Case report: A case of Paget disease outside the axillary breast

BACKGROUND

Extramammary Paget disease is a relatively rare and less malignant intraepithelial adenocarcinoma. t is found in areas with abundant distribution of apocrine sweat glands such as the external genitalia, external genitalia, and perianal area, with fewer armpits. The disease progresses slowly and is prone to misdiagnosis in clinical practice.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed a female patient. She had a left axillary mass for more than 2 years. Recently, the mass increased and the surface skin was ulcerated. Then she went to Jiangxi Provincial Dermatology Hospital for left axillary lesion resection, and the postoperative pathology showed Paget disease outside the breast. For further diagnosis and treatment, she came to our hospital. We diagnosed a tumor with uncertain or unknown dynamics in the left axillary breast. Under general anesthesia, left subaxillary mass resection, freezing and left breast cancer breast conserving surgery was performed.

RESULTS

The postoperative pathology of the left axillary mass combined with morphological and immunohistochemical results was consistent with Paget disease. Postoperative immunohistochemistry showed estrogen receptor (+, 20%), progesterone receptor (-), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (3+), Ki-67 (30%), cytokine7 (+), and p63 (-). Following up for 22 months, there has been no local recurrence, no swelling of the right axillary lymph node, no distant metastasis found on follow-up, and no complications such as upper limb lymphedema, upper limb sensory abnormalities, or motor disorders have been observed.

CONCLUSION

Paget disease outside the axillary breast is relatively rare, and surgical resection is the best choice. The prognosis is good, and the recurrence rate is low.

msp1, msp2, and glurp genotyping to differentiate Plasmodium falciparum recrudescence from reinfections during prevention of reestablishment phase, Sri Lanka, 2014-2019

BACKGROUND

Sri Lanka after eliminating malaria in 2012, is in the prevention of re-establishment (POR) phase. Being a tropical country with high malariogenic potential, maintaining vigilance is important. All malaria cases are investigated epidemiologically and followed up by integrated drug efficacy surveillance (iDES). Occasionally, that alone is not adequate to differentiate Plasmodium falciparum reinfections from recrudescences. This study evaluated the World Health Organization and Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) recommended genotyping protocol for the merozoite surface proteins (msp1, msp2) and the glutamate-rich protein (glurp) to discriminate P. falciparum recrudescence from reinfection in POR phase.

METHODS

All P. falciparum patients detected from April 2014 to December 2019 were included in this study. Patients were treated and followed up by iDES up to 28 days and were advised to get tested if they develop fever at any time over the following year. Basic socio-demographic information including history of travel was obtained. Details of the malariogenic potential and reactive entomological and parasitological surveillance carried out by the Anti Malaria Campaign to exclude the possibility of local transmission were also collected. The msp1, msp2, and glurp genotyping was performed for initial and any recurrent infections. Classification of recurrent infections as recrudescence or reinfection was done based on epidemiological findings and was compared with the genotyping outcome.

RESULTS

Among 106 P. falciparum patients, six had recurrent infections. All the initial infections were imported, with a history of travel to malaria endemic countries. In all instances, the reactive entomological and parasitological surveillance had no evidence for local transmission. Five recurrences occurred within 28 days of follow-up and were classified as recrudescence. They have not travelled to malaria endemic countries between the initial and recurrent infections. The other had a recurrent infection after 105 days. It was assumed a reinfection, as he had travelled to the same malaria endemic country in between the two malaria attacks. Genotyping confirmed the recrudescence and the reinfection.

CONCLUSIONS

The msp1, msp2 and glurp genotyping method accurately differentiated reinfections from recrudescence. Since reinfection without a history of travel to a malaria endemic country would mean local transmission, combining genotyping outcome with epidemiological findings will assist classifying malaria cases without any ambiguity.

Woven bone formation and mineralization by rat mesenchymal stromal cells imply increased expression of the intermediate filament desmin

Background

Disordered and hypomineralized woven bone formation by dysfunctional mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) characterize delayed fracture healing and endocrine -metabolic bone disorders like fibrous dysplasia and Paget disease of bone. To shed light on molecular players in osteoblast differentiation, woven bone formation, and mineralization by MSCs we looked at the intermediate filament desmin (DES) during the skeletogenic commitment of rat bone marrow MSCs (rBMSCs), where its bone-related action remains elusive.

Results

Monolayer cultures of immunophenotypically- and morphologically - characterized, adult male rBMSCs showed co-localization of desmin (DES) with vimentin, F-actin, and runx2 in all cell morphotypes, each contributing to sparse and dense colonies. Proteomic analysis of these cells revealed a topologically-relevant interactome, focused on cytoskeletal and related enzymes//chaperone/signalling molecules linking DES to runx2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Osteogenic differentiation led to mineralized woven bone nodules confined to dense colonies, significantly smaller and more circular with respect to controls. It significantly increased also colony-forming efficiency and the number of DES-immunoreactive dense colonies, and immunostaining of co-localized DES/runx-2 and DES/ALP. These data confirmed pre-osteoblastic and osteoblastic differentiation, woven bone formation, and mineralization, supporting DES as a player in the molecular pathway leading to the osteogenic fate of rBMSCs.

Conclusion

Immunocytochemical and morphometric studies coupled with proteomic and bioinformatic analysis support the concept that DES may act as an upstream signal for the skeletogenic commitment of rBMSCs. Thus, we suggest that altered metabolism of osteoblasts, woven bone, and mineralization by dysfunctional BMSCs might early be revealed by changes in DES expression//levels. Non-union fractures and endocrine - metabolic bone disorders like fibrous dysplasia and Paget disease of bone might take advantage of this molecular evidence for their early diagnosis and follow-up.

P. falciparum msp1 and msp2 genetic diversity in P. falciparum single and mixed infection with P. malariae among the asymptomatic population in Southern Benin

Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae infections are prevalent in malaria-endemic countries. However, very little is known about their interactions especially the effect of P. malariae on P. falciparum genetic diversity. This study aimed to assess P. falciparum genetic diversity in P. falciparum and mixed infection P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates among the asymptomatic populations in Southern Benin. Two hundred and fifty blood samples (125 of P. falciparum and 125 P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates) were analysed by a nested PCR amplification of msp1 and msp2 genes. The R033 allelic family was the most represented for the msp1 gene in mono and mixed infection isolates (99.2% vs 86.4%), while the K1 family had the lowest frequency (38.3% vs 20.4%). However, with the msp2 gene, the two allelic families displayed similar frequencies in P. falciparum isolates while the 3D7 allelic family was more represented in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates (88.7%). Polyclonal infections were also lower (62.9%) in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates (p < 0.05). Overall, 96 individual alleles were identified (47 for msp1 and 49 for msp2) in P. falciparum isolates while a total of 50 individual alleles were identified (23 for msp1 and 27 for msp2) in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates. The Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) was lower in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates (p < 0.05). This study revealed a lower genetic diversity of P. falciparum in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates using msp1 and msp2 genes among the asymptomatic population in Southern Benin.

Dominant osteogenesis imperfecta with low bone turnover caused by a heterozygous SP7 variant

Mutations in SP7 (encoding osterix) have been identified as a rare cause of recessive osteogenesis imperfecta ('OI type XII') and in one case of dominant juvenile Paget's disease. We present the first description of young adult siblings with OI due to a unique heterozygous mutation in SP7. The phenotype was characterized by fragility fractures (primarily of the long bone diaphyses), poor healing, scoliosis, and dental malocclusion. Both siblings had very low cortical volumetric bone mineral density on peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the radius (z-scores -6.6 and - 6.7 at the diaphysis), porous cortices, and thin cortices at the radial metaphysis. Histomorphometry demonstrated thin cortices and low bone turnover with reduced osteoblast function. Both siblings were heterozygous for a missense variant affecting a highly conserved zinc finger domain of osterix (c.1019A > C; p.Glu340Ala) on DNA sequencing. Co-transfection of plasmids carrying the SP7 mutation with DLX5 and a luciferase reporter demonstrated that this variant impacted gene function (reduced transcription co-activation compared to wild-type SP7). The low cortical density and cortical porosity seen in our patients are consistent with previous reports of individuals with SP7 mutations. However, the low bone turnover in our patients contrasts with the high turnover state seen in previously reported patients with SP7 mutations. This report indicates that dominant variants in SP7 can give rise to OI. The predominant feature, low cortical density, is common in patients with other SP7 mutations, however other features appear to depend on the specific variant.

The Cure VCP Scientific Conference 2021: Molecular and clinical insights into neurodegeneration and myopathy linked to multisystem proteinopathy-1 (MSP-1)

The 2021 VCP Scientific Conference took place virtually from September 9–10, 2021. This conference, planned and organized by the nonprofit patient advocacy group Cure VCP Disease, Inc. (https://www.curevcp.org), was the first VCP focused meeting since the 215th ENMC International Workshop VCP-related multi-system proteinopathy in 2016 (Evangelista et al., 2016). Mutations in VCP cause a complex and heterogenous disease termed inclusion body myopathy (IBM) with Paget’s disease of the bone (PDB) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (IBMPFD), or multisystem proteinopathy 1 (MSP-1) Kimonis (n.d.), Kovach et al. (2001), Kimonis et al. (2000). In addition, VCP mutations also cause other age-related neurodegenerative disorders including amyptrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinsonism, Charcot-Marie type II-B, vacuolar tauopathy among others (Korb et al., 2022). The objectives of this conference were as follows: (1) to provide a forum that facilitates sharing of published and unpublished information on physiological roles of p97/VCP, and on how mutations of VCP lead to diseases; (2) to bolster understanding of mechanisms involved in p97/VCP-relevant diseases and to enable identification of therapeutics to treat these conditions; (3) to identify gaps and barriers of further discoveries and translational research in the p97/VCP field; (4) to set a concrete basic and translational research agenda for future studies including crucial discussions on biomarker discoveries and patient longitudinal studies to facilitate near-term clinical trials; (5) to accelerate cross-disciplinary research collaborations among p97/VCP researchers; (6) to enable attendees to learn about new tools and reagents with the potential to facilitate p97/VCP research; (7) to assist trainees in propelling their research and to foster mentorship from leaders in the field; and (8) to promote diversity and inclusion of under-represented minorities in p97/VCP research as diversity is critically important for strong scientific research. Given the range of topics, the VCP Scientific Conference brought together over one hundred and forty individuals representing a diverse group of research scientists, trainees, medical practitioners, industry representatives, and patient advocates. Twenty-five institutions with individuals from thirteen countries attended this virtual meeting. In this report, we summarize the major topics presented at this conference by a range of experts.

Paget's disease of the jaws: Histopathological features of a series of 31 cases

The aim of the present study was to analyze the histopathological features of Paget's disease of the jaws observed in a series comprising 31 cases. The study comprised all cases of Paget's disease of the jaws filed in the archives of the Surgical Pathology Laboratory of the Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, between 1960 and 2018. Their microscopic features were evaluated, and available clinical data and radiographic studies were analyzed. Paget's disease of the jaws accounted for 0.05% of retrieved oral-maxillofacial pathologies. Microscopically, all cases showed lamellar bone trabeculae with the characteristic mosaic pattern. Twenty cases (64%) showed osteoblastic-osteoclastic activity, and all showed areas of necrosis. Cemento-osseous trabeculae were observed in 15 cases (48%), and cementicles were observed in 13 (42%). Osteomyelitis was seen in 11 cases (35%), all of which showed cemento-osseous trabeculae with a mosaic structure, sclerosis and necrosis, and chronic inflammation with abscess formation. Mean age was 61 years (44-85 years); 19 cases were women. Localization was the maxilla in 13 cases (42%), and the disease involved other skeletal bones in five cases. To our knowledge, this is the largest series of Paget's disease of the jaws reported to date. Paget's disease is infrequent in the jaws and has distinct histopathological features that not only differ from those observed at other skeletal sites but also require differential diagnosis from other pathologies affecting the jaws exclusively.

Targeted Inactivation of Rin3 Increases Trabecular Bone Mass by Reducing Bone Resorption and Favouring Bone Formation

Common genetic variants at the RIN3 locus on chromosome 14q32 predispose to Paget's disease of bone (PDB) but the mechanisms by which they do so are unknown. Here, we analysed the skeletal phenotype of female mice with targeted inactivation of the mouse Rin3 gene (Rin3^-/-) as compared with wild-type littermates. The Rin3^-/- mice had higher trabecular bone volume (BV/TV%) compared with wild type. Mean ± standard deviation values at the distal femur at 8 weeks were 9.0 ± 2.5 vs. 7.0 ± 1.5 (p = 0.002) and at 52 weeks were 15.8 ± 9.5 vs. 8.5 ± 4.2 (p = 0.002). No differences were observed in femoral cortical bone parameters with the exception of marrow diameter which was significantly smaller in 52-week-old Rin3^-/- mice compared to wild type: (0.43 mm ± 0.1 vs. 0.57 mm ± 0.2 (p = 0.001). Bone histomorphometry showed a lower osteoclast surface / bone surface (Oc.S/BS%) at 8 weeks in Rin3^-/- mice compared to wild type (24.1 ± 4.7 vs. 29.7 ± 6.6; p = 0.025) but there were no significant differences in markers of bone formation at this time. At 52 weeks, Oc.S/BS did not differ between genotypes but single labelled perimeter (SL.Pm/B.Pm (%)) was significantly higher in Rin3^-/- mice (24.4 ± 6.4 vs. 16.5 ± 3.8, p = 0.003). We conclude that Rin3 negatively regulates trabecular bone mass in mice by inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption and favouring bone formation. Our observations also suggest that the variants that predispose to PDB in humans probably do so by causing a gain-in-function of RIN3.

Effects of Bisphosphonate Treatment on Circulating Lipid and Glucose Levels in Patients with Metabolic Bone Disorders

Bisphosphonates are the first-choice treatment of osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone. Among the bisphosphonates, the non-amino-bisphosphonates, such as clodronic acid, are intracellular converted into toxic analogues of ATP and induce cellular apoptosis whereas the amino-bisphosphonates, such as zoledronic acid, inhibit the farnesyl-diphosphate-synthase, an enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. This pathway regulates cholesterol and glucose homeostasis and is a target for statins. In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated the effects of an intravenous infusion of zoledronic acid (5 mg) or clodronic acid (1500 mg) on blood lipid (i.e. total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides) and glucose levels in patients with osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone. All patients were evaluated before, 1 and 6 months after bisphosphonate treatment. Pagetic and osteoporotic patients treated with zoledronic acid showed a significant reduction in glucose and atherogenic lipids during follow-up whereas these phenomena were not observed after clodronic treatment. The effect on circulating lipid levels was similar in naïve and re-treated Pagetic patients. Zoledronic acid treatment was associated with a reduction in blood glucose and atherogenic lipids in patients with metabolic bone disorders. The extent of change was similar to that obtained with the regular assumption of a low-intensity statin. Further studies are warranted to better evaluate the clinical implications of these observations.

Clodronate

Two early observations about the first generation bisphosphonate, clodronate, suggested that it would likely have clinical utility; specifically, it was a more potent anti-resorptive but a less potent inhibitor of mineralisation than its predecessor etidronate. The known mechanism of action differs from that of the later nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, as clodronate is metabolised intracellularly to a toxic analog of adenosine triphosphate, AppCCl2p, which causes mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired cellular energy metabolism and osteoclast apoptosis. For pre-clinical studies in a variety of disease models, liposomal clodronate has become the agent of choice for macrophage depletion, for example in a recent study to enhance haematopoietic chimerism and donor-specific skin allograft tolerance in a mouse model. For clinical use, clodronate was developed in oral and injectable formulations; while poorly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, its absorption at 1-3% of the administered dose is approximately three-fold higher than for nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. Following an early setback due to an erroneous association with toxic adverse events, a number of successful clinical studies have established clodronate, predominantly in its oral formulations, as a highly successful treatment in Paget's disease, hypercalcaemia (benign and malignant), multiple myeloma, and early or metastatic breast cancer. Novel uses in other disease areas, including veterinary use, continue to be explored.

History of etidronate

Etidronate is a non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate. Because it binds with calcium and inhibits crystal formation and dissolution, it was considered by Procter & Gamble as an additive to toothpaste (to prevent build-up of tartar) and detergent (to bind calcium and increase sudsing in "hard" water). The first clinical use (1968) was for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. The first approved clinical use (1977) was for treatment of Paget's disease of bone. Other approved indications are hypercalcemia of malignancy and heterotopic ossification, with a host of off-label uses (including fibrous dysplasia, periodontal disease, multiple myeloma, neuropathic arthropathy, pulmonary microlithiasis, diabetic retinopathy, bone metastases, melorheostosis, urinary stone disease, periodontal disease, etc.). Unique among bisphosphonates, etidronate (oral therapy) results in hyperphosphatemia, increased tubular reabsorption of phosphorus and increased levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The dose that reduces bone resorption is close to the dose that impairs mineralization; prolonged high-dose use can result in osteomalacia and bone fractures. Intermittent cyclic etidronate for osteoporosis resulted in favorable changes in bone density and histomorphometry (no mineralization defect) as well as a decrease in vertebral fracture rates in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Later studies showed similar effects in men with osteoporosis and patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Although its use for osteoporosis has given way to newer bisphosphonates and other agents, because of its unique properties, it remains the bisphosphonate of choice for treatment of heterotopic ossification.

Beethoven's autopsy revisited: A pathologist sounds a final note

This review of the original autopsy report of Beethoven's remains indicates Paget's disease within the skull, which was dense and twice normal thickness, with dilated vessels at the petrous bone. The facial nerves were enlarged and the eighth nerves atrophied despite their sharing a common meatus at the internal auditory canal. Nephrolithiasis and pyelonephritis with cortical and perinephric abscesses were also reported. The hypercalcaemia was probably caused by hyperparathyroidism, which may be associated with Paget's disease, and both may have played a role in his psychiatric symptoms as well as in his abdominal pain and gastrointestinal complaints. Since Paget's disease may also be associated with gout, some of the joint pains could be attributable to this as well. Hypovitaminosis A from chronic pancreatitis is suggested as a cause of painful eyes and either quinine abuse or severe hypercalcaemia as a cause of arrhythmias. Beethoven died of terminal cirrhosis with chronic pancreatitis, most likely related to chronic excessive intake of alcohol. Thus, Paget's disease, complicated by hyperparathyroidism, gout, and attempts to find relief of symptoms through the use of alcohol, quinine, and possibly salicylates can explain virtually all of Beethoven's medical problems, some of which appear to have influenced his musical compositions.

An integrated approach to consumer representation and involvement in a multicentre randomized controlled trial

Although, consumer involvement in individual studies is often limited, their involvement in guiding health research is generally considered to be beneficial. This paper outlines our experiences of an integrated relationship between the organisers of a clinical trial and a consumer organisation. The PRISM trial is a UK multicentre, randomized controlled trial comparing treatment strategies for Paget's disease of the bone. The National Association for the Relief of Paget's Disease (NARPD) is the only UK support group for sufferers of Paget's disease and has worked closely with the PRISM team from the outset. NARPD involvement is integral to the conduct of the trial and specific roles have included: peer-review; trial steering committee membership; provision of advice to participants, and promotion of the trial amongst Paget's disease patients. The integrated relationship has yielded benefits to both the trial and the consumer organisation. The benefits for the trial have included: recruitment of participants via NARPD contacts; well-informed participants; unsolicited patient advocacy of the trial; and interested and pro-active collaborators. For the NARPD and Paget's disease sufferers, benefits have included: increased awareness of Paget's disease; increased access to relevant health research; increased awareness of the NARPD services; and wider transfer of diagnosis and management knowledge to/from health care professionals. Our experience has shown that an integrated approach between a trial team and a consumer organisation is worthwhile. Adoption of such an approach in other trials may yield significant improvements in recruitment and quality of participant information flow. There are, however, resource implications for both parties.

A Genetic Study of Paget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans) in Monozygotic Twin Brothers

Observation of the behaviour of a pair of one-egg twins, incompletely concordant with resspect to Paget’s disease, is consistent with the courrent theory (based on 57 families in which the disease has occurred in more than one member of the family, and one other pair of one-egg twins), that the condition is of genetic origin, the gene responsible being an incompletely dominant autosomal gene with variable degrees of penetrance and expressivity.