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Deinhardt F, Wolfe L, Massey R, Hoekstra J, McDonald R. Simian sarcoma virus: oncogenicity, focus assay, presence of associated virus, and comparison with avian and feline sarcoma virus-induced neoplasia in marmoset monkeys. BIBLIOTHECA HAEMATOLOGICA 2015; 39:258-62. [PMID: 4360159 DOI: 10.1159/000427850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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2
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Kawakami TG, Buckley P, Huff S, McKain D, Fielding H. A comparative study in vitro of a simian virus isolated from spontaneous woolly monkey fibrosarcoma and of a known feline fibrosarcoma virus. BIBLIOTHECA HAEMATOLOGICA 2015; 39:236-43. [PMID: 4360156 DOI: 10.1159/000427847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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3
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Theilen GH, Wolfe LG, Rabin H, Deinhardt F, Dungworth DL, Fowler ME, Gould D, Cooper R. Biological studies in four species of nonhuman primates with simian sarcoma virus (Lagothrix). BIBLIOTHECA HAEMATOLOGICA 2015; 39:251-7. [PMID: 4360158 DOI: 10.1159/000427849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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4
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Maruyama K, East JL, Wagner SH, Dmochowski L. In vitro transformation of cells from human neoplasms. BIBLIOTHECA HAEMATOLOGICA 2015:85-92. [PMID: 169838 DOI: 10.1159/000397521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The possible involvement of RNA tumor virus genomes in human cell transformation was investigated. Forty-nine cell cultures from neoplastic, normal, or embryo tissues were examined for transformation, following inoculation of murine leukemia virus (MuLV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) grown in human cells, or bone marrow aspirates from leukemia patients. Five cultures exhibited transformation (1 after inoculation of MuLV grown in human cells; 4 after inoculation of human leukemic bone marrow), and 4 were established as cell lines. They were derived from giant cell tumor and fibrosarcomas. The established transformed cells formed colonies in soft agar, grew progressively in immunosuppressed mice, and carried antigens common to FeLV and MuLV. Although virus particles were not seen in these cultures, 68S RNA was detected in their media. Medium from nontransformed parent cultures also contained 68S RNA but in amounts about 15 times less than in transformed cultures. Transformed human cells passaged in mice produced both type C virus particles and 68S RNA. Antigens common to MuLV and FeLV were found in these particles. However, the results of biological and serological studies indicate their difference from conventional MuLV and FeLV. The relationship of this virus and 68S RNA found in transformed cultures remains to be determined.
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5
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Deinhardt F. Induction of tumors in marmoset monkeys with ST-feline fibrosarcoma virus. BIBLIOTHECA HAEMATOLOGICA 2015:401-2. [PMID: 4376376 DOI: 10.1159/000391732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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6
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Weiss RS, Gold MO, Vogel H, Javier RT. Mutant adenovirus type 9 E4 ORF1 genes define three protein regions required for transformation of CREF cells. J Virol 1997; 71:4385-94. [PMID: 9151828 PMCID: PMC191656 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.6.4385-4394.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 9 (Ad9) elicits exclusively estrogen-dependent mammary tumors in rats, and an essential oncogenic determinant for this virus is Ad9 E4 open reading frame 1 (9ORF1), which encodes a 125-residue cytoplasmic protein with cellular growth-transforming activity in vitro. In this study, we engineered 48 different mutant 9ORF1 genes in an attempt to identify regions of this viral protein essential for transformation of the established rat embryo fibroblast cell line CREF. In initial assays with CREF cells, 17 of the 48 mutant 9ORF1 genes proved to be severely defective for generating transformed foci but only 7 of these defective genes expressed detectable amounts of protein. To further examine the defects of the seven mutant proteins, we selected individual cell pools of stable CREF transformants for the wild-type and mutant 9ORF1 genes. Compared to cell pools expressing the wild-type 9ORF1 protein, most cell pools expressing mutant proteins displayed decreased growth in soft agar, and all generated significantly smaller tumors in syngeneic animals. The altered amino acid residues of the seven mutant 9ORF1 polypeptides clustered within three separate regions referred to as region I (residues 34 to 41), region II (residues 89 to 91), and C-terminal region III (residues 122 to 125). By using indirect immunofluorescence, we also assessed whether the mutant proteins localized properly to the cytoplasm of cells. The region I and region II mutants displayed approximately wild-type subcellular localizations, whereas most region III mutants aberrantly accumulated within the nucleus of cells. In summary, we have identified three 9ORF1 protein regions necessary for cellular transformation and have demonstrated that C-terminal region III sequences significantly influence the proper localization of the 9ORF1 polypeptide in cells.
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7
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Roussev R, Polianova M, Toshkova R. Three new cases of R-type virus-like particles in hamster tumours. Arch Virol 1993; 133:485-9. [PMID: 8257303 DOI: 10.1007/bf01313786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
R-type virus-like particles (VLP) in fibrosarcoma and myeloid tumour induced in hamsters with the myeloleukaemic virus of Graffi and in hamster embryonic fibroblasts infected with the lympholeukaemic virus Ly/Ya are described. The particles are found in the cysternae of the rough surface endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The VLP are classified as endogenous virus (EV) whose expression is determined by the initial infection with murine leukaemia virus (MLV).
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8
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Kawai S, Goto N, Kataoka K, Saegusa T, Shinno-Kohno H, Nishizawa M. Isolation of the avian transforming retrovirus, AS42, carrying the v-maf oncogene and initial characterization of its gene product. Virology 1992; 188:778-84. [PMID: 1585647 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90532-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel avian transforming retrovirus was isolated from a chicken musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma. This virus (called AS42) induces tumors histopathologically indistinguishable from the original sarcoma after a long latent period when inoculated into newborn chickens. AS42 also exhibits a weak transforming activity when infected into chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). This virus is replication-defective and associated with a helper virus of subgroup A (called ASAV). An AS42-specific protein of about 100 kDa was immunoprecipitated from lysates of AS42-transformed CEF with antiserum directed against avian retrovirus virion proteins. Molecular analysis of the genomic structure of the AS42 virus has revealed that this 100-kDa protein represents a novel oncogene, v-maf of cellular origin, which is fused with a part of the viral gag gene (Nishizawa et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 7711-7715, 1989). Interestingly, some size variation was observed among the gag-maf fusion proteins found in individual clones of transformed CEF. Consistent with this observation, Southern blot analyses and nucleotide sequence determination of several independent isolates of proviral DNA indicated that this virus segregates multiple forms of deletion mutants, probably through homologous recombinations among the repetitive sequences present within the v-maf coding region.
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9
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Jung JU, Trimble JJ, King NW, Biesinger B, Fleckenstein BW, Desrosiers RC. Identification of transforming genes of subgroup A and C strains of Herpesvirus saimiri. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:7051-5. [PMID: 1651491 PMCID: PMC52231 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.16.7051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus saimiri is an oncogenic herpesvirus that induces rapidly progressing lymphomas in New World primates. Using retrovirus vectors for gene transfer, specific open reading frames of H. saimiri were tested for their ability to transform rodent cells in culture. One open reading frame, designated STP-C488 (for saimiri-transformation-associated protein of the subgroup C strain 488), phenotypically transformed Rat-1 cells, resulting in formation of foci, growth at reduced serum concentration, and growth to higher cell densities. Cells transformed by STP-C488 formed invasive tumors in nude mice. The STP-A11 reading frame of strain 11 (subgroup A) was much less potent in its transforming ability than STP-C488. These results demonstrate the oncogene nature of these two open reading frames and provide a means for studying their transforming functions independent of the rest of the H. saimiri genome.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Fibrosarcoma/genetics
- Fibrosarcoma/microbiology
- Fibrosarcoma/pathology
- Genes, Viral
- Herpesvirus 2, Saimiriine/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Open Reading Frames
- Plasmids
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Rats
- Recombination, Genetic
- Restriction Mapping
- Sarcoma, Experimental/genetics
- Sarcoma, Experimental/microbiology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/pathology
- Transfection
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10
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Uno K, Takema M, Hidaka S, Tanaka R, Konishi T, Kato T, Nakamura S, Muramatsu S. Induction of antitumor activity in macrophages by mycoplasmas in concert with interferon. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990; 32:22-8. [PMID: 2126981 PMCID: PMC11038328 DOI: 10.1007/bf01741720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/1990] [Accepted: 05/17/1990] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro growth of tumor cells infected with mycoplasmas was suppressed by macrophages pretreated with interferon (IFN), but the growth of mycoplasma-free tumor cells was not suppressed. Pretreatment of macrophages with IFN plus mycoplasmas or their soluble factors either simultaneously or sequentially, IFN first and mycoplasmas second, but not in the reverse order, was effective in activating macrophages to suppress the growth of mycoplasma-free tumor cells. Macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice (which respond only slightly to lipopolysaccharide) were activated by IFN plus mycoplasmas or their soluble factor, and their action was not influenced by the addition of a lipopolysaccharide-neutralizing agent, polymyxin B. These results suggest that the macrophage-activating agent in mycoplasmas does not mimic lipopolysaccharide. The administration of mycoplasmas plus IFN to mice with ascitic or solid tumors resulted in the reduction of tumor growth. The survival rate of tumor-bearing mice was improved by the administration of mycoplasmas, and this was synergistically enhanced by the addition of IFN. These results indicate (a) that mycoplasmas can be useful as a biological response modifier, and (b) that care should be taken to prevent contamination with mycoplasmas in experiments on macrophage activation.
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11
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Kohler M, Rüttner B, Cooper S, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. Enhanced tumor susceptibility of immunocompetent mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990; 32:117-24. [PMID: 2289203 PMCID: PMC11038360 DOI: 10.1007/bf01754208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/1990] [Accepted: 06/29/1990] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mice infected i.v. with high doses of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV; 10(5)-10(6) plaque-forming units) 8-10 days prior to challenge with the methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma tumor cell line MC57G or the melanoma cell line B16 tumor cells showed an enhanced tumor susceptibility with respect to both growth kinetics of the tumor and the minimal dose necessary for tumor take. After transient initial growth, MC57G tumor cells were all rejected by uninfected C57BL/6 mice by day 14. Mice preinfected i.v. with LCMV 3 weeks before or at the time of tumor challenge, but not those infected 2 months before or 7 days after, showed increasing tumor growth, the tumor take being 100% for 10(6), 50% for 10(5) and 37% for 10(4) MC57G tumor cells injected into the footpad compared with resistance to 10(6) cells in normal mice. B16 melanoma cells also grew more rapidly in LCMV-preinfected mice and by day 40 tumors were established with about 100 times fewer cells, i.e. about 10(3) compared with 3 x 10(4)-3 x 10(5) for uninfected mice. Analysis of the growth of tumor cells in normal and in LCMV-carrier mice revealed that the latter mice were not more susceptible to LCMV-infected than to uninfected MC57G. Since LCMV-carrier mice fail to mount LCMV-specific T cell responses, these results suggest that anti-LCMV-specific T cells may be responsible for acquired immunodeficiency hampering immune surveillance against the tumors studied.
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12
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Lindgren V, Sippola-Thiele M, Skowronski J, Wetzel E, Howley PM, Hanahan D. Specific chromosomal abnormalities characterize fibrosarcomas of bovine papillomavirus type 1 transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:5025-9. [PMID: 2544888 PMCID: PMC297549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.13.5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the BPV1.69 line of transgenic mice, the bovine papillomavirus type 1 genome elicits both benign dermal fibroblastic proliferation (fibromatoses) and malignant fibrosarcomas. Because these lesions arise only with time, nonviral factors appear to be involved. We have karyotyped several primary tumors as well as a series of low-passage cell lines derived both from fibromatoses and from fibrosarcomas. The fibrosarcomas, but not the preneoplastic fibromatoses, show consistent abnormalities of one or both of two chromosomes, chromosome 8 (trisomy or duplication) and chromosome 14 (monosomy or translocation). The chromosomal abnormalities are not a direct consequence of the viral integration, which we have mapped to chromosome 15 by in situ hybridization. These results suggest that transgenic mice can be used to study the role(s) of cytogenetic changes in tumorigenesis and may direct the search for genes involved in tumor progression.
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13
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Brooks SE, Adachi M, Hoffman LM, Stein MR, Brooks J, Schneck L. Induction of lymphomas and fibrosarcomas in nude mice after implantation of simian virus 40-transformed human meningioma. J Transl Med 1988; 58:518-23. [PMID: 2835549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cells transformed by Simian virus 40 (SV40) usually show little or no tumor formation after implantation in nude mice. In long-term studies, however, we have observed that 127 to 366 days after subcutaneous injection of SV40-transformed human meningioma cells (KJ-M2-T) into nude mice (Nu/Cox), 6 of 15 animals developed lymphomas or fibrosarcomas, usually at the site of inoculation. The induced tumors were of murine origin and were positive for SV40-T antigen. Chromosome analysis and G11 staining revealed no evidence of hybridization between human and mouse cells. No spontaneous shedding of SV40 was noted with KJ-M2-T cells in vitro; however, SV40 could be rescued after fusion of KJ-M2-T with BS-C-1 monkey kidney cells, but not with L929 mouse fibroblasts. A parallel study using SV40-transformed human fetal brain cells failed to induce tumors in nude mice despite the demonstration that infectious SV40 could also be rescued from this line after fusion with BS-C-1 but not with L-929. Subcutaneous injection of 5 X 10(3) TCID's of SV40 (strain J436) into nude mice resulted in the induction of fibrosarcomas at the injection site in 6 of 15 mice after 273 to 396 days. The induction of malignant lymphomas after implantation of SV40 transformed cells contrasted with the development of fibrosarcomas after injection of free virus. This study suggests that after subcutaneous implantation into nude mice, some SV40-transformed human tumor cell lines can serve as vectors for transmitting SV40 to murine cells causing transformation and tumor development in the host animal.
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14
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Morikawa K, Hamada J, Itaya T, Ishikawa M, Takeichi N, Hosokawa M, Kobayashi H. Modification of regression of virally xenogenized tumor cells by cyclophosphamide and busulfan. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1988; 26:18-22. [PMID: 3345537 PMCID: PMC11038847 DOI: 10.1007/bf00199842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/1987] [Accepted: 08/25/1987] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rat fibrosarcoma cells infected with Friend leukemia virus (FV-KMT-17) grow for a short time and then regress spontaneously in syngeneic hosts. This regression mechanism was examined by analyzing the immunomodulating action of the antitumor drugs busulfan (BU) and cyclophosphamide (CY). In preliminary experiments, the optimum dosages of BU and CY for the enhancement of DTH responses to SRBC were 10 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg respectively. Treatment of rats with BU (10 mg/kg) on day 5 induced the regression of KMT-17 cells, while in contrast, the same drug delayed the spontaneous regression of FV-KMT-17 cells. Pretreatment with CY (40 mg/kg) on day 5 did not affect the growth of KMT-17 or FV-KMT-17 cells. After the same treatment schedule, BU inhibited humoral antibody formation against SRBC and against virus-associated antigen (VAA), NK cell activity, and ADCC effector cell activity. On the other hand, CY did not affect the activities of NK cells or ADCC effector cells, although it significantly augmented the DTH responses to SRBC and the production of antibody to VAA but had no effect on production of antibodies to SRBC. These results suggest that NK cells and ADCC may play an important role in the initial stage of the spontaneous regression of FV-KMT-17 cells.
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15
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Teale DM, Rees RC, Thorgeirsson UP, Liotta LA. Type IV collagenase activity of a primary HSV-2-induced hamster fibrosarcoma and its in vivo metastases and in vitro clones. Cancer 1987; 60:1263-8. [PMID: 3040211 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19870915)60:6<1263::aid-cncr2820600617>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The expression of a basement membrane (BM) collagen-degrading metalloprotease (Type IV collagenase) was studied in a herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 transformed hamster fibrosarcoma and its in vivo derived sublines and in vitro derived clones of varying metastatic potential. The primary parent tumor was shown to release more or less Type IV collagenolytic activity compared with its sublines (derived from lung nodules that developed after resection of the primary tumor). Normal baby hamster kidney and hamster embryo fibroblasts did not secrete detectable amounts of BM collagenase, whereas normal hamster lung fibroblast secreted intermediate levels of Type IV collagenase activity. The collagenase IV activity of the parent tumor and its in vivo and in vitro derived sublines was assayed in vitro and compared with the ability of the cells lines to spontaneously metastasize in vivo. No correlation between the ability to secrete type IV collagenase and metastatic propensity was detected. Although all cell lines secreted type IV collagenase, the highest activity was recorded for a nonmetastatic variant.
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16
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Zbar B, Tanio Y. Host-clonal interactions in the generation of proviral gene deletion variants. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 79:383-8. [PMID: 3474468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A nonproducer clone (clone A1) (from a retrovirus-infected guinea pig fibrosarcoma) has been described that under conditions of in vivo immunologic selection forms variants that lack the proviral gene. One trivial explanation for the apparent loss of the provirus from clone A1 is that clone A1 did not originate from a single cell. For evaluation of this possibility, subclones were derived from clone A1 and tested for tumor recurrence in nonimmune and virus-immune animals. Each of four subclones contained the A1 provirus and exhibited specific viral interference; tumor recurrences formed from each of these four subclones lacked the clone A1 provirus. Possible, when heterogeneous populations of retrovirus-infected cells are injected into nonimmune animals, some clones will elicit immunologic responses to retroviral antigens and subject other clones in the population to immunologic selective pressures. For testing this concept, clone A1 was injected in admixture with a producer clone (clone A4) into nonimmune Sewall Wright strain 2 guinea pigs. Tumors formed in nonimmune guinea pigs inoculated with clone A1 in admixture with clone A4 were shown to lack a detectable clone A1 provirus. The results supported the concept that a somatic mutational event (deletion of the proviral gene) occurs during growth of clone A1. When heterogeneous populations of retrovirus-infected cells are injected into animals, host-clonal interactions may occur leading to outgrowth of proviral gene deletion variants. These results supported the notion that interactions between tumor clones and the host can change the dominant clonal type of the tumor and provide a genetic basis for this change.
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17
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Reinacher M. [Infections with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in postmortem cats]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 1987; 112:848-53. [PMID: 3039688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cats presented for post-mortem examination were examined by immune histological techniques for the presence of persistent FeLV infections. Persistent FeLV infection was found to be the most common fatal infectious disease currently occurring in cats. It was detected in 16 per cent of the cats referred for post-mortem examination, whereas a proportion of 3 per cent may be regarded as likely in the normal population.
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18
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Bergold PJ, Wang JY, Hardy WD, Littau V, Johnson E, Besmer P. Structure and origins of the HZ2-feline sarcoma virus. Virology 1987; 158:320-9. [PMID: 2884777 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The HZ2-feline sarcoma virus (HZ2-FeSV) is a replication-defective acute transforming feline retrovirus with oncogene homology to Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) (P. Besmer, W.D. Hardy,Jr., E. E. Zuckerman, P. J. Bergold, L. Lederman, and H. W. Snyder, Jr. (1983) Nature (London) 303, 825-828). In contrast to A-MuLV which was isolated from a hematopoietic tumor, the HZ2-FeSV derives from a multicentric fibrosarcoma. We have molecularly cloned the HZ2-FeSV provirus from mink HZ2-FeSV nonproducer cells. The molecularly cloned HZ2-FeSV provirus is biologically active upon transfection of NIH 3T3 indicator cells. The genetic structure of the HZ2-FeSV provirus was determined by EM heteroduplex and Southern blot analysis. The HZ2-FeSV has a 6.8 kb-viral genome with the structure: 5' delta gag-abl-delta pol-delta env 3'. The abl insert, which is 1.4 kb, is located 1.9 kb from the 5' end and 3.5 kb from the 3' end of the viral genome. The 5' 1.9 kb in the HZ2-FeSV are colinear with 5' FeLV sequences, and the 3' 3.5 kb are colinear with 3' FeLV sequences, with the exception of a 0.85-kb deletion in the env gene. HZ2-FeSV v-abl and A-MuLV v-abl share 1.2 kb of abl sequences which are known to specify the protein kinase domain of the abl gene product and are necessary for fibroblast transformation in vitro. The DNA from several tumor tissues of cat 3590 from which the HZ2-FeSV was obtained was found to contain several HZ2-FeSV-related proviruses including the HZ2-FeSV. The variant HZ2-FeSVs have indistinguishable 5' gag-abl sequences; however, they differ in 3' sequences which likely do not include any abl sequences. The DNAs from fibrosarcomas obtained by inoculation of kittens with tumor extract were found to contain variant HZ2-FeSV proviruses as well. Taken together these results indicate a role for the HZ2-FeSVs in sarcomagenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Abelson murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Animals
- Cat Diseases/microbiology
- Cats
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Clone Cells
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Fibrosarcoma/microbiology
- Fibrosarcoma/pathology
- Fibrosarcoma/veterinary
- Genes, Viral
- Helper Viruses/physiology
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/physiology
- Oncogenes
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Sarcoma Viruses, Feline/genetics
- Sarcoma Viruses, Feline/isolation & purification
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transfection
- Viral Proteins/genetics
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Souyri M, Koehne CF, O'Donnell PV, Aldrich TH, Furth ME, Fleissner E. Biological effects of a murine retrovirus carrying an activated N-ras gene of human origin. Virology 1987; 158:69-78. [PMID: 3576974 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have introduced a genomic DNA clone of a mutated human N-ras gene from a T-cell leukemia cell line into a retroviral vector equipped with a neo resistance gene and with SV40 and pBR322 origins of replication. The helper free N-ras virus, which was recovered after transfection of the construction in the psi 2 packaging cell line, contained a correctly spliced N-ras gene. Proviral DNA was amplified in cos cells and subsequently cloned in bacteria. Nucleic acid sequence analysis of the activated N-ras gene revealed a point mutation at codon 12 resulting in a glycine to aspartic acid substitution. The N-ras virus was able to transform mouse fibroblastic cell lines, but failed to fully transform mouse primary embryo fibroblasts. MoMuLV or amphotropic 4070A pseudotypes of the virus were injected intraperitoneally into newborn mice. The MoMuLV pseudotype produced only helper-virus-induced leukemias. The amphotropic pseudotype caused fibrosarcomas after a long latent period. The results of these and other in vivo experiments are discussed in relation to known pathogenic effects of other retroviruses carrying H-ras or K-ras genes.
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20
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Matthews BJ, Levine AS, Dixon K. Deletion mutations in the small t antigen gene alter the tissue specificity of tumors induced by simian virus 40. J Virol 1987; 61:1282-5. [PMID: 3029426 PMCID: PMC254095 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.4.1282-1285.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous injection of wild-type simian virus 40 into Syrian hamsters normally induces fibrosarcomas at the injection site. We showed that subcutaneous injection of three different small t deletion mutants (dl884, dl883, and dl890) led to the formation of abdominal reticulum cell sarcomas (lymphomas) in about 15% of the animals bearing tumors. The remainder of the tumors were fibrosarcomas occurring with prolonged latencies at the site of injection. We postulated that, in the absence of an active small t protein, which is thought to have cell growth-promoting properties, the mutant virus preferentially transforms rapidly proliferating lymphoid cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Chromosome Deletion
- Cricetinae
- Fibrosarcoma/microbiology
- Fibrosarcoma/pathology
- Genes
- Genes, Viral
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/microbiology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Mesocricetus
- Mutation
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Simian virus 40/genetics
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Geryk J, Pichrtova J, Guntaka RV, Gowda S, Svoboda J. Characterization of transforming viruses rescued from a hamster tumour cell line harbouring the v-src gene flanked by long terminal repeats. J Gen Virol 1986; 67 ( Pt 11):2395-404. [PMID: 3023530 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-67-11-2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of proviruses derived from infecting transforming viruses rescued from hamster tumour cells was studied. Southern blot analysis indicated that the provirus from the F6 cell line was organized as long terminal repeat (LTR)-src-LTR, and S1 mapping experiments suggested that it was probably derived by reverse transcription of src mRNA followed by integration. In the E6 cell line, the provirus unit was arranged as LTR-delta gag-src-LTR, indicating a recombination event between the rescued transforming virus and the helper virus. These results suggest that transforming defective viruses containing only the src gene can be rescued from nonpermissive mammalian cells.
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Besmer P, Lader E, George PC, Bergold PJ, Qiu FH, Zuckerman EE, Hardy WD. A new acute transforming feline retrovirus with fms homology specifies a C-terminally truncated version of the c-fms protein that is different from SM-feline sarcoma virus v-fms protein. J Virol 1986; 60:194-203. [PMID: 3018286 PMCID: PMC253917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.60.1.194-203.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The HZ5-feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) is a new acute transforming feline retrovirus which was isolated from a multicentric fibrosarcoma of a domestic cat. The HZ5-FeSV transforms fibroblasts in vitro and is replication defective. A biologically active integrated HZ5-FeSV provirus was molecularly cloned from cellular DNA of HZ5-FeSV-infected FRE-3A rat cells. The HZ5-FeSV has oncogene homology with the fms sequences of the SM-FeSV. The genome organization of the 8.6-kilobase HZ5-FeSV provirus is 5' delta gag-fms-delta pol-delta env 3'. The HZ5-and SM-FeSVs display indistinguishable in vitro transformation characteristics, and the structures of the gag-fms transforming genes in the two viruses are very similar. In the HZ5-FeSV and the SM-FeSV, identical c-fms and feline leukemia virus p10 sequences form the 5' gag-fms junction. With regard to v-fms the two viruses are homologous up to 11 amino acids before the C terminus of the SM-FeSV v-fms protein. In HZ5-FeSV a segment of 362 nucleotides then follows before the 3' recombination site with feline leukemia virus pol. The new 3' v-fms sequence encodes 27 amino acids before reaching a TGA termination signal. The relationship of this sequence with the recently characterized human c-fms sequence has been examined. The 3' HZ5-FeSV v-fms sequence is homologous with 3' c-fms sequences. A frameshift mutation (11-base-pair deletion) was found in the C-terminal fms coding sequence of the HZ5-FeSV. As a result, the HZ5-FeSV v-fms protein is predicted to be a C-terminally truncated version of c-fms. This frameshift mutation may determine the oncogenic properties of v-fms in the HZ5-FeSV.
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Tanio Y, Talmadge C, Dekaban G, Hovis J, Ohanian SH, Zbar B. In vivo immunologic selection of proviral gene deletion variants from a nonproducer clone. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 77:767-75. [PMID: 3018345 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/77.3.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which tumors recur at sites of injection of retrovirus-infected fibrosarcoma cell lines was investigated. Previously, it was established that tumor recurrences reflect outgrowth of rare cells that lack viral antigens and are susceptible to superinfection with the homologous retrovirus. In the present study clones isolated from a retrovirus-infected cell line were evaluated as precursors for tumor recurrence. Under conditions of in vivo immunologic selection, a clone that contained a single abbreviated copy of the provirus formed variants that lacked the proviral gene. Tumor variants lacking the proviral gene grew progressively in both nonimmune and virus-immune male Sewall Wright strain 2 guinea pigs. Tumor recurrence could be prevented by superinfection of the virus-infected fibrosarcoma cell line or by superinfection of the precursor for tumor recurrence. Cell lines infected with retroviruses varied in frequency of tumor recurrence formation. This model may be useful in analyzing gene deletion as a mechanism of tumor escape from host immunologic attack.
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Mora PT, Parrott CL, Baksi K, McFarland V. Immunologic selection of simian virus 40 (SV40) T-antigen-negative tumor cells which arise by excision of early SV40 DNA. J Virol 1986; 59:628-34. [PMID: 3016325 PMCID: PMC253223 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.59.3.628-634.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A clonal line of highly oncogenic spontaneously transformed mouse cells (104C) was transformed in tissue culture by simian virus 40 (SV40) and subsequently recloned (106CSC). This 106CSC cell line expressed T antigen and transplantation antigen but was about 100 times less tumorigenic than the 104C parent. When 10(5) 106CSC cells were injected into immunocompetent syngeneic mice, tumors were produced. From such tumors, cell lines were established in culture, all of which were consistently negative for T antigen. We found previously by solution DNA hybridization methods that the tumor cells were depleted in the early region of SV40 DNA which codes for the T antigen. We postulated that this loss occurs through a DNA rearrangement of unknown mechanism in one or a few 106CSC cells and that the tumors are then produced from such a cell or cells, whereas all the T-antigen-positive 106CSC cells are rejected by immunologic means. In this investigation we showed by the DNA transfer method using appropriately selected SV40 DNA probes that indeed the tumor cell clone (130CSCT) we selected to investigate came from one 106CSC cell in which the T-antigen-coding SV40 DNA sequences (but not all the early SV40 DNA sequences) were lost by an excision and recombination mechanism. We also showed that the 130CSCT cells, which are highly tumorigenic, could again be transformed by SV40 and that the resulting T-antigen-positive cloned derivative cells became much less tumorigenic (approximately 10(5)-fold), apparently again because of immunologic recognition and rejection. Indeed, when 10(7) T-antigen-positive cloned cells were injected, all the T-antigen-positive cells were rejected and the tumor was produced again from one or more T-antigen-negative cells. Thus, a one-step in vivo transplantation experiment allowed a selection (for tumorigenicity and against the SV40 T antigen) of a mutant mammalian cell with a DNA deletion at a definable site.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Clone Cells
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- Fibrosarcoma/immunology
- Fibrosarcoma/microbiology
- Mice
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Simian virus 40/genetics
- Simian virus 40/immunology
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Kadhim S, Barrington-Leigh J. Correlation of tumor specific delayed type hypersensitivity reaction and tumor protection to SV40-induced mKSA fibrosarcoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1986; 21:39-44. [PMID: 3002606 PMCID: PMC11038935 DOI: 10.1007/bf00199375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/1985] [Accepted: 07/01/1985] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mice immunized by excision of a primary, subcutaneously growing SV40-induced mKSA solid tumor which resisted challenge of homologous tumor cells administered at a contralateral site, were found to develop a specific DTH response to SV40 tumor associated transplantation antigens (TATA). In a two-way criss-cross experiment, this DTH response (assessed by direct challenge) was found to be one-way SV40 specific in that chemically induced, non SV40, MCA tumor failed to elicit a DTH response in mice primed by excision of mKSA tumor. These mice also showed a corresponding one-way specific protection against challenge with live homologous mKSA sarcoma cells. In contrast immunization and challenge of MCA-excised mice with either MCA or mKSA tumor cells, exhibited cross-reactivity in both DTH response and protection against either tumor. Unlike this cross-immunity by the direct challenge method, transfer of "immune" spleen cells from mKSA or MCA excision-primed mice demonstrated a specific DTH response and protection to the original immunizing, homologous but not heterologous tumor. Tumor resistant, DTH-primed mice remained DTH reactive to the primary tumor cells over a period of 4 weeks. Characterization of the splenic T-DTH cells in mice primed by excision of mKSA tumor, indicated a Lyt 1+2+ phenotype of cells conferring both the DTH response and the immune protection against mKSA sarcoma in a local (Winn) adoptive transfer assay, thus reinforcing the correlation between the DTH response and the antitumor protection.
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