The "hukou" system and rural-urban migration in China: processes and changes

Until recently, few people in mainland China would dispute the significance of the hukou (household registration) system in affecting their lives – indeed, in determining their fates. At the macro level, the centrality of this system has led some to argue that the industrialization strategy and the hukou system were the crucial organic parts of the Maoist model: the strategy could not have been implemented without the system. A number of China scholars in the West, notably Christiansen, Chan, Cheng and Seiden, Solinger, and Mallee, have begun in recent years to study this important subject in relation to population mobility and its social and economic ramifications. Unlike population registration systems in many other countries, the Chinese system was designed not merely to provide population statistics and identify personal status, but also directly to regulate population distribution and serve many other important objectives desired by the state. In fact, the hukou system is one of the major tools of social control employed by the state. Its functions go far beyond simply controlling population mobility.

[The question of health regenerationism and its debate during the second republic: elements of class and ideology]

This study analyzes the consensus and conflicts with regard to the criteria for what constituted the health problem in Spain and its possible solutions. We start from the assumption that the general idea of change, implicit in the regenerationist project of the end of the nineteenth century, constituted one of the active elements in the proclamation of the Second Republic. We consider three aspects: the critque of a situation in which living conditions had a negative influence on issues of health and disease; the role of technicians or experts--in this case physicians--; and the role of educational aspects. As sources we used the labor press, the general press associated with certain ideological options and social groups, and the Diario de Sesiones de las Cortes. We found that different strategies and concrete choices in health issues, and hence diverse practical interests reflecting differences in class, political affiliation and ideology, could be manifested under apparently identical expressions, eg, those related with the action of regeneration.

Public policy affecting universal design

The federal government has passed numerous laws that have focused on everything from civil rights legislation to accessibility mandates. This paper looks at the cumulative effects of federal legislation and nonlegislative activities on breaking down the wall of inequality for persons with disabilities and promoting the concept of universal design and universal access.

John Wilkins MRCS, FRCS (Edin.), 1826-1905: his house at 121 Collins Street East, Melbourne

The three-storeyed house at 70 Collins Street (formerly 121 Collins Street East), Melbourne, was built in 1857 as a home and surgery for Dr John Wilkins. It was associated for 100 years with surgical practice, especially general surgery and eye and ENT diseases, then with obstetrics and gynaecology, but in time had to yield to commercial pressures. However, the exterior remains intact, its special architecture reminiscent of its early elegance.

The Open Arms

Description of The Open Arms, Sir William Osler's residence when he lived in Oxford beginning in 1905.