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Lee YS, Park SC, Goldberg AL, Chung CH. Protease So from Escherichia coli preferentially degrades oxidatively damaged glutamine synthetase. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:6643-6. [PMID: 2896198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
After oxidative damage (e.g. induced with iron, ascorbate, and oxygen), the inactivated glutamine synthetase is selectively hydrolyzed in extracts of Escherichia coli. We therefore tested if glutamine synthetase treated with this system is hydrolyzed preferentially by any of the known E. coli proteases. Protease So, a cytoplasmic serine protease, was found to degrade the oxidized form of glutamine synthetase to acid-soluble peptides 5-10 times faster than the native glutamine synthetase. Degradation of the oxidized glutamine synthetase was inhibited by EDTA and stimulated 5-10-fold by Mg2+, Ca2+, or Mn2+, even though casein hydrolysis by protease So is not affected by divalent cations. Apparently, these cations affect the conformation of this substrate, making it more susceptible to proteolytic attack. Protease Re, another cytoplasmic protease, also degrades preferentially the oxidized form of glutamine synthetase and seems to correspond to the glutamine synthetase-degrading activity recently described by Roseman and Levine [1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 2101-2110). However, it is much less active in this reaction than protease So. No other soluble E. coli protease, including Do, Ci, Mi, Fa, Pi, or the ATP-dependent proteases Ti and La (the lon product), appears to degrade this oxidized protein. These results suggest that protease So participates in the hydrolysis of oxidatively damaged proteins and that E. coli has multiple systems for degrading different types of aberrant proteins.
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327
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Lee YS, Park SC, Goldberg AL, Chung CH. Protease So from Escherichia coli preferentially degrades oxidatively damaged glutamine synthetase. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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328
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Lai MY, Jiang FM, Chung CH, Chen HC, Chao PD. Dose dependent effect of cimetidine on procainamide disposition in man. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, THERAPY, AND TOXICOLOGY 1988; 26:118-21. [PMID: 2457561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of single dose of 200 mg and 400 mg cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of procainamide (PA) in healthy Chinese. The results show that AUC of PA was significantly raised by 38% and 24% with a significant reduction in renal clearance by 40% and 31%, respectively, when single dose of 400 mg or 200 mg cimetidine was coadministered. Significant changes of AUC and renal clearance of the active metabolite--N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) were found only following the dose of 400 mg cimetidine. The larger dose of cimetidine produced greater alteration in the PA and NAPA pharmacokinetics. The interaction is mainly associated with their reduced renal clearance.
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329
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Park JH, Lee YS, Chung CH, Goldberg AL. Purification and characterization of protease Re, a cytoplasmic endoprotease in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:921-6. [PMID: 2892828 PMCID: PMC210743 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.2.921-926.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease Re, a new cytoplasmic endoprotease in Escherichia coli, was purified to homogeneity by conventional procedures, using [3H]casein as the substrate. The enzyme consists of a single polypeptide of 82,000 molecular weight. It is maximally active between pH 7 and 8.5 and is independent of ATP. It has a pI of 6.8 and a Km of 10.8 microM for casein. Since diisopropyl fluorophosphate and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride inhibited this enzyme, it appears to be a serine protease. Protease Re was sensitive to inhibition by L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethylchloromethylketone but not to that by 1-chloro-3-tosylamido-7-aminoheptanone, thiol-blocking reagents, chelating agents, or various peptide aldehydes. Re also degraded [125I]globin, [125I]glucagon, and 125I-labeled denatured bovine serum albumin to acid-soluble products (generally oligopeptides of greater than 1,500 daltons), but it showed no activity against serum albumin, growth hormone, insulin, or a variety of fluorometric peptide substrates. It also hydrolyzed oxidatively inactivated glutamine synthetase (generated by ascorbate, oxygen, and iron) four- to fivefold more rapidly than the native protein. Protease Re appears to be identical to the proteolytic enzyme isolated by Roseman and Levine (J. Biol. Chem. 262:2101-2110, 1987) by its ability to degrade selectively oxidatively damaged glutamine synthetase in vivo. Its role in intracellular protein breakdown is uncertain.
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330
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Hwang BJ, Park WJ, Chung CH, Goldberg AL. Escherichia coli contains a soluble ATP-dependent protease (Ti) distinct from protease La. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:5550-4. [PMID: 3303028 PMCID: PMC298900 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.16.5550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy requirement for protein breakdown in Escherichia coli has generally been attributed to the ATP-dependence of protease La, the lon gene product. We have partially purified another ATP-dependent protease from lon-cells that lack protease La (as shown by immunoblotting). This enzyme hydrolyzes [3H]methyl-casein to acid-soluble products in the presence of ATP and Mg2+. ATP hydrolysis appears necessary for proteolytic activity. Since this enzyme is inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate, it appears to be a serine protease, but it also contains essential thiol residues. We propose to name this enzyme protease Ti. It differs from protease La in nucleotide specificity, inhibitor sensitivity, and subunit composition. On gel filtration, protease Ti has an apparent molecular weight of 370,000. It can be fractionated by phosphocellulose chromatography or by DEAE chromatography into two components with apparent molecular weights of 260,000 and 140,000. When separated, they do not show proteolytic activity. One of these components, by itself, has ATPase activity and is labile in the absence of ATP. The other contains the diisopropyl fluorophosphate-sensitive proteolytic site. These results and the similar findings of Katayama-Fujimura et al. [Katayama-Fujimura, Y., Gottesman, S. & Maurizi, M. R. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 4477-4485] indicate that E. coli contains two ATP-hydrolyzing proteases, which differ in many biochemical features and probably in their physiological roles.
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331
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Chung CH, Go P, Chang KH. PSK immunotherapy in cancer patients--a preliminary report. ZHONGHUA MINGUO WEI SHENG WU JI MIAN YI XUE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1987; 20:210-6. [PMID: 3322700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A clinical trial was conducted by the Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, between 1981 and 1986, using PSK (Krestin) as an adjuvant immunotherapy to assess its potential benefit in cancer patients. The protocol called for a daily administration of 1 gram tid of PSK orally for at least a month upon completion of primary treatment for the tumor. A total of 67 patients were included in this study; 13 patients were excluded from evaluation because of noncompliance with the protocol. When three cases of toxicity were noted, PSK was discontinued for the three patients. Among the different groups of patients, nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients under PSK immunotherapy showed a significantly better survival when compared with historical controls (28% vs 17% five-year survival rate, p less than 0.05, generalized Wilcoxon test). It is therefore concluded that PSK can serve as an important adjunct in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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332
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Bae HY, Oh KT, Chae JK, Chung CH, Hong SP, Cho KK. Subepidermal capillary basement membrane thickness of the skin obtained by punch biopsy in patients with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Korean J Intern Med 1987; 2:234-48. [PMID: 3154836 PMCID: PMC4534939 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.1987.2.2.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thickening and proliferation of the capillary basement membrane is a generalized phenomenon in diabetes mellitus and has been described in many organs including the heart, kidney, pancreas, retina etc. While such changes are specific, it is difficult to obtain specimens from those organs. Tissue samples were obtained from the medial surface of the thigh of 33 diabetics and 4 healthy controls by means of punch biopsy. Measurements carried out by normogram obtained from electron microscopic pictures. HbA1c values were also determined at time of muscle biopsy. 1. The HbA1c values are higher in diabetics than in the control group (p<0.01). 2. The subepidermal capillary basement membrane thickness of the diabetics: 30% of the 5’th decade population, 53.9% of the 6’th decade population and 83.3% of the 7’th decade population was greater than 3,000 A°. Whereas that of the controls was less than 3,000 A°. 3. The subepidermal capillary basement membrane thickness was not significantly increased with the duration of the disease. 4. In cases of greater subepidermal capillary besement membrane thickness, HbA1c showed a significant increase. (p<0.01).
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333
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Chou MW, Yeh JC, Kuo HT, Chung CH, Huang WC. [Low-dose radiotherapy of pulmonary complications resulting from paraquat intoxication: report of a case]. TAIWAN YI XUE HUI ZA ZHI. JOURNAL OF THE FORMOSAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 1987; 86:452-5. [PMID: 3598556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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334
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Chung CH, Liao DM, Tan PP. [Arterial blood gas analysis during a rapid sequence induction procedure]. MA ZUI XUE ZA ZHI = ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SINICA 1986; 24:188-92. [PMID: 3099117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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335
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Chung CH, Wong KM, Tan PP. [Comparison of recovery characteristics between halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in pediatric outpatients]. MA ZUI XUE ZA ZHI = ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SINICA 1986; 24:50-5. [PMID: 3784808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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336
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Chung CH, Coolbaugh RC. ent-Kaurene Biosynthesis in Cell-Free Extracts of Excised Parts of Tall and Dwarf Pea Seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1986; 80:544-8. [PMID: 16664659 PMCID: PMC1075152 DOI: 10.1104/pp.80.2.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigations on the sites of ent-kaur-16-ene (ent-kaurene) biosynthesis were conducted with cell-free extracts from several excised parts of 10-, 13-, and 16-d-old tall and dwarf pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. [(14)C]Mevalonic acid was incorporated into ent-kaurene in cell-free extracts from young developing leaves and elongating internodes of tall (;Alaska') and dwarf (;Progress No.9') pea seedlings at all three stages of development. ent-Kaurene biosynthesis also occurred readily in cell-free extracts from shoot tips, petioles, and stipules near the young elongating internodes. The ent-kaurene-synthesizing activity found in young developing tissues declined as tissues matured. Little or no activity was detectable in enzyme extracts from cotyledons and root tips at different stages. In light grown tall pea internodes ent-kaurene-synthesizing activity was low as they began to elongate, reached a maximum when the internodes reached about 2 cm in length and declined as they matured. Activity in extracts of dwarf shoot tips and internodes was generally lower than in equivalent tall plants, but the activity in dwarf leaves and stipules was somewhat higher than in tall plants. With the exception of root tips, there is a strong correlation between growth potential of a tissue and the rate of ent-kaurene biosynthesis in extracts from that tissue.
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337
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Kim YG, Chae JK, Park SH, Chung CH, Hong SP, Cho KK. Serum and erythrocyte lipoperoxides and supproxide dismutase levels in normal persons and hypertensive patients. Korean J Intern Med 1986; 1:113-9. [PMID: 15759386 PMCID: PMC4534888 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.1986.1.1.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the role and responses of lipoperoxide and superoxide dismutase in hypertensive disease, the serum and erythrocyte lipid peroxide and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase levels were measured in 65 normal persons and hypertensive patients. The results are summerized as follows: In normal persons, serum and erythrocyte lipoperoxide values showed an increase according to age, but the elevation was not statistically significant. In normal persons, the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase value did not change according to age. In hypertensive patients, the serum and erythrocyte lipoperoxide values showed increases of 10.8% and 26% respectively compared to those of the controls. In hypertensive patients, the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase value showed a decrease of 29.9% compared to that of the controls.
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338
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Belcaro G, Chung CH, Di Nardo E, Rotolo A, Dell'Osa E, Baldassarre V, Cotellese R, Rossi M, Caizzi N. Infrared and ELC thermography in the assessment of the digital rewarming curve after a Finger-Cooling test. A preliminary report. Panminerva Med 1985; 27:33-8. [PMID: 4034231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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339
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Chung CH, Ives HE, Almeda S, Goldberg AL. Purification from Escherichia coli of a periplasmic protein that is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic proteases. J Biol Chem 1983; 258:11032-8. [PMID: 6411724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A protein capable of inhibiting trypsin and other pancreatic proteases has been purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli by conventional procedures and affinity chromatography. It is stable for at least 30 min at 100 degrees C and pH 1.0, but it is inactivated by digestion with pepsin. The inhibitor has an apparent molecular weight of 38,000 as determined by gel filtration and must be a homodimer since it contains a single 18,000-dalton subunit upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The inhibitor has an isoelectric point of 6.1. One dimeric molecule of the inhibitor can bind two trypsin molecules to form a mixed tetrameric complex, in which trypsin molecules are completely inhibited. The inhibitor is not digested by the trypsin. When N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide was used as a trypsin substrate, half-maximal inhibition was observed at 22 nM. This protein also inhibits chymotrypsin, pancreatic elastase, rat mast cell chymase, and human serosal urokinase, but it does not inhibit human pulmonary tryptase, kallikrein, papain, pepsin, Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, subtilisin, and thermolysin. Surprisingly, it did not inhibit any of the eight soluble endoproteases recently isolated from E. coli (i.e. proteases Do, Re, Mi, Fa, So, La, Ci, and Pi) nor the chymotrypsin-like (protease I) and trypsin-like (protease II) esterases in E. coli. The inhibitor is localized to the periplasmic space and its level did not change with different growth media or stages of cell growth. The physiological function of this E. coli trypsin inhibitor is unknown. We suggest that E. coli trypsin inhibitor be named "Ecotin."
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340
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Swamy KH, Chung CH, Goldberg AL. Isolation and characterization of protease do from Escherichia coli, a large serine protease containing multiple subunits. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 224:543-54. [PMID: 6347072 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A new cytoplasmic proteolytic enzyme in Escherichia coli, named protease Do, has been purified to near homogeneity. The enzyme is an endoprotease that degrades casein, denatured bovine serum albumin, and globin but shows little or no hydrolytic activity against insulin, growth hormone, native bovine serum albumin, or a variety of commonly used peptide substrates. The molecular size of the enzyme was large, and it could be isolated in different preparations in either of two forms. One showed a molecular weight of about 500,000 on gel filtration and a sedimentation coefficient of 15.9 S on sucrose gradient centrifugation. The other appeared to be about 300,000 and sedimented at 12.7 S. No interconversion between the two forms and no other difference in the properties was found. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) shows that both forms contain a major 54,000-dalton band and three additional minor polypeptides with molecular weights of 45,000, 44,000, and 42,000. These minor polypeptides appear to result from autolytic degradation of the major protein as demonstrated by peptide mapping with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. Thus, protease Do appears to contain a single subunit of 54,000, and can exist either as a decamer or as a hexamer or pentamer. The enzyme is a serine protease. It is sensitive to diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) but not to metal chelating agents, sulfhydryl blocking groups, certain chloromethyl ketones, or various peptide aldehyde inhibitors. The enzyme covalently binds [3H]DFP, and the labeled subunit was visualized on SDS-polyacrylamide gels by fluorography. When cells growing in rich broth enter stationary phase, the relative concentration of protease Do increases more than twofold.
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341
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Chung CH, Goldberg AL. Purification and characterization of protease So, a cytoplasmic serine protease in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1983; 154:231-8. [PMID: 6339474 PMCID: PMC217451 DOI: 10.1128/jb.154.1.231-238.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new cytoplasmic endoprotease, named protease So, was purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli by conventional procedures with casein as the substrate. Its molecular weight was 140,000 when determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and 77,000 when estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Thus, it appears to be composed of two identical subunits. Protease So had an isoelectric point of 6.4 and a K(m) of 1.4 muM for casein. In addition to casein, it hydrolyzed globin, glucagon, and denatured bovine serum albumin to acid-soluble peptides but did not degrade insulin, native bovine serum albumin, or the "auto alpha" fragment of beta-galactosidase. A variety of commonly used peptide substrates for endoproteases were not hydrolyzed by protease So. It had a broad pH optimum of 6.5 to 8.0. This enzyme is a serine protease, since it was inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Although it was not inhibited by chelating agents, divalent cations (e.g., Mg(2+)) stabilized its activity. Protease So was sensitive to inhibition by N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone but not by N-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone. Neither ATP nor 5'-diphosphate-guanosine-3'-diphosphate affected the rate of casein hydrolysis. Protease So was distinct from the other soluble endoproteases in E. coli (including proteases Do, Re, Mi, Fa, La, Ci, and Pi) in its physical and chemical properties and also differed from the membrane-associated proteases, protease IV and V, and from two amino acid esterases, originally named protease I and II. The physiological function of protease So is presently unknown.
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342
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Chung CH, Waxman L, Goldberg AL. Studies of the protein encoded by the lon mutation, capR9, in Escherichia coli. A labile form of the ATP-dependent protease La that inhibits the wild type protease. J Biol Chem 1983; 258:215-21. [PMID: 6336746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The product of the lon (capR or deg) gene in Escherichia coli is protease La, an ATP-dependent protease with a linked ATPase activity. Unlike most lon mutations, capR9 is dominant over the wild type under certain conditions. When protease La was isolated from R9 cells and from a recessive capR- strain using DEAE-cellulose chromatography, the mutant enzymes showed about 50% of the wild type activity. Unlike the wild type, the R9 and R- proteases were inhibited by addition of NaCl (less than 0.1 M). In addition, the R9, but not the R-, material inhibited protelysis by normal protease La, and this effect may account for its dominant phenotype. When isolated by phosphocellulose chromatography, the R9 protein lost proteolytic activity but still inhibited the wild type enzyme. This inhibitory activity was purified to near homogeneity using DEAE-cellulose and heparin-agarose chromatography, and corresponded to the 94,000-dalton R9 gene product. At different concentrations, it inhibited ATP-dependent casein degradation and casein-stimulated ATP hydrolysis to a similar extent. Thus, rates of ATP and protein cleavage remained proportional. Similar inhibition of the wild type protease was observed in the presence of DNA which stimulates both protein and ATP hydrolysis. Half-maximal inhibition was observed with approximately a 1:1 ratio of the R9 to the wild type protein. The subunit sizes of the R9 and the wild type protease were indistinguishable but they differed in isoelectric points. Upon gel filtration, both eluted as tetramers (450,000 daltons) in the absence of salt. However, with 0.1 M NaCl, the wild type protease La remained as a tetramer, but the R9 protein dissociated into dimers and monomers and became a more effective inhibitor. After mixing with R9 protein, 3H-labeled protease La remained tetrameric, though it had lost activity. These findings suggest that tetramer formation between the wild type and defective R9 subunits is responsible for the inhibition of the proteolytic and ATPase activities.
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343
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Chung CH, Waxman L, Goldberg AL. Studies of the protein encoded by the lon mutation, capR9, in Escherichia coli. A labile form of the ATP-dependent protease La that inhibits the wild type protease. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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344
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Chung CH, Goldberg AL. DNA stimulates ATP-dependent proteolysis and protein-dependent ATPase activity of protease La from Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:795-9. [PMID: 6461007 PMCID: PMC345839 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.3.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The product of the lon gene in Escherichia coli is an ATP-dependent protease, protease La, that also binds strongly to DNA. Addition of double-stranded or single-stranded DNA to the protease in the presence of ATP was found to stimulate the hydrolysis of casein or globin 2- to 7-fold, depending on the DNA concentration. Native DNA from several sources (plasmid pBR322, phage T7, or calf thymus) had similar effects, but after denaturation the DNA was 20-100% more effective than the native form. Although poly(rA), globin mRNA, and various tRNAs did not stimulate proteolysis, poly(rC) and poly(rU) were effective. Poly(dT) was stimulatory but (dT)10 was not. In the presence of DNA as in its absence, proteolysis required concomitant ATP hydrolysis, and the addition of DNA also enhance ATP hydrolysis by protease La 2-fold, but only in the presence of casein. At much higher concentrations, DNA inhibited proteolysis as well as ATP cleavage. Thus, association of this enzyme with DNA may regulate the degradation of cell proteins in vivo.
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345
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Chung CH, Goldberg AL. The product of the lon (capR) gene in Escherichia coli is the ATP-dependent protease, protease La. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:4931-5. [PMID: 6458037 PMCID: PMC320299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.8.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, degradation of abnormal proteins is an energy-requiring process; it is decreased in mutants in the lon (capR or deg) gene. We find that the protein encoded by the lon gene is an ATP-dependent protease and is identical to protease La, recently described in E. coli. Both proteins are serine proteases that hydrolyze casein and globin, but not insulin, in the presence of ATP and Mg2+. Both respond to ATP, less well to other nucleoside triphosphates, and not to nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs. The purified lon protein has an apparent Mr of 450,000 and appears to be composed of four identical subunits. Its size, chromatographic behavior, and sensitivity to various inhibitors and heat are indistinguishable from those of protease La. Moreover, in a strain that carries additional copies of the lon+ allele on a plasmid, the content of protease La, but not of other proteases, is 2- to 10-fold greater than in the lon+ parent strain. Strains carrying the nonsense mutations capR9 and capR- also contain this ATP-dependent proteolytic activity, but it is present in substantially lower amounts and is inactivated by phosphocellulose chromatography, unlike the wild-type enzyme. Degradation of abnormal proteins in these lon- strains, which is slower than in the wild type, still requires ATP. Alterations in the ATP-dependent protease in the lon- mutants can account for the defect in intracellular proteolysis and perhaps also for the other phenotypic effects of this pleiotropic gene.
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347
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Chung CH, Elliott RL, Mego JL. Lysosomal membrane adenosine triphosphatase; solubilization and partial characterization. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 203:251-9. [PMID: 6250483 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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348
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Mego JL, Chung CH. Effects of some antimalarials and related substances on intralysosomal proteolysis. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:465-70. [PMID: 34405 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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349
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Pembrook RC, Chung CH, Carvallo AP. Effects of mithramycin and calcitonin in cardiovascular complications of Paget's disease of bone. CONNECTICUT MEDICINE 1975; 39:209-14. [PMID: 125180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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350
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Wie CH, Chung CH. A Study on Socio-economical Background of Long-standing Pulmonary T.B. Patient. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 1974. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.1974.21.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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