551
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Ramakrishnan V. Growth of manganese tartrate trihydrate in silica gel. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.2170240505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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552
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Elango TP, Vancheesan S, Ramakrishnan V, Kuriacose JC. Radiation chemical studies of nickel-glycine reaction with carbonate radical. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02041760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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553
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Graziano V, Gerchman SE, Ramakrishnan V. Reconstitution of chromatin higher-order structure from histone H5 and depleted chromatin. J Mol Biol 1988; 203:997-1007. [PMID: 3210247 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reconstitution of the 30 nm filament of chromatin from pure histone H5 and chromatin depleted of H1 and H5 has been studied using small-angle neutron-scattering. We find that depleted, or stripped, chromatin is saturated by H5 at the same stoichiometry as that of linker histone in native chromatin. The structure and condensation behavior of fully reconstituted chromatin is indistinguishable from that of native chromatin. Both native and reconstituted chromatin condense continuously as a function of salt concentration, to reach a limiting structure that has a mass per unit length of 6.4 nucleosomes per 11 nm. Stripped chromatin at all ionic strengths appears to be a 10 nm filament, or a random coil of nucleosomes. In contrast, both native and reconstituted chromatin have a quite different structure, showing that H5 imposes a spatial correlation between neighboring nucleosomes even at low ionic strength. Our data also suggest that five to seven contiguous nucleosomes must have H5 bound in order to be able to form a higher-order structure.
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554
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Wignall GD, Christen DK, Ramakrishnan V. Instrumental resolution effects in small-angle neutron scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 1988. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889888004273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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555
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Fisher L, Melpolder S, O'Reilly J, Ramakrishnan V, Wignall G. Neutron scattering from interfacially polymerized core-shell latexes. J Colloid Interface Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9797(88)90217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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556
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Capel MS, Ramakrishnan V. Neutron-scattering topography of proteins of the small ribosomal subunit. Methods Enzymol 1988; 164:117-31. [PMID: 3071657 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(88)64038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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557
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Capel MS, Engelman DM, Freeborn BR, Kjeldgaard M, Langer JA, Ramakrishnan V, Schindler DG, Schneider DK, Schoenborn BP, Sillers IY. A complete mapping of the proteins in the small ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli. Science 1987; 238:1403-6. [PMID: 3317832 DOI: 10.1126/science.3317832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The relative positions of the centers of mass of the 21 proteins of the 30S ribosomal subunit from Escherichia coli have been determined by triangulation using neutron scattering data. The resulting map of the quaternary structure of the small ribosomal subunit is presented, and comparisons are made with structural data from other sources.
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558
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Gerchman SE, Ramakrishnan V. Chromatin higher-order structure studied by neutron scattering and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:7802-6. [PMID: 3479765 PMCID: PMC299397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.22.7802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutron scattering in solution and scanning transmission electron microscopy were simultaneously done on chicken erythrocyte chromatin at various salt and magnesium concentrations. We show that chromatin is organized into a higher-order structure even at low ionic strength and that the mass per unit length increases continuously as a function of salt concentration, reaching a limiting value of between six and seven nucleosomes per 11 nm. There is no evidence of a transition from a 10-nm to a 30-nm fiber. Fiber diameter is correlated with mass per unit length, showing that both increase during condensation. We also find that there is no essential difference between the mass per unit length measured by scanning transmission electron microscopy and neutron scattering in solution, showing that the ordered regions seen in micrographs are representative of chromatin in solution.
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559
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Sekar G, Ramakrishnan V, Aruldhas G. Vibrational spectra of Te(OH)6·X2SO4 (X = Tl, Na). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-0891(87)90061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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560
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Ramakrishnan V, Graziano V, Capel MS. A role for proteins S3 and S14 in the 30 S ribosomal subunit. J Biol Chem 1986; 261:15049-52. [PMID: 3533932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ribosomal subunits prepared by the method of Kirillov et al. (Kirillov, S. V., Makhno, V. I., Peshin, N. N., and Semenkov, Yu. P. (1986) Nucleic Acids Res. 5, 4305-4315) are active but fail to reconstitute. The inability to reconstitute is due to a deficiency in proteins S3 and S14. Supplementation of the protein component with pure S3 and S14 leads to an enhancement of the activity of the reconstituted product. Our results provide evidence that these two proteins are involved in assembly but may not be required once the 30 S subunit has been properly assembled.
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561
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Raghavan KG, Ramakrishnan V. Fabrication of reusable enzyme brushes for clinical analyses: Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme brush. Biotechnol Bioeng 1986; 28:1611-4. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260281104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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562
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Ramakrishnan V, Graziano V, Capel MS. A role for proteins S3 and S14 in the 30 S ribosomal subunit. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)66827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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563
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Abstract
In Escherichia coli, the small ribosomal subunit has a sedimentation coefficient of 30S, and consists of a 16S RNA molecule of 1541 nucleotides complexed with 21 proteins. Over the last few years, a controversy has emerged regarding the spatial distribution of RNA and protein in the 30S subunit. Contrast variation with neutron scattering was used to suggest that the RNA was located in a central core of the subunit and the proteins mainly in the periphery, with virtually no separation between the centers of mass of protein and RNA. However, these findings are incompatible with the results of efforts to locate individual ribosomal proteins by immune electron microscopy and triangulation with interprotein distance measurements. The conflict between these two views is resolved in this report of small-angle neutron scattering measurements on 30S subunits with and without protein S1, and on subunits reconstituted from deuterated 16S RNA and unlabeled proteins. The results show that (i) the proteins and RNA are intermingled, with neither component dominating at the core or the periphery, and (ii) the spatial distribution of protein and RNA is asymmetrical, with a separation between their centers of mass of about 25 angstroms.
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564
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Ramakrishnan V, Aruldhas G, Bigotto A. Vibrational spectra of Cu(II) and Co(II) tetrametaphosphates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-0891(85)90002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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565
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566
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Ramakrishnan V. A treatment of instrumental smearing effects in circularly symmetric small-angle scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 1985. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889885009748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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567
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Elango T, Ramakrishnan V, Vancheesan S, Kuriacose J. Reactions of the carbonate radical with aliphatic amines. Tetrahedron 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)91404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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568
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Wobbe CR, Mitra S, Ramakrishnan V. Structure of the capsid of Kilham rat virus from small-angle neutron scattering. Biochemistry 1984; 23:6565-9. [PMID: 6529570 DOI: 10.1021/bi00321a044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The structure of empty capsids of Kilham rat virus, an autonomous parvovirus with icosahedral symmetry, was investigated by small-angle neutron scattering. From the forward scatter, the molecular weight was determined to be 4.0 X 10(6), and from the Guinier region, the radius of gyration was found to be 105 A in D2O and 104 A in H2O. On the basis of the capsid molecular weight and the molecular weights and relative abundances of the capsid proteins, we propose that the capsid has a triangulation number of 1. Extended scattering curves and mathematical modeling revealed that the capsid consists of two shells of protein, the inner shell extending from 58 to 91 A in D2O and from 50 to 91 A in H2O and containing 11% of the capsid scattering mass, and the outer shell extending to 121 A in H2O and D2O. The inner shell appears to have a higher content of basic amino acids than the outer shell, based on its lower scattering density in D2O than in H2O. We propose that all three capsid proteins contribute to the inner shell and that this basic region serves DNA binding and partial charge neutralization functions.
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569
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Sundararajan K, Ramakrishnan V, Kuriacose J. Electron spin resonance studies on the radicals produced in the photoreduction of nitrobenzene by aliphatic amines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0047-2670(84)87071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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570
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Ramakrishnan V, Capel M, Kjeldgaard M, Engelman DM, Moore PB. Positions of proteins S14, S18 and S20 in the 30 S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1984; 174:265-84. [PMID: 6371250 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(84)90338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A map of the 30 S ribosomal subunit is presented giving the positions of 15 of its 21 proteins. The components located in the map are S1, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S14, S15, S18 and S20.
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571
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Donnelly MI, Hartman FC, Ramakrishnan V. The shape of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in solution as inferred from small angle neutron scattering. J Biol Chem 1984; 259:406-11. [PMID: 6423629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Small angle neutron scattering of both activated and deactivated hexadecameric ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from spinach revealed that its structure in solution very closely resembles that determined for the deactivated crystalline enzyme from tobacco (Baker, T.S., Eisenberg, D., and Eiserling, F. (1977) Science 196, 293-295). Scattering from both forms of the enzyme in H2O most closely fits that expected from a hollow sphere with an outer radius of 56.4 A and inner radius of 14.3 A. In D2O the enzyme's scattering profiles more closely resembled those of a hollow cylinder with an axial ratio of approximately 1.06 and outer and inner radii of 46.7 and 12.9 A, respectively. Superpositioning of model structures showed that both models determined by neutron scattering correspond quite well to that inferred from x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy of the tobacco enzyme. Sedimentation velocity studies confirmed that no major conformational change occurs upon activation of the spinch carboxylase, both forms exhibiting a sedimentation coefficient, 8(20,w), of 17.8 S. Neutron scattering by activated and deactivated carboxylase from Rhodospirillum rubrum, a dimeric enzyme, best matched that predicted for a solid prolate ellipsoid or cylinder. The estimated dimensions of the model structures correspond strikingly well to those predicted for adjacent pairs of large subunits in the hexadecameric tobacco enzyme.
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572
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Donnelly MI, Hartman FC, Ramakrishnan V. The shape of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in solution as inferred from small angle neutron scattering. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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573
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Uberbacher EC, Ramakrishnan V, Olins DE, Bunick GJ. Neutron scattering studies of nucleosome structure at low ionic strength. Biochemistry 1983; 22:4916-23. [PMID: 6639936 DOI: 10.1021/bi00290a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ionic strength studies using homogeneous preparations of chicken erythrocyte nucleosomes containing either 146 or 175 base pairs of DNA show a single unfolding transition at about 1.5 mM ionic strength as determined by small-angle neutron scattering. The transition seen by some investigators at between 2.9 and 7.5 mM ionic strength is not observed by small-angle neutron scattering in either type of nucleosome particle. The two contrasts measured (H2O and D2O) indicate that only small conformational changes occur in the protein core, but the DNA is partially unfolded below the transition point. Patterson inversion of the data and analysis of models indicate that the DNA in both types of particle is unwinding from the ends, leaving about one turn of supercoiled DNA bound to the histone core in approximately its normal (compact) conformation. The mechanism of unfolding appears to be similar for both types of particles and in both cases occurs at the same ionic strength. The unfolding observed for nucleosomes in this study is in definite disagreement with extended superhelical models for the DNA and also disagrees with models incorporating an unfolded histone core.
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574
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Ravindranathan Thampi K, Varahala Reddy T, Ramakrishnan V, Kuriacose J. Photoelectrochemical reactions of sodium propionate over polycrystaline ZnO. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(83)80364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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575
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Ramakrishnan V, D'Souza SF. Localization of sucrase activity in the cocoon ofBombyx mori. Cell Mol Life Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01985647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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576
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Ramakrishnan V, Darszon A, Philipp M, Montal M. Rhodopsin in model membranes: the kinetics of channel opening and closing in rhodopsin-containing planar lipid bilayers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980; 358:36-42. [PMID: 6260000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb15384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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577
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Elliott JP, Hageman JH, Szilagyi E, Ramakrishnan V, Bravo JJ, Smith RF. Arterial embolization: problems of source, multiplicity, recurrence, and delayed treatment. Surgery 1980; 88:833-45. [PMID: 7444764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The clinical course of 225 patients who had experienced 309 arterial embolic episodes was reviewed with special reference to the problems of the identification of the source of embolization, multiplicity of involvement, significance of recurrence, and the effects of some therapeutic means, including anticoagulation, on the early and late results. The most common source of embolization was cardiac (in 85% of the cases). Persistent search, at times by complex diagnostic methods, uncovered the origin in all but 11% of the cases. Within a range of 8 hours to 7 days the effect of delayed treatment had a linear relationship to the severity of ischemic changes and the deterioration of favorable results. Angiography was helpful and often essential in the diagnosis of visceral embolism and in differentiating local thrombosis from embolism in the periphery. Recurrent embolization was common (in 28% of the cases), was often multiple, and had a grave prognosis. Permanent anticoagulant therapy, preferably with but even without the removal of the source of embolization, reduced the rate of recurrence and, in general, reduced early and late morbidity and mortality rates.
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578
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Raghavan KG, Ramakrishnan V, Nadkarni GB. Tyrosine Metabolism in Gamma-Irradiated Rice Moth, Corcyra cephalonica. Radiat Res 1976. [DOI: 10.2307/3574494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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579
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Raghavan KG, Ramakrishnan V, Nadkarni GB. Tyrosine metabolism is gamma-irradiated rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica. Radiat Res 1976; 67:46-55. [PMID: 821092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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580
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Selvarajan N, Ramakrishnan V. Mechanistic Study of Photochemical Interaction of Excited Anthracene with Acrylonitrile. Z PHYS CHEM 1975. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.1975.96.1-3.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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581
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Rangabashyam N, Krishnaraj B, Mohan C, Ramakrishnan V. Intrahepatic choledochal cyst. Am J Gastroenterol 1975; 63:71-4. [PMID: 1119472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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582
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Vaidyanathan S, Ramakrishnan V. Photoreaction between Anthracene and Aniline: A Mechanistic Study. Z PHYS CHEM 1973. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.1973.85.1-4.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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583
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Rao VR, Ramakrishnan V. Photochemical study of interaction of excited anthracene with amines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1039/c29710000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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584
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Bhaskaran G, Ramakrishnan V, Adeesan C. Effects of benzamide on embryonic development of the housefly. Dev Growth Differ 1970; 11:265-76. [PMID: 5464323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.1970.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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585
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Santhanam M, Ramakrishnan V. Photochemical study of energy transfer from benzophenone triplet to aniline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1039/c29700000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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586
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Ramakrishnan V, Sunseri R, McGlynn SP. External Heavy‐Atom Spin—Orbital Coupling. IV. Equilibrium Investigations. J Chem Phys 1966. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1727767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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587
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