[Susceptibility gene location of simple congenital heart defect by transmission disequilibrium test]

OBJECTIVE

To locate the susceptibility gene of human simple congenital heart defect(CHD) and provide a sound basis for further gene cloning.

METHODS

Three short tandem repeats(STRs) in regions of chromosome 7p14-15, 17q21 where exist Hox gene family's A, B clusters which regulate the embryonic heart development were chosen. Genotypes of 112 members in 39 CHD families were analyzed by amplifying the STR fragments using fluorescence-PCR technique. Then transmission disequilibrium test(TDT) was used to test the data of genotypes.

RESULTS

Statistical chi(2) values of D7S1808, D7S673 and D17S791 were 31.3(P<0.005), 11.12(P<0.05) and 6.65 (P>0.05) respectively. These suggest that the former two are associated with CHD, while the latter is not.

CONCLUSION

Human simple CHD is associated with Hox gene A cluster. Hox A gene may be a candidate CHD's susceptive genes. The location of the CHD's susceptive genes is in chromosome 7p14-15.

Dynamic DNA contacts observed in the NMR structure of winged helix protein-DNA complex

Genesis is an HNF-3/fkh homologous protein. By using multi-dimensional NMR techniques, we have obtained the solution structure and backbone dynamics of Genesis complexed with a 17 base-pair DNA. Our results indicate that both the local folding and dynamic properties of Genesis are perturbed when it binds to the DNA site. Our data show that a conserved flexible amino acid sequence (wing 1) makes dynamic contacts to DNA in the complex and a short helix is induced by Genesis-DNA interactions. Our data indicate that, unlike the HNF-3gamma/DNA complex, a magnesium ion is not required in forming the stable Genesis-DNA complex.

The binding interface between an E2 (UBC9) and a ubiquitin homologue (UBL1)

Human UBC9 is a member of the E2 (ubiquitin conjugation enzyme) family of proteins. Instead of conjugating to ubiquitin, it conjugates with a ubiquitin homologue UBL1 (also known as SUMO-1, GMP1, SMTP3, PIC1, and sentrin). UBC9 has been shown to be involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and p53-dependent processes. The binding interfaces of the UBC9 and UBL1 complex have been determined by chemical shift perturbation using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The binding site of UBL1 resides on the ubiquitin domain, and the binding site of UBC9 is located on a structurally conserved region of E2. Because the UBC9-UBL1 system shares many similarities with the ubiquitin system in structures and in conjugation with each other and with target proteins, the observed binding interfaces may be conserved in E2-ubiquitin interactions in general.

Expression and localization of histamine H2 receptor messenger RNA in human nasal mucosa

BACKGROUND

Histamine is an important chemical mediator in allergic rhinitis. Histamine H2 receptor (H2R) stimulation controls histamine release and mediates mucus secretion, suggesting that H2R might play some role in allergic rhinitis.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to examine whether H2R mRNA expression is increased in patients with allergic rhinitis compared with normal subjects and to determine the localization of H2R mRNA in the human nasal mucosa.

METHODS

We extracted RNA from scrapings of the inferior turbinate mucosa of 11 patients with allergic rhinitis. H2R and beta-actin mRNA were amplified by RT-PCR. In situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled H2R cRNA probe was performed on surgical specimens of nasal turbinate of patients with allergic rhinitis.

RESULTS

The mean +/- SD of H2R/beta-actin ratios were 0.12 +/- 0.16 for the scrapings of normal subjects and 0.35 +/- 0.20 for the scrapings of patients with allergic rhinitis; the difference was statistically significant (P <.01). H2R mRNA was localized in the epithelium, serous cells, and mucous cells.

CONCLUSION

These data suggest that H2R mRNA is localized in the epithelium and the submucosal glands and that increased H2R may be playing some role in patients with allergic rhinitis.

Identification of IY81149 and its metabolites in the rat plasma using the on-line HPLC/ESI mass spectrometry

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) with an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface was applied to the identification of metabolites of IY 81149 in the rat plasma. Fragments obtained using collision-induced dissociation (CID) in both positive and negative modes were utilized to elucidate the structure of metabolites. The eluent from the conventional HPLC column was split and directly introduced into an ESI-mass spectrometer for the identification of the structures. The CID technique allowed the sensitive identification of sulfonyl-IY81149 and hydroxy-IY81149 from the rat plasma.

The killing effect of photodynamic therapy using benzoporphyrin derivative on retinoblastoma cell line in vitro

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the killing effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using new photosensitizer benzoporphyrin derivative complexed with human low density lipoprotein on retinoblastoma (RB) cell line in vitro.

METHODS

The experiment of photodynamic killing effect on RB cell line in vitro was performed by using benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD or Verteporfin) and monochromatic light at the wavelength around 690 nm. Seven BPD concentrations (2,500 ng/ml, 1,250 ng/ml, 625 ng/ml, 312.5 ng/ml, 156.25 ng/ml, 78.125 ng/ml, 39.0625 ng/ml) and three energy densities (1.2 J/cm2, 2.4 J/cm2 and 3.6 J/cm2) were applied. The damage of the tumor cells was evaluated by MTT assay 24 hours after PDT. The changes of the ultrastructure of RB cells were observed under eleceronic microscope 4 hours after PDT.

RESULTS

There was a significant dose-response relationship between tumor cell damage and BPD concentration in the medium under light irradiation at the energy density of 1.2 J/cm2. At each BPD concentration, the inhibition rate increased with the rise of energy density. RB tumor cell necrosis was found widely under electronic microscope.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggested that RB cells are very sensitive to the PDT induced by BPD in vitro. RB tumor cell were directly killed by photodynamic effect induced by BPD.

Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) characterisation of pericentromeric breakpoints on chromosome 5 in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

Pericentromeric rearrangements, such as isochromosomes and whole-arm translocations, are frequently encountered in short-term cultures from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). To characterise further the localisation of the breakpoints in such rearrangements, metaphase cells from seven HNSCC known to carry structural rearrangements of the pericentromeric region of chromosome 5 were investigated using fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) techniques. With a whole chromosome painting probe it could be confirmed that all chromosome 5 rearrangements identified at cytogenetic analysis contained chromosome 5 material. By using a centromere-specific alpha satellite probe it could be shown, however, that cytogenetically identical derivative chromosomes had different breakpoints. Thus, we conclude that the results of the present investigation add further support to the hypothesis that the essential outcome of near-centromeric chromosome rearrangements is the creation of genomic imbalances, i.e. gain and/or loss of neoplasia-associated genes.

A study on the compliance of the patients with ocular fundus diseases

PURPOSE

To investigate the compliance of the patients with ocular fundus diseases with recommendation for follow-up examination after laser treatment, and the underlying reasons for non-compliance.

METHODS

53 patients with ocular fundus disease were asked to fill in a questionnaire which includes the socio-demographic characteristics, fear of the fundus disease, conception of the laser treatment and the motivation for staying healthy. Variables were compared for the compliers group and the non-compliers group by chi-square test.

RESULT

Of the 53 subjects, 35 were classified as non-compliers and 18 were classified as compliers. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups on all selected socio-demographic factors, conception of the laser treatment and the motivation for staying healthy. Significant difference was found between the two groups on two of those items concerning the fear of the diseases (P < 0.05). About half of the participants showed the lack of knowledge about the laser treatment.

CONCLUSION

The present study revealed the poor compliance of the patients with fundus disease. Patient's health beliefs influenced their compliance status.

[Partial gene clone and nif gene homologous sequence analysis of Streptococcus sanguis]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the sequence of Streptococcus sanguis chromosome which contains one DNA fragment of 800 base pairs (bp) and discuss Streptococcus sanguis biological features of heredity.

METHODS

Streptococcus DNA of 800-bp genetic fragment was cloned and analyzed by using eukaryotic expression vector.

RESULTS

By Genbank database, it showed that the 800-bp genetic sequence was highly homologous with other bacterial nifS and nifU gene, and the highest homologous score was 114.

CONCLUSION

This nif gene of ATCC 10556 strain may correlate with nutrient metabolism and peroxide hydrogen release of Streptococcus sanguis.

[Observation of autoionization levels in uranium I]

A number of Rydberg and autoionization levels of U I have been studied using three-step resonant ionization methods with three pulsed tunable dye lasers. Energy levels of uranium atom have been measured, which were located in the 49898-50880 cm(-1) energy interval.

A field emission SEM and HVTEM study of collagen fiber bundles in the lamina propria of the palatine mucosa in the developing mouse

The ultrastructural development of the surface belonging to the epithelium-connective tissue interface of the hard and soft palatine mucosa of mouse was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy and high voltage transmission electron microscopy methods. The tissues were analysed at 18 days of gestation, and, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30 and 90 days after birth. The three-dimensional architecture of the connective tissue in the lamina propria showed different shapes. The papillae began to form on days 7 and 14 but continued to growth until the adult period. Different stages of primary and secondary connective tissue papillae were recognized in the hard palatine mucosa whereas the soft palate showed erect connective tissue papillae, small round formations containing taste buds and several openings of the salivary glands ducts.

Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization characterization of chromosome 1 rearrangements in head and neck carcinomas delineate a target region for deletions within 1p11-1p13

Cytogenetic analyses have revealed structural rearrangements of chromosome 1 in a large fraction of head and neck carcinomas (HNCA). These aberrations frequently affect chromosomal band 1p13 and the centromeric region, the latter often in the form of isochromosome i(1q) and whole-arm translocations. To delineate the critical region involved in rearrangements of proximal 1p, we have undertaken a more precise breakpoint mapping in 13 HNCAs, using metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization with 11 yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones spanning 1p. All of the tumors had chromosome 1 changes at G-banding analyses. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that in almost all of the cases, at least one copy of chromosome 1 was affected by centromeric rearrangement. By the use of YAC clones mapped to juxtacentromeric regions and a centromere-specific alpha-satellite probe, we detected variable breakpoints in the whole-arm translocations. At the cytogenetic level, 1p13 rearrangements were frequent. However, molecular breakpoints within this band varied among the HNCAs tested. The lack of consistently rearranged chromosome segments indicates that the pathogenetically important consequence of 1p rearrangements in HNCAs is loss and/or gain of genes outside the breakpoint regions. In an assessment of the genomic imbalances, partial or complete overrepresentation of 1q was seen in eight cases. Loss of 1p material was also identified in eight cases; and in four of them, the deleted segments were too small to be discovered by G-banding analysis. The minimal overlapping deleted region was in the interval between YAC 959C4 (band p11-p12) and the centromere (p10). Our findings indicate that a target region potentially harboring tumor suppressor gene(s) crucial for HNCA is located within chromosomal bands 1p11-p13.

[Identification of adhalin gene mutation in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy in Chinese]

OBJECTIVE

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is a group of severe genetic heterogeneity muscular diseases characterized by proximal muscular weakness of the pelvis and shoulder, affecting both male and female. This group of diseases involves four gene loci (13q12, 17q21,4q12,5q33). Up till now there is no research report about LGMD in Chinese. This study was intended to identify the pathogenic genes of LGMD in Chinese by mutation detecting.

METHODS

The exons 2 and 3 of adhalin gene were analyzed in 13 Chinese LGMD patients and 20 controls by using PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing.

RESULTS

The R77C (Arg77Cys) missense mutation was found at the two alleles of a 9-year-old LGMD girl, which had not been found in the 40 wild type chromosomes. This is the first report on adhalin mutation that exists in LGMD in Chinese.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that adhalin gene is one of the predisposing genes in LGMD in Chinese.

FISH characterization of head and neck carcinomas reveals that amplification of band 11q13 is associated with deletion of distal 11q

In order to characterize homogeneously staining regions (HSR) and other 11q13 rearrangements identified cytogenetically, we performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a CCND1 cosmid and five YAC clones spanning chromosomal bands 11q13-14 on metaphase cells from 14 primary and one metastatic head and neck carcinomas. At the cytogenetic level, a total of 17 HSR were detected in ten cases: five were in derivative chromosomes 11 in band 11q13, and 12 were located in other derivative chromosomes. Other forms of 11q13 rearrangements were observed in five cases, whereas two cases had normal chromosomes 11. FISH analysis demonstrated that all HSR but two were derived from the 11q13 band. The size of the amplicon varied from case to case, but the amplification always included the region covered by YAC 55G7, which contains the CCND1 locus. The amplification of CCND1 was confirmed by use of a CCND1 cosmid. We also showed that most of the cases (9 of 11) with 11q13 amplification had lost material from distal 11q. The breakpoints were mapped by FISH and were shown to cluster to the region between YACs 55G7 and 749G2. We conclude that loss of gene(s) in distal 11q may be as important as amplification of genes in 11q13 for the biological aggressiveness of head and neck carcinomas.

Cytogenetic and molecular genetic demonstration of polyclonality in an acinic cell carcinoma

The paradigm that human malignancies are monoclonal has been questioned during recent years by the finding of unrelated, cytogenetically aberrant clones in short-term cultures from certain tumour types, notably carcinomas of the breast, skin and upper aerodigestive tract. In order to analyse whether cytogenetically unrelated clones are also unrelated at the molecular level, we analysed the X-chromosome inactivation status in cell cultures from a cytogenetically highly polyclonal acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland. By using cell cultures dominated by a single abnormal clone, obtained through in vitro culturing for 3-5 passages, we showed that the different clones must indeed have originated from different cells.

Radioresistant cell strain of human fibrosarcoma cells obtained after long-term exposure to x-rays

A radioresistant cell strain from human fibrosarcoma HT 1080 has been obtained after prolonged exposure to x-rays for 7 months (2 Gy per day, 5 days per week). This new strain, HT1080R, differs from HT1080 in a significantly increased ability of clonogenical survival, with coefficient alpha decreasing from 0.161 to 0.123 Gy(-1) and coefficient beta decreasing from 0.0950 to 0.0565 Gy(-2). Furthermore, the radioresistance of HT1080R proved to be stable in long-term passaged cultures as well as in frozen samples. Differences between the two cell lines are also observed in the G-banded karyotype; the new cell line shows monosomy of chromosome 17 and loss of 5p+ and 11q+ present in the parental cells. These data suggest that the radioresistance may have been caused by radiation-induced cell mutation and that the resistant cells may have been selected by repeated irradiations. In order to characterize this new strain, the ability of the cells to rejoin DNA double-strand breaks, the cell cycle distribution and the amount of apoptosis after irradiation have been estimated; however, no differences are observed between these two cell strains. Although the mechanism of the elevated radioresistance remains unknown, this pair of cell strains can provide a new model system for further investigations with regard to the mechanisms of cellular radioresistance. The results also show that any type of irradiation similar to the schedules used in radiotherapy can lead to the formation and selection of more radioresistant cell clones in vitro, a phenomenon with possible implications for radiotherapy.

Dissociative identity disorder in psychiatric inpatients

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to replicate reports of a high rate of dissociative identity disorder in psychiatric inpatients.

METHOD

Subjects were 100 randomly selected women, 16-50 years old, who had recently been admitted to an acute psychiatric hospital. Diagnoses were made by two interviewers through use of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders.

RESULTS

One percent (N = 1) of the interviewed subjects had dissociative identity disorder.

CONCLUSIONS

Contrary to previous studies, the authors found a low rate of dissociative identity disorder, perhaps because of the different methodology used.

Screening for diabetic retinopathy using a non-mydriatic retinal camera in rural Victoria

PURPOSE

To develop a screening programme for the early detection of diabetic retinopathy using non-mydriatic retinal photography.

METHODS

A community based screening service was offered to all people with known diabetes mellitus in selected townships in the LaTrobe and Goulburn Valleys in Victoria. At the local examination centre, basic sociodemographic information was collected as well as details of previous use of eye care services for the early detection of diabetic retinopathy. The examination included visual acuity (VA), glycosylated haemoglobin level and Polaroid photographs of each fundus using a Canon CR5-45NM non-mydriatic retinal camera (Canon, Tochigiken, Japan). Dilating drops were not used. Photographs were subsequently reviewed and letters were sent to all participants (with copies to their general practitioners) with recommendations for appropriate follow up.

RESULTS

A total of 1177 people with diabetes attended the screening service, which is estimated to be 40% of the total population with known diabetes in the study area. The mean age was 65 years (range 20-94 years); 559 (48%) people reported not having a dilated fundus examination within the past 2 years; 345 (29%) people had never had a dilated fundus examination. Of the 2354 eyes, 2126 (90%) of the photographs were gradable. A total of 704 people (60%) had normal VA and no evidence of diabetic retinopathy, 209 people (18%) had diabetic retinopathy, 101 people (9%) had evidence of other fundus pathology, 42 people (3%) had reduced acuity (< 6/18) in one or both eyes (with no fundus pathology evident) and 121 people (10%) had ungradable photographs in one or both eyes.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study demonstrates the usefulness of a screening programme with non-mydriatic retinal photography as an adjunct to current eye care services for the early detection of diabetic retinopathy.

Structural changes in the region directly adjacent to the DNA-binding helix highlight a possible mechanism to explain the observed changes in the sequence-specific binding of winged helix proteins

The hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF-3)/fork head (fkh) family contains a large number of transcription factors and folds into a winged helix motif. Despite having almost invariable amino acid sequences in their principal DNA-binding helices, HNF-3/fkh proteins show a wide diversity of sequence-specific binding. Previous studies of chimeric HNF-3/fkh proteins demonstrated that the binding specificity is primarily influenced by a region directly adjacent to the binding helix. We report our findings of an NMR structural study performed on an HNF-3/fkh family member (Genesis, formerly HFH-2) and compare it to that of another family member (HNF-3gamma) complexed to DNA and determined by X-ray crystallography. It is found that in comparison to HNF-3gamma, Genesis contains an extra small helix directly prior to the N terminus of the primary DNA contact helix. Due to the insertion of this helix, a shorter and slightly re-positioned primary DNA contact helix is observed, which we believe leads to the DNA-binding specificity differences among family members.

Structure-related inhibition of human hepatic caffeine N3-demethylation by naturally occurring flavonoids

The effects of flavonoids on caffeine N3-demethylation, a marker activity of CYP1A2, in human liver microsomes were investigated to elucidate the inhibition mechanism and the structure-activity relationship. Caffeine N3-demethylase activity was inhibited by the presence of various flavonoids, whose structures seem to be closely related to the degree of inhibition. Among twenty-one compounds tested, the most active was chrysin with an IC50 value of 0.2 microM. Others had IC50 values ranging from 1 to more than 500 microM. Kinetic analysis revealed that the mechanism of inhibition varied among the flavonoids. The inhibitory effect was postulated to be governed by factors such as the number of hydroxyl groups and glycosylation of these free hydroxyl groups. An increase in the number of free hydroxyl groups reduced the inhibitory effect on P450 activity. Analysis of the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) showed that the volume to surface area ratio was the most effective factor on the inhibition of caffeine N3-demethylation, and the electron densities on the C3 and C4' atoms exercised significant influence on the inhibitory effect. The calculated inhibitory effect of flavonoids on CYP1A2 activity was highly correlated with the antimutagenicity of flavonoids in 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-flquinoline (MelQ)-induced umu response.

Nonrandom numerical chromosome abnormalities in basal cell carcinomas

Clonal chromosome abnormalities were found in 22 of 23 short-term cultured basal cell carcinomas (BCC) of the skin. The karyotypic abnormalities were nonrandom and in several cases included evidence of clonal evolution. Especially in cultures showing an epithelial growth pattern, simple numerical changes, most commonly +18, +9, +20, +7, and +5, predominated and presumably constitute pathogenetically important aberrations present in the neoplastic parenchyma. Also, several structural rearrangements of chromosome arm 9q were seen, which may be of particular interest against the background that a gene for familial BCC (Gorlin syndrome), the PTCH gene, maps to this region. Finally, most of the clonal aberrations detected in predominantly fibroblast-like cultures are likely to reflect changes acquired by cells of the tumor stroma, which raises the question whether mutations also of this tumor component may play a pathogenetic role in BCC development.

Sequence specific collective motions in a winged helix DNA binding domain detected by 15N relaxation NMR

The recognition between transcription factors and their DNA binding sites is a highly dynamic process. During transcriptional regulation, transcription factors must bind to or dissociate from their cognate DNA binding sites. The winged helix DNA binding motif is one of many highly conserved DNA binding motifs identified in transcription factors. Backbone dynamics has been studied on the 15N- and 2H-enriched winged helix family member Genesis. Our data show that the overall motions of the single domain Genesis are better described by more than two autocorrelation times (taum). Our data also demonstrate that Genesis shows structure specific conformation exchange characterized by Rex. Therefore, our results indicate that the structure of Genesis is highly dynamic and that secondary structure elements in Genesis have collective motions in the nanosecond to millisecond time scale. Since the winged helix DNA binding motif is highly conserved, this unique dynamic property observed in Genesis is also likely to be conserved in other winged helix family members and important in DNA binding.

Characterization of a malignant eccrine poroma by cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques

We have cytogenetically and by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyzed short-term cultures from a malignant eccrine poroma, a type of tumor in which chromosomal abnormalities have previously not been reported. Combining the results from G-banding and FISH, the karyotype was interpreted as 50,XX,t(3;11;12)(q21;p15;q15),+5,+7,+9, +9,t(12;22)(q13;q13),+del(12)(q15),der(15)t(3;15) (q23;p13),der(17)t(8;17)(q22;p13),-20,add(22)(q13).

[Clinical observation on artificial shexiang baoxin pill in treating 112 patients of coronary heart disease with angina pectoris]

OBJECTIVE

To test and verify the effect of artificial Shexiang Baoxin Pill (SXBXP, a heart protecting musk pill).

METHODS

Two hundred and twenty-five patients of coronary heart disease (CHD) with angina pectoris were randomly and blindly assigned to the study group (112 cases) and the control group (113 cases). The two groups were well matched in age, sex, angina type, complication and grade of cardiac function. Two pills of artificial or natural SXBXP were given to each cases of the two groups for 3 times every day orally, for 2 weeks, respectively.

RESULTS

Both the artificial and natural SXBXP could not only reduce significantly the frequency of angina episode and the daily consumption of nitroglycerin, they also could result in remarkable improvement of NST, sigma ST and exercise tolerance, as well as significant reduction of rate-pressure product. The total symptomatic effective rate of the two groups was 86.6% and 89.4% respectively, and the ECG effective rate, 52.7% and 57.5% respectively (P > 0.05), and the incidence of headache of the two groups was one for eoch. In addition, the onset of action of both agents was rapid, 88.5% of the study group and 78.6% of the control group were within five minutes. The sustained time of action of the two groups was also similar, i.e. 4.9 +/- 4.4 h vs 5.4 +/- 3.1 h.

CONCLUSION

The clinical efficacy and side effect of artificial SXBXP were very similar to those of natural SXBXP.