RAS mutation is associated with hyperdiploidy and parental characteristics in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We explored the relationship of RAS gene mutations with epidemiologic and cytogenetic factors in a case series of children with leukemia. Diagnostic bone marrow samples from 191 incident leukemia cases from the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study were typed for NRAS and KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutations. A total of 38 cases (20%) harbored RAS mutations. Among the 142 B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases, RAS mutations were more common among Hispanic children (P=0.11) or children born to mothers <30 years (P=0.007). Those with hyperdiploidy at diagnosis (>50 chromosomes) had the highest rates of RAS mutation (P=0.02). A multivariable model confirmed the significant associations between RAS mutation and both maternal age and hyperdiploidy. Interestingly, smoking of the father in the 3 months prior to pregnancy was reported less frequently among hyperdiploid leukemia patients than among those without hyperdiploidy (P=0.02). The data suggest that RAS and high hyperdiploidy may be cooperative genetic events to produce the leukemia subtype; and furthermore, that maternal age and paternal preconception smoking or other factors associated with these parameters are critical in the etiology of subtypes of childhood leukemia.

Activation and function of hepatic NK cells in hepatitis B infection: an underinvestigated innate immune response

Natural killer (NK) cells are abundant in the normal liver, accounting for around one-third of intrahepatic lymphocytes and are important in the defence against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of hepatic NK cell activity against HBV. Whether directly activated by HBV infection or indirectly activated by other lymphocytes such as NKT cells or antigen-presenting cells (APCs), hepatic NK cells exert their anti-viral functions by natural cytotoxicity and production of high levels of cytokines. However, activated NK cells play an important role in regulating adaptive immune responses by interaction with other lymphocytes such as T, B and APCs. In addition, NK cells may contribute to the lymphocyte-mediated liver injury during HBV infection that was previously considered to be mediated only by CD8+ T cells or/and NKT cells.

Identification and characterization of a juvenile hormone (JH) response region in the JH esterase gene from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana

Using a differential display of mRNA technique we discovered that the juvenile hormone (JH) esterase gene (Cfjhe) from Choristoneura fumiferana is directly induced by juvenile hormone I (JH I), and the JH I induction is suppressed by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). To study the mechanism of action of these two hormones in the regulation of expression of this gene, we cloned the 1270-bp promoter region of the Cfjhe gene and identified a 30-bp region that is located between -604 and -574 and is sufficient to support both JH I induction and 20E suppression. This 30-bp region contains two conserved hormone response element half-sites separated by a 4-nucleotide spacer similar to the direct repeat 4 element and is designated as a putative juvenile hormone response element (JHRE). In CF-203 cells, a luciferase reporter placed under the control of JHRE and a minimal promoter was induced by JH I in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, 20E suppressed this JH I-induced luciferase activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Nuclear proteins isolated from JH I-treated CF-203 cells bound to JHRE and the binding was competed by a 100-fold excess of the cold probe but not by 100-fold excess of double-stranded oligonucleotides of unrelated sequence. JH I induced/modified nuclear proteins prior to their binding to JHRE and 20E suppressed this JH I induction/modification. These results suggest that the 30-bp JHRE identified in the Cfjhe gene promoter is sufficient to support JH induction and 20E suppression of the Cfjhe gene.

Isoflurane preconditioning reduces purkinje cell death in an in vitro model of rat cerebellar ischemia

We monitored survival of Purkinje cells in rat cerebellar slices to test the hypothesis that isoflurane preconditioning reduces ischemia-induced neuronal death. Preconditioning the brain slices with isoflurane, a volatile anesthetic commonly used in clinical practice, at 1-4% for 15 min at 37 degrees C significantly decreased Purkinje cell injury and death caused by a 20-min ischemia (simulated by oxygen-glucose deprivation, OGD). The effective concentration for half of the maximal effect (EC(50)) for this isoflurane preconditioning-induced neuroprotection was 1.17+/-0.31% and the maximal protective effects were achieved at 3% or higher concentrations of isoflurane. In addition, preconditioning the cells with isoflurane for 15-30 min was needed for the preconditioning to be maximally protective. Although farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor III blocked the protective effects of OGD preconditioning (a 3-min OGD 15 min before the 20-min OGD), this inhibitor did not affect the neuroprotection induced by isoflurane preconditioning. While DL-threo-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid (THA), a specific glutamate transporter inhibitor, did not change basal OGD-induced cell death rate, THA blocked the neuroprotection induced by isoflurane preconditioning but not by OGD preconditioning. Glybenclamide, a K(ATP) channel inhibitor, did not block the neuroprotection induced by either isoflurane or OGD preconditioning. Our results suggest that isoflurane preconditioning is neuroprotective. The isoflurane concentrations and times needed for the preconditioning to be neuroprotective are clinically relevant. The mechanisms of this protection seem to involve modulation of glutamate transporter activity.

Using ammonium-tolerant yeast isolates: Candida halophila and Rhodotorula glutinis to treat high strength fermentative wastewater

Two ammonium-tolerant yeast strains were isolated from sludge samples contaminated with monosodium glutamate manufacturing wastewater and were identified as Candida haplophila and Rhodotorula glutinis. The tolerance of the two yeast isolates to ammonia and their chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal perfomances were evaluated under batch and bench-scale conditions. The mixture of the two isolates was found to grow well in an artificial medium containing 25% (NH4)2SO4 and could effectively remove COD from monosodium glutamate wastewater even when the concentrations of NH4+-N and free NH3-N reached as high as 18,977 and 879 mg l(-1) respectively. A fixed-bed yeast reactor, which was initially inoculated with the yeast mixture, permitted a constant COD removal rate of over 80% during a period of near 2-month continuous running even when the influent COD was increased from 8,000 to 25,000 mg l(-1). The effluent was accompanied with suspended solids (SS) of over 4,500 mg l(-1), which was mainly composed of yeast cells and could be considered as a source of animal forage additive. The residual COD of effluents from the yeast reactor could be further reduced to under 500 mg l(-1) by a combination process of activated sludge treatment and coagulation technologies.

A molt-associated chitinase cDNA from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana

Chitinase (CfChitinase) cDNA from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, was cloned using reverse transcription PCR and cDNA library screening. The CfChitinase cDNA was determined to be 2856 nucleotides long with the longest open reading frame made up of 1671 nucleotides that encoded a protein that was 557 amino acid long with a predicted molecular mass of 62 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 76-79% identity with other lepidopteran chitinases. Northern blots revealed that transcripts of CfChitinase appeared prior to each molt and peaked on the day of ecdysis from the second instar to the pupal stage but disappeared immediately after the molt. No transcripts could be detected in the early first instar prior to the spinning of the hibernaculum or in the diapausing second instars or during the intermolt periods of the other instars. Western blot analysis revealed that the protein appeared 12 h prior to ecdysis and disappeared 12 h after ecdysis from the sixth instar to pupal stage. The 20-hydroxyecdysone analog, tebufenozide (RH5992), induced expression of CfChitinase in the early stage of the sixth instar and caused a precocious and incomplete molt into an extra larval stage. During the sixth instar to the pupal molt, transcripts could be detected only in the epidermis and fat bodies, but not in the midgut. Western blots showed that the protein was present in the epidermis and midgut, but not in the fat bodies. The recombinant protein expressed in Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) showed high levels of chitinolytic activity with an optimal pH range 6-9. Glycosylation appeared to be necessary for the chitinolytic activity and secretion of the recombinant protein.

Endoscopic screening and determination of p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in esophageal multistage carcinogenesis: a comparative study between high- and low-risk populations in Henan, northern China

The objective of this study was to characterize the histologic changes from endoscopic screening for early esophageal cancer (EC) on subjects at high-incidence area (HIA) and low-incidence area (LIA) in Henan, China, and to further compare the changes in p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the multistage of human esophageal carcinogenesis from these two populations. The detection rate of basal cell hyperplasia (BCH) and dysplasia (DYS) was higher in the subjects from HIA than in those from LIA. Out of the 1568 symptom-free subjects examined at HIA, 10 (0.6%) cases with early squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were identified. Immunoreactivity of p53 and PCNA was observed in cell nuclei of esophageal biopsies and surgically resected esophageal cancer specimens both in HIA and LIA. With the lesions progressed from normal epithelium to BCH to DYS to SCC, the positive-immunostaining cells expanded from basal layer to superficial layer, and the number of positive cells/mm2 for p53 and PCNA increased, and was significantly higher in HIA than in LIA among the similar morphological lesions (P < 0.01). The number of p53 positive cells/mm2 in SCC from HIA was almost fivefold higher than SCC from LIA (P < 0.01). The remarkable difference was also observed between HIA and LIA in DYS and BCH. The present results indicate that p53 protein accumulation is an important early biomarker for identifying high-risk subjects for EC.

Changes of TGFbeta1 and TGFbetaRII expression in esophageal precancerous and cancerous lesions: a study of a high-risk population in Henan, northern China

The level of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) and transforming growth factor betaII receptor (TGFbetaRII) was determined immunohistochemically in normal tissues and tissues with different severities of lesions (basal cell hyperplasia, BCH; dysplasia, DYS; carcinoma in situ, CIS; and squamous cell carcinoma, SCC) from surgically resected human esophagi and esophageal biopsies of symptom-free subjects. The samples were from an area with high esophageal cancer incidence in northern China (Linzhou, formerly Linxian, and nearby county Huixian in Henan Province). Peroxidase immunostain (ABC) and conventional hematoxylin and eosin stain were used. The tissue sections were incubated with antibodies of TGFbeta1 and TGFbetaRII overnight. The immunoreactivity was observed in cytoplasm of the esophageal specimen. From normal to BCH to DYS to CIS and to SCC, the positive immunostaining rates for TGFbeta1 increased significantly (P < 0.05). A linear correlation between the positive immunostaining rates of TGFbeta1 and the different lesions was observed (P < 0.05). From well- to moderately- and poorly differentiated SCC, the positive immunostaining rates for TGFbeta1 decreased gradually, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). In contrast, with the lesions progressing from normal to BCH to DYS to CIS and to SCC, the positive immunostaining rates for TGFbetaRII decreased significantly (P < 0.05). From well- to moderately- and poorly differentiated SCC, the positive immunostaining rates for TGFbetaRII decreased significantly (P < 0.05). There was a linear correlation between the positive rates of TGFbetaRII and different lesions and SCC differentiation (P < 0.05). The present results indicated that the alterations of TGFbeta1 and TGFbetaRII is a frequent event in esophageal multistage carcinogenesis, the absent or lower expression of TGFbetaRII may lead to the loss of cell proliferation control by TGFbeta1 and the overexpression of TGFbeta1 may be a negative feedback response caused by the lower expression of TGFbetaRII protein.

A constitutive gene expression system derived from the tCUP cryptic promoter elements

A limited number of constitutive promoters have been used to direct transgene expression in plants and they are often derived from non-plant sources. Here, we describe novel gene-regulatory elements which are associated with a cryptic constitutive promoter from tobacco, tCUP, and modifications that were made to create a strong gene-expression system that is effective across all living cell types from a wide range of plant species, including several important crops ( Arabidopsis, canola, flax, alfalfa, tobacco). The tCUP 5' untranslated region was mutated to eliminate translational interference by upstream ATGs, and the influence of the Kozak consensus sequence on the levels of a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene activity was demonstrated. These modifications resulted in expression that was greatly enhanced in all organs. A TATA consensus sequence was added to the core promoter to complement an existing Initiator (Inr) sequence. Although this addition was known to elevate core promoter activity by 3-fold the additive effect on the overall gene-expression system was marginal in all of the transgenic plants tested. Two transcriptional enhancers were identified and the region containing them were oligomerized, yielding a significant increase in marker gene-expression in some but not all plant species. In general, the enhanced tCUP gene-expression system generated levels of GUS activity which exceeded that of the 35S promoter in most plant species and the elevation in activity occurred uniformly among the various plant organs. The potential benefit of cryptic elements for the construction of gene-expression systems for crop species is discussed

The CH3 N Diradical: Experimental and Theoretical Determinations of the Ionization Energies

Pyrolysis of CH3 N3 under the protection of NO generates a continuous methylnitrene CH3 N diradical beam that enables the ionization energies of different ionic states of the CH3 N diradical to be determined by HeI photoelectron spectroscopy (PES; see spectrum) and both ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The ab initio and DFT results are in excellent agreement with the PES experiment and show that the CH3 N diradical has C3v symmetry and the ground state of the CH3 N radical cation is the (2) E state.

Two-phase densification of cohesive granular aggregates

When poured into a container, cohesive granular materials form low-density, open granular aggregates. If pressure is applied to these aggregates, they densify by particle rearrangement. Here we introduce experimental and computational results suggesting that densification by particle rearrangement occurs in the form of a phase transition between two configurational phases of the aggregate. Then we show that the energy landscape associated with particle rearrangement is nonconvex and therefore consistent with our interpretation of the experimental and computational results. Our conclusions are relevant to many technological processes and natural phenomena.

Lymphotactin cotransfection enhances the therapeutic efficacy of dendritic cells genetically modified with melanoma antigen gp100

Lymphotactin (Lptn) is a C chemokine that attracts T cells and NK cells. Dendritic cells (DC) are highly efficient, specialized antigen-presenting cells and antigen-pulsed DC has been regarded as promising vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. The aim of our present study is to improve the therapeutic efficacy of DC-based tumor vaccine by increasing the preferential chemotaxis of DC to T cells. In this study, Lptn and/or melanoma-associated antigen gp100 were transfected into mouse bone marrow-derived DC, which were used as vaccines in B16 melanoma model. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with DC adenovirally cotransfected with Lptn and gp100 (Lptn/gp100-DC) could enhance the cytotoxicities of CTL and NK cells, increase the production of IL-2 and interferon-gamma significantly, as compared with immunization with gp100-DC, Lptn-DC, LacZ-DC, DC or PBS counterparts. The Lptn/gp100-DC immunized mice exhibited resistance to tumor challenge most effectively. It was found that the tumor mass of mice vaccinated by Lptn/gp100-DC showed obvious necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. In vivo depletion analysis demonstrated that CD8(+) T cells are the predominant T cell subset responsible for the antitumor effect of Lptn/gp100-DC and CD4(+) T cells were necessary in the induction phase of tumor rejection, while NK cells were less important although they participated in the antitumor response either in the induction phase or in the effector phase. In the murine model with the pre-established subcutaneous B16 melanoma, immunization with Lptn/gp100-DC inhibited the tumor growth most significantly when compared with other counterparts. These findings provide a potential strategy to improve the efficacy of DC-based tumor vaccines.

Differential expression of manganese superoxide dismutase and catalase in lung cancer

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in the initiation and promotion of cells to neoplastic growth. In this context, cigarette smoke exposure, the primary risk factor in lung cancer development, leads to high levels of ROS within the human airway. Although well-equipped with an integrated antioxidant defense system consisting of low-molecular weight antioxidants such as glutathione and intracellular enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, the lungs are vulnerable to increased endogenous and exogenous oxidative insults. Antioxidants increase in response to oxidative stress and minimize ROS-induced injury in experimental systems, indicating that antioxidant levels may determine whether ROS can initiate lung carcinogenesis. On this basis, we hypothesized that antioxidants would be decreased in lung carcinoma cells as compared with tumor-free adjacent lung tissues. Antioxidant expression was evaluated in 16 lung tumor and 21 tumor-free lung tissues collected between the years 1993 and 2001 from 24 individuals with surgically resectable non-small cell lung cancer, i.e., adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Total SOD activity was increased (P = 0.035), catalase activity decreased (P = 0.002), and glutathione and glutathione peroxidase were similar in tumors compared with tumor-free lung tissues. Alterations in antioxidant activities were attributable to increased manganese SOD and decreased catalase protein and mRNA expression in tumors. Immunohistochemical localization of catalase in the lung revealed decreased or no expression in the tumor cells, although healthy adjacent airway epithelial cells were strongly positive for catalase. Parallel changes in antioxidant activities, protein, and mRNA expression were noted in A549 lung carcinoma cell lines exposed to cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1beta, and IFN-gamma). Thus, inflammation in the lung may contribute to high levels of manganese SOD and decreased catalase, which together may lead to increased hydrogen peroxide intracellularly and create an intracellular environment favorable to DNA damage and the promotion of cancer.

[Localization and analysis of 1A6 gene by dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization on gastric carcinoma tissue and tumor cell lines]

OBJECTIVE

To locate 1A6 gene on the chromosome and study its copy number by dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on three tumor cell lines and 22 gastric tumors patients.

METHODS

The single-color FISH of small size biotin-labeled cDNA cloned in plasmid was used to locate the 1A6 gene on one of the chromosomes in C group. Genomic DNA of 1A6 gene was screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in PAC library according to the sequence. The florenscence of green and orange was incorporated into the target gene-1A6 cloned in PAC and chromosome-12-specific alpha-satellite repeat DNA by nick translation, followed by dual-color FISH. 1A6 gene was located in the metaphase chromosome of the normal peripheral lymphocytes. 1A6 gene and chromosome 12 copy numbers were analyzed on touch slide of gastric cancer tissue and cell lines.

RESULTS

1A6 gene was located in 12q23.2-23.3. The chromosome 12/1A6 signal ratio was 0.96-1.01 in breast, ovarian and gastric cancer cell lines. The ratio was 0.93-1.11 in gastric cancer tissue touch slides. The number of chromosome 12 is disomic (87.7%), triploid (7.4%) in BMI cell line; multisomic(100%), including pentasomic (67.6%) in SKOV3; the multisomic (83.1%), including trisomic (71%) in SGC823. There are highly disomic rate in 86. 4% (19/22) of patients.

CONCLUSION

1A6 gene is in 12q23.2-23.3. Neither 1A6 amplification nor deletion in gastric cancer tissue and three cell lines was found. Further study is needed for the understanding of chromosome 12 copy number variation in different cancer cell lines.

[Treatment of ion-exchange monosodium glutamate wastewater by yeast]

Two strains of yeasts, Candida halophila and Rhodotorula glutinis, were acquired through screening from ion-exchange monosodium glutamate wastewater (IEMGW) which was characterized by its high contents of COD (40,690 mg/L), NH(4+)-N (16,914 mg/L) and SO(4)2- (18,000 mg/L). The mixture of the two species had a good COD removal performance for treating IEMGW in a pH rang of 4-9. The yeast technology was superior to the conventional activated sludge in terms of COD removal and COD decomposition rate, In a dilution rate range of wastewater from 1:1 to 1:9, a COD removal of 84.5% and an average COD decomposition rate of over 1.0 kg/(kg.d) were obtained under an initial pH of 4.

[A further study on potential of microsatellite analysis of urine in diagnosis of bladder cancer]

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the application value of microsatellite analysis of voided urine in diagnosis of bladder cancer and compare the advantages and disadvantages of this method and urine cytology.

METHODS

Thirteen microsatellite markers, including the nine markers used in the authors' previous study and another four new markers, were tested on urine DNA from 143 individuals with or without bladder lesions in a blinded fashion. Urine cytology was applied at the same time.

RESULTS

The urine DNA from 89% (97/109) of the patients with bladder cancer, 86% (6/7) of the patients with inverted papilloma of the bladder, 3 out of 7 patients with cystitis and one patient with hematuria of unknown cause showed alterations, at least, in one of the 13 microsatellite markers, while the 19 individuals without bladder lesion had no change at any of these loci. Nucleic atypia or suspicious cancer cells were detected by routine cytology in the urine of the 3 patients with cystitis and one patient with hematuria of unknown cause who showed alterations of microsatellite in their urine sediments. Among the 81 cases of bladder cancer whose urine was examined by both microsatellite analysis and routine cytology, 73 cases (90%), of various stage or grade, were identified by microsatellite analysis, while only 41 cases (51%), mainly at advanced stage, were detected by cytology. Cancer cells were detected in the urine sediments of 4 of the 12 cases that were not identified by microsatellite analysis.

CONCLUSION

Microsatellite analysis of urine is useful for detection of bladder cancer. Microsatellite analysis and urine cytology could be complementary to each other.

A comparison between microsatellite analysis and cytology of urine for the detection of bladder cancer

We have studied, in a blinded fashion, cytology and microsatellite analysis on urine sediments of 143 Chinese with or without bladder lesions. Microsatellite analysis succeeded in all 143 individuals, while cytology could not be performed on 42 subjects due to insufficient urine samples. Both microsatellite analysis and routine urine cytology succeeded in 81 bladder cancer patients. Seventy-three patients (90%) were identified by microsatellite analysis, while only 41 patients (51%) were identified by cytology. However, four patients were identified by routine cytology but not by microsatellite analysis. Our results proved that microsatellite analysis is more sensitive than routine cytology but the two methods are complementary to each other.

[Mapping the interaction site of Rpb2 and Rpb3 subunit of fission yeast RNA polymerase II]

To map the interacting site of subunit Rpb2 to subunit Rpb3 of RNA polymerase II in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the yeast two-hybrid system was employed in this paper to screen the interacting clones between Rpb2 and Rpb3.4 fragments of Rpb2 cDNA were cloned into the Ga14 BD vector pAS2. The 4 clones were named as pAS2 Rpb2-1, 2-2, 2-3 and 2-4, respectively. The complete cDNA of Rpb3 was cloned into the Gal 4 AD vector pGADGH. The clone was named as pGADGH Rpb3. The two-hybrid plasmids pGADGH Rpb3 and pAS2Rpb2-1, 2-2, 2-3 or 2-4 respectively were cotransformed into host cell yeast Y190. The interaction positive cotransformants were identified by beta-gal activity assay. The beta-gal positive cotransformants were selected from pGADGH Rpb3 and pAS2Rpb2-4 two-hybrid system. DNA sequencing and alignment results showed that the interacting site of Rpb2 to Rpb3 located within the fragment from base 2701 to 2966 of Rpb2 cDNA, or within the C-termini polypeptide from amino acid 902 to 989 of Rpb2 protein.

[Clinical study on the efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing postpartum blood lose: a randomized, comparative, multicenter trial]

OBJECTIVE

To study the efficacy and safety of Transamin (tranexamic acid) in reducing postpartum blood loss.

METHODS

Four hundred primipara with term singleton pregnancy, vertex presentation, spontaneous delivery were enrolled. Ten U Oxytocin was injected intravenously immediately after the delivery of fetal shoulders in the second stage of labor. Then all the puerperants were randomly assigned to 4 groups. Group I (n = 94): Transamin 1.0 g was injected i.v.; Group lI (n = 92): Transamin 0.5 g i.v.; Group III (n = 92): aminomethylbenzoic acid 0.5 g i.v. was given; Group IV (n = 87): no treatment. Vaginal bleeding was precisely collected, and examined immediately after the expulsion of placenta and from placenta expulsion till 2 hours after delivery. The amount of blood loss was measured by both methods of weight and volume.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences of blood loss immediately after the expulsion of placenta among the 4 groups (P > 0.05). For the average blood loss at 2 hour postpartum, it was 129.7 ml, 133.9 ml, 168.5 ml and 178.2 ml for group I, II, II and IV respectively, while the total blood loss for the 4 groups was 243.3 ml, 242.9 ml, 308.1 ml, and 314.8 ml respectively. The average blood loss of group I and II was significantly less than group III and IV (P < 0.01), however, there was no significant difference between group I and group II (P > 0.05). The occurrences of postpartum hemorrhage (blood lose > or = 400 ml) were 6.4%, 13.3%, 20.7% and 25.3% for group I, II, III and IV respectively. There was no major adverse effects appeared.

CONCLUSIONS

Transamin is efficient and safe in reducing the postpartum blood loss. 1.0 g of Transamin has the best efficacy, and 0.5 g of Transamin followed.