Politics of personnel and landscapes of knowledge

This is a commentary on three articles on bibliometrics in social work that appear in this issue of the journal. I argue that bibliometrics can make many contributions to the study of the structure and evolution of social work's knowledge base, but it cannot completely remove subjectivity in the evaluation of the scholarship of individual faculty, where legitimate differences of professional opinion will remain.

APS workers job requirements associated with elder abuse rates

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship of required educational background of APS workers to the 1999 rates of domestic elder abuse. Data were obtained from APS related statutes and regulations and questions to the National Center for Elder Abuse list serve. Descriptive statistics and independent sample t-tests were used for analyses. Those states whose legislations required a social work degree for APS caseworkers did have higher elder abuse investigation rates. A lower substantiation ratio was found for those states requiring a social work degree or license. These findings suggest that social work education may lead to an emphasis on investigation and interventions and de-emphasis on the criminal aspects of elder abuse evaluation substantiations.

Developing practice tools for social workers in end-of-life care

This article describes the National Association of Social Workers' (NASW) strategies for providing social workers with important practice and policy information about palliative and end-of-life care. With funding from a Soros Foundation's Project on Death in America grant, NASW developed practice standards, a Web-based continuing education course, and drafted a new policy statement to guide social workers in end-of-life care practice. The article provides an in-depth view of the development and scope of these resources for professional social workers.

Bibliometrics: a potential decision making aid in hiring, reappointment, tenure and promotion decisions

The assessment of scholarship assumes a central role in the evaluation of individual faculty, educational programs and academic fields. Because the production and assessment of scholarship is so central to the faculty role, it is incumbent upon decision makers to strive to make assessments of scholarship fair and equitable. This paper will focus on an approach to the assessment of the quantity and impact of the most important subset of an individual's scholarship-peer-reviewed journal articles. The primary goal of this paper is to stimulate discussion regarding scholarship assessment in hiring, reappointment, tenure and promotion decisions.

The paradox of faculty publications in professional journals

The author reviews the companion papers about bibliometrics prepared for this special issue of Health and Social Work and concludes that each makes a unique contribution to the growth of scholarship within the profession. However, a major practical limitation of the system advocated by the authors of these papers for faculty in schools of social work is also identified. Because only a limited number of social work faculty members produce the volume of articles required by the proposed system, the proposed system can be used currently by only a small number of schools and departments of social work.

Older people deserve better lives and an end to abuse

You may have seen the advertisement on television about the comedian who tells his mother to pack her bags, as it is time for her to go into the local nursing care home. The irony of this scene is that the mother is neither frail nor vulnerable enough to warrant such behaviour. Unfortunately, however, many old people are persuaded to go into nursing care homes before their time, or arrive there following a medical crisis in their lives. Many people are often very quick to pass on the responsibilities for their ageing parents to someone else. Recently, there was a case in the national media about an old person who had been dumped by his relatives in the local hospital emergency department.

Guidelines for ethical practice in community organization

Community organizers often encounter ethical dilemmas in practice. Most organizers engage on a regular basis with community residents, constituency groups, local institutions, and government decision makers. Consequently, most practice activities occur outside traditional agency settings and are not directly addressed in the Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Although community practice principles such as self-determination, informed consent, and protection of confidentiality are identified in the Code, situational factors make their application different than in direct practice. This article identifies the values inherent in community practice, describes ethical issues encountered by organizers, and examines tools available to organizers for resolving common ethical dilemmas.

Privatized management in urban public housing: a comparative analysis of social service availability, utilization, and satisfaction

This article presents the results of a study that assessed the effect of privatized management on social service availability, utilization, and resident satisfaction in public housing communities. The respondents were heads of household who lived in public housing "projects" in Miami, Florida-more than 90 percent of whom were African American women. A quasi-experimental design with nonequivalent control groups compared respondent data from privately and publicly managed sites. Publicly managed sites reported more availability of social services, but privately managed sites reported higher levels of use. Implications for welfare reform, public housing demolition or renewal policies, the importance of social services with self-sufficiency efforts, and the need for culturally sensitive social work practices in ethnic minority public housing communities are discussed.

Neuropsychological functioning of homeless men

Numerous biological and psychological factors associated with impaired neurological functioning have been identified as common among the homeless, but there has been relatively little systematic examination of the cognitive functioning of homeless people. This study explored the neuropsychological functioning of 90 homeless men. There was great variability in their test scores, but the presence of possible cognitive impairment was detected in 80% of the sample. Average general intellectual functioning and reading abilities were found to be relatively low, and the incidence of impairments in reading, new verbal learning, memory, and attention and concentration was high. These findings suggest that the homeless men in this study had considerable assessment and treatment needs that were not being met by most of the health and social services offered to them.

Parents’ Satisfaction with Medical and Social Assistance Provided to Children with Down Syndrome: Experience in Estonia

OBJECTIVE

Parents of children with mental or physical disabilities have been assumed to live more stressful lives than other parents, and people with Down syndrome (DS) may get second-rate care because of their diagnosis. The aim of this work is to investigate the extent of parents' satisfaction with medical and social services in Estonia provided for the DS individuals and their families.

METHODS

From 1999 to 2001, fifty-nine DS families answered questionnaires in which we inquired about their satisfaction with medical and social assistance.

RESULTS

We found that satisfaction with the quality of the information about DS is low, and most of the parents are not satisfied with the social benefits and rehabilitation options.

CONCLUSIONS

The DS families need more medical information about this syndrome. The medical staff has to learn more about how to deliver bad news and how to support parents. More work needs to be done in the area of rehabilitation options and social assistance.

An evaluation of provider educational needs in geriatric care

Providers of geriatric care in Arkansas were surveyed to determine the desire for more information on their specialty as well as opportunities for further training. Those in the nursing profession were most interested in further training, and the major area of interest for all providers was in cognitive decline and mental health information. Specifically, information was sought in the areas of dementia, depression, and memory loss. It is recommended that improvement in geriatric care in the future should focus on nursing education and on raising the level of knowledge and academic prestige in the treatment of elderly patients, especially in the mental health areas.

A step too far? Randomized trial of cognitive-behaviour therapy delivered by social workers to depressed adolescents

OBJECTIVE

To test the hypothesis that depressed adolescents given brief cognitive behaviour therapy by trained social workers will be less depressed after this treatment than depressed adolescents who have routine care from their social workers.

METHOD

Open study, two randomized parallel groups. 86 social workers were randomized to training in brief CBT or delayed training by remote telephone randomization. 25 social workers who attended CBT training recruited 29 depressed adolescents. 22 social workers in the control group recruited 23 depressed adolescents.

RESULTS

Social workers' perceptions of their knowledge and skills in dealing with adolescent depression were better after the training than before. However, in intention to treat analyses, adolescents who had therapy from trained social workers had a similar level of depression post treatment (mean depression score 17.5, 95% CI 11.8 to 23.3) to those who did not have such therapy (mean depression score 16.7, 95 % CI 11.3 to 22.1). There were no significant differences between the groups on other outcomes or at follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

This study failed to recruit enough cases and probably did not therefore have enough statistical power to detect an effect of the intervention. It was also based on a severely impaired sample with many comorbid problems. However, the results suggest that training community-based social workers in cognitive behaviour therapy is neither practical nor effective in improving the outcomes of their clients.

Social work, general practice and evidence-based policy in the collaborative care of older people: current problems and future possibilities

While collaborative (or joint) working between social services and primary healthcare continues to rise up the policy agenda, current policy is not based on sound evidence of benefit to either patients or the wider community. Both sets of practitioners report benefits for their own work from adopting new arrangements for collaboration. The underlying assumption behind much of this activity is that a greater degree of integration provides benefits to both users and their carers, a perspective that at times obscures the issue of resource availability, especially in the form of practical community services such as district nursing and home help. At the present time there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate that formal arrangements for collaborative working (CW) are better than those forged informally between committed individuals or teams. Furthermore, arrangements for CW have not hitherto been widely evaluated in systematic studies with a comparative design and focus on outcomes for users and carers rather than on processes. In this paper we propose a number of process measures for future evaluation of CW: (1) study populations must be comparable; (2) details of how services are actually delivered must be obtained and colocation should not be assumed to mean collaboration; (3) care packages in areas of comparable resources should be examined; (4) both destinational outcomes and user-defined evaluations of benefit should be considered; (5) possible disadvantages of integrated care also need to be actively considered; (6) evaluations should include an economic analysis. Those implementing new policies in Primary Care Trusts have, at present, little sound evidence to guide them in their innovative work. However, they should take the opportunity to rigorously test the advantages and disadvantages of collaboration.

Assessing Interagency Collaboration Through Perceptions of Families

The purpose of the study reported in this article was to describe the perceptions of families about services they received from multiple health and social service agencies. The conceptual framework of the Interagency Collaboration Model was used to guide the descriptive study. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 12 families who had received services from at least 3 agencies in the year before data collection. Results of the study showed that families had an average of 5.6 services over the year before the interviews were conducted. Family incomes ranged from totally inadequate to mostly adequate. Education of the participants ranged from 6th grade to some college. Most services were health-related. Interviews revealed that agency personnel were aware of other agencies, according to families' reports. Domain similarity did not appear to be a characteristic of the agencies in this study.

'Not everything that can be counted counts and not everything that counts can be counted'--towards a critical exploration of modes of satisfaction measurement in sheltered housing

This paper reflects on a research project funded by a consortium of leading sheltered housing (SH) providers and their regulatory body, the Housing Corporation. The project aimed to ascertain which aspects of SH older people perceived to be central to their satisfaction and the methods they judged most appropriate to measuring this. We outline key policy developments of importance to SH (specifically the development of performance measurement regimes), and changes in the nature of SH, which are driving providers to re-evaluate how they measure user satisfaction. We discuss the aims of the project, our methodology and findings, and conclude by raising critical questions about the process of measuring satisfaction within an increasingly managerialised housing system. We argue that this favours standardised methods of information gathering (such as questionnaires) rather than engage with clients in order to develop methods and systems capable of eliciting qualitative issues of concern to them. Our conclusions are, we believe, applicable to health and social care provision, where similar tensions exist around performance measurement and user satisfaction.

Client satisfaction and empowerment through social work intervention

This study examines the utility of satisfaction questionnaires in gauging the effectiveness of social work services in a paediatric hospital setting. Participants completed an empowerment scale before seeing a social worker. Approximately four weeks later, participants completed the empowerment scale again, at which time they also completed a satisfaction questionnaire. The difference between the pre- and post-test empowerment scores was compared with the satisfaction scores, and the influence of some demographic and intervention variables was examined. The results indicated that there was no significant relationship between participants' reported level of satisfaction with the social work service provided and the change in participants' empowerment scores before and after intervention. Most demographic and intervention variables tested did not yield any significant associations with satisfaction or change in empowerment. However, it was found that those who received both counselling and practical assistance (rather than only one or the other) and those with a higher level of education were more likely to report an increase in their level of empowerment after receiving social work intervention. This study lends further support to the contention that satisfaction questionnaires alone may not provide reliable information with regard to the utility and effectiveness of paediatric hospital social work intervention.

Gatekeeping in child welfare: a comparative study of intake decisionmaking by social workers in Canada and Sweden

This article details findings from social workers in Sweden and Canada, illuminating similarities and differences in gatekeeping in child welfare and child protection. Analysis revealed different patterns of inclusion and exclusion. Swedish child welfare includes a greater readiness to intervene with more resources and measures. Gatekeeping is assessment driven and focused on family preservation. In Canada, only the most needy children are eligible for a limited range of services. Gatekeeping is structure driven and narrowly focused on protection. Analyses of evidence-based research to improve outcomes for children and families must include comparisons of how different structural orientations influence management of referrals at intake. The authors discuss the implications of these findings.

Evidence-based practice in community-based child welfare systems

The immaturity of the evidence base in some areas of child welfare practice demands that practitioners approach the development and refinement of practice in a systematic way that explicitly seeks to build on and learn from experience. The efforts of public child welfare agencies in Boston and Cleveland show that it is possible to draw on a broader base of knowledge and experience while responding to unique conditions and circumstances in each agency's community.