501
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Smith AG, Shuster S, Thody AJ, Peberdy M. Chloasma, oral contraceptives, and plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. J Invest Dermatol 1977; 68:169-70. [PMID: 845449 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12492633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) has been measured in patients taking a progestogen-only oral contraceptive and in patients taking combined estrogen-progestogen therapy, of whom some had chloasma. Plasma levels did not differ significantly from those in a group of age- and sex-matched controls. It is concluded that the pigmentation of chloasma is not due to increased plasma concentrations of immunoreactive beta-MSH.
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502
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Edmonds CG, Smith AG, Brooks CJ. Analysis of sponge sterols as the trimethylsilyl ethers and as the corresponding 5 alpha-and delta 4-3-ketosteroids using open-tubular gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Application of selective enzymic oxidation. J Chromatogr A 1977; 133:372-7. [PMID: 838815 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)83499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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503
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Abstract
Slow viruses produce diseases whose incubation periods range from several months to many years. Because of this long latency period, the lack of inflammation produced by these diseases and the lack of recoverable virus particles, it is only recently that the association has been made between the viruses and the diseases they cause. The detailed study of kuru, a neurologic affliction of a remote tribe of cannibals in New Guinea, was responsible for the synthesis of new and previously gathered information into a unified framework to explain not only kuru but other diseases as well. Since then, animal models, transmission experiments and histologic and biochemical studies have unveiled new links connecting viruses to previously obscure neurologic, neurophthalmic and ophthalmic entities.
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504
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Smith AG, Holti GS, Shuster S. Immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and melanin pigmentation in systemic sclerosis. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1976; 2:733-4. [PMID: 974574 PMCID: PMC1688846 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.6038.733-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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505
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Smith AG, Brooks CJ. Cholesterol oxidases: properties and applications. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 7:705-13. [PMID: 790024 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(76)90071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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506
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Smith AG, Gaskell SJ, Brooks CJ. Trimethylsilyl group migration during electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry of the trimethylsilyl ethers of 20-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-ones and 20-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-ones. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1976; 3:161-5. [PMID: 963273 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The electron impact and chemical ionization (isobutane) mass spectra of the TMS derivatives of 20-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-ones and 20-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-ones include ions [M--44]+-attributable to loss of a CH3CHO fragment from C-17 with migration of the TMS group to the charge-retaining fragment. Mass spectra of isotopically labelled ([3-18O], [20-18O] and [2H9-TMS]) analogues are consistent with this mechanism; [2H9-TMS] labelling further indicates that subsequent loss of a methyl group from [M--44]+-ions does not involve the TMS group. Corresponding ions are not observed at significant abundance in the spectra of 20beta-trimethylsilyloxy-5alpha-pregnane and 20beta-trimethylsilyloxy-4-pregnen-3-one 3-O-methyloxime. In the electron impact mass spectrum of the t-butyldimethylsilyl ether of 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, an ion is observed corresponding to loss of 44 atomic mass units from the intense [M--C4H9]+ ion.
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507
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Abstract
Immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (beta-M.S.H.) has been detected in cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.). Samples of C.S.F. obtained from 30 patients gave a mean (+/- S.E.M.) concentration of 60.1 +/- 8.0 ng/1 of beta-M.S.H. This is significantly greater than the mean (+/- S.E.M.) plasma concentration of 16.1 +/- 1.1 ng/1 for normal adults. There was no relationship to disease state and no correlation was found between C.S.F. concentration of beta-M.S.H. and C.S.F. total protein. This finding of high concentrations of beta-M.S.H. in the C.S.F. therefore appears to be physiological and suggests that immunoreactive beta-M.S.H. may have an action on the central nervous system in man.
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508
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Smith AG, Shuster S, Thody AJ, Alvarez-Ude F, Kerr DN. Role of the kidney in regulating plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1976; 1:874-6. [PMID: 769907 PMCID: PMC1639603 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6014.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of the factors that influence the increase in plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) concentration in chronic renal failure showed that: (a) the increase correlated with the increase in serum creatinine concentrations; (b) beta-MSH was not cleared from the plasma by haemodialysis; (c) beta-MSH concentrations increased with length of time on dialysis and increased further after bilateral nephrectomy but there was no further increase with time; (d) beta-MSH levels decreased to normal after renal transplantation; and (e) beta-MSH was excreted in urine only when plasma levels rose to well above those of chronic renal failure (in Nelson's syndrome). These findings suggest that the kidney regulated plasma beta-MSH by a non-excretory mechanism and is the major site of beta-MSH metabolism.
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509
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Levy JG, Smith AG, Whitney RB, McMaster R, Kilburn DG. Characterization of a T-lymphocyte inhibitor in the serum of tumour-bearing mice. Immunology 1976; 30:565-73. [PMID: 131782 PMCID: PMC1445012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sera from mice with large tumours from a variety of tissue types and sources have been shown to contain substances capable of suppressing the proliferative response of normal mouse lymphocytes to concanavalin A (Con A), bacterial endotoxin (LPS) and allogeneic cells. The present paper deals with studies on the nature of these inhibitory materials using mainly a methylcholanthrene-induced rhabdomyosarcoma in DBA/2J mice. It was found that a material responsible for inhibition of the Con A response eluted with immunoglobulins on Sephadex G-150 and eluted with monomeric immunoglobulin on Sephadex G-200. The component of tumour-bearer serum responsible for the suppression of the LPS response of normal lymphocytes eluted from Sephadex G-150 with the alpha and beta globulins and albumin (molecular weight less than 150,000). The immunoglobulin-containing serum fraction from tumour-bearing animals inhibited the mixed lymphocyte response, Con A response, and specific immune response to purified protein derivative (PPD) in allogeneic cell systems. It also inhibited the in vitro primary response of mouse cells to sheep red blood cells, and, to a lesser extent, the response to a T cell-independent antigen (DNP-dextran). The inhibitory activity continued to elute with monomeric IgG on Sephadex G-200 when columns were run in 1640 medium and adjusted to pH 2-5, indicating that an acid dissociable complex was not responsible for inhibitory activity. Inhibitor activity could be removed by absorption on immuno-adsorbents containing goat anti-mouse immuno-globulin, and could be recovered by acid elution from the absorbent. Inhibitor activity was not removed by immunoadsorption on columns prepared with antisera to chicken immunoglobulin.
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510
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Smith AG, Brooks CJ. Mass spectra of delta 4- and 5 alpha-3-ketosteroids formed during the oxidation of some 3 beta-hydroxysteroids by cholesterol oxidase. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1976; 3:81-7. [PMID: 1268323 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-six delta5- and 5'alpha-3beta-hydroxysteroids have been oxidized with cholesterol oxidase to give the corresponding delta4- and 5alpha-3-ketosteroids, respectively. The mass spectral characteristics of the products (or their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives, in the case of 3-keto-hydroxysteroids) varied considerably, depending especially on the nature of the C-17 sidechain. The ion of m/e 124 (or its equivalent) from cleavage of ring B was frequently a major fragment from delta4-3-ketosteroids, but in some instances was of insignificant abundance. Trimethylsilylation of the product of the oxidation of neoergosterol gave neoergosterone enol-trimethylsilyl ether. Fragmentations of the sidechain predominated in the mass spectra of the 5alpha-3-ketosteroids.
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511
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Smith AG, Gilbert JD, Harland WA, Brooks CJ. The identification of prostaglandin F2alpha in human aortal media. Biochem Soc Trans 1976; 4:108-11. [PMID: 1001608 DOI: 10.1042/bst0040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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512
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Shuster S, Goolamali SK, Smith AG, Thody AJ, Alvarez-Ude F, Kerr DN. Decreased sebum excretion in chronic renal failure. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1976; 1:23-4. [PMID: 1247719 PMCID: PMC1638260 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6000.23-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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513
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Brooks CJ, Smith AG. Cholesterol oxidase. Further studies of substrate specificity in relation to the analytical characterisation of steroids. J Chromatogr A 1975; 112:499-511. [PMID: 1184684 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)99979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The substrate specificity of cholesterol oxidase has been further examined with respect to the size and shape of the steroid 17beta-side-chain and oxygenation of the nucleus. The relatively unreactive 17-keto-delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroids were converted to satisfactory substrates by formation of the isopentyl- or benzyloximes. The results obtained have been used to illustrate further uses of the enzyme in the gas-phase analytical characterisation and selective oxidation steroids. Oxidations were studied by kinetic experiments, gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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514
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Beheshti F, Smith AG, Krause GW. Germ tube and chlamydospore formation by Candida albicans on a new medium. J Clin Microbiol 1975; 2:345-8. [PMID: 1102561 PMCID: PMC362807 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.2.4.345-348.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new medium composed of "cream of rice" infusion, oxgall, Tween 80, and agar is described for the sequential development of germ tubes and chlamydospores by Candida albicans. The procedure used (Dalmau's technique) is an improvement over the fluid substrate procedures previously advocated for germ tube formation. That the same preparation is then used for chlamydospore production is of practical importance for the clinical mycology laboratory.
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515
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Smith AG, Brooks CJ. Studies of the substrate specificity of cholesterol oxidase from Nocardia erythropolis in the oxidation of 3-hydroxy steroids. Biochem Soc Trans 1975; 3:675-7. [PMID: 1193264 DOI: 10.1042/bst0030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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516
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Watson RD, Smith AG, Levy JG. The detection by immunodiffusion of tumour associated antigenic components in extracts of human bronchongenic carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1975; 32:300-9. [PMID: 61039 PMCID: PMC2024736 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1975.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisera to extracts of a variety of bronchogenic carcinoma were raised in rabbits and extensively absorbed with immunoadsorbents prepared with normal lung extracts cyanogen bromide linked to Sepharose 4B, and glutaraldehyde insolubilized normal lung extracts. The antisera were tested by immunodiffusion against a panel of extracts from a variety of bronchogenic carcinoma, foetal lung extracts and pools of normal lung extracts. The results indicate that two distinct antigenic components are associated with bronchogenic carcinoma; one which is present in a high percentage of the tumour extracts tested and appears to have partial identity with a foetal lung component, and one (or more) which is not foetal and appears to have higher cross-reactivity (but not exclusively) with tumours of the same pathological type. Attempts to detect either antibody or antigens relating to these components in the serum of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma by these techniques were unsuccessful. The foetal cross-reacting component was neither carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha1-foetoprotein.
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517
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Smith AG, Jiji RM. Cutaneous infection due to a rough variant of Mycobacterium marinum. Am J Clin Pathol 1975; 64:263-70. [PMID: 1098441 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/64.2.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spreading lesions clinically resembling lymphangitic sporotrichosis developed on the right arm and chest of a 60-year-old man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Acid-fast bacilli were seen in exudates from lesions and in biopsies, and were cultured from them. The isolant grew initially as a yellowish-orange scotochromogen on Lowenstein-Jensen medium at room temperature and at 35 C., but failed to grow at 37 C. It failed to grow on 7-H-10 medium. On repeated subculturing over a 2-year period it gradually converted to a photochromogen. Histologically, there was ulceration with extensive acute and chronic inflammation with fibrosis. Organisms occurred intracellularly as dense, compact, cigar-like packets resembling lepara bacilli. The appeared to have a predilection for the nucleus. The patient was anergic to PPD S, B, Y and G, and lacked antibodies to BCG phosphoglycolipids. The mycobacteriosis was alleviated by combined INH and ethambutol therapy. The isolant was identified as a rough variant of Mycobacterium marinum. It may have been transmitted by an insect vector.
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518
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Guin LW, Griswold KE, Patton S, Kamm RC, Smith AG. Electrophoretic characterization of plasma RNA. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1975; 13:224-30. [PMID: 1203062 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(75)90079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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519
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Gaskell SJ, Smith AG, Brooks CJW. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry of trimethylsilyl ethers of sidechain hydroxylated Δ4-3-ketosteroids. Long range trimethylsilyl group migration under electron impact. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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520
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Smith AG, Little RR. The Bactec 225—A Radiometric Technique for the Detection of Bacteremia. Lab Med 1975. [DOI: 10.1093/labmed/6.4.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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521
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Smith AG, Shuster S, Comaish JS, Plummer NA, Thody AJ, Alvarez-Ude F, Kerr DN. Plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and skin pigmentation in chronic renal failure. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1975; 1:658-9. [PMID: 1125653 PMCID: PMC1672908 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5959.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) concentrations were greatly increased in patients with chronic renal failure. There was no correlation between the severity of the renal failure or the degree of pigmentation and the plasma beta-MSH levels.
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522
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Whitney RB, Levy JG, Smith AG. Studies on the effector cell of anti-tumour immunity in a chemically induced mouse tumour system. Br J Cancer 1975; 31:157-63. [PMID: 1080668 PMCID: PMC2009404 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1975.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen cells from mice immunized against a methylcholanthrene induced rhabdomyosarcoma inhibited tumour cell colony formation in vitro and prevented tumour development in vivo in an adoptive transfer test. Treatment of the immune spleen cells with anti-mouse immunoglobulin serum or passage through a nylon wool column, both of which reduced the percentage of immunoglobulin bearing cells in the population to less than 3-4%, did not alter their anti-tumour effects. In contrast, treatment of the spleen cells with anti-BAomicron serum abolished their anti-tumour effects both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that T cells are the mediators of tumour immunity in this chemically induced tumour system.
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523
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Kamm RC, Smith AG. Plasma deoxyribonucleic acid concentrations of women in labor and umbilical cords. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 121:29-31. [PMID: 1115112 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(75)90969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in plasma from 30 women in labor and plasma from the umbilical cords was determined with a rapid, inexpensive, and simple fluorometric method. These concentrations of DNA were compared to the plasma DNA concentrations of nonpregnant women. The mean plasma DNA concentration of women in labor was significantly lower than the mean plasma DNA concentration of nonpregnant women in the use of 99 per cent confidence limits. The mean plasma DNA concentration of umbilical cords during the third stage of labor was significantly lower than the mean plasma DNA concentrations of women in labor with the use of 99 per cent confidence limits and of nonpregnant women using 99.9 per cent confidence limits.
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524
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Smith AG, Goad LJ. The conversion of cholest-5-en-3beta-ol into cholest-7-en-3beta-ol by the echinoderms Asterias rubens and Solaster papposus. Biochem J 1975; 146:35-40. [PMID: 1147903 PMCID: PMC1165273 DOI: 10.1042/bj1460035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The echinoderms Asterias rubens and Solaster papposus (Class Asteroidea) metabolize injected [4(-14)C]cholest-5-en-3beta-ol to produce labelled 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol and 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol. 2. Conversion of 5alpha-[4(-14)C]cholestan-3beta-ol into 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol was demonstrated in A. Rubens. 3. Incubations of A. rubens with [4(-14)C]cholest-4-en-3-one resulted in the production of labelled 5alpha-cholestan-3-one, 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol and 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol. 4. [4(-14)C]Sitosterol was metabolized by A. rubens to give 5alpha-stigmastan-3beta-ol and 5alpha-stigmast-7-en-3beta-ol. 5. The significance of these results in relation to the presence of alpha7 sterols in starfish is discussed.
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525
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Abstract
1. [2(-14)C]Mevalonic acid injected into the echinoderm Asterias rubens (Class Asteroidea) was effectively incorporated into the non-saponifiable lipid. 2. The most extensively labelled compounds were squalene and the 4,4-dimethyl sterols with much lower incorporations into the 4alpha-monomethyl and 4-demethyl sterol fractions. 3. Labelled compounds identified were squalene, lanosterol, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol and 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol; these are all intermediates in sterol biosynthesis. 4. The major sterol in A. rubens, 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol, was also labelled showing that this echinoderm is capable of sterol biosynthesis de novo. 5. No evidence was obtained for the incorporation of [2(-14)C]mevalonic acid into the C28 and C29 components of the 4-demethyl sterols or 9beta,19-cyclopropane sterols found in A. rubens and it is assumed that these sterols are of dietary origin. 6. Another starfish Henricia sanguinolenta also incorporated [2(-14)C]mevalonic acid into squalene and lanosterol. 7. Various isolated tissues of A. rubens were all capable of incorporation of [2(-14)C]mevalonic acid into the nonsaponifiable lipid. With the body-wall and stomach tissues radioactivity accumulated in squalene and the 4,4-dimethyl sterols, but with the gonads and pyloric caecae there was a more efficient incorporation of radioactivity into the 4-demethyl sterols, principally 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol.
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526
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Abstract
The main conclusion from abiotic syntheses is that modern organisms prefer molecular units that are easy to make. This could be the result of selection pressures during very early evolution rather than a reflection of the large scale molecular environment within which life first arose. As previously discussed (Cairns-Smith, 1971) there seems to be no good reason to limit our thinking on initial hereditary systems to those with chemical similarity to modern forms.
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527
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528
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Smith AG, Little RR. Detection of bacteremia by an automated radiometric method and a tubed broth method. ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND LABORATORY SCIENCE 1974; 4:448-55. [PMID: 4154720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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529
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Levy JG, Whitney RB, Smith AG, Panno L. The relationship of immune status to the efficacy of immunotherapy in preventing tumour recurrence in mice. Br J Cancer 1974; 30:289-96. [PMID: 4447774 PMCID: PMC2009297 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1974.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunotherapeutic value of tumour extracts or B.C.G. in preventing either the occurrence of primary tumours or the recurrence of tumours in surgically resected animals has been examined. A transplantable methylcholanthrene induced tumour in DBA/2J mice was used. Neither tumour extract nor chemically modified extract was effective in preventing tumour growth in immunized animals, even though the mice demonstrated measurable levels of cell mediated tumour immunity at the time of tumour challenge. The frequency of tumour recurrence after resection of small tumours (about 1·0 g) was significantly lowered by treatment of the mice with a combination of B.C.G. and either modified or unmodified tumour extract. The frequency of recurrence after resection of large tumours (about 2·5 g) was not affected by any form of immunotherapy although the survival time of treated animals was significantly prolonged. The immunological status of animals with small and large tumours was examined and it was shown that mice with 1·0 g tumours have unimpaired mitogen responsiveness and measurable tumour specific immunity, whereas mice bearing large tumours (2·5 g) have a markedly impaired immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- BCG Vaccine/therapeutic use
- Cell Division
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Guinea Pigs
- Immunity, Cellular
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Methylcholanthrene
- Mice
- Mitogens/pharmacology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control
- Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Neoplasms, Experimental/surgery
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Spleen/immunology
- Tissue Extracts/administration & dosage
- Tissue Extracts/immunology
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530
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Abstract
1. The 4-demethyl sterols of Echinus esculentus consisted of cholesterol as the major component, with lower concentrations of nine other C(26), C(27), C(28) and C(29) Delta(5) sterols. 2. [2-(14)C]Mevalonic acid was readily incorporated by the urchin into squalene, lanosterol and desmosterol but only to a small extent into cholesterol. 3. [26-(14)C]Desmosterol did not appear to be reduced to give cholesterol, but conversion of 5alpha-[2-(3)H(2)]lanost-8-en-3beta-ol into cholesterol was observed. 4. No C-24 dealkylation of [4-(14)C]sitosterol or metabolism of [4-(14)C]cholesterol could be detected.
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531
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Whitney RB, Levy JG, Smith AG. Influence of tumor size and surgical resection on cell-mediated immunity in mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1974; 53:111-6. [PMID: 4835101 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/53.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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532
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Smith AG, Gilbert JD, Harland WA, Brooks CJ. The isolation of cholest-5-ene-3beta,26-diol from human brain. Biochem J 1974; 139:793-5. [PMID: 4854921 PMCID: PMC1166347 DOI: 10.1042/bj1390793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,26-diol, isolated from human brain, was further characterized by oxidation to 3-oxocholest-4-en-26-ol and to 3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid. Identification was achieved by comparison (by t.l.c., g.l.c. and g.l.c.-mass spectrometry) with corresponding reference compounds derived from kryptogenin.
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533
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Smith AG, Greaves MW. Blood prostaglandin activity associated with noradrenaline-provoked flush in the carcinoid syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1974; 90:547-51. [PMID: 4833791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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534
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Watson RD, Smith AG, Levy JG. The use of immunoadsorbent columns for the isolation of antibodies specific for antigens associated with human bronchogenic carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1974; 29:183-8. [PMID: 4208459 PMCID: PMC2009101 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1974.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunoadsorbent technique is described whereby tumour-specific antibodies may be isolated. Extracts from normal human lung tissue were pooled and bound to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose 4B. Antisera raised in rabbits to a variety of extracts from human bronchogenic carcinoma were passed through these immunoadsorbent columns to yield antisera specific for tumour-associated antigens as demonstrated by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.
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535
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Thody AJ, Shuster S, Plummer NA, Bogie W, Leigh RJ, Goolamali SK, Smith AG. The lack of effect of MSH release inhibiting factor (MIF) ON THE SECRETION OF BETA-MSH in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974; 38:491-3. [PMID: 4815177 DOI: 10.1210/jcem-38-3-491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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536
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537
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Abstract
1. Twenty-two sterols were identified in the starfish Asterias rubens (Phylum, Echinodermata; Class, Asteroidea). 2. The major 4-demethyl sterols had a Delta(7) bond and the C(27) compound 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol predominated over other mono- and di-unsaturated sterols belonging to the C(26), C(27), C(28) and C(29) series. 3. Small amounts of cholest-5-en-3beta-ol and 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol were also present. 4. The minor sterols identified all contained either one or two methyl groups at C-4 and are considered to be potential biosynthetic precursors of 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol. 5. Three sterols possessing a 9beta,19-cyclopropane ring were also isolated and were probably derived by the starfish from a dietary source.
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538
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Smith AG, Young JH. When folk medicine flourished in the shadows of Grady Hospital. MEDICINE AT EMORY 1973; 11:42-52. [PMID: 11614918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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539
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Smith AG, Harland WA, Brooks CJ. Glutathione peroxidase in human and animal aortas. STEROIDS AND LIPIDS RESEARCH 1973; 4:122-8. [PMID: 4764624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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540
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Smith AG, Harland WA, Gilbert JD, Brooks CJ. Tissue reactions to lipids of human atheroma. J Pathol 1973; 109:Pii. [PMID: 4719746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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541
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542
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Smith AG, Goodfellow R, Goad LJ. The intermediacy of 3-oxo steroids in the conversion of cholest-5-en-3 -ol into 5 -cholestan-3 -ol by the starfish Asterias rubens and Porania pulvillus. Biochem J 1972; 128:1371-2. [PMID: 4566194 PMCID: PMC1174029 DOI: 10.1042/bj1281371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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543
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Smith AG, Rohde PA. A new technique for isolating pathogenic fungi from mixed flora inocula. MYCOPATHOLOGIA ET MYCOLOGIA APPLICATA 1972; 47:105-20. [PMID: 4557392 DOI: 10.1007/bf02126158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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544
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Kamm RC, Smith AG. Nucleic acid concentrations in normal human plasma. Clin Chem 1972; 18:519-22. [PMID: 5026765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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545
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Goad LJ, Rubinstein I, Smith AG. The sterols of echinoderms. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1972; 180:223-46. [PMID: 4401778 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1972.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pioneering work of Bergmann and his colleagues demonstrated that marine invertebrates in many cases contain complex sterol mixtures consisting of C
27
, C
28
and C
29
sterols of varying degrees of unsaturation (Bergmann 1949, 1962). The sterols found in the phylum Echinodermata have proved of particular interest not only from the point of view of their composition and biological origin but also from phylogenetic considerations. Dorée (1909) first recognized that the sterol of a starfish differed from cholesterol, the typical sterol of higher animals. Later Kossel & Edlbacher (1915) obtained the sterol from a starfish,
Asteropecten aurantiacus
, and named it stellasterol. Subsequently Bergmann & Stansbury (1944) concluded that starfish sterols are mixtures which include stellastenol (1) and stellasterol, the 22, 23-dihydro derative of stellastenol (Shoppee 1964) Extending their studies Bergmann and co-workers demonstrated that the echinoderms can be divided into two groups on the basis of the types of sterol which they contain. Crinoidea (sea lilies), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) and Echinoidea (sea urchins) contain sterols with a ∆
5
bond while the Asteroidea (starfish) and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) contain mixtures in which sterols with a ∆
7
bond predominate (Bergmann 1962). This division of echinoderms according to sterol type has recently been confirmed by Gupta & Scheuer (1968) using more modern methods of sterol analysis. Bergmann (1962) concluded that the distribution of ∆
5
and ∆
7
sterols in the different classes of echinoderms is a reflexion of the phylogenetic relationships which exist in the phylum. From embryological evidence there is a close relationship between the asteroids and holothuroids on the one hand and the ophiuroids and echinoids on the other (Bergmann 1962; Hyman 1955). In addition to the data on sterols other comparative biochemical evidence on the occurrence and distribution of batyl alcohol, spinochromes and phosphagens in echinoderms is in accord with these phylogenetic relationships (Singh, Moore & Scheuer 1967; Bolker 1967
α
). The validity of the embryological and biochemical evidence, however, has been contested by Fell who regards the asteroids to be more closely related to the ophiuroids while the holothuroids have some affinities with the echinoids (Fell 1948, 1963, 1965; Fell & Pawson 1966; Bolker 1967
α
).
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546
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Wood CD, Perkins GF, Smith AG, Reaux JM. Response of the cardiovascular system in oxygen toxicity. AEROSPACE MEDICINE 1972; 43:162-7. [PMID: 5018584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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547
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Redetzki HM, Koerner TA, Hughes JR, Smith AG. Osmometry in the evaluation of alcohol intoxication. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 1972; 5:343-63. [PMID: 5073818 DOI: 10.3109/15563657208991014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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548
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Jackson FC, Perrin EB, Felix WR, Smith AG. A clinical investigation of the portacaval shunt. V. Survival analysis of the therapeutic operation. Ann Surg 1971; 174:672-701. [PMID: 5098227 PMCID: PMC1397674 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-197110000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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549
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Smith AG, Goad LJ. Sterol biosynthesis in the starfish Asterias rubens and Henricia sanguinolenta. Biochem J 1971; 123:671-3. [PMID: 5126917 PMCID: PMC1177012 DOI: 10.1042/bj1230671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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550
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Smith AG, Schrader HW, Richardson WW. Response of type illa-j kodak spectroscopic plates to baking in various controlled atmospheres. APPLIED OPTICS 1971; 10:1597-1599. [PMID: 20111169 DOI: 10.1364/ao.10.001597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new emulsion with excellent signal-to-noise characteristics has been hypersensitized to speeds practicable for astronomical applications by baking in a controlled nitrogen atmosphere. Important gains are achieved in speed and fog suppression relative to the usual procedure of baking in air.
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