Circulating obestatin concentration is lowered by insulin in rats

Circulating obestatin is lowered by food intake, but factors involved in obestatin regulation remain unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether intravenous glucose or insulin infusion lowers obestatin. Rats were infused over 3 h with either A. saline (controls); B. dextrose to steady state blood glucose ~16.7 mM, or C. insulin 7.5 mU/kg.min, plus dextrose as needed to clamp to euglycemic basal concentrations. During 3 h of infusion, group B had significantly greater (P<0.01) glucose, 18.75±1.27 mM, than groups A (6.10±0.33 mM) or C (6.19±0.18 mM). Groups B and C had hyperinsulinemia at the end of the 3 h infusion (1.02±0.03 ng/ml, 1.07±0.02 ng/ml) compared with saline-infused (0.38±0.01 ng/ml, P<0.01). Obestatin concentrations were significantly reduced (P<0.01) in both hyperinsulinemic groups and (B=0.95±0.06 ng/ml; C=0.87±0.04 ng/ml) versus controls (1.56±0.13 ng/ml). These data suggest that insulin can decrease the plasma obestatin levels.

Subclinical hypothyroidism and its association with lupus nephritis: a case control study in a large cohort of Chinese systemic lupus erythematosus patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid diseases in Chinese systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and the relevance of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) with lupus nephritis (LN). A large cohort of 1006 SLE patients was retrospectively analyzed. The prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease was 2.78%, clinical hypothyroidism 1.69%, subclinical hypothyroidism 10.04%, central hypothyroidism 1.29%, hyperthyroidism 1.19%, euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) 9.54%, and nodules 1.09%, respectively. Compared with the prevalence of thyroid abnormalities in the general Chinese population (0.91–6.05%), SCH was much higher (10.04%) in this study. In addition, SCH was more frequent in patients with LN (13.4%) than those without LN (7.3%, p = 0.001). Case control study was performed to explore the relative risk factors of SCH. In multiple logistic regression models, 24 h urine protein and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were retained as independent correlates of SCH after adjusting for demographic variables, risk factors, and other potential confounders. The results of the present study suggest that SCH is a common complication in SLE patients, and closely related with LN.

Degradation of MEH-PPV due to Oxygen/Moisture Traps through C-V Analysis and Attenuated Total Reflection IR Spectroscopy

We present the studying of oxygen and moisture traps in MEH-PPV through the MIS Capacitance – Voltage (C-V) analysis, and the Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared (ATR IR) spectroscopy technique. The presence of oxygen studied by ATR IR has also been verified by optical images from high resolution optical microscope. In quasi-static C-V measurements of the MIS (Al/MEH-PPV/p-Si) capacitors made, an extension of the weak inversion region was measured before strong inversion, which becomes more pronounced with aging. This increase in the weak inversion region is attributed to electron trapping by oxygen to form negative ions in the MEH-PPV layer. ATR IR spectroscopy shows the formation of carbonyl peak at 1651 cm−1 with aging, which is due to the presence of oxygen. Both the C-V analysis and Attenuated Total Reflection IR Spectroscopy are powerful tools for investigating the degradation of MEH-PPV polymer.

Impact of surgical ventricular restoration on ventricular shape, wall stress, and function in heart failure patients

Surgical ventricular restoration (SVR) was designed to treat patients with aneurysms or large akinetic walls and dilated ventricles. Yet, crucial aspects essential to the efficacy of this procedure like optimal shape and size of the left ventricle (LV) are still debatable. The objective of this study is to quantify the efficacy of SVR based on LV regional shape in terms of curvedness, wall stress, and ventricular systolic function. A total of 40 patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after SVR. Both short-axis and long-axis MRI were used to reconstruct end-diastolic and end-systolic three-dimensional LV geometry. The regional shape in terms of surface curvedness, wall thickness, and wall stress indexes were determined for the entire LV. The infarct, border, and remote zones were defined in terms of end-diastolic wall thickness. The LV global systolic function in terms of global ejection fraction, the ratio between stroke work (SW) and end-diastolic volume (SW/EDV), the maximal rate of change of pressure-normalized stress (dσ*/dt(max)), and the regional function in terms of surface area change were examined. The LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were significantly reduced, and global systolic function was improved in ejection fraction, SW/EDV, and dσ*/dt(max). In addition, the end-diastolic and end-systolic stresses in all zones were reduced. Although there was a slight increase in regional curvedness and surface area change in each zone, the change was not significant. Also, while SVR reduced LV wall stress with increased global LV systolic function, regional LV shape and function did not significantly improve.

Involvement of T helper type 17 and regulatory T cell activity in tumour immunology of bladder carcinoma

T helper type 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells (T(reg) ) play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammation and autoimmune disorders. Recent studies have suggested that they also had an impact on tumour immunology. However, the relationship between Th17 and T(reg) cells in the pathogenesis of bladder carcinoma is still unclear. Flow cytometry was used to analyse the numbers, phenotype and cytokine production of Th17 cells in peripheral blood and tumour tissue from bladder carcinoma patients, in parallel with analysis of T(reg) cells. The suppressor capacity of T(reg) and the potential effects of interleukin (IL)-2 on the differentiation of Th17 and T(reg) cells in vitro were studied in a T cell stimulation and suppression assays. The results were as follows: Th17 cells were enriched in the tumours of patients with bladder carcinoma compared with the peripheral blood of patients and controls; patients with bladder carcinoma had a higher proportion of T(reg) cells in peripheral blood compared with healthy controls and nearly all patients examined showed a relative enrichment of tumour-infiltrating T(reg) with respect to peripheral blood; there appeared to be an inverse relationship between tumour-infiltrating Th17 and T(reg) cells; IL-2 could convert tumour-infiltrating T(reg) cells cultured in the presence of the autologous irradiated CD3(-) fraction into Th17 cells, down-regulate forkhead box P2 expression and suppressive capacity of T(reg) cells. This study is the first to define the frequency and characteristics of Th17 cells in bladder carcinoma. We suggest that the balance between Th17 and T(reg) cells may be involved in the development or progression of bladder carcinoma.

Frequency of UGT1A1*28 gene polymorphism in Chinese gastrointestinal cancer patients and its relationship with irinotecan-related diarrhea

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Background: The incidence of irinotecan-related adverse events was associated with the polymorphism of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) gene, and demonstrated as obvious ethnic diversity. The aim of this study is to observe the frequency and severity of various adverse events in Han patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer who was treated with irinotecan-based therapy. Simultaneously, the relationship between the severe adverse events and UGT1A1 gene promoter polymorphism (UGT1A1*28) was investigated.

Methods: A total of 109 patients (65 men and 44 women; median 57 years; range: 34-76 years) with advanced gastrointestinal carcinoma receiving irinotecan-based chemotherapy were enrolled. The adverse events during the course chemotherapy, the pretreatment serum bilirubin level, as well as the time to the Grade 3-4 toxicities occurrence were recorded. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood to detect the polymorphism of UGT1A1*28 (TATA box thymine-adenine TA repeats). The relationship between the severity of adverse events and UGT1A1*28 polymorphism was investigated.

Results: Of all these 109 enrolled patients, 90 patients were identified with thymine-adenine (TA)6/(TA)6 genotype, 19 patients with the thymine-adenine (TA)6/(TA)7 genotype, and no (TA)7/(TA)7 genotype was found. Forty-six and 12 patients developed grade 3-4 neutropenia, while 8 and 5 patients occurred grade 3-4 diarrhea in (TA)6/(TA)6group and (TA)6/(TA)7 group, respectively. The occurrence of grade 3-4 diarrhea but not neutropenia was closely related with (TA)6/(TA)7 genotype in UGT1A1 promoter region in patients receiving irinotecan-based chemotherapy (P=0.033).

Conclusions: The frequency of UGT1A1*28 gene polymorphism in Han patients is 17.4%, which is lower than that reported in western populations. The marked increase in grade 3-4 diarrhea is related with (TA)6/(TA)7 genotype of UGT1A1 in patients receiving irinotecan-based chemotherapy.

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Abstract PD02-03: Regulation of Mammary Stem Cell Population with Dietary Intake of Soy Protein Isolate Reveals Novel Mechanisms for Diet-Mediated Control of Mammary Tumorigenesis

Breast cancer risk is highly modified by environmental factors including diet. Previously, we showed that dietary intake of soy protein isolate (SPI) decreased mammary tumor incidence and increased mammary tumor latency in rats relative to those fed a control casein (CAS) diet, when exposed to the chemical carcinogen NMU. Mammary tumor preventive effects by SPI were associated with up-regulation of the tumor suppressor PTEN and down-regulation of the oncogenic Wnt-signaling components in mammary epithelial cells (MECs) leading to enhanced differentiation. Given that breast cancer is considered to be initiated by stem cells (SCs) with tumorigenic potential, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), and mammary over-expression of Wnt-1 in mice causes spontaneous breast tumors due to the expansion of mammary CSCs, we hypothesized that diet may alter the mammary SC population to effect mammary tumor prevention. Here, we investigated SPI effects relative to CAS, on mammary tumor development in MMTV-Wnt 1-Transgenic (Tg) female mice and on the mammary SC population in virgin wildtype (WT) and pre-neoplastic Tg female mice. Tumor incidence at 8 months of age of Tg mice fed SPI (n=30) post-weaning was lower than in those fed CAS (48.3% vs.73.5%; P&lt;0.05) (n=34). Interestingly, tumor latency in SPI-fed Tg mice was shorter than for the CAS-fed group (4.65 vs. 5.88 months; P&lt;0.05). Tumor weight and growth rate was similar for the diet groups. To evaluate SPI effects relative to CAS, on mammary SC population, epithelial cells from mammary tissues were isolated from WT (PND 100) and Tg (PND75) mice. The percentage of mammary SCs was quantified by fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis of MECs based on their expression of mouse mammary SC markers (CD29 and CD24) within the Lineage negative (Lin-) population (CD45-, TER119-, CD31-). The Lin-CD29hiCD24hi subpopulation in MECs was decreased by 50% in Tg mice fed SPI post-weaning relative to those fed CAS, decreasing the likelihood of mutations that convert normal to cancer SC and could explain the protective effects of SPI on tumor incidence. Interestingly, the SC population was expanded by 2-fold in MECs of WT mice fed SPI relative to the CAS group, which could be beneficial for mammary gland development and tissue homeostasis. Our findings provide the first report of dietary effects on the SC population in MECs in vivo. The dichotomy of SPI effects on tumor outcome in mammary tissues with dysregulated Wnt signaling maybe related to the loss of the complex regulatory grid between PTEN and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, both of which control stem cell fate. The possibility that diet can influence tumor progression at the level of the SC population suggests the important contribution of nutrition to the etiology of breast cancer and to the early management of breast health. Supported by USDA-ARS and Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD02-03.

PHD3 regulates differentiation, tumour growth and angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer

Purpose:

Tumour hypoxia activates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and indluences angiogenesis, cell survival and invasion. Prolyl hydroxylase-3 (PHD3) regulates degradation of HIF-1α. The effects of PHD3 in tumour growth are largely unknown.

Experimental design:

PHD3 expression was analysed in human pancreatic cancer tissues and cancer cell lines by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. PHD3 overexpression was established by stable transfection and downregulation by short interfering RNA technology. VEGF was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Matrigel invasion assays were performed to examine tumour cell invasion. Apoptosis was measured by annexin-V staining and caspase-3 assays. The effect of PHD3 on tumour growth in vivo was evaluated in an established orthotopic murine model.

Results:

PHD3 was upregulated in well-differentiated human tumours and cell lines, and regulated hypoxic VEGF secretion. PHD3 overexpression mediated tumour cell growth and invasion by induction of apoptosis in a nerve growth factor-dependent manner by the activation of caspase-3 and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase HIF-1 independently. In vivo, PHD3 inhibited tumour growth by abrogation of tumour angiogenesis.

Conclusion:

Our results indicate essential functions of PHD3 in tumour growth, apoptosis and angiogenesis and through HIF-1-dependent and HIF-1-independent pathways.

Relation of early antibiotic use to childhood asthma: confounding by indication?

BACKGROUND

Findings from studies of the relation between early antibiotic use and subsequent asthma have been inconsistent, which may be attributable to methodologic issues.

OBJECTIVE

Our objective was to assess the impact of confounding by indication on the relation of early antibiotic use to childhood asthma through age 5 in a non-selected birth cohort (n=424).

METHODS

Oral antibiotic use was assessed by frequent nurse interviews in the first 9 months of life. Physician-diagnosed active asthma and eczema were assessed by questionnaire at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years, and were considered as ever asthma or ever eczema if positive at any age. Allergen-specific IgE was assessed in plasma at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years. Confounding by indication was investigated by considering the relation of asthma to antibiotic use while controlling for the number of illness visits to a physician in early life.

RESULTS

There was no statistically significant relation of early antibiotic use with physician-diagnosed eczema or allergen-specific IgE. A dose-response relation was evident for antibiotic use with ever asthma (odds ratio [OR]=1.5, P=0.047). Ever asthma also increased significantly with the number of illness visits to a physician (P<0.001). After adjustment for number of illness visits, antibiotic use showed no relation with asthma.

CONCLUSIONS

The relation of asthma to antibiotics in this cohort appears to be an artefact of the strong relation of number of physician visits for illness with both antibiotic use and risk for asthma.

Changes in the bacterial communities of vacuum-packaged pork during chilled storage analyzed by PCR-DGGE

In this study, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to investigate the bacterial communities of vacuum-packaged pork during chilled storage. Eight kinds of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were identified from the strains isolated from MRS plates by PCR-DGGE of the V3 region, and Lactobacillus sakei was the representative isolate at the end of the monitoring. By means of the direct meat analysis of PCR-DGGE, LAB increased gradually and Carnobacterium sp./Car. divergens, Lactobacillus sakei and Lactococcus sp./Lc. piscium, became the predominant bacteria at the end of the storage. The results of Lactobacillus-specific PCR and DGGE showed that different Lactobacillus populations were present at different storage periods and Lb. sakei became the predominant bacteria in the end. In conclusion, the PCR-DGGE technique as a culture-independent method is applicable to monitoring bacterial population dynamics in vacuum-packaged pork.