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Song L, Winter AG, Selfridge J, Melton DW. A novel transcript for DNA repair gene Ercc1 in mouse skin. Transgenic Res 2010; 20:109-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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277
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Zhang H, Wan H, Song L, Jiang H, Wang H, Qiao C. Development of an autofluorescent Pseudomonas nitroreducens with dehydrochlorinase activity for efficient mineralization of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH). J Biotechnol 2010; 146:114-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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278
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Chen K, Song L, Rao B, Zhu T, Zhang YT. Nitric oxide plays a role as second messenger in the ultraviolet-B irradiated green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2010; 55:53-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-010-0009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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279
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Gao S, Peng H, Jiang W, Song L. NS1 protein of avian influenza A virus prevents activation of NF-κB through binding to IKKα and IKKβ. Int J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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280
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Jiang W, Wang Q, Gao S, Song L, Huang W. H5N1 NS1 change the cell cytoskeleton and interferes with host cell motility through the GTPase. Int J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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281
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Li X, Ma Q, Wang J, Liu X, Yang Y, Zhao H, Wang Y, Jin Y, Zeng J, Li J, Song L, Li X, Li P, Qian X, Cao C. c-Abl and Arg tyrosine kinases regulate lysosomal degradation of the oncoprotein Galectin-3. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1277-87. [PMID: 20150913 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) has important roles in tumor transformation and metastasis. This study shows that c-Abl and Abl-related gene (Arg) associate with and phosphorylate Gal3. The SH (Src homology)3 domains of c-Abl/Arg bind to a P(80)GPPSGP motif of Gal3, and Tyr79 and Tyr118 are the major tyrosine phosphorylation sites. A consequence of this interaction and phosphorylation is the significant impairment of chaperone-mediated autophagy of Gal3. Cells expressing Gal3 and treated with the c-Abl/Arg inhibitor STI571, Gal3-depleted cells, and Gal3-depleted cells expressing Gal3 phosphorylation mutants all display an increased sensitivity to apoptosis-inducing agents. In addition, tumor cells expressing the phosphorylation mutants show impaired tumorigenicity. These results partially explain the antiapoptotic effect of Abl and Arg. As tumors frequently overexpress Gal3, a c-Abl/Arg-specific inhibitor may potentially be applied along with other antitumor drugs to target the lysosomal degradation of Gal3 in tumor therapy.
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Wang H, Cui QQ, Sun K, Song L, Zou YB, Wang XJ, Jia L, Liu X, Gao S, Zhang CN, Hui RT. Identities and frequencies of BMPR2 mutations in Chinese patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clin Genet 2010; 77:189-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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283
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Chen LJ, Tai QL, Song L, Xing WY, Jie GX, Hu Y. Thermal properties and flame retardancy of an ether-type UV-cured polyurethane coating. EXPRESS POLYM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2010.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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284
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Yang Z, Song L, Huang C. Gadd45 proteins as critical signal transducers linking NF-kappaB to MAPK cascades. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2009; 9:915-30. [PMID: 20025601 PMCID: PMC3762688 DOI: 10.2174/156800909790192383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (Gadd45) proteins are a group of critical signal transducers that are involved in regulations of many cellular functions. Accumulated data indicate that all three Gadd45 proteins (i.e., Gadd45alpha, Gadd45beta, and Gadd45gamma) play essential roles in connecting an upstream sensor module, the transcription Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), to a transcriptional regulating module, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This NF-kappaB-Gadd45(s)-MAPK pathway responds to various kinds of extracellular stimuli and regulates such cell activities as growth arrest, differentiation, cell survival, and apoptosis. Defects in this pathway can also be related to oncogenesis. In the first part of this review, the functions of Gadd45 proteins, and briefly NF-kappaB and MAPK, are summarized. In the second part, the mechanisms by which Gadd45 proteins are regulated by NF-kappaB, and how they affect MAPK activation, are reviewed.
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Li T, Kong L, Wang Y, Hu K, Song L, Liu B, Li D, Shao J, Ding Y. Selection of optimal dental implant diameter and length in type IV bone: a three-dimensional finite element analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 38:1077-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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286
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Song L, Sun ZJ, Coleman KE, Zwick MB, Gach JS, Wang J, Reinherz EL, Wagner G, Kim M. S021-05 OA. Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies disrupt a hinge-related function of gp41 at the membrane interface. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767573 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-o5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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287
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Yin S, Song L, Wang X, Zhang M, Zhang K, Zhang Y. Synthesis of spinel Li4Ti5O12 anode material by a modified rheological phase reaction. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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288
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Li C, Xu Y, Song L, Fu Q, Cui L, Yin S. MP-10.06: Urethral Reconstruction Using Oral Keratinocyte-Seeded Bladder Acellular Matrix Grafts (BAMGs). Urology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.07.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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289
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Chu L, Xu X, Su J, Song L, Lai Y, Dong Z, Cappelli D. Role of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in glutathione catabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:236-42. [PMID: 19416454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our previous studies demonstrated that three enzymes, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), cysteinylglycinase (CGase) and cystalysin, are required for the catabolism of glutathione to produce hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) in Treponema denticola. In this study, we examined glutathione catabolism in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. METHODS The GGT and CGase of A. actinomycetemcomitans were determined by biological methods and GGT was characterized using a molecular biological approach. RESULTS A. actinomycetemcomitans showed GGT and CGase activity, but could not produce H(2)S from glutathione. The addition of recombinant T. denticola cystalysin, an l-cysteine desulfhydrase, to whole cells of A. actinomycetemcomitans resulted in the production of H(2)S from glutathione. Subsequently, we cloned A. actinomycetemcomitans GGT gene (ggt) and overexpressed the 63 kDa GGT protein. The recombinant A. actinomycetemcomitans GGT was purified and identified. The K(cat)/K(m) of the recombinant GGT from N-gamma-l-glutamyl-4-nitroaniline as substrate was 31/microm/min. The activity of GGT was optimum at pH 6.9-7.1 and enhanced by thiol-containing compounds. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that A. actinomycetemcomitans had GGT and CGase activities and that the GGT was characterized. The possible role of A. actinomycetemcomitans in glutathione metabolism and H(2)S production from oral bacteria was discussed.
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Li J, Yang L, Song L, Xiong H, Wang L, Yan X, Yuan J, Wu J, Li M. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 is a proliferation promoter in breast cancer via suppressing transcriptional factor FOXO1. Oncogene 2009; 28:3188-96. [PMID: 19633686 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) was upregulated in human breast cancer. However, the biological function of AEG-1 in the development and progression of breast cancer remains to be clarified. In this study, we examined the effect of AEG-1 on cell proliferation and found that AEG-1 upregulation was significantly linked to increased Ki67 (P<0.001). Ectopic expression of AEG-1 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells dramatically enhanced cell proliferation and their ability of anchorage-independent growth, whereas silencing endogenous AEG-1 with shRNAs inhibited cell proliferation and colony-forming ability of the cells on soft agar. Furthermore, these proliferative effects were significantly associated with decreases of p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 two key cell-cycle inhibitors. Moreover, we further demonstrated that AEG-1 could downregulate the transcriptional activity of FOXO1 by inducing its phosphorylation through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These observations were further confirmed in clinical human primary breast cancer specimens, in which high-level expression of AEG-1 was inversely correlated with the expression of FOXO1. Taken together, our results provide the first demonstration of a novel mechanism by which AEG-1 induces proliferation of breast cancer cell, and our findings suggest that AEG-1 might play an important role in tumorigenesis of breast cancer.
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291
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Niu L, Song L, Liu X, Dong X. Tepidimicrobium xylanilyticum sp. nov., an anaerobic xylanolytic bacterium, and emended description of the genus Tepidimicrobium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:2698-701. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.005124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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292
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Dong D, Song L, Wei G. Optimization of HVAC Control to Improve Comfort and Energy Performance in a School. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01998590809509375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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293
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Song L, Yan H, Hu D. Patients with acute myocardial infarction using ambulance or private transport to reach definitive care: which mode is quicker? Intern Med J 2009; 40:112-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.01944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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294
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Poretsky L, Song L, Brillon DJ, Ferrando S, Chiu J, McElhiney M, Ferenczi A, Sison C, Haller I, Rabkin J. Metabolic and hormonal effects of oral DHEA in premenopausal women with HIV infection: a randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled pilot study. Horm Metab Res 2009; 41:244-9. [PMID: 18810712 PMCID: PMC3639496 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1087175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Women with HIV infection use dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) because of its potential effects on mood and energy. We examined the effects of DHEA on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and gonadal axes and on insulin sensitivity. Fifteen HIV-positive women were randomized to receive placebo (6 subjects) or oral DHEA (9 subjects). ACTH-, CRF-, and GnRH-stimulation tests were performed before and after 8 weeks of treatment. DHEA, DHEA-S, dihydrotestosterone, total testosterone, free testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, estrone, estradiol, cortisol, insulin, IGF-1, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, and adiponectin in plasma or serum were measured. There was a significant increase in DHEA (p<0.004), DHEA-S (p<0.008), total testosterone (p<0.008), dihydrotestosterone (p<0.004), androstenedione (p<0.04), and estrone (p<0.03) from baseline within the DHEA group but not within the placebo group. There was a significant increase in DHEA (p<0.0006), DHEA-S (p<0.032), total testosterone (p<0.01), and dihydrotestosterone (p<0.005) in the DHEA group compared with the placebo group. Oral DHEA produces significant increases in circulating DHEA, DHEA-S, testosterone, DHT, and, possibly, androstenedione and estrone levels in premenopausal women with HIV infection. In the current pilot study these hormone changes did not affect the pituitary or adrenal axis or insulin/IGF indices. Long-term studies with larger groups of patients are needed to confirm these data and to determine their clinical significance.
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Song L, Carter SM, Chen Y, Sitsapesan R. Diadenosine pentaphosphate is a potent activator of cardiac ryanodine receptors revealing a novel high-affinity binding site for adenine nucleotides. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:857-67. [PMID: 19220293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diadenosine polyphosphates are normally present in cells at low levels, but significant increases in concentrations can occur during cellular stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A) and an oxidized analogue, oAp5A on the gating of sheep cardiac ryanodine receptors (RyR2). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH RyR2 channel function was monitored after incorporation into planar bilayers under voltage-clamp conditions. KEY RESULTS With10 micromol.L(-1) cytosolic Ca2+, a significant 'hump' or plateau at the base of the dose-response relationship to Ap5A was revealed. Open probability (Po) was significantly increased to a plateau of approximately 0.2 in the concentration range 100 pmol x L(-1)-10 micromol x L(-1). High Po values were observed at >10 micromol x L(-1) Ap5A, and Po values close to 1 could be achieved. Nanomolar levels of ATP and adenosine also revealed a hump at the base of the dose-response relationships, although GTP did not activate at any concentration, indicating a common, high-affinity binding site on RyR2 for adenine-based compounds. The oxidized analogue, oAp5A, did not significantly activate RyR2 via the high-affinity binding site; however, it could fully open the channel with an EC(50) of 16 micromol.L(-1) (Ap5A EC(50) = 140 micromol x L(-1)). Perfusion experiments suggest that oAp5A and Ap5A dissociate slowly from their binding sites on RyR2. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The ability of Ap5A compounds to increase Po even in the presence of ATP and their slow dissociation from the channel may enable these compounds to act as physiological regulators of RyR2, particularly under conditions of cellular stress.
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Meng J, Yang M, Song L, Kong H, Wang CY, Wang R, Wang C, Xie SS, Xu HY. Concentration control of carbon nanotubes in aqueous solution and its influence on the growth behavior of fibroblasts. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 71:148-53. [PMID: 19250807 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the biological influence of water-soluble multiwalled carbon nanotubes (wsMWCNTs) on fibroblast cell growth as a function of concentration control in an aqueous solution. The wsMWCNTs were prepared by an optimal procedure of ultrasonication/concentrated acids oxidation. The concentration of wsMWCNT in the solution was quantified by an established calibration line. A stable concentration of 0.3mg/ml was obtained in the surfactant-free water. The physicochemical properties of wsMWCNTs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV/VIS/NIR spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Cell proliferation and the cell cycle were examined by MTS assay, flow cytometry and TEM respectively. Experimental results showed that the oxidation degree was a key factor that determined the concentration and stability of wsMWCNTs in the aqueous solution. The wsMWCNTs were able to enter into the cells and mainly accumulated in the cytoplasm. The wsMWCNTs-induced variations in cell proliferation and the cell cycle were concentration dependent. Cells cultivated with wsMWCNTs of 0.3mg/ml underwent a dramatic apoptosis. The proliferation was clearly suppressed when the cells were cultivated with wsMWCNTs of 0.03 mg/ml. There were no obvious influences on cell proliferation and the cell cycle when the concentration of wsMWNTs decreased to 0.01 mg/ml.
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Song L, Li Y, Liu G, He J, Zhu H, Duan Q. Genotyping of Chlamydophila psittaci strains derived from avian and mammalian species. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:577-80. [PMID: 19140022 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Eleven Chlamydophila (formerly Chlamydia) psittaci strains derived from avian and mammalian species (two from dairy cows, one from duck, three from sheep, three from wild birds, and two from pigs) were identified as genotype C by outer membrane protein A gene sequencing. Genotype C had been preferentially associated with waterfowl. This paper suggests that mammals may represent an underestimated source for genotype C strains and for human psittacosis cases.
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Wang SH, Huang CX, Ye L, Wang X, Song L, Wang YJ, Liang H, Huang XY, Ho WZ. Natural killer cells suppress full cycle HCV infection of human hepatocytes. J Viral Hepat 2008; 15:855-64. [PMID: 18637071 PMCID: PMC2675875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2008.01014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The role of natural killer (NK) cells in controlling hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and replication has not been fully delineated. We examined NK cell-mediated noncytolytic effect on full cycle HCV infection of human hepatocytes. Human hepatocytes (Huh7.5.1 cells) co-cultured with NK cells or treated with supernatants (SN) from NK cells cultures had significantly lower levels of HCV RNA and protein than control cells. This NK cell-mediated anti-HCV activity could be largely abolished by antibody to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The investigation of the mechanisms for NK cell-mediated anti-HCV activity showed that NK SN-treated hepatocytes expressed higher levels of IFN-alpha/beta than the control cells. NK SN also enhanced IFN regulatory factor-3 and 7 expression in the hepatocytes. In addition, NK SN enhanced the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 2, the nuclear factors that are essential for the activation of IFN-mediated antiviral pathways. These data provide direct evidence at cellular and molecular levels that NK cells have a key role in suppressing HCV infection of and replication in human hepatocytes.
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Zemp RJ, Song L, Bitton R, Shung KK, Wang LV. Realtime photoacoustic microscopy of murine cardiovascular dynamics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:18551-6. [PMID: 18958134 PMCID: PMC2644743 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.18551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive visualization of cardiovascular dynamics in small animals is challenging due to their rapid heart-rates. We present a realtime photoacoustic imaging system consisting of a 30-MHz ultrasound array transducer, receive electronics, a high-repetition-rate laser, and a multicore-computer, and demonstrate its ability to image optically-absorbing structures of the beating hearts of young athymic nude mice at rates of approximately 50 frames per second with 100 microm x 25 microm spatial resolution. To our knowledge this is the first report of realtime photoacoustic imaging of physiological dynamics.
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300
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Zemp RJ, Song L, Bitton R, Shung KK, Wang LV. Realtime photoacoustic microscopy of murine cardiovascular dynamics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:18551-18556. [PMID: 18958134 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.018551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive visualization of cardiovascular dynamics in small animals is challenging due to their rapid heart-rates. We present a realtime photoacoustic imaging system consisting of a 30-MHz ultrasound array transducer, receive electronics, a high-repetition-rate laser, and a multicore-computer, and demonstrate its ability to image optically-absorbing structures of the beating hearts of young athymic nude mice at rates of approximately 50 frames per second with 100 microm x 25 microm spatial resolution. To our knowledge this is the first report of realtime photoacoustic imaging of physiological dynamics.
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