The impact of CVB3 infection on host cell biology

CVB3 myocarditis can lead to dilated cardiomyopath (DCM). DCM is one of the leading causes of the need for heart transplantation, so it is important to understand the life cycle of CVB3 and its interactions with the host cell. Infection causes rapid death of host cardiomyocytes by altering normal cellular homeostasis for the efficient release of progeny virion. In this chapter, we will examine the impact that CVB3 replication has on host cell biology, from events that take place at receptor ligation to progeny virus release. The primary focus will be on the myriad of signalling pathways that are activated at all stages of virus replication and their downstream effects. We will also discuss some of the extracellular effects of infection as well as immune and matrixmetalloprotease activation. Interactions of host cell proteins with the 5' untranslated region (UTR) are required for translation and replication of CVB3. These interactions do not always benefit the virus since the interactions of a 28-kDa host protein with the 5' UTR are thought to be responsible for inhibitory activity against CVB3. Finally, we will discuss how the elucidation of the different stages of replication has provided the opportunity to develop novel strategies for combating CVB3 infection.

A high throughput drug screen based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for anticancer activity of compounds from herbal medicine

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

We report the development of a very efficient cell-based high throughput screening (HTS) method, which utilizes a novel bio-sensor that selectively detects apoptosis based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

We generated a stable HeLa cell line expressing a FRET-based bio-sensor protein. When cells undergo apoptosis, they activate a protease called 'caspase-3'. Activation of this enzyme will cleave our sensor protein and cause its fluorescence emission to shift from a wavelength of 535 nm (green) to 486 nm (blue). A decrease in the green/blue emission ratio thus gives a direct indication of apoptosis. The sensor cells are grown in 96-well plates. After addition of different chemical compounds to each well, a fluorescence profile can be measured at various time-points using a fluorescent plate reader. Compounds that can trigger apoptosis are potential candidates as anti-cancer drugs.

KEY RESULTS

This novel cell-based HTS method is highly effective in identifying anti-cancer compounds. It was very sensitive in detecting apoptosis induced by various known anti-cancer drugs. Further, this system detects apoptosis, but not necrosis, and is thus more useful than the conventional cell viability assays, such as those using MTT. Finally, we used this system to screen compounds, isolated from two plants used in Chinese medicine, and identified several effective compounds for inducing apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

This FRET-based HTS method is a powerful tool for identifying anti-cancer compounds and can serve as a highly efficient platform for drug discovery.

Migration, behaviour change and HIV/STD risks in China

This paper examines if and how temporary migration increases the risk for HIV/STDs in China. Results suggest that temporary migrants had significantly higher prevalence of HIV-risk sexual and drug using behaviours but no significant differences were found between migrants and non-migrants in prevalence of HIV/STDs. Employing logistic regression analysis, we examined three mechanisms--lax social control, social isolation and migrant selectivity--by which the process of migration may lead to behaviour changes that increase migrants' HIV/STD risks. Results indicate that post-migration lax social control was the most significant mediating factor between migration and HIV risk behaviours. Temporary migrants are at high risk of HIV/STDs. Prevention interventions need to pay particular attention to migrants' post-migration lax social control.

A Markov chain Monte Carlo method for estimating population mixing using Y-chromosome markers: mixing of the Han people in China

We present a new approach for estimating mixing between populations based on non-recombining markers, specifically Y-chromosome microsatellites. A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Bayesian statistical approach is used to calculate the posterior probability distribution of population parameters of interest, including the effective population size and the time to most recent common ancestor (MRCA). To test whether two populations are homogeneously mixed we introduce a "mixing" statistic defined for each coalescent event that weights the contribution of that ancestor's descendants to the two subpopulations, and an associated population "purity" statistic. Using simulated data with low levels of migration between two populations, we demonstrate that our method is more sensitive than other commonly used distance-based methods such as R(ST) and D(SW). To illustrate our method, we analysed mixing between 11 pre-defined Chinese ethnic/regional populations, using 5 microsatellite markers from the non-recombining region of the Y-chromosome (NRY), demonstrating a significant clustering of a subset of subpopulations with a high mutual relative degree of mixing (homogeneous mixing with support >0.99). Our analysis suggests that there is a strong correlation between effective population size and mixing with other subpopulations. Thus, despite considerable mixing between these groups, the purity statistic still identifies significant heterogeneity, suggesting that periods of historical isolation continue to leave a recoverable signal despite modern introgression.

[Development of a rapid subtype-screening assay for the env region of HIV-1 CRF strains in Guangxi.]

BACKGROUND

To develop a simple and rapid subtype-screening assay for the env region of the circulating recombinant form (CRF) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in Guangxi.

METHODS

Proviral DNA from HIV-1 positive samples were extracted and subjected to the first round PCR with universal primers for the env region that can detect HIV-1 M group isolates. In the second round PCR, two pairs of subtype-specific primers that were designed to detect subtype C or B'/C and CRF01-AE respectively were added into one tube. The PCR products of different subtypes could be distinguished in agarose-gel electrophoresis. Additionally, all of these samples were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically.

RESULTS

Phylogenetic analysis of the env region of 50 samples showed that 3 samples (6%) were infected with CRF08-BC, 43 (86%) with CRF01-AE, and 4 (8%) remained unclassifiable. Detection of the subtype-specific primer sets revealed that 3 were subtype C or B'/C (100%), 39 were CRF01-AE (90.7%), with an adequate sensitivity (91.3%) and a high specificity (100%). Non-specific bands occasionally appeared but did not interfere with interpretation of the results. The phylogenetic analysis was consistent with subtype-specific primer sets and the consistency rate was 92%. The average reproducibility was 100% for CRF08-BC samples and 93.8% for CRF01-AE samples.

CONCLUSION

A simple, rapid and low cost assay was developed for subtype-screening of CRF01-AE in Guangxi.

Misconceptions about HIV transmission, stigma and willingness to take sexual risks in southwestern China

Based on data from a population-based survey conducted in 2003 in a province in southwestern China, we provide data on knowledge about HIV transmission, HIV stigmatizing attitudes, and willingness to take HIV-related risks. There were widespread misconceptions, especially among females, about how HIV is transmitted and negative feelings toward someone with HIV. There was considerable willingness to take more sexual risks (not using a condom; nondisclosure of HIV seropositive status) with a secondary than with a primary sexual partner. The misconceptions and stigma surrounding HIV may make it difficult to focus on HIV as a 'disease' as opposed to a 'social malady' for survey participants.

Effect of progesterone on calcium activated potassium currents and intracellular calcium in guinea pig colon myocytes

AIMS

To study the effects of progesterone on contractile activity of smooth muscle strips and on ion currents and intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) intensity in single colonic myocytes in guinea pig proximal colons.

METHODS

Strips and single cells were dissected from female guinea pig proximal colon. Contraction of strips through an isotonic transducer was assessed and the responsible currents to progesterone were recorded with EPC-9 amplifier in nystatin perforated whole-cell configuration. Detection of [Ca2+]i fluorescence loading fura-2 acetoxymethylester (fura-2/AM) was measured with confocal microscope.

RESULTS

Progesterone significantly inhibited contraction of guinea pig colon strips in a dose-dependent pattern. Inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of progesterone in longitudinal strips and circular strips was, respectively, 9.7 microM and 1.0 nM. Iberiotoxin (IbTX) partially blocked inhibition of progesterone in both oriented smooth muscle strips. Ca2+ activated K+ (K(Ca)) channel currents recorded by depolarizing pulse protocol were enhanced by progesterone to 138% +/- 13% (n = 9, p < 0.01), and to 143% +/- 12% (n = 8, p < 0.01) when perfused with 10 mcM onapristone. Progesterone reduced L-Ca2+ currents to 67% +/- 6% (n = 7, p < 0.01) and had no effect with 5 microM nicardipine in bath solution. [Ca2+]i fluorescence was reduced by progesterone to 75% +/- 12% (n = 8, p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Progesterone decreases the contraction of colonic smooth muscles by enhancing K(Ca) currents and reducing Ca2+ influx.

Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta suppresses coxsackievirus-induced cytopathic effect and apoptosis via stabilization of beta-catenin

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a common human pathogen for viral myocarditis, induces a direct cytopathic effect (CPE) and apoptosis on infected cells. To elucidate the mechanisms that contribute to these processes, we studied the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). GSK3beta activity was significantly increased after CVB3 infection and addition of tyrosine kinase inhibitors blocked CVB3-triggered GSK3beta activation. Inhibition of caspase activity had no inhibitory effect on CVB3-induced CPE; however, blockage of GSK3beta activation attenuated both CVB3-induced CPE and apoptosis. We further showed that CVB3 infection resulted in reduced beta-catenin protein expression, and GSK3beta inhibition led to the accumulation and nuclear translocation of beta-catenin. Finally, we found that CVB3-induced CPE and apoptosis were significantly reduced in cells stably overexpressing beta-catenin. Taken together, our results demonstrate that CVB3 infection stimulates GSK3beta activity via a tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism, which contributes to CVB3-induced CPE and apoptosis through dysregulation of beta-catenin.

Involvement of formate as an interspecies electron carrier in a syntrophic acetate-oxidizing anaerobic microorganism in coculture with methanogens

To determine whether formate is involved in interspecies electron transfer between substrate-oxidizing bacteria and hydrogenotrophic microorganisms under anaerobic conditions, a syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacterium Thermacetogenium phaeum strain PB was cocultured either with a formate /H2-utilizing methanogen strain TM (designated as PB/TM coculture), or an H2-utilizing methanogen strain deltaH (designated as PB/deltaH coculture). Acetate oxidation and subsequent methanogenesis in PB/TM coculture were found to be significantly faster than in PB/deltaH coculture. Formate dehydrogenase and hydrogenase were both detected in strains PB and TM. H2 partial pressures in the PB/TM coculture were kept lower (20 to 40 Pa) than those of the PB/deltaH coculture (40 to 60 Pa) during the exponential growth phase. Formate was also detected in both PB/TM and PB/deltaH cocultures, and the concentration of formate was maintained at a lower level in the PB/TM coculture (5 to 9 microM) than in the PB/deltaH coculture. Thermodynamic calculations revealed that the concentrations of both H2 and formate severely affect the syntrophic oxidation of acetate. These results strongly indicate that not only H2 but also formate may be involved in interspecies electron transfer.

Peripheral B lymphocyte beta1,3-galactosyltransferase and chaperone expression in immunoglobulin A nephropathy

PURPOSE

Aberrant O-glycosylation of serum IgA(1) is presumed to be one of the main pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). beta1,3-galactosyltransferase (beta1,3GT), whose activity requires coexistence of a specific chaperone, is the main enzyme which participate in the glycosylation process. The current study was carried out to elucidate the expression level of beta1,3GT (C1GALT1) and its chaperone (Cosmc) in IgAN, and their relationships with clinical features as well as IgA glycosylation level.

DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS

Forty-one patients with IgAN, 21 patients with non-IgAN glomerulonephritis and 26 normal controls were included in the present study. Peripheral B lymphocytes were isolated, and then expression level of C1GALT1 and Cosmc were quantitatively measured by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Serum IgA level and glycosylation level were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and VV lectin-binding method. Correlation analysis was performed between C1GALT1/Cosmc expression levels and clinical manifestations (severe proteinuria, renal dysfunction, gross haematuria).

RESULTS

B-lymphocyte Cosmc gene expression level was significantly lower in IgAN patients than that of normal control and non-IgAN patients (P<0.05), whilst no apparent disparity was observed in C1GALT1 expression level. Cosmc expression showed a negative correlation with IgA O-glycosylation level indicated by VV lectin-binding assay. Statistical analysis also indicated that the level of Cosmc expression was negatively correlated with severe proteinuria (P<0.05) instead of gross haematuria (P>0.05).

CONCLUSION

These data suggested that the aberrant IgA O-glycosylation in IgAN was resulted from a downregulation of beta1,3GT chaperone (Cosmc) expression in B lymphocyte, which is closely associated with clinical characteristics of the disease. This downregulation might be one of the fundamental pathogenic abnormalities in IgAN.

Short-term safety evaluation of processed calcium montmorillonite clay (NovaSil) in humans

NovaSil clay (NS) provides significant protection from the adverse effects of aflatoxins (AFs) in multiple animal species by decreasing bioavailability from the gastrointestinal tract. It is postulated that NS clay can be safely added to human diets to diminish exposure and health risks from AF contaminated food. To determine the safety and tolerance of NS in humans and establish dosimetry protocols for long-term efficacy studies, a randomized and double-blinded phase I clinical trial was conducted. Volunteers (20-45 yr in age), were clinically screened for confirmation of their health status. Fifty subjects (23 males and 27 females) were randomly divided into two groups: The low-dose group received nine capsules containing 1.5 g/day, and the high-dose group received nine capsules containing 3.0 g/day for a period of 2?wk. NS capsules were manufactured in the same color and size and were distributed to each participant three times a day at designated sites where follow-up was taken to record any side effects and complaints. Blood and urine samples were collected before and after the study for laboratory analysis. All participants completed the trial and compliance was 99.1%. Mild GI effects were reported in some participants. Symptoms included abdominal pain (6%, 3/50), bloating (4%, 2/50), constipation (2%, 1/50), diarrhea (2%, 1/50), and flatulence (8%, 4/50). No statistical significance was found between the two groups for these adverse effects (p > 0.25). No significant differences were shown in hematology, liver and kidney function, electrolytes, vitamins A and E, and minerals in either group. These results demonstrate the relative safety of NS clay in human subjects and will serve as a basis for long-term human trials in populations at high risk for aflatoxicosis.

Up-regulation of OsBIHD1, a rice gene encoding BELL homeodomain transcriptional factor, in disease resistance responses

In the present study, we cloned and identified a full-length cDNA of a rice gene, OsBIHD1, encoding a homeodomain type transcriptional factor. OsBIHD1 is predicted to encode a 642 amino acid protein and the deduced protein sequence of OsBIHD1 contains all conserved domains, a homeodomain, a BELL domain, a SKY box, and a VSLTLGL box, which are characteristics of the BELL type homedomain proteins. The recombinant OsBIHD1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli bound to the TGTCA motif that is the characteristic cis-element DNA sequence of the homeodomain transcriptional factors. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the OsBIHD1 protein localized in the nucleus of the plant cells. The OsBIHD1 gene was mapped to chromosome 3 of the rice genome and is a single-copy gene with four exons and three introns. Northern blot analysis showed that expression of OsBIHD1 was activated upon treatment with benzothiadiazole (BTH), which is capable of inducing disease resistance. Expression of OsBIHD1 was also up-regulated rapidly during the first 6 h after inoculation with Magnaporthe grisea in BTH-treated rice seedlings and during the incompatible interaction between M. grisea and a resistant genotype. These results suggest that OsBIHD1 is a BELL type of homeodomain transcription factor present in the nucleus, whose induction is associated with resistance response in rice.

A real-time polymerase chain reaction-based method for rapid and specific detection of spoilage Alicyclobacillus spp. in apple juice

AIMS

To develop a real-time PCR-based rapid detection method for spoilage Alicyclobacillus spp. in juice products.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The squalene-hopene cyclase-encoding gene was targeted for primer-and-probe development. Gene fragments from representative strains were cloned, and PCR primers and probe were designed by DNA sequence comparison. Selected bacteria were examined for cross-reactivity by the new method. Cells were serially diluted in apple juice and saline, and examined by the new method to establish detection sensitivity. Using the newly developed Taqman real-time PCR-based method, strains of Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius and A. acidoterrestris were detected without cross reactivity with other common food-borne micro-organisms. Detection of <10 cells per PCR reaction from juice samples was accomplished within 3-5 h.

CONCLUSION

This is the first reported real-time PCR-based detection method for Alicyclobacillus spp. and its application in juice products is demonstrated.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

As a favourable alternative for the laborious and time-consuming culture- or biochemical characterization-based techniques, the system has great potential for industrial applications from raw material screening to final product quality control.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) transformation using phosphinothricin selection results in a high frequency of single-copy transgene integration

Genetic transformation of creeping bentgrass mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been achieved. Embryogenic callus initiated from seeds (cv. Penn-A-4) was infected with an A. tumefaciens strain (LBA4404) harboring a super-binary vector that contained an herbicide-resistant bar gene driven either by the CaMV 35S promoter or a rice ubiquitin promoter. Plants were regenerated from 219 independent transformation events. The overall stable transformation efficiency ranged from 18% to 45%. Southern blot and genetic analysis confirmed transgene integration in the creeping bentgrass genome and normal transmission and stable expression of the transgene in the T1 generation. All independent transformation events carried one to three copies of the transgene, and a majority (60-65%) contained only a single copy of the foreign gene with no apparent rearrangements. We report here the successful use of Agrobacterium for the large-scale production of transgenic creeping bentgrass plants with a high frequency of a single-copy transgene insertion that exhibit stable inheritance patterns.