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Skwarnicki T, Antreasyan D, Besset D, Bienlein JK, Bloom ED, Brock I, Cabenda R, Cartacci A, Cavalli-Sforza M, Clare R, Conforto G, Cooper S, Cowan R, Coyne D, Edwards C, Engler A, Folger G, Fridman A, Gaiser J, Gelphman D, Godfrey G, Heimlich FH, Hofstadter R, Irion J, Jakubowski Z, Keh S, Kilian H, Kirkbride I, Kloiber T, Koch W, König AC, Königsmann K, Kraemer RW, Lee R, Leffler S, Lekebusch R, Litke AM, Lockman W, Lowe S, Lurz B, Marlow D, Maschmann W, Matsui T, Messing F, Metzger WJ, Monteleoni B, Nernst R, Niczyporuk B, Nowak G, Peck C, Pelfer PG, Pollock B, Porter FC, Prindle D, Ratoff P, Renger B, Rippich C, Scheer M, Schmitt P, Schotanus J, Schwarz A, Sievers D, Strauch K, Strohbusch U. Spin analysis of the chi b states. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1987; 58:972-975. [PMID: 10034299 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.58.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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327
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Cowan R, Morris VB. Determination of proliferative parameters from growth curves. CELL AND TISSUE KINETICS 1987; 20:153-9. [PMID: 3607840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1987.tb01094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Data on total cell numbers and proportions of non-proliferative cells during the development of a tissue can be obtained by experiment. This paper shows, via a simple mathematical model, that data collected over a period of time determine the time profile of two proliferative parameters. These are the rate per proliferative cell per day at which cells divide and the average number of proliferative daughters which result from the division of a proliferative cell. One dataset alone does not provide sufficient information to determine either time profile. The findings are applicable where there is no significant cell death during the growth period. The mathematical model is fitted to data from chick neural retina.
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328
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Cowan R, Staudte R. The bifurcating autoregression model in cell lineage studies. Biometrics 1986; 42:769-83. [PMID: 3814722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A model for cell lineage data is presented and analysed. The model is an extension of the classical first-order autoregression, used in time-series studies, to bifurcating data trees of general size and shape. Maximum likelihood theory is developed and compared with an extensive simulation study. Some properties of moment estimators are also presented.
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329
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Walk W, Zschorsch P, Antreasyan D, Aschman D, Besset D, Bienlein JK, Bloom ED, Brock I, Cabenda R, Cartacci A, Cavalli-Sforza M, Clare R, Conforto G, Cooper S, Cowan R, Coyne D, Edwards C, Engler A, Folger G, Fridman A, Gaiser J, Gelphman D, Godfrey G, Heimlich FH, Hofstadter R, Irion J, Jakubowski Z, Keh S, Kilian H, Kirkbride I, Kloiber T, Koch W, König AC, Königsmann K, Kraemer RW, Lee R, Leffler S, Lekebusch R, Lezoch P, Litke AM, Lockman W, Lowe S, Lurz B, Marlow D, Maschmann W, Matsui T, Messing F, Metzger WJ, Monteleoni B, Nernst R, Newman-Holmes C, Niczyporuk B, Nowak G, Peck C, Pelfer PG, Pollock B, Porter FC, Prindle D, Ratoff P, Renger B, Rippich C, Scheer M, Schmitt P, Schmitz M. chi b states in exclusive radiative decay of the Upsilon (2S). Int J Clin Exp Med 1986; 34:2611-2620. [PMID: 9957453 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.34.2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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330
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Cowan R, Morris VB. Cell population dynamics during the differentiative phase of tissue development. J Theor Biol 1986; 122:205-24. [PMID: 3796011 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(86)80082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of a cell population whose numbers are growing exponentially have been described well by a mathematical model based on the theory of age-dependent branching processes. Such a model, however, does not cover the period following exponential growth when cell differentiation curtails population size. This paper offers an extension to the branching process model to remedy this deficiency. The extended model is ideal for describing embryonic growth; its use is illustrated with data from embryonic retina. The model offers a better computational framework for the interpretation of a variety of data (growth curves of cell numbers, DNA histograms, thymidine labelling indices, FLM curves, BUdR-labelled mitoses curves) because age-distributions can be calculated at any stage of development, not just during exponential growth. Proportions of cells in the various phases of the cell cycle can be computed as growth slows. Such calculations show the gradual transition from a population dominated by cells which are young with respect to cell cycle age to one dominated by those which are old, and the effects such biases have on the proportions of cells in each phase.
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331
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Abstract
Seven of 23 patients (30%) seen in 2 yr with clinical and radiologic manifestations of achalasia underwent esophageal manometry demonstrating aperistalsis but apparent complete lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation. Detailed clinical and laboratory evaluation suggests these patients may represent an early stage of achalasia. Duration of dysphagia and weight loss were significantly less (p less than 0.05), whereas LES pressure was similar in the 7 patients compared with the 16 more traditional achalasia patients. Isotope retention during radionuclide esophageal solid-emptying studies showed intermediate delay in emptying between normal subjects and achalasia patients. The duration of LES relaxation in this group was significantly shorter (p less than 0.01) than in normal subjects. Although complete, sphincter relaxation in these patients is functionally inadequate and may be the result of this shortened duration. The small size of standard manometry catheters may also contribute to this confusing finding. Apparent complete LES relaxation may be seen during manometry in achalasia and should not exclude its diagnosis.
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332
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Antreasyan D, Aschman D, Besset D, Bienlein JK, Bloom ED, Brock I, Cabenda R, Cartacci A, Cavalli-Sforza M, Clare R, Conforto G, Cooper S, Cowan R, Coyne D, Drews G, Engler A, Folger G, Fridman A, Gaiser J, Gelphman D, Godfrey G, Heimlich FH, Hofstadter R, Irion J, Jakubowski Z, Keh S, Kilian H, Kirkbride I, Kloiber T, Koch W, König AC, Königsmann K, Kraemer RW, Lee R, Leffler S, Lekebusch R, Lezoch P, Litke AM, Lockman W, Lowe S, Lurz B, Marlow D, Maschmann W, Matsui T, McBride P, Messing F, Metzger WJ, Monteleoni B, Nernst R, Newman-Holmes C, Niczyporuk B, Nowak G, Peck C, Pelfer PG, Pollock B, Porter FC, Prindle D, Ratoff P, Renger B, Rippich C, Scheer M, Schmitt P, Schmitz M, Schotanus J. Formation of delta(980) and A2(1320) in photon-photon collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1986; 33:1847-1851. [PMID: 9956842 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.33.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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333
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Gelphman D, Lurz B, Antreasyan D, Aschman D, Besset D, Bienlein JK, Bloom ED, Brock I, Cabenda R, Cartacci A, Cavalli-Sforza M, Clare R, Conforto G, Cooper S, Cowan R, Coyne D, Edwards C, Engler A, Folger G, Fridman A, Gaiser J, Godfrey G, Heimlich FH, Hofstadter R, Irion J, Jakubowski Z, Keh S, Kilian H, Kirkbride I, Kloiber T, Koch W, König AC, Königsmann K, Kraemer RW, Lee R, Leffler S, Lekebush R, Lezoch P, Litke AM, Lockman W, Lowe S, Marlow D, Maschmann W, Matsui T, Messing F, Metzger WJ, Monteleoni B, Nernst R, Newman-Holmes C, Niczyporuk B, Nowak G, Peck C, Pelfer PG, Pollock B, Porter FC, Prindle D, Ratoff P, Renger B, Rippich C, Scheer M, Schmitt P, Schmitz M, Schotanus J, Schwarz A. Measurement of the decay Upsilon (2S)--> pi pi Upsilon (1S). PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1985; 32:2893-2900. [PMID: 9956071 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.32.2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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334
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Cowan R, Massey LK, Greenfield TK. Average, binge and maximum alcohol intake in healthy young men: discriminant function analysis. JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL 1985; 46:467-72. [PMID: 4087908 DOI: 10.15288/jsa.1985.46.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood samples and data on alcohol consumption, diet, exercise, smoking and drug use were collected from 89 undergraduate men affiliated with Greek houses. This population has previously been identified as one that consumed large amounts of alcohol among university undergraduates. Energy and nutrient intake from foods, exercise and drug use (except caffeine) were not different between those reporting consuming more than or less than 1 oz of alcohol per day. Multiple discriminant analysis using a panel of 35 blood tests correctly classified all subjects according to their self-reported intake of more than or less than 2 oz of alcohol per day; 96% were classified correctly at a cut point of 1.5 oz per day. Correct classification was 96-99% using a measure of binge consumption (quantity-frequency of heavy drinking). When maximum number of drinks per occasion was used in the discriminant function, 90-92% were correctly placed. Discriminant analysis based on a panel of common blood tests appears to be a promising technique to identify young drinkers who consume high amounts of alcohol.
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335
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Cowan R, Reimão R, Lemmi H, Vander Zwagg R. [Narcolepsy and sudden onset of REM periods after nocturnal awakenings]. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 1985; 43:229-33. [PMID: 4091734 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x1985000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate polysomnographic data, and especially the sudden onset of REM periods that occur after spontaneous awakenings during the night as characteristics of narcolepsy. We evaluated 148 consecutive patients with excessive daytime somnolence, except for those with sleep apnea. After clinical evaluation, all-night polysomnographic recording and multiple sleep latency test, 55 were diagnosed as narcoleptics and 93 were grouped as non-narcoleptics. The mean age of narcoleptics was 42.9 +/- 14.4 years old and the non-narcoleptics were 40.3 +/- 13.5 years old. Polysomnographic variables were compared between both samples using unpaired t test. Non-significant differences were found for: sex; total time in bed; total sleep time; time in stages 3, 4 and REM; number of arousals (less than 30 sec); number of body movements; REM density. The following significant differences were found: number of sleep onset REM periods during the night was higher for narcoleptics (p less than 0.001); total sleep time was lower for narcoleptics (p = 0.02); sleep latency was shorter for narcoleptics (p less than 0.001); REM latency to stage 1 was shorter for narcoleptics (p less than 0.001); time in stage 1 was higher for narcoleptics (p less than 0.001); time in stage 2 was lower for narcoleptics (p less than 0.001); number of full awakenings (greater than 30 sec) was higher for narcoleptics (p less than 0.001); number of awakenings longer than 5 minutes was higher for narcoleptics (p = 0.002). In conclusion, there were marked differences in the sleep architecture between the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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336
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Cowan R. Branching process results in terms of moments of the generation-time distribution. Biometrics 1985; 41:681-9. [PMID: 4074819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of simple formulae concerning the growth rate, doubling time, and age distribution of cell populations are in common usage. Many of these are invalid unless the generation times have no variation, a situation which occurs rarely. The correct formulae, which are available from the theory of age-dependent branching processes, are often ignored in the biological literature, perhaps due to their complexity. In this paper the major formulae from the theory of age-dependent branching processes are reorganised in terms of the mean, coefficient of variation, and skewness of the generation times. This leads to a greater insight into the theory and some simple formulae which account for the variability.
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337
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Nernst R, Antreasyan D, Aschman D, Besset D, Bienlein JK, Bloom ED, Brock I, Cabenda R, Cartacci A, Cavalli-Sforza M, Clare R, Conforto G, Cooper S, Cowan R, Coyne D, Edwards C, Engler A, Folger G, Fridman A, Gaiser J, Gelphman D, Godfrey G, Heimlich FH, Hofstadter R, Irion J, Jakubowski Z, Keh S, Kilian H, Kirkbride I, Kloiber T, Koch W, König AC, Königsmann K, Kraemer RW, Lee R, Leffler S, Lekebusch R, Lezoch P, Litke AM, Lockman W, Lowe S, Lurz B, Marlow D, Maschmann W, Matsui T, Messing F, Metzger WJ, Monteleoni B, Newman-Holmes C, Niczyporuk B, Nowak G, Peck C, Pelfer PG, Pollock B, Porter FC, Prindle D, Ratoff P, Renger B, Rippich C, Scheer M, Schmitt P, Schmitz M, Schotanus J. Observation of three P states in the radiative decay of Upsilon (2S). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1985; 54:2195-2198. [PMID: 10031277 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.54.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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338
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Morris VB, Cowan R. A growth curve of cell numbers in the neural retina of embryonic chicks. CELL AND TISSUE KINETICS 1984; 17:199-208. [PMID: 6697374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1984.tb00581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The growth of cell numbers in a normal embryonic population of neural retinal cells is described. The numbers were estimated from a time shortly after the neural retina first becomes recognizable to a time when numbers of retinal cells have become steady. Cell numbers were estimated in preparations of an entire neural retina dispersed into a suspension of single nuclei which were then counted in a Coulter counter. The growth curve of the ln numbers of cells has three phases of growth: an exponential phase during which there is steady-state exponential growth, a differentiative phase during which cell proliferation ceases and an end phase when no further change in cell numbers can be detected. The variances of the ln numbers of cells were highest during the exponential phase. The variances decreased during the differentiative phase and were at their lowest during the end phase. For variances to decrease requires mechanisms which control the final numbers of cells in the neural retina very precisely. The implications of mechanisms which operate by controlling cell lineages are explored.
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339
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Perloff D, Sokolow M, Cowan R. The prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressures. JAMA 1983; 249:2792-8. [PMID: 6842787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed the course of 1,076 patients with essential hypertension whose condition had been initially evaluated with both ambulatory BP (ABP) and office BP (OBP) measurements. During the period of follow-up (mean, five years), fatal cardiovascular events occurred in 75 patients, and nonfatal events occurred in 153. Each patient was classified according to the difference between the mean observed ABP at entry and that predicted from the mean OBP at entry by means of an equation for the linear regression of ABP on OBP. Life-table analyses demonstrated a significantly greater estimated cumulative ten-year incidence of both fatal and nonfatal events among patients with higher than predicted ABPs than among those with lower than predicted ABPs. Because OBPs were comparable in the two groups, we conclude that ABP was an important determinant of clinical outcome.
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340
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Cowan R, Baig W, Lynch V, Keat A. Reactive arthritis--the need for diagnostic caution. J Rheumatol 1982; 9:645-6. [PMID: 7131468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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341
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Perloff D, Sokolow M, Cowan R. Clinical relevance of ambulatory blood pressure measurements. BIOTELEMETRY AND PATIENT MONITORING 1981; 8:67-80. [PMID: 7295924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of vascular complications in patients with hypertension is related to the level of blood pressure. A more representative measure of blood pressure is obtained by repeatedly measuring pressure after a period of rest or activity, and on several occasions. Really satisfactory values are, however, only obtained by multiple measurements throughout the day during a patient's normal activities. This is achieved with the Remler equipment (Model M-100-1 and M 2000). The working of the apparatus is described and its accuracy investigated. The findings of 675 untreated patients with essential hypertension are reviewed, and a few individual cases described which have been followed up to 10 years.
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342
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Morris VB, Cowan R, Culpin D. Variability of cell cycle times measured in vivo in embryonic chick retina by continuous labelling with BUdR. Nature 1979; 280:68-71. [PMID: 15305582 DOI: 10.1038/280068a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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343
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Cowan R, Zabczyk J. An Optimal Selection Problem Associated with the Poisson Process. THEORY OF PROBABILITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS 1979. [DOI: 10.1137/1123066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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344
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Concannon P, Cowan R, Hansel W. LH releases in ovariectomized dogs in response to estrogen withdrawal and its facilitation by progesterone. Biol Reprod 1979; 20:523-31. [PMID: 454751 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod20.3.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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345
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Thomas JL, Scherer J, Kahl FR, Watson N, Cowan R. Differential shunting in the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus with Eisenmenger physiology by radionuclide angiography. Radiology 1978; 127:733-4. [PMID: 663166 DOI: 10.1148/127.3.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Radionuclide angiography and static whole body imaging performed with technetium-99m-labeled particulates can clearly demonstrate differential shunting in patients with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with Eisenmenger physiology. The anatomic arterial relationships in this condition which direct deoxygenated blood into the lower body (differential cyanosis) produce specific radionuclide images characterized by differential shunting of the technetium-99m-labeled particulates into the abdomen and lower extremity.
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346
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Sokolow M, Perloff D, Cowan R. The value of portably recorded blood pressures in the initiation of treatment of moderate hypertension. CLINICAL SCIENCE AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE. SUPPLEMENT 1973; 45 Suppl 1:195s-8. [PMID: 4536608 DOI: 10.1042/cs045195s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. The value of making portable-recorder measurements of blood pressure has been studied.
2. The danger associated with mild arterial pressure elevation is not immediate, but almost any reduction in pressure is likely to reduce risk.
3. Patient and doctor together must decide what burden of side effects of hypotensive therapy is tolerable.
4. Such decisions will become rational only when the probability of vascular involvement can be accurately assessed in a given patient.
5. The likelihood of arresting the disease through antihypertensive therapy must similarly be assessed.
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347
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