Laser beam scanning using computer-generated holograms

A new laser grating scanner concept with attractive capabilities is described. The grating used in this scanner is a computer-generated hologram. The constructional parameters of this type of computer-generated hologram are discussed. In addition to achieving a laser beam deflection, the computer-generated hologram can correct the curvature of the scanning beam. Experiments demonstrating the feasibility of this type of scanner in a drum and disk configuration are presented. Realization of two-dimensional scan patterns using computer-generated holograms is illustrated by experimental results.

Contour map display using computer-generated holograms

A method for displaying contour maps of two-dimensional functions is described. The function is first recorded in a computer-generated hologram (CGH). Then the moire formed between the CGH and a regular grating creates a contour map of the function. This method allows the number of contours in the moiré to be increased even after the CGH is made. An example illustrates some interesting results when this method is used to display the equipotential lines or the lines of force of an electrical dipole in a uniform electric field.

Optical data storage using PPM and PWM

A method for analyzing the binary signal produced by pulse position modulation (PPM) and pulse width modulation (PWM) is presented. The results are used to study the conversion of analog signals into binary waveforms. The Fourier transform is a complex analog signal. A method of using a combination of PPM and PWM to make binary Fourier transform holograms of digital data is presented. Two optical methods for reading out the optically recorded PPM signals are discussed. Experimental results demonstrate the different aspects of these modulation techniques for optical storage.

Clinical evaluation of priming solutions for pump oxygenator perfusion

Various hemodilution agents are now used routinely to prime heart-lung machines for cardiac operations. Hemodilution has resulted in considerable conservation of blood as well as diminution of plasma and corpuscle damage by decreasing the concentration of these elements in blood during extracorporeal circulation. Controversy has existed regarding the relative efficacy of various hemodilution solutions. This study covers 68 patients, divided into three groups, for whom hemodilution was done as follows: (1) the pump was primed with a 5% dextrose solution containing no colloid; (2) Ringer's lactate solution containing approximately 1% low-molecular-weight dextran was used; and (3) a new plasma expander, hydroxyethyl starch, was used as the colloid component of an electrolyte solution. Evaluations and comparisons were carried out for flow rates, blood pressure, urine volume, hematocrit, BUN, blood loss, clotting factors, and the patient's clinical course with regard to pulmonary and neurological complications. We conclude that a colloid is beneficial, especially with longer perfusions.

Management of spontaneous pneumothorax

Recurrence is the most common complication of spontaneous pneumothorax. Open thoracotomy with resection of obliteration of blebs and parietal pleurectomy provides the best protection against recurrence. Twenty-seven consecutive patients underwent open thoracotomy for recurrent pneumothorax with no mortality and minimum morbidity and have remained free from recurrence. We believe that thoracotomy should be more widely used in the treatment of what is called spontaneous pneumothorax, since this treatment may remove the real cause of the disease.

The use of psychological test data to predict open-heart surgery outcome: a prospective study

In an attempt to predict survival of open-heart surgery, particularly among high risk subjects who undergo extra-corporeal circulation [ECG] using pump oxygenation perfusion, a preoperative battery including intellectual, personality and neuropsychological instruments and also ratings of cardiac impairment, was administered to 15 control [cardiac surgery without ECG] and 72 experimental [ECG] subjects. Subjects were divided into survivor [S] and fatality [F] groups, and preoperative test data were analyzed using multivariate stepwise discrimination techniques. In a variety of analyses, at least 86% and as high as 100% of subjects were correctly classified as survivors or fatalities on the basis of variables sampled, indicating the outcome of cardiac surgery may be predicted preoperatively with a high degree of accuracy.

Binary synthetic holograms

The positions and width of the fringes in a binary synthetic hologram are determined by the points at (x,y) that satisfy -q/2 </= x/T + Phi (x,y)/2pi + n </= q/2, where Phi(x,y) is the phase variation of the wavefront, T is the grating period, n is an integer, and q is a constant determining the fringe width. A method for finding an exact solution to this inequality is presented. The feasibility of the procedure has been tested by making binary synthetic holograms. Experimental results are presented, and extensions of the method are discussed.

The adult atrial septal defect: results of surgical repair

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Matched filter optical processor

A new tracking optical processor that uses a computer generated matched filter to process the synthetic aperture radar data is described. The general consideration in generating the matched filter is discussed in detail and some experimental results are presented.

Thermal stability of the deoxyribonucleic acid hybrids between the proteolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes

Percentage lesion of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybrids of 19 strains of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes was determined by the thermal stability method. The maximum noncomplementary lesion was 6–9%, but in most instances the lesions were much less than 6 or 9%. The results indicated that the DNA hybrids of C. botulinum and C. sporogenes tested were homologous, and that some of these toxic and nontoxic strains are closely related.

Destruction of toxic fungi with low concentrations of methyl bromide

Aspergillus parasiticus and Penicillium rubrum spores at the level of 10(4) to 10(5) / g were completely killed by prolonged exposure to 30 to 45 mg of methyl bromide per liter.

Enzymatic and 14C-mannitol studies of the Aspergillus mannitol metabolism

Aspergillus species (UC4177) accumulated mannitol from glucose substrate and it also used mannitol as the sole carbon source. Experiment with radioactive mannitol showed that the accumulation of mannitol and the oxidation of mannitol to CO2 proceeded simultaneously. The presence of glucose in the medium did not inhibit mannitol oxidation. Mannitol was oxidized at about 25% of the metabolic rate of glucose. The rate of mannitol oxidation and several of the enzymes directly involved in mannitol metabolism were unaffected by using glucose or mannitol as the sole source of carbon. Nine enzymes of glucose metabolism were tested and none appeared to limit the rate of glucose oxidation. Aspergillus phosphofructokinase was not inhibited by 2.4 mM ATP or 10 mM citrate. Possible enzymatic defects favoring mannitol accumulation were not found.

Sampled fourier transform hologram generated by computer

A technique to determine a real nonnegative function representing the transmittance of a synthesized hologram is described. The technique uses the positions of the samples in the synthesized hologram to record the phase information of a complex wavefront. Synthesized holograms are displayed on a flying spot scanner and recorded on film. The transmittance of the synthesized hologram is quantized into 256 levels because of a hardware limitation of the scanner.

Serine requirement in leukemic and normal blood cells

In a serine-deficient medium, cells from humangt chronic granulocytic leukemia and normal human bone marrow exhibited a marked inhibition of incorporation of-radioactive precursors of DNA, RNA, and protein into an acid insoluble cell fraction. Normal diploid human fibroblasts did not exhibit inhibition without serine. Chronic granulocytic leukemia and normal marrow cells were essentially unable to synthesize C(14)-serine from C(14)-glucose, while human diploid fibroblasts were highly capable of this synthesis.

Chromosomal alterations in marine fish cells in vitro

The modal chromosome number of the GF cell line is 46, consisting of 44 telocentrics and two metacentrics. Primary grunt fin tissue exhibits 2n = 48; all are telocentric chromosomes. The modal cell of the GF cell line does not represent the in vivo genetic constitution conserved by Robertsonian translocation since the modal cells are variously haploid or nullo for the chromosome pair bearing secondary constrictions. Despite the fact that GF cells possess 44 telocentric chromosomes, only limited centric fusion appears to have occurred during 8 years of culture in vitro.

Improved separation of sterols by column chromatography

Some closely related sterols have been separated on columns of neutral alumina-Super-Cel impregnated with silver nitrate. Most notable are the separations of some Delta(8)-sterols from their Delta(7)-isomers, separations which have been difficult, if not impossible, to achieve with other published column chromatographic methods.

Carbon balance of a mannitol fermentation and the biosynthetic pathway

The carbon balance was determined for a fermentation in which mannitol is produced from glucose by an Aspergillus species. The products found were: cells (17% of carbon input), CO(2) (26%), mannitol (35%), glycerol (10%), erythritol (2.5%), glycogen (1%), and unidentified compounds (8%). Thus, 92% of the carbon input was accounted for. Cell-free enzyme studies showed that mannitol was synthesized via the reduction of fructose-6-phosphate and not by the direct reduction of fructose. If the cell yield from glucose was assumed to be 50% and the theoretical conversion efficiency from glucose to polyols was 90%, as calculated from the energy balance, then 34% of the glucose carbon was used for growth and 53% was used for polyol formation.