au-15Ag-12Cu-6Ni alloy during the processes of cold rolling and annealing were investigated and the heat treatment regimen for the alloy was optimized in this article. The hardness of the alloy continuously increases with the cold rolling reductions, leading to continuous deformation of the grains during the cold rolling process, ultimately resulting in smaller grain sizes. Subsequent annealing induces recovery and recrystallization, achieving complete recrystallization at 700 °C. An intriguing softening effect is observed after annealing at 700 °C, manifesting in a significant reduction in hardness to 238 (Hv0.5). The cold deformation texture of the alloy aligns with the recrystallization texture type, exhibiting only a certain degree of angular deviation. This is primarily characterized by <111>//RD texture and a texture deviating 60° from RD towards TD. The performance of the finished sheet improves with the precipitation of ordered phases AuCu after a 300 °C heat treatment for 0.5 h, resulting in a remarkable hardness of 380 (Hv0.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals and Processes, China GRINM Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China; (H.C.)
- GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
- General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Xinyue Cui
- GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
- College of Arts & Information Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116400, China
| | - Songxiao Hui
- GRINM (Guangdong) Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, Foshan 528051, China
| | - Changheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals and Processes, China GRINM Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China; (H.C.)
- GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
- General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Wenjun Ye
- GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals and Processes, China GRINM Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China; (H.C.)
- GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
- General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing 100088, China
- GRINM (Guangdong) Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, Foshan 528051, China
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Fan Y, Zhou J, Gu J, Chi H, Ma D, Xie G. Effect of N on the Microstructure and Wear Resistance of 4Cr13 Corrosion-Resistant Plastic Mold Steel. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:308. [PMID: 38255478 PMCID: PMC10817239 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The effect of N content on the microstructure and wear resistance of 4Cr13 corrosion-resistant plastic mold steel were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tribometer. The results showed that the influence mechanism of nitrogen on the hardness of the test steels responded to the changes in the quenching temperature. When the quenching temperature was below 1050 °C, the solid solution strengthening of N played a dominant role as a wear mechanism, and as the N content increased, the hardness of the steel increased. When the quenching temperature was higher than 1050 °C, N increased the residual austenite content, resulting in a decrease in hardness. The addition of N reduced the optimal quenching temperature of the test steels. The N addition promoted the transformation of large-sized M23C6 to M23C6 and fine Cr2N, resulting in an increase in the hardness of the test steels. The influence on the wear resistance of the experimental steels differed according to the varied N contents. The addition of 0.1% N delayed the precipitation of large- sized particles in the second phase, increased the hardness of the steel, and reduced the degree of wear. However, an excessive addition of N (0.18%) led to the excessive precipitation of the second-phase particles, and the second-phase particles then gradually flaked during the wear process and continued to participate in the wear process as third-body abrasives, reducing wear resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian Zhou
- Special Steel Department of Central Iron and Steel Research Institute (CISRI), Beijing 100081, China; (Y.F.); (J.G.); (H.C.); (D.M.); (G.X.)
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Korobskyi V, Witaszek K, Reshetiuk V, Pilarski K. Research on the Morphology of the Working Surfaces of Contacts Used in Starters in the Agro-Industrial Sector. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:145. [PMID: 38203997 PMCID: PMC10780035 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The operational suitability of electromagnetic starters equipped with experimental contacts has been substantiated within their use in electrical installations of the agro-industrial sector, which may be affected by the environments containing aggressive components. Tests on commutation wear resistance and investigations on arc erosion of the series-produced contact parts of such starters as PML-1100O4, PML-2100O4 (versions A and B; contact material-CpH-90, CpM-0,2 + M1, KMK-A10m, respectively) and PML-1100O4 starter with the experimental copper-based contact parts (Cu + Nb + Zr + Y2O3; Cu + Mo + MoO3 + C + Ni; Cu + Cr + TiB2 + Nb + C + Zr) have been conducted. The influence of energy parameters of a commutated circuit on the value of electro-erosion wear, the morphology of the working surfaces of contacts and contact resistance have been determined. Investigation results have been obtained by conducting a set of tests on electromagnetic starters at the experimental plant that simulates the operating conditions of the AC-3 application category. The impact of the electric arc of alternative current on the arc erosion of silver-based and copper-based contact materials have been determined by using a scanning electron microscope Cambridge Stereoscan S4-10 equipped with an attachment for X-ray spectroscopic analysis, Link System-290 and an X-ray microanalyzer Camebax SX-50 (CAMECA, Gennevilliers, France). A metallographic analysis of the contact surfaces has been conducted, which contributed to the determination of the patterns of erosive destruction of bridging contacts based on Ag and Cu. Evolution of the eroded morphology of contacts and the surface components of electrical contacts under the influence of an arc have been characterized. In addition, contact mass loss and the dependence of contact resistance have been studied. When manufacturing the experimental contacts, it is possible to abandon the use of silver, which is significantly cost saving, and not to use dangerous contact additives that are hazardous to the environment and people's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Korobskyi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Electromechanics and Electrotechnology, Education and Research Institute of Energetics, Automatics and Energy Saving, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv, Heroyiv Oborony Str., 15, 03-041 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Kamil Witaszek
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50, 60-627 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Volodymyr Reshetiuk
- Department of Fundamentals of Engineering and Power Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Pilarski
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50, 60-627 Poznań, Poland;
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Li Y, Zhao X, Zhai P, Fan P, Xu J, Xu Y, Yu Z, Li M, Zhang Y, Gao D, Liu S, Cai Z, Xiao L. A Novel Superhard, Wear-Resistant, and Highly Conductive Cu-MoSi 2 Coating Fabricated by High-Speed Laser Cladding Technique. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:20. [PMID: 38203873 PMCID: PMC10779941 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of an advanced functional coating that simultaneously combines high hardness, wear resistance, and superior electrical conductivity has remained an elusive goal in the field of copper alloy surface enhancement. Traditional solid solution alloying methods often lead to a significant increase in electron scattering, resulting in a notable reduction in electrical conductivity, making it challenging to achieve a balance between high hardness, wear resistance, and high conductivity. The key lies in identifying a suitable microstructure where dislocation motion is effectively hindered while minimizing the scattering of conductive electrons. In this study, a novel Cu-MoSi2 coating was successfully fabricated on a CuCrZr alloy surface using the coaxial powder feeding high-speed laser cladding technique, with the addition of 10-30% MoSi2 particles. The coating significantly enhances the hardness and wear resistance of the copper substrate while maintaining favorable electrical conductivity. As the quantity of MoSi2 particles increases, the coating's hardness and wear resistance gradually improve, with minimal variance in conductivity. Among the coatings, the Cu-30%MoSi2 coating stands out with the highest hardness (974.5 HV0.5) and the lowest wear amount (0.062 mg/km), approximately 15 times the hardness of the copper base material (65 HV0.5) and only 0.45% of the wear amount (13.71 mg/km). Additionally, the coating exhibits a resistivity of 0.173 × 10-6 Ω·m. The extraordinary hardness and wear resistance of these coatings can be attributed to the dispersion strengthening effect of MoxSiy particles, while the high electrical conductivity is due to the low silicon content dissolved into the copper from the released MoSi2 particles, as well as the rapid cooling rates associated with the high-speed laser cladding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmiao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Xiaojun Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Pengyuan Zhai
- New Technology Promotion Institute of China Ordnance Industries, Beijing 100089, China; (P.Z.); (P.F.)
| | - Pengyu Fan
- New Technology Promotion Institute of China Ordnance Industries, Beijing 100089, China; (P.Z.); (P.F.)
| | - Jiahui Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Yuefan Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Zengkai Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Muyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Yongtong Zhang
- Henan Jianghe Machinery Co., Ltd., Pingdingshan 467337, China; (Y.Z.); (D.G.)
| | - Dawei Gao
- Henan Jianghe Machinery Co., Ltd., Pingdingshan 467337, China; (Y.Z.); (D.G.)
| | - Sainan Liu
- Center for Mineral Materials, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhenyang Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Lairong Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
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Wang Y, Li D, Nie C, Gong P, Yang J, Hu Z, Li B, Ma M. Research Progress on the Wear Resistance of Key Components in Agricultural Machinery. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7646. [PMID: 38138788 PMCID: PMC10745111 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural mechanization is crucial in enhancing production efficiency, alleviating labor demands, reducing costs, improving agricultural product quality, and promoting sustainable development. However, wear and tear are inevitable when using agricultural machinery. The failure of critical wear-resistant parts is responsible for over 50% of rural machinery breakdowns. For instance, a domestic combine harvester typically only operates trouble-free for 20 to 30 h, and the service life of a rotary plow knife is approximately 80 h. Investigating the wear performance of key farm machinery components reinforces machinery design and maintenance strategies, extends machinery lifespans, enhances agricultural production efficiency, and advances agrarian sustainability. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research on the wear resistance of crucial agricultural machinery components. It delves into the factors influencing the wear resistance of these components and explores current effective measures to address wear-related issues. Additionally, it also summarizes the challenges and opportunities in researching the wear performance of key components in agricultural machinery and future development directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (Y.W.); (C.N.); (J.Y.); (Z.H.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Dong Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (Y.W.); (C.N.); (J.Y.); (Z.H.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Cheng Nie
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (Y.W.); (C.N.); (J.Y.); (Z.H.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Junsheng Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (Y.W.); (C.N.); (J.Y.); (Z.H.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Zhigang Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (Y.W.); (C.N.); (J.Y.); (Z.H.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Bin Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (Y.W.); (C.N.); (J.Y.); (Z.H.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Ming Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (Y.W.); (C.N.); (J.Y.); (Z.H.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
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Romanczuk-Ruszuk E, Krawczyńska A, Łukaszewicz A, Józwik J, Tofil A, Oksiuta Z. Bioactivity, Cytotoxicity, and Tribological Studies of Nickel-Free Austenitic Stainless Steel Obtained via Powder Metallurgy Route. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7637. [PMID: 38138779 PMCID: PMC10744826 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the bioactivity, cytotoxicity, and tribological properties of a nickel-free austenitic stainless steel produced via the mechanical alloying of elemental iron, chromium, and manganese nitride powders following by hot isostatic pressing was investigated. Powders after 90 h of mechanical alloying were consolidated via hot isostatic pressing at 1150 °C (1425 K) and heat treated at 1175 °C (1448 K) for 1 h in a vacuum with furnace cooling. Tribological tests were performed to determine the resistance of the as-received nickel-free steel. It was noticed that applying heat treatment after hot isostatic pressing decreases the average friction coefficient and wear rate of the austenitic steel. An immersion test in a simulated body fluid for 28 days at 37 ± 1 °C has been used to determine the biocompatibility of the tested material. The SEM-EDS analysis allowed us to characterise the morphology of the films and the elements of the steel on the thin-film layer. Elements typical of apatite (calcium and phosphorus) were detected on the surface of the sample. Cellular toxicity tests showed no significant toxic side effects for Saos-2 human osteosarcoma cells and the number of Saos-2 human osteosarcoma cells on the nickel-free steel was greater than on the 316LV grade steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Romanczuk-Ruszuk
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Krawczyńska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Łukaszewicz
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Józwik
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Arkadiusz Tofil
- Institute of Technical Sciences and Aviation, University College of Applied Sciences in Chełm, Pocztowa 54, 22-100 Chełm, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Oksiuta
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
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Zhang H, Zhang W, Meng Y. Salt Spray Resistance of Roller-Compacted Concrete with Surface Coatings. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7134. [PMID: 38005064 PMCID: PMC10671968 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the feasibility of surface coatings in improving the performance of RCC under salt spray conditions, sodium silicate (SS), isooctyl triethoxy silane (IOTS), and polyurea (PUA) were used as surface coatings to prepare four types of roller-compacted concrete (RCC): reference RCC, RCC-SS, RCC-IOTS, and RCC-PUA. A 5% sodium sulfate solution was used to simulate a corrosive marine environment with high temperatures, high humidity, and high concentrations of salt spray. This study focuses on investigating various properties, including water absorption, abrasion loss, compressive strength, dynamic elastic modulus, and impact resistance. Compared to the reference RCC, the 24 h water absorption of RCC-SS, RCC-IOTS, and RCC-PUA without salt spray exposure decreased by 22.8%, 77.2%, and 89.8%, respectively. After 300 cycles of salt spray, the abrasion loss of RCC-SS, RCC-IOTS, and RCC-PUA reduced by 0.3%, 4.4%, and 34.3%, respectively. Additionally, their compressive strengths increased by 3.8%, 0.89%, and 0.22%, and the total absorbed energy at fracture increased by 64.8%, 53.2%, and 50.1%, respectively. The results of the study may provide a reference for the selection of coating materials under conditions similar to those in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wuman Zhang
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang Univerisity, Beijing 100191, China; (H.Z.); (Y.M.)
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Wang S, Shi W, Cheng C, Liang F, Li K. Effect of Process Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of Laser Cladding Ni60+30%WC Coating on Q235 Steel. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7070. [PMID: 38005000 PMCID: PMC10672574 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
A Ni60+30%WC composite coating was prepared on the surface of Q235 steel by utilizing a high cooling rate, small thermal deformation of the substrate material, and the good metallurgical bonding characteristics of laser cladding technology. This paper focuses on the study of the composite coatings prepared under different process parameters in order to select the optimal process parameters and provide theoretical guidance for future practical applications. The macroscopic morphology and microstructure of t he composite coatings were investigated with the help of an optical microscope (OM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The elemental distribution of the composite coatings was examined using an X-ray diffractometer. The microhardness and wear resistance of the composite coatings were tested using a microhardness tester, a friction tester, and a three-dimensional (3D) profilometer. The results of all the samples showed that the Ni60+30%WC composite coatings prepared at a laser power of 1600 W and a scanning speed of 10 mm/s were well formed, with a dense microstructure, and the microhardness is more than four times higher than the base material, the wear amount is less than 50% of the base material, and the wear resistance has been significantly improved. Therefore, the experimental results for the laser power of 1600 W and scanning speed of 10 mm/s are the optimal process parameters for the preparation of Ni60+30%WC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineer, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (S.W.); (C.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Wenqing Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment for South China Sea Marine Ranching, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Cai Cheng
- School of Electronics and Information Engineer, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (S.W.); (C.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Feilong Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment for South China Sea Marine Ranching, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
- Naval Architecture and Shipping College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Kaiyue Li
- School of Electronics and Information Engineer, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (S.W.); (C.C.); (K.L.)
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Berladir K, Hovorun T, Ivanov V, Vukelic D, Pavlenko I. Diffusion Nitride Coatings for Heat-Resistant Steels. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6877. [PMID: 37959474 PMCID: PMC10648106 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ion nitriding and nitriding in a melamine-based powder mixture on the structure and properties of AISI A290C1M steel was studied in the paper. Using ion nitriding made it possible to shorten the technological cycle's duration by 5-6 times compared to two-stage nitriding, optimize the diffusion layer's composition, provide a technologically simple process automation scheme, and improve the quality of nitride coatings. After the proposed mode of ion nitriding, a saturated layer depth of 0.25-0.32 mm, hardness up to 1000 HV, and an increase in wear resistance by 2.17 times were obtained. Using 95% melamine + 5% sodium fluoride during nitriding in a powder mixture significantly simplified the technological process. It did not require additional expensive equipment, which in turn significantly simplified the nitriding process with energy savings. The proposed technology and the composition of the mixture contributed to a significant acceleration of the nitriding process of AISI A290C1M steel, compared to traditional gas nitriding, and to obtain a hardness of the nitride layer of 970 HV and an increase in wear resistance by 2.6 times. A nitriding speed is explained by a significantly higher amount of atomic nitrogen when using melamine instead of ammonia and by the almost simultaneous disintegration of nanodispersed particles when the nitriding temperature was reached. After nitriding in a powder mixture, steel was subject to the slightest wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khrystyna Berladir
- Department of Applied Materials Science and Technology of Structural Materials, Faculty of Technical Systems and Energy Efficient Technologies, Sumy State University, 2, Rymskogo-Korsakova St., 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (K.B.); (T.H.)
- Department of Automobile and Manufacturing Technologies, Technical University of Kosice, 1, Bayerova St., 080 01 Presov, Slovakia
| | - Tetiana Hovorun
- Department of Applied Materials Science and Technology of Structural Materials, Faculty of Technical Systems and Energy Efficient Technologies, Sumy State University, 2, Rymskogo-Korsakova St., 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (K.B.); (T.H.)
| | - Vitalii Ivanov
- Department of Automobile and Manufacturing Technologies, Technical University of Kosice, 1, Bayerova St., 080 01 Presov, Slovakia
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Machines and Tools, Faculty of Technical Systems and Energy Efficient Technologies, Sumy State University, 2, Rymskogo-Korsakova St., 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Djordje Vukelic
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica, 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Ivan Pavlenko
- Department of Computational Mechanics Named after Volodymyr Martsynkovskyy, Faculty of Technical Systems and Energy Efficient Technologies, Sumy State University, 2, Rymskogo-Korsakova St., 40007 Sumy, Ukraine;
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Kosice, 1, Bayerova St., 080 01 Presov, Slovakia
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Magazov N, Satbaeva Z, Rakhadilov B, Amanov A. A Study on Surface Hardening and Wear Resistance of AISI 52100 Steel by Ultrasonic Nanocrystal Surface Modification and Electrolytic Plasma Surface Modification Technologies. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6824. [PMID: 37895804 PMCID: PMC10608100 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a surface hardening of AISI 52100 bearing steel was performed by ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM), and electrolytic-plasma thermo-cyclic surface modification (EPSM), and their effects on the wear resistance were investigated. To evaluate the impact of these treatments on the wear resistance, the friction tests under dry conditions were conducted using a ball-on-disk tribometer in accordance with ASTM G99. The microstructure of the samples before and after treatment was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The micro-hardness with respect to the depth from the top surface was measured using a Vickers micro-hardness tester. Microstructural observations showed that EPSM treatment led to the formation of residual austenite in the surface layer, while UNSM treatment led to the formation of a surface severe plastic deformation layer on the surface of the samples. The increase in the micro-hardness of the treated layer was confirmed after UNSM at room temperature and after EPSM at different cycles. The highest increase in wear resistance was observed for the specimen treated by UNSM treatment at 700 °C and five cycles of EPSM treatment. In addition, the wear volume, which has correlation with the friction coefficient and hardness, was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurtoleu Magazov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Daulet Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070010, Kazakhstan;
- Surface Engineering and Tribology Research Center, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070002, Kazakhstan
| | - Zarina Satbaeva
- PlasmaScience LLP, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070010, Kazakhstan (B.R.)
| | | | - Auezhan Amanov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
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Wang Z, Gui W, Fu J, Zhu P, Lu Y. Microstructure and Properties of Electromagnetic Field-Assisted Laser-Clad Norem02 Iron-Based Cemented Carbide Coating. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6774. [PMID: 37895755 PMCID: PMC10608730 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
An electromagnetic field-assisted (EMF-assisted) laser cladding technique was used to prepare Norem02 iron-based cemented carbide coatings on 304 stainless steels. The coatings then were characterized in terms of their microstructure, microhardness, residual stress, and wear resistance. The results indicated that EMF did not change the phase composition of the Norem02 iron-based cemented carbide coating, but significantly affected its microstructure and properties. EMF accelerated the formation of more uniform and refined microstructure. With an increasing current intensity of EMF to 40 A, the dendritic and columnar crystal structure of the coating gradually transformed into uniform and fine equiaxed grains. However, when the EMF current intensity was increased to 80 A, a small number of small dendrites and columnar crystals began to appear at the top and bottom of the coating. Accordingly, the microhardness first increased, then decreased, and achieved a max of 376.9 HV0.2 at EMF current intensity of 40 A. EMF also improved the wear resistance of the coatings, reduced the cracking sensitivity, and reduced residual stress on the surface by 45.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixue Wang
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wanyuan Gui
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiacheng Fu
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Yonghao Lu
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Rupawat D, Nallaswamy D, Somasundaram J, Ganapathy D, S N, Sekaran S. An Invitro Chewing Simulation Study Comparing the Wear Resistance Behavior of Polyetheretherketone-Layered Composite Crown and Ceramic-Layered Zirconia Crown. Cureus 2023; 15:e46439. [PMID: 37927753 PMCID: PMC10622335 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the wear resistance and color stability of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) fabricated using two different materials: zirconia veneered with feldspathic porcelain and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) veneered with indirect composite. The assessment included samples subjected to thermocycling and wear simulation. METHODS Two groups of FDPs were examined: one made of zirconia veneered with feldspathic porcelain (control and thermocycled) and the other made of PEEK veneered with indirect composite (worn and thermocycled). The samples were evaluated for wear resistance, antagonist wear, and color stability. Computer-aided design (CAD) software and a digital spectrophotometer were used for analysis. RESULTS Zirconia veneered with porcelain demonstrated higher wear resistance compared to PEEK veneered with indirect composite. PEEK veneered with indirect composite exhibited significantly lower antagonist wear, indicating a protective effect on opposing teeth. There was no significant difference in color stability between the two groups, even after subjecting them to thermocycling and wear simulation. CONCLUSION The study concludes that FDPs fabricated with PEEK veneered with indirect composite may have lower wear resistance compared to zirconia veneered with porcelain. However, PEEK FDPs appear to be safer for antagonists due to reduced antagonist wear. Importantly, both materials exhibited similar color stability, making PEEK a viable alternative for FDPs when aesthetic appeal and antagonist protection are primary considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Rupawat
- Prosthodontics, Saveetha Denal College and Hospitals, Chennai, IND
| | - Deepak Nallaswamy
- Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | | | - Dhanraj Ganapathy
- Prosthodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Neeharika S
- Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Saravanan Sekaran
- Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Univerity, Chennai, IND
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Czapla K, Żaba K, Kot M, Nejman I, Madej M, Trzepieciński T. Tribological Performance of Anti-Wear Coatings on Tools for Forming Aluminium Alloy Sheets Used for Producing Pull-Off Caps. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6465. [PMID: 37834602 PMCID: PMC10573419 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring adequate reliability of the production process of packaging closures has made it necessary to study the effect of annealing and varnishing variants on the strength and structural properties of the stock material. As a test material, EN AW-5052-H28 aluminium alloy sheets with a thickness of 0.21 mm were used. The surface treatment of the test material involved varnishing the sheet metal surface using various varnishes and soaking the sheet metal. The coefficient of friction and the abrasion resistance of the coatings were determined using the T-21 ball-and-disc tribotester. The tested sheets were subjected to tribological analysis by the T-05 roller-block tribotester using countersamples made of Caldie and Sverker 21 tool steels. The results of the tests showed differences in mechanical and structural properties depending on the method of sample preparation. Based on the test results, significant differences in the adhesion of anti-wear coatings were found. The results revealed that the most favourable friction conditions are provided by the CrN coating. The (AlTi)N interlayer in the (AlTi)N/(AlCr)N coating adheres to the substrate over the entire tested area and no detachment from its surface was observed, which proves good bonding at the substrate/coating interface. The tested AlTiN/TiAlSiXN coating is characterised by a more homogeneous, compact microstructure compared to the (AlTi)N/(AlCr)N coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Czapla
- Canpack Metal Closures, ul. Kochanowskiego 28b, 33-100 Tarnów, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Żaba
- Department of Metal Working and Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH—University of Science and Technology, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kot
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH—University of Science and Technology, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Ilona Nejman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering of Non-Ferrous Metals, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH—University of Science and Technology, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Marcin Madej
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH—University of Science and Technology, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Trzepieciński
- Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powst. Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Huang X, Mei S, Li Y, Li M, Zhou S, Shang H. Effect of TiC Content on Microstructure and Wear Performance of 17-4PH Stainless Steel Composites Manufactured by Indirect Metal 3D Printing. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6449. [PMID: 37834586 PMCID: PMC10573518 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the performance of 17-4PH under wear conditions (e.g., gears, etc.) and reduce the cost of metal additive manufacturing, TiC needs to be added to 17-4PH to improve its wear resistance. Micron-sized TiC-reinforced 17-4PH stainless steel composites with different contents (0-15 wt%) have been prepared by fused filament fabrication 3D printing for the first time. The effects of TiC content on the structure and properties of composites were studied by XRD, SEM, and sliding wear. The obtained results show that the microstructure of TiC-reinforced 17-4PH stainless steel composites mainly consists of austenite. With the increase in TiC content, the grain size is obviously refined, and the average grain size decreases from 65.58 μm to 19.41 μm. The relative densities of the composites are maintained above 95% with the addition of TiC. The interfaces between TiC particles and the 17-4PH matrix are metallurgical bonds. The hardness of the composites increases and then decreases with increasing TiC content, and the maximum hardness (434 HV) is obtained after adding 10 wt.% of TiC content. The wear rate of the composites was reduced from 2.191 × 10-5 mm3 /(N‧m) to 0.509 × 10-5 mm3 /(N‧m), which is a 3.3-fold increase in wear resistance. The COF value declines with the addition of TiC. The reasons for the significant improvement in the composites' performance are fine grain strengthening, solid solution strengthening, and second phase strengthening. The wear mechanisms are mainly abrasive and adhesive wear. Compared to the 10 wt% TiC composites, the 15 wt% TiC composites show limited improvement in wear resistance due to more microcracks and TiC agglomeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; (X.H.); (S.M.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Shuo Mei
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; (X.H.); (S.M.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Yazhi Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; (X.H.); (S.M.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mingyang Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; (X.H.); (S.M.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Shujun Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; (X.H.); (S.M.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Hongfei Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
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Azarmi F, Tangpong XW. Microstructural and Tribological Characteristics of Composites Obtained by Detonation Spraying of Iron-Based Alloy-Carbide Powder Mixtures. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6422. [PMID: 37834560 PMCID: PMC10573260 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
iron-based coatings have exhibited good mechanical properties, such as high hardness and good wear resistance, which are desirable properties in applications such as automobile brake rotors. iron-based coatings are also good replacements for Co- and Ni-based coatings, which are costly and could have health and environmental concerns due to their toxicity. In this research, three different iron-based coatings were deposited using the Detonation Gun Spraying (DGS) technology onto aluminum substrates, including the steel powders alone (unreinforced), and steel powders mixed with Fe3C and SiC particles, respectively. The microstructural characteristics of these coatings and mechanical properties, such as hardness and wear resistance, were examined. The morphology and structure of the feedstock powders were affected by the exposure to high temperature during the spraying process and rapid solidification of steel powders that resulted in the formation of an amorphous structure. While it was expected that steel particles reinforced with hard ceramic particles would result in increased hardness, instead, the unreinforced steel coating had the highest hardness, possibly due to a higher degree of amorphization in the coating than the other two. The microstructural observation confirmed the formation of dense coatings with good adhesion between layers. All samples were subjected to ball-on-disk wear tests at room temperature (23 °C) and at 200 °C. Similar wear resistances of the three samples were obtained at room temperature. At 200 °C, however, both ceramic reinforced composite samples exhibited higher wear rates in line with the reduction in their hardness values. This work explains, from the microstructural point of view, why adding hard particles to steel powers may not always lead to coatings with higher hardness and better wear resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardad Azarmi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Xiangqing W Tangpong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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Shin Y, Bae K, Lee S, Kim H, Shin D, Kim D, Choi E, Moon HS, Lee J. Healable Anti-Corrosive and Wear-Resistant Silicone-Oil-Impregnated Porous Oxide Layer of Aluminum Alloy by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2582. [PMID: 37764611 PMCID: PMC10537220 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Lubricant (or oil)-impregnated porous surface has been considered as a promising surface treatment to realize multifunctionality. In this study, silicone oil was impregnated into a hard porous oxide layer created by the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of aluminum (Al) alloys. The monolayer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) from silicone oil is formed on a porous oxide layer; thus, a water-repellent slippery oil-impregnated surface is realized on Al alloy, showing a low contact angle hysteresis of less than 5°. This water repellency significantly enhanced the corrosion resistance by more than four orders of magnitude compared to that of the PEO-treated Al alloy without silicone oil impregnation. The silicone oil within the porous oxide layer also provides a lubricating effect to improve wear resistance by reducing friction coefficients from ~0.6 to ~0.1. In addition, because the PDMS monolayer can be restored by frictional heat, the water-repellent surface is tolerant to physical damage to the oxide surface. Hence, the results of this fundamental study provide a new approach for the post-treatment of PEO for Al alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Shin
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (K.B.); (S.L.); (H.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Kichang Bae
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (K.B.); (S.L.); (H.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Sumin Lee
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (K.B.); (S.L.); (H.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Hweeyong Kim
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (K.B.); (S.L.); (H.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Dongmin Shin
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (K.B.); (S.L.); (H.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju 52851, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eunyoung Choi
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46938, Republic of Korea; (E.C.); (H.-S.M.)
| | - Hyoung-Seok Moon
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46938, Republic of Korea; (E.C.); (H.-S.M.)
| | - Junghoon Lee
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (K.B.); (S.L.); (H.K.); (D.S.)
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Zu H, He Z, He B, Tang Z, Fang X, Cai Z, Cao Z, An L. Effect of Metallic Coatings on the Wear Performance and Mechanism of 30CrMnSiNi2A Steel. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6191. [PMID: 37763468 PMCID: PMC10532692 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The finger lock structure of aircraft landing gear is prone to wear and failure during repeated locking and unlocking processes, which is disastrous for the service safety of the aircraft. At present, the commonly used material for finger locks in the industry is 30CrMnSiNi2A, which has a short wear life and high maintenance costs. It is crucial to develop effective methods to improve the wear resistance of 30CrMnSiNi2A finger locks. This work explores the wear resistance and wear mechanisms of different metallic coatings such as chromium, nickel, and cadmium-titanium on the surface of a 30CrMnSiNi2A substrate. The effects of load and wear time on the wear behavior are also discussed. The results indicated that the wear resistance of the chromium coating was the maximum. When the load was 80 N and 120 N, the wear mechanisms were mainly oxidation and adhesive. For greater loads, the wear mechanism of the coating after failure was mainly abrasive and oxidation, and the wear was extremely severe. When the load was 80 N, for a greater loading time, the wear mechanisms were mainly oxidation and adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheng Zu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China;
- State-Owned Wuhu Machinery Factory, Wuhu 340200, China
| | - Zhiqiang He
- Tribology Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.H.); (B.H.); (Z.T.); (X.F.); (Z.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Bin He
- Tribology Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.H.); (B.H.); (Z.T.); (X.F.); (Z.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhuoquan Tang
- Tribology Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.H.); (B.H.); (Z.T.); (X.F.); (Z.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Xiuyang Fang
- Tribology Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.H.); (B.H.); (Z.T.); (X.F.); (Z.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhenbing Cai
- Tribology Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.H.); (B.H.); (Z.T.); (X.F.); (Z.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhongqing Cao
- Tribology Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.H.); (B.H.); (Z.T.); (X.F.); (Z.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Luling An
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China;
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41
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Deng Q, Feng Q, Jing P, Ma D, Li M, Gong Y, Li Y, Wen F, Leng Y. Metal-Driven Autoantifriction Function of Artificial Hip Joint. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2301095. [PMID: 37409439 PMCID: PMC10477871 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The service life of an artificial hip joint is limited to 10-15 years, which is not ideal for young patients. To extend the lifespan of these prostheses, the coefficient of friction and wear resistance of metallic femoral heads must be improved. In this study, a Cu-doped titanium nitride (TiNX -Cu) film with "autoantifriction" properties is deposited on a CoCrMo alloy via magnetron sputtering. When delivered in a protein-containing lubricating medium, the Cu in TiNX -Cu quickly and consistently binds to the protein molecules in the microenvironment, resulting in the formation of a stable protein layer. The proteins adsorbed on the TiNX -Cu surface decompose into hydrocarbon fragments owing to the shear stress between the Al2 O3 /TiNX -Cu tribopair. The synergistic effect of the catalysis of Cu and shear stress between the Al2 O3 /TiNX -Cu tribopair transforms these fragments into graphite-like carbon tribofilms with an antifriction property. These tribofilms can simultaneously reduce the friction coefficient of the Al2 O3 /TiNX -Cu tribopair and enhance the wear resistance of the TiNX -Cu film. Based on these findings, it is believed that the autoantifriction film can drive the generation of antifriction tribofilms for lubricating and increasing the wear resistance of prosthetic devices, thereby prolonging their lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyuan Deng
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of MaterialsMinistry of EducationCollege of MedicineSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduSichuan610031China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Material of Tropical Island Resources of Educational MinistrySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHainan UniversityHaikouHainan570228China
| | - Qingguo Feng
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of MaterialsMinistry of EducationCollege of MedicineSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduSichuan610031China
| | - Peipei Jing
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of MaterialsMinistry of EducationCollege of MedicineSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduSichuan610031China
| | - Donglin Ma
- College of Physics and EngineeringChengdu Normal UniversityChengduSichuan611130China
| | - Mengting Li
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHainan UniversityHaikouHainan570228P. R. China
| | - Yanli Gong
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of MaterialsMinistry of EducationCollege of MedicineSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduSichuan610031China
| | - Yantao Li
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of MaterialsMinistry of EducationCollege of MedicineSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduSichuan610031China
| | - Feng Wen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Material of Tropical Island Resources of Educational MinistrySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHainan UniversityHaikouHainan570228China
| | - Yongxiang Leng
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of MaterialsMinistry of EducationCollege of MedicineSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduSichuan610031China
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Hu Y, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Hu K. Enhanced Mechanical Properties of QAl9-4 Aluminum Bronze for High-Speed-Rail Brake Systems with a Pulsed Magnetic Field. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5905. [PMID: 37687597 PMCID: PMC10488801 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
To improve the mechanical properties and wear resistance of QAl9-4 aluminum bronze alloy parts of high-speed rail brake calipers, the solid aluminum bronze alloy was treated with a pulsed magnetic field in which the magnetic induction intensity was 3T at room temperature. After that, a tensile test and a friction and wear test were carried out on the alloy. The results indicate that the magnetic field promotes the movement of low-angle grain boundaries less than 2° and splices to form subcrystals or fine crystals, which reduces the mean grain size of the alloy. The disordered dislocation changed into a locally ordered dislocation line, the dislocation distribution became uniform, and the dislocation density increased, which simultaneously improved the alloy's tensile strength and elongation. The elongation increased by 10.2% compared with that without the magnetic field. The increase in strength can provide strong support for the wear-resistant hard phase, and the enhancement of plasticity can increase the alloy's ability to absorb frictional vibration. Therefore, it was hard for cracks to form and extend, and the specimen's average friction coefficient was reduced by 22.05%. The grinding crack width and depth decreased, the wear debris became more uniform and fine, and the alloy's wear resistance increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Hu
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- School of Aeronautical Engineering, Jiangxi Teachers College, Yingtan 335000, China
| | - Hongjin Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- School of Aeronautical Engineering, Jiangxi Teachers College, Yingtan 335000, China
| | - Kefu Hu
- Guixi Junda Special Copper Materials Co., Ltd., Yingtan 335000, China
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Buketov A, Sapronov O, Klevtsov K, Kim B. Functional Polymer Nanocomposites with Increased Anticorrosion Properties and Wear Resistance for Water Transport. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3449. [PMID: 37631509 PMCID: PMC10458151 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Corrosive destruction and hydroabrasive wear is a serious problem in the operation of machine parts and water transport mechanisms. It is promising to develop new composite materials with improved properties to increase the reliability of transport vehicles. In this regard, the use of new polymer-based materials, which are characterized by improved anticorrosion properties and wear resistance, is promising. In this work, therefore, for the formation of multifunctional protective coatings, epoxy dian oligomer brand ED-20, polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) hardener, a mixture of nanodispersed compounds with a dispersion of 30-90 nm, fillers Agocel S-2000 and Waltrop with a dispersion of 8-12 μm, and particles of iron slag with a dispersion of 60-63 μm are used for the formation of multifunctional protective coatings. Using the method of mathematically planning the experiment, the content of additives of different physico-chemical natures in the epoxy binder is optimized to obtain fireproof coatings with improved operational characteristics. A mathematical model is developed for optimizing the content of components in the formation of protective anticorrosion and wear-resistant coatings for means of transport as a result of the complex effect of a mixture of nanodispersed compounds, iron scale, and Waltrop. Based on the mathematical planning of the experiment, new regularities of increasing the corrosion resistance and resources of the means of transport are established through the formation of four different protective coatings, which are tested for resistance to aggressive environments (technical water-CAS No. 7732-18-5, gasoline-CAS No. 64742-82-1, acetone-CAS No. 67-64-1, I-20A lubricant-CAS No. 64742-62-7, sodium solutions-CAS No. 1310-73-2, and sulfuric acid-CAS No. 7664-93-9) and hydroabrasive wear resistances. A study of the change in the permeability index in aggressive environments is additionally carried out, taking into account the rational ratio of dispersive fillers in the epoxy binder, which made it possible to create an effective barrier to the penetration of aggressive water molecules into the base. A decrease in the permeability of protective coatings by 2.0-3.3 times relative to the epoxy matrix is achieved. In addition, the wear resistance of the developed materials under the action of hydroabrasion is investigated. The relative resistance of the CM to the action of hydroabrasion was found by the method of materials and coatings testing on the gas-abrasive wear with a centrifugal accelerator. This method enables one to model the real process of the wear of mechanism parts under the hydroabrasive action. It is shown that the coefficient of the wear resistance of the developed materials is 1.3 times higher than that of the polymer matrix, which indicates the resistance of the composites to the influence of hydroabrasive environment. As a result, modified epoxy composite protective coatings with improved anticorrosion properties and wear resistance under hydroabrasive conditions are developed. It is established that the protective coating filled with particles of a mixture of nanodispersed compounds (30-90 nm), iron scale (60-63 μm), and Waltrop (8-12 μm) has the lowest permeability indicators. The permeability in natural conditions of such a coating during the time t = 300 days of the study is χ = 0.5%, which is 3.6 times less than the similar indicators of the epoxy matrix. It is substantiated that the protective coating filled with particles of a mixture of nanodispersed compounds (30-90 nm), iron scale (60-63 μm), and Agocel S-2000 (8-12 μm) is characterized by the highest indicators of wear resistance. The coefficient of wear resistance under the action of hydroabrasion of such a coating is K = 1.75, which is 1.3 times higher than the similar indicators of the original epoxy matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Buketov
- Department of Transport Technologies and Mechanical Engineering, Kherson State Maritime Academy, Ushakova Avenue, 20, 73003 Kherson, Ukraine; (A.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Oleksandr Sapronov
- Department of Transport Technologies and Mechanical Engineering, Kherson State Maritime Academy, Ushakova Avenue, 20, 73003 Kherson, Ukraine; (A.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Kostyantyn Klevtsov
- Department of Transport Technologies and Mechanical Engineering, Kherson State Maritime Academy, Ushakova Avenue, 20, 73003 Kherson, Ukraine; (A.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Boksun Kim
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK;
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Skakov M, Bayandinova M, Ocheredko I, Tuyakbayev B, Nurizinova M, Gradoboev A. Influence of Diabase Filler on the Structure and Tribological Properties of Coatings Based on Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3465. [PMID: 37631522 PMCID: PMC10458548 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents the results of a study of a composite coating made of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) with a diabase filler obtained by flame spraying. Diabase of 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 30 wt.% and 40 wt.% was chosen as a filler. The polymer coating was applied to the St3 metal substrate using temperature control in a conventional flame spraying process. The coating was studied using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase analysis, infrared spectroscopy, abrasive wear resistance, microhardness testing and determination of the friction coefficient. It has been shown that diabases do not have a negative effect on the initial chemical structure of UHMWPE and it is not subjected to destruction during flame spraying. The introduction of diabase into the composition of UHMWPE with a content of 10-40% of the total mass does not adversely affect the crystalline structure of the coating. It has been established that with an increase in the volume of the diabase filler, the wear resistance of the composite coating based on UHMWPE increases. It has been determined that with the addition of diabase, the microhardness of the coatings increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhyn Skakov
- National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kurchatov 071100, Kazakhstan;
- National Scientific Laboratory of Collective Use, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan; (I.O.); (B.T.); (M.N.)
| | - Moldir Bayandinova
- National Scientific Laboratory of Collective Use, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan; (I.O.); (B.T.); (M.N.)
| | - Igor Ocheredko
- National Scientific Laboratory of Collective Use, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan; (I.O.); (B.T.); (M.N.)
| | - Baurzhan Tuyakbayev
- National Scientific Laboratory of Collective Use, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan; (I.O.); (B.T.); (M.N.)
| | - Makpal Nurizinova
- National Scientific Laboratory of Collective Use, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan; (I.O.); (B.T.); (M.N.)
| | - Alexander Gradoboev
- Experimental Physics Department, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia;
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Zhang X, Yin X, Liu C, Liu C. Laser Melting of Prefabrication AlOOH-Activated Film on the Surface of Nodular Cast Iron and Its Associated Properties. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5486. [PMID: 37570190 PMCID: PMC10420015 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to improve the absorption rate of laser energy on the surface of nodular cast iron and further improve its thermal stability and wear resistance. After a 0.3 mm thick AlOOH activation film was pre-sprayed onto the polished surface of the nodular cast iron, a GWLASER 6 kw fiber laser cladding system was used to prepare a mixed dense oxide layer mainly composed of Al2O3, Fe3O4, and SiO2 using the optimal laser melting parameters of 470 W (laser power) and 5.5 mm/s (scanning speed). By comparing and characterizing the prefabricated laser-melted surface, the laser-remelted surface with the same parameters, and the substrate surface, it was found that there was little difference in the structure, composition, and performance between the laser-remelted surface and the substrate surface except for the morphology. The morphology, structure, and performance of the laser-melted surface underwent significant changes, with a stable surface line roughness of 0.9 μm and a 300-400 μm deep heat-affected zone. It could undergo two 1100 °C thermal shock cycles; its average microhardness increased by more than one compared to the remelted and substrate surfaces of 300 HV, with a maximum hardness of 900 HV; and the average friction coefficient and wear quantity decreased to 0.4370 and 0.001 g, respectively. The prefabricated activated film layer greatly improved the thermal stability and wear resistance of the nodular cast iron surface while reducing the laser melting power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xiuyuan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Chen Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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46
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Wang L, Okugawa M, Konishi H, Liu Y, Koizumi Y, Nakano T. Fusion of Ni Plating on CP-Titanium by Electron Beam Single-Track Scanning: Toward a New Approach for Fabricating TiNi Self-Healing Shape Memory Coating. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5449. [PMID: 37570152 PMCID: PMC10419621 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The limited wear resistance of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) hinders its use in abrasive and erosive environments, despite its good strength-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. This paper reports the first study proposing a novel method for wear-resistant TiNi coating through Ni plating and electron beam (EB) irradiation in an in situ synthetic approach. Single-track melting experiments were conducted using the EB to investigate the feasibility of forming a TiNi phase by fusing the Ni plate with the CP-Ti substrate. Varying beam powers were employed at a fixed scanning speed to determine the optimal conditions for TiNi phase formation. The concentration of the melt region was found to be approximate as estimated from the ratio of the Ni-plate thickness to the depth of the melt region, and the region with Ni-48.7 at.% Ti was successfully formed by EB irradiation. The study suggests that the mixing of Ti atoms and Ni atoms was facilitated by fluid flow induced by Marangoni and thermal convections. It is proposed that a more uniform TiNi layer can be achieved through multi-track melting under appropriate conditions. This research demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing EB additive manufacturing as a coating method and the potential for developing TiNi coatings with shape memory effects and pseudoelasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (L.W.); (H.K.); (Y.L.); (T.N.)
| | - Masayuki Okugawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (L.W.); (H.K.); (Y.L.); (T.N.)
- Anisotropic Design & Additive Manufacturing Research Center, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Konishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (L.W.); (H.K.); (Y.L.); (T.N.)
| | - Yuheng Liu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (L.W.); (H.K.); (Y.L.); (T.N.)
| | - Yuichiro Koizumi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (L.W.); (H.K.); (Y.L.); (T.N.)
- Anisotropic Design & Additive Manufacturing Research Center, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (L.W.); (H.K.); (Y.L.); (T.N.)
- Anisotropic Design & Additive Manufacturing Research Center, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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47
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Bartkowski D, Bartkowska A, Olszewska J, Przestacki D, Ulbrich D. Stellite-6/(WC+TiC) Composite Coatings Produced by Laser Alloying on S355 Steel. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5000. [PMID: 37512273 PMCID: PMC10385112 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents study results of Stellite-6/(WC+TiC) coatings produced by laser alloying with varying contents of reinforcing phases (40%wt and 60%wt content of mixture WC+TiC). The coatings were produced on S355 steel using different laser beam power densities: 76 kW/cm2, 115 kW/cm2 and 153 kW/cm2. The coatings obtained were subjected to microhardness measurements, wear resistance tests, chemical composition analysis and microstructure observations using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that both types of coatings were characterized by higher microhardness and wear resistance in comparison to substrate material. The rate of solidification had an impact on the obtained results of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Bartkowski
- Institute of Material Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Aneta Bartkowska
- Institute of Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Olszewska
- Institute of Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Damian Przestacki
- Institute of Mechanical Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dariusz Ulbrich
- Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 5 sq., 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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48
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Ma N, Xiao X, Zhao D, Yin D, Zhang K. Effects of Aluminum Addition on Microstructure and Properties of TiC-TiB 2/Fe Coatings In Situ Synthesized by TIG Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4935. [PMID: 37512210 PMCID: PMC10381481 DOI: 10.3390/ma16144935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the synthesis of TiC-TiB2/Fe coatings with varying amounts of aluminum (Al) using tungsten inert gas (TIG) cladding and investigates the impact of Al addition on microstructure refinement and performance enhancement of the coatings. The coatings were prepared on a mild steel substrate using TIG cladding. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the presence of TiC, TiB2, AlxTi, and AlxFe phases in the coatings. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the addition of Al improved the microstructure, reducing defects and enhancing the distribution of reinforcing phases within the coatings. The particle size of the reinforcing phases was significantly refined by the addition of Al. The micro-hardness of the coatings was significantly higher than that of the substrate, with the maximum micro-hardness of the coating reaching 955.5 ± 50.7 HV0.1, approximately six times that of the substrates. However, excessive Al addition led to a reduction in hardness due to a decrease in the quantity of hard phases. The wear tests showed that all the coatings had lower wear loss compared to the substrate material, with the wear loss initially decreasing and then increasing with the increasing Al content. Samples with a 28.57 wt.% Al addition exhibited the best wear resistance, with approximately 16.8% of the wear volume loss compared to mild steel under the same testing conditions, attributed to the optimal combination of reinforcement phase quantity and matrix properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non-Ferrous Metal New Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non-Ferrous Metal New Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Di Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Danqing Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non-Ferrous Metal New Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
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Jażdżewska M, Majkowska-Marzec B, Zieliński A, Ostrowski R, Frączek A, Karwowska G, Olive JM. Mechanical Properties and Wear Susceptibility Determined by Nanoindentation Technique of Ti13Nb13Zr Titanium Alloy after "Direct Laser Writing". Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4834. [PMID: 37445148 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Laser treatment has often been applied to rebuild the surface layer of titanium and its alloys destined for long-term implants. Such treatment has always been associated with forming melted and re-solidified thin surface layers. The process parameters of such laser treatment can be different, including the patterning of a surface by so-called direct writing. In this research, pulse laser treatment was performed on the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy surface, with the distance between adjacent laser paths ranging between 20 and 50 µm. The obtained periodic structures were tested to examine the effects of the scan distance on the microstructure using SEM, the roughness and chemical and phase composition using EDS and XRD, and the mechanical properties using the nanoindentation technique. After direct laser writing, the thickness of the melted layers was between 547 and 123 µm, and the surface roughness varied between 1.74 and 0.69 µm. An increase in hardness was observed after laser treatment. The highest hardness, 5.44 GPa, was obtained for the sample modified with a laser beam spacing of 50 µm. The value of the distance has been shown to be important for several properties and related to a complex microstructure of the thin surface layer close to and far from the laser path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jażdżewska
- Department of Biomaterials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Institute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Majkowska-Marzec
- Department of Biomaterials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Institute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zieliński
- Department of Biomaterials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Institute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Roman Ostrowski
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Frączek
- Department of Biomaterials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Institute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Gabriela Karwowska
- Department of Biomaterials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Institute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jean-Marc Olive
- CNRS, Institute of Mechanics and Engineering, University of Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France
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50
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Ortiz-Domínguez M, Morales-Robles ÁJ, Gómez-Vargas OA, de Jesús Cruz-Victoria T. Analysis of Diffusion Coefficients of Iron Monoboride and Diiron Boride Coating Formed on the Surface of AISI 420 Steel by Two Different Models: Experiments and Modelling. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4801. [PMID: 37445115 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, two mathematical diffusion models have been used to estimate the growth of the iron monoboride and diiron boride coating formed on AISI 420 steel. The boronizing of the steel was carried out with the solid diffusion packing method at a boronizing temperature of 1123 K-1273 K. Experimental results show the two-coating system consists of an outer monoboride and an inner diiron boride coating with a predominantly planar structure at the propagation front. The depth of the boride coating increases according to temperature and treatment time. A parabolic curve characterizes the propagation of the boride coatings. The two proposed mathematical models of mass transfer diffusion are founded on the solution corresponding to Fick's second fundamental law. The first is based on a linear boron concentration-penetration profile without time dependence, and the second model with time dependence (exact solution). For both models, the theoretical law of parabolic propagation and the average flux of boron atoms (Fick's first fundamental law) at the growth interfaces (monoboride/diiron boride and diiron boride/substrate) are considered to estimate the propagation of the boride coatings (monoboride and diiron boride). To validate the mathematical models, a programming code is written in the MATLAB program (adaptation 7.5) designed to simulate the growth of the boride coatings (monoboride and diiron boride). The following parameters are used as input data for this computer code: (the layer thicknesses of the FeB and Fe2B phases, the operating temperature, the boronizing time, initial formation time of the boride coating, the surface boron concentration limits, FeB/Fe2B and Fe2B/Fe growth interfaces, and the mass transfer diffusion coefficient of boron in the iron monoboride and diiron boride phases). The outputs of the computer code are the constants εFeB and εFe2B. The assessment of activation energies of AISI 420 steel for the two mathematical models of mass transfer is coincident (QFeB=221.9 kJ∙mol-1 and QFe2B=209.1 kJ∙mol-1). A numerical analysis was performed using a standard Taylor series for clarification of the proximity between the two models. SEM micrographs exhibited a strong propensity toward a flat-fronted composition at expansion interfaces of the iron monoboride and diiron boride coating, confirmed by XRD analysis. Tribological characterizations included the Vickers hardness test method, pin-on-disc, and Daimler-Benz Rockwell-C indentation adhesion tests. After thorough analysis, the energies were compared to the existing literature to validate our experiment. We found that our models and experimental results agreed. The diffusion models we utilized were crucial in gaining a deeper understanding of the boronizing behavior of AISI 420 steel, and they also allowed us to predict the thicknesses of the iron monoboride and diiron boride coating. These models provide helpful approaches for predicting the behavior of these steels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Ortiz-Domínguez
- Ingeniería Mecánica, Escuela Superior de Ciudad Sahagún, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Cd. Sahagún-Otumba s/n, Zona Industrial, Ciudad Sahagun 43990, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Ángel Jesús Morales-Robles
- Área Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5 s/n, Col. Carboneras, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Oscar Armando Gómez-Vargas
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Tlalnepantla, TecNM, Avenida Instituto Tecnológico s/n. Col. La Comunidad, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54070, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Teresita de Jesús Cruz-Victoria
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Tlalnepantla, TecNM, Avenida Instituto Tecnológico s/n. Col. La Comunidad, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54070, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
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