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Sharma AP, Panth R, Singh SK. Parasagittal Ependymoma Mimicking Falcine Meningioma. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF SHREE BIRENDRA HOSPITAL 2006. [DOI: 10.3126/mjsbh.v8i0.21051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasagittal Ependymoma Mimicking Falcine Meningioma
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Singh SK, Raha P, Banerjee H. Banned organochlorine cyclodiene pesticide in ground water in Varanasi, India. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2006; 76:935-41. [PMID: 16855898 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-006-1008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
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Dharmasiri S, Swarup R, Mockaitis K, Dharmasiri N, Singh SK, Kowalchyk M, Marchant A, Mills S, Sandberg G, Bennett MJ, Estelle M. AXR4 Is Required for Localization of the Auxin Influx Facilitator AUX1. Science 2006; 312:1218-20. [PMID: 16690816 DOI: 10.1126/science.1122847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The AUX1 and PIN auxin influx and efflux facilitators are key regulators of root growth and development. For root gravitropism to occur, AUX1 and PIN2 must transport auxin via the lateral root cap to elongating epidermal cells. Genetic studies suggest that AXR4 functions in the same pathway as AUX1. Here we show that AXR4 is a previously unidentified accessory protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that regulates localization of AUX1 but not of PIN proteins. Loss of AXR4 resulted in abnormal accumulation of AUX1 in the ER of epidermal cells, indicating that the axr4 agravitropic phenotype is caused by defective AUX1 trafficking in the root epidermis.
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Bapuraj JR, Ojili V, Singh SK, Prasad GRV, Khandelwal N, Suri S. Preoperative embolization of a large vaginal leiomyoma: Report of a case and review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 50:179-82. [PMID: 16635039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1673.2006.01550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leiomyoma of the vagina is a very rare tumour of the lower urogenital tract. These slow-growing masses may be asymptomatic or present with pain, dyspareunia or urinary symptoms. Rarely, these tumours may present with life-threatening haemorrhage. These hypervascular tumours are treated by surgical excision. Preoperative embolization therefore may aid in devascularization of these tumours before surgical excision. We present the MRI features of a case of vaginal leiomyoma, which was managed by preoperative embolization and was then excised in toto. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report where preoperative embolization was performed before excision of a vaginal leiomyoma with minimal peroperative blood loss.
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Prasad R, Lambe S, Kaler P, Pathania S, Kumar S, Attri S, Singh SK. Ectopic expression of alkaline phosphatase in proximal tubular brush border membrane of human renal cell carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1741:240-5. [PMID: 16081252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to find out any alteration in the expression and activity of alkaline phosphatase in the brush border membrane (BBM) from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in comparison to normal renal BBM. The specific activity of alkaline phosphatase was drastically reduced in homogenate as well as BBM from RCC kidney when compared to ALP activity in BBM of normal kidney. Kinetic studies revealed that diminished activity of alkaline phosphatase in BBM isolated from RCC was fraternized with decrease in maximal velocity (V(max)) and increase in affinity constant (K(m)) of the enzyme. SDS-PAGE studies showed that the BBM proteins having molecular weights ranging from 95 to 170 kDa were poorly expressed in RCC BBM in relative to normal kidney BBM. Incubation of SDS-PAGE gel with BCIP/NBT dye clearly showed that the expression of ALP in tumor renal BBM was markedly reduced as compared to normal kidney. Further, Western blot analysis using anti-alkaline phosphatase antibody also confirmed the reduced expression of ALP in tumor renal BBM. Lipid composition in reference to phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol in tumor renal BBM was altered to that of normal renal BBM, indicating alteration in membrane fluidity of tumor renal BBM.
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Sinha PK, Bimal S, Singh SK, Pandey K, Gangopadhyay DN, Bhattacharya SK. Pre- & post-treatment evaluation of immunological features in Indian visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients with HIV co-infection. Indian J Med Res 2006; 123:197-202. [PMID: 16778304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE The risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar in endemic areas has posed a major challenge in control programmes. We undertook this study to identify the high risk groups vulnerable to Leishmania-HIV co-infection in VL endemic State of Bihar, India. Further, immunological responses were also evaluated in these patients before and after treatment for VL to see the immune impairment associated with CD4 T cell count. METHODS A total of 1511 subjects attending Voluntary Counselling and Testing Centre (VCTC) at Patna, Bihar were included in this study. VL was confirmed by splenic or bone marrow aspirates testing for parasite. HIV states was confirmed by two kits. Immunological parameters (CD4, CD8, IFN-gamma, IL-4) were studied in co-infection patients. RESULTS Of the 280 (18.53%) HIV-positive individuals, eight were diagnosed serologically and pathologically as VL patients co-infected with HIV. The humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated in 18 Indian VL patients with (n = 8) or without HIV (n = 10) and 10 HIV seropositive subjects. Among the eight confirmed cases of VL, false negative direct agglutination test (DAT) result was observed in two who had HIV co-infection (sensitivity 80%), while none in 10 other VL cases who were HIV negative (sensitivity 100%). A very low CD4 cell count was observed in VL cases that had HIV co-infection compared to HIV negative VL or controls. All VL cases with or without HIV infection had lower Th1/Th2 ratio compared to controls. VL patients with or without HIV infection responded well to anti-leishmanial/anti-retroviral therapy with considerable degree of immunological reconstitution. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION A different immune response was noticed in patients with co-infection of HIV and Leishmania. Anti-leishmanial drug treatment led to improvement in immunological response in co-infected patients. Further studies need to be done to see the effect of combined therapy for VL and HIV on immunological parameters in these patients.
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Faber C, Morbach H, Singh SK, Girschick HJ. Differential expression patterns of recombination-activating genes in individual mature B cells in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:1351-6. [PMID: 16504994 PMCID: PMC1798333 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.047878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Re-expression of the recombination-activating genes (RAG) in peripheral B cells may be relevant in the development of autoreactive antibodies in autoimmune diseases. The presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) as a hallmark of oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (o-JIA, early-onset type) indicates a breakdown in immunological tolerance. AIM To examine the expression of RAG genes in peripheral blood mature B lymphocytes in patients with o-JIA. METHODS 777 memory B cells from peripheral blood, CD19+ CD27+ CD5+ or CD19+ CD27+ CD5-, isolated from three ANA+ children with o-JIA and three healthy age-matched children, were examined for the expression of RAG1 and RAG2 mRNA. mRNA transcripts of activation-induced cytidine deaminase and immunoglobulin G were searched to further determine their developmental stage. RESULTS mRNA was present for any of the two RAG genes in the B cells of children with JIA and controls. However, the predominance of RAG1 or RAG2 was different. A significantly decreased frequency of RAG2-expressing memory B cells in both CD5+ and CD5- populations was noted in children with JIA (p<0.001), whereas the number of RAG1-expressing B cells was slightly increased. The coordinate expression of both the RAG genes was a rare event, similar in the CD5+ populations (1% in controls, 2% in children with JIA), but different among the CD5- compartments (5% v 0%; p<0.01). CONCLUSION These results argue for a reduced coordinate RAG expression in the peripheral CD5- memory B cells of patients with o-JIA. Thus, it was hypothesised that impaired receptor revision contributes to autoimmune pathogenesis in JIA.
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Bimal S, Das VNR, Sinha PK, Gupta AK, Verma N, Ranjan A, Singh SK, Sen A, Bhattacharya SK, Das P. Usefulness of the direct agglutination test in the early detection of subclinical Leishmania donovani infection: a community-based study. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2006; 99:743-9. [PMID: 16297287 DOI: 10.1179/136485905x65107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The value of a direct agglutination test (DAT) in the detection of subclinical infections with Leishmania donovani has recently been investigated in the Indian state of Bihar, after the sensitivity and specificity of the test had been determined. When used to screen sera from 108 parasitologically confirmed cases of visceral leishmaniasis, 50 patients with active, non-leishmanial infection, and 641 healthy controls living close to, or distant from, an endemic area, the test was found to be 91.7% sensitive and 100% specific if a titre of 1:800 was used as the threshold for seropositivity. During a longitudinal clinical study in a rural, VL-endemic area of the Indian state of Bihar, the test was used, with 1:800 set as the threshold titre, to determine the baseline prevalence of infection with L. donovani among villagers who, though showing no symptoms of VL, had recently been febrile for at least 2 weeks. The 234 subjects of this study were either VL-case contacts [i.e. members of households in which there were active or cured VL cases (N=78)] or the members of control households with no cases or history of the disease (N=156). The results of DAT at the start of the study indicated that 49 (20.9%) of the subjects--29 (37.2%) of the VL-case contacts and 20 (12.8%) of the other subjects--were seropositive and therefore probably had subclinical infections with L. donovani. During the subsequent 9 months of follow-up, however, only eight of the subjects found seropositive at the start of the study--seven (24.1%) of the seropositive case contacts but only one (5.0%) of the other seropositives--developed symptomatic VL, all by month 6 of the follow-up. Compared with their neighbours, therefore, individuals who shared households with active or cured cases of VL appeared at greater risk not only of L. donovani infection (indicating focal transmission) but also of developing symptomatic disease once infected. Curiously, among the seropositive case contacts, those from the households that harboured active cases of VL at the baseline survey were less likely to develop symptomatic VL during the 9 months of follow-up than those from households that harboured only cured cases (18.8% v. 30.8%). The wide-spread use of DAT could allow the detection and early treatment of latent L. donovani infections and so contribute to the elimination of VL, at least as a public-health problem, from India.
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Shiekh FA, Khullar M, Singh SK. Lithogenesis: induction of renal calcifications by nanobacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 34:53-7. [PMID: 16425019 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-005-0034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanobacteria have been isolated from kidney stones and it has been suggested that they may act as a nucleus for the initiation of the renal stones. In the present study, we examine their role in biocrystallization and their in vivo effects on kidney pathology. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) assay was carried out in the presence of nanobacteria to study biocrystallization. Wistar rats were given an intravenous injection of nanobacteria and the kidneys were examined for pathological changes. The COM assay showed accelerated biocrystallization of (14)C-oxalate in the presence of nanobacteria, indicating them to be efficient candidates for biomineralization. Histopathological studies revealed bacteria induced renal tubular calcifications and various manifestations of infection. Our studies confirm that nanobacteria may be involved in the pathogenesis of renal tubular calcification.
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Suryawanshi S, Singh SK, Gupta RC. A sensitive and selective HPLC/ESI-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous quantification of 16-dehydropregnenolone and its major metabolites in rabbit plasma☆. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 830:54-63. [PMID: 16290073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, selective and rapid liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric assay was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of 16-dehydropregnenolone (DHP) and its five metabolites 4,16-pregnadien-3, 20-dione (M(1)), 5-pregnene-3beta-ol-20-one (M(2)), 5-pregnene-3beta, 20-diol (M(3)), 5-pregnene-3beta-ol-16, 17-epoxi-20-one (M(4)) and 5,16-pregnadien-3beta, 11-diol-20-one (M(5)) in rabbit plasma using dexamethasone as internal standard (IS). The analytes were chromatographed on Spheri-5 RP-18 column (5 microm, 100 mm x 4.6 mm i.d.) coupled with guard column using acetonitrile:ammonium acetate buffer (90:10, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.65 ml/min. The quantitation of the analytes was carried out using API 4000 LC-MS-MS system in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method was validated in terms of linearity, specificity, sensitivity, recovery, accuracy, precision (intra- and inter-assay variation), freeze-thaw, long-term, auto injector and dry residue stability. Linearity in plasma was observed over a concentration range of 1.56-400 ng/ml with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.78 ng/ml for all analytes except M(3) and M(5) where linearity was over the 3.13-400 ng/ml with LOD of 1.56 ng/ml. The absolute recoveries from plasma were consistent and reproducible over the linearity range for all analytes. The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision method were within the acceptable limits and the analytes were stable after three freeze-thaw cycles and their dry residues were stable at -60 degrees C for 15 days. The method was successfully applied to determine concentrations of DHP and its putative metabolites in plasma during a pilot pharmacokinetic study in rabbits.
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Singh SK, Mandal A, Garg S, Acharya N. Pseudotumor in chronic renal failure: Diagnostic relevance of radioisotope scan. Indian J Urol 2006. [DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.27642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Goyal PK, Singh SK, Sharma MK, Rupert E. Giant Left Anterior Descending Artery Aneurysm An Unusual Case of Dense and Extensive Calcification of Aorta. Ann Card Anaesth 2006. [DOI: 10.4103/0971-9784.37916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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Kapoor D, Agrawal NK, Aggarwal R, Sahoo AK, Singh SK. Vitamin D deficiency masquerading as pseudohypoparathyoidism type 2. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 2005; 53:999-1000; author reply 1000. [PMID: 16515248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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Bhamidipati R, Mujeeb S, Dravid PV, Khan AA, Singh SK, Rao YK, Mullangi R, Srinivas NR. Pre-clinical assessment of DRF 4367, a novel COX-2 inhibitor: evaluation of pharmacokinetics, absolute oral bioavailability and metabolism in mice and comparative inter-species in vitro metabolism. Xenobiotica 2005; 35:253-71. [PMID: 16019950 DOI: 10.1080/00498250500066303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and determine the absolute bioavailability and metabolism of DRF 4367, a novel COX-2 inhibitor, in mice. In addition, the in vitro metabolism of DRF 4367 was studied in mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human liver microsomes. Following oral administration, maximum concentrations of DRF 4367 were achieved after about 1 h. Upon intravenous (IV) administration, the concentration of DRF 4367 declined in a bi-exponential fashion with a terminal elimination half-life of 4.0 h. The elimination half-life was unchanged with route of administration. The volume of distribution and systemic clearance of DRF 4367 in mice were 0.80 l h(-1) kg(-1) and 0.14 l kg(-1), respectively, after IV administration. The absolute oral bioavailability of DRF 4367 was 44%. In all species of liver microsomes examined, the primary route of metabolism for DRF 4367 was demethylation of benzyl methoxy to form a hydroxy metabolite (M1). The formation of this metabolite was mediated by CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 enzymes. M1 was not found to possess COX-2 inhibitory activity. Chemical-inhibition studies showed that quinidine (selective for CYP2D6) and ticlopidine (selective for CYP2C19) inhibited the formation of the hydroxy metabolite of DRF 4367, whereas potent inhibitors selective for other forms of CYP did not inhibit this oxidative reaction. Upon oral or IV administration of DRF 4367 to mice, unchanged DRF 4367, M1, the O-glucuronide conjugate of M1 (M1-G) and the O-sulfate conjugate of M1 (M1-S) were identified in bile.
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Singh KJ, Singh SK, Suri A, Vijjan V, Goswami AK, Khullar M. Serum ferritin in renal cell carcinoma: effect of tumor size, volume grade, and stage. Indian J Cancer 2005; 42:197-200. [PMID: 16391438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the levels of serum ferritin in patients of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum ferritin levels were measured preoperatively in 32 patients with radiological evidence of RCC using an enzyme immunoassay. The largest diameter of the primary tumor was measured in the pathological specimens in patients undergoing radical nephrectomy while in patients with non-operable tumor maximum tumor dimension was taken from CT scan. Pathological staging was done according TNM-1997. RESULTS Mean serum ferritin value in patients of RCC was 283.23+/-77.38 ng/ml while in controls the mean value was 79.98+/-32.96 ng/ml (P CONCLUSIONS: Serum ferritin levels are elevated in patients with RCC although its actual source is unclear. Further studies are needed to establish the role of ferritin in RCC.
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Bimal S, Singh SK, Das VNR, Sinha PK, Gupta AK, Bhattacharya SK, Das P. Leishmania donovani: Effect of therapy on expression of CD2 antigen and secretion of macrophage migration inhibition factor by T-cells in patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2005; 111:130-2. [PMID: 16023642 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) commonly known as Kala-azar in India is one of the several clinically important infections, where Th1 sub-population of CD4+ T-cells, despite a pre-requisite, fails to express macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) and interferon-gamma which both activate the macrophage and coordinate the immune response to intra-cellular Leishmania sp. Expression of CD2 receptors before and after antileishmanial therapy on CD4+ T-cells of VL patients and their corresponding effect on MIF were examined. Before treatment the number of T-cells expressing CD2 was low which incorporated insignificant MIF response. The immunological reconstitution was, however, observed after treatment as manifested through upregulation of CD2+ T-cells with pronounced MIF generation response. The study, therefore, identifies a possible role of CD2 antigen in immunity to VL.
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Rajak KK, Sreenivasa BP, Hosamani M, Singh RP, Singh SK, Singh RK, Bandyopadhyay SK. Experimental studies on immunosuppressive effects of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in goats. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 28:287-96. [PMID: 16188317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Effect of virulent and attenuated peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus on the immune response to nonspecific antigen (ovalbumin) was investigated. Clinical and serological responses were monitored in goats administered with ovalbumin concurrently with either PPR vaccine or virulent virus. Study showed that PPR virulent virus causes marked immunosuppression as evidenced by leukopenia, lymphopenia, and reduced early antibody response to both specific and nonspecific antigen. These observations were predominant particularly during acute phase of disease (4-10 days post-infection). On the other hand, the vaccine virus induced only a transient lymphopenia without significantly affecting the immune response to nonspecific antigen or to itself during this period. Further, the antibody levels to ovalbumin in the group administered with virulent PPRV increased significantly between days 28 and 35 post-infection in comparison to the titers in other two groups given with either ovalbumin alone or in combination with vaccine.
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Bhattacharya V, Deshpande SB, Watts RK, Reddy GR, Singh SK, Goyal S. Measurement of perfusion pressure of perforators and its correlation with their internal diameter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 58:759-64. [PMID: 16040015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2005.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 04/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Morbach H, Singh SK, Faber C, Lipsky PE, Girschick HJ. Analysis of RAG expression by peripheral blood CD5+ and CD5- B cells of patients with childhood systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 65:482-7. [PMID: 16126793 PMCID: PMC1798085 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assembly of immunoglobulin genes during B cell development in the bone marrow is dependent on the expression of recombination activating genes (RAG) 1 and 2. Recently, RAG expression in peripheral blood IgD+ B cells outside the bone marrow has been demonstrated and is associated with the development of autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVE To investigate RAG expression in the CD5+ or CD5- IgD+ B cell compartment in childhood systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Using a combination of flow cytometric cell sorting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of cDNA libraries generated from individual cells, the expression of RAG, VpreB, and CD154 mRNA by individual peripheral blood B cells of three paediatric SLE patients was examined in detail. RESULTS While only one patient had a significantly increased frequency of RAG+ B cells in the CD5- B cell population, all patients showed higher frequencies of RAG+ B cells in the CD5+IgD+ B cell population. The frequency of RAG+ IgD+CD5+/- B cells was reduced during intravenous cyclophosphamide treatment. In healthy age matched children, RAG expressing IgD+ B cells were hardly detectable. Coexpression of RAG and VpreB or CD154 mRNA could only be found in SLE B cells. CONCLUSIONS RAG expression in peripheral blood B cells of SLE patients is particularly increased in the IgD+CD5+ B cell population. CD5+ and CD5- B cells in SLE have the potential to undergo receptor revision leading to the generation of high affinity pathogenic autoantibodies.
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Kashyap MK, Kumar A, Emelianenko N, Kashyap A, Kaushik R, Huang R, Khullar M, Sharma SK, Singh SK, Bhargave AK, Upadhyaya SK. Biochemical and molecular markers in renal cell carcinoma: an update and future prospects. Biomarkers 2005; 10:258-94. [PMID: 16191485 DOI: 10.1080/13547500500218534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a big problem in the developed world as well as in developing countries. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 3% of adult malignancies and 90-95% of neoplasms arising from the kidney. RCC is more common in men than in women (2:1), and it most often occurs in patients between the ages of 50-70 years. In all cancers the cancerous cells release particular kind of proteins (called tumour markers) and blood tests are used to detect the presence of these markers. These tumour markers nowadays are an area of interest for oncologists who search for a possible solution in the detection and treatment of RCC. Different kinds of biochemical and molecular markers such as ferritin, MN/CA9, apoptotic index, p53, IL-2, gamma-enolase, CD44, CD95, chromosome instability and loss of heterozygosity have been tested in RCC, but so far no marker fulfils one or the other criteria to be considered as an ideal marker for RCC. This review gives basic and updated information about the different kinds of biomarkers studied in RCC and about the role implementation of genomics and proteomics in RCC.
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Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are common tumors composed of adenohypophysial cells. Although they usually arise in the sella turcica, they may occasionally be ectopic. Pituitary adenomas are rarely diagnosed in childhood and adolescence, but their mass effect and endocrine abnormalities can compromise both quality and length of life. Many signs or symptoms of pituitary adenoma, complained of in adulthood, not became evident during adolescence, suggesting true prevalence of this tumor in teenagers is higher than expected. Pititury adenoma occuring during adolescence are associated with features or therapeutic needs sometimes different from those occuring in adulthood. At the onset of disease, delay in growth was rarely observed in teenagers with pituitary adenomas. Many girls complain of oligoamenorrhoea and galactorrhoea, while headache and delay in pubertal development are the most commons features in boys. Hypopituitarism is occasionally encountered in adolescence. Early diagnosis and appropriate choice of therapy are necessary to avoid permanent endocrine complications of disease and its treatment.
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Unnikrishnan AG, Singh SK, Sanjeevi CB. Prevalence of GAD65 antibodies in lean subjects with type 2 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1037:118-21. [PMID: 15699503 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1337.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While type 2 diabetic subjects in developed countries are predominantly obese or overweight, those in India are often nonobese or lean. The reasons for leanness in these subjects has not been well understood. We assessed the prevalence of pancreatic islet autoimmunity in 83 lean adult subjects (BMI < 18.5 kg/m(2)) with type 2 diabetes by measuring antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD Abs). Positivity to GAD Ab was present in 21 (25.3%) subjects. In addition, subjects with GAD Ab positivity were younger and had lower beta cell function (homeostasis model assessment, HOMA) as compared to the GAD Ab-negative group. This suggests that the antibody-positive group could have a slowly progressive form of type 1 diabetes.
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Singh SK, Morbach H, Nanki T, Girschick HJ. Differential expression of chemokines in synovial cells exposed to different Borrelia burgdorferi isolates. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005; 23:311-22. [PMID: 15971418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lyme borreliosis is characterized by strong inflammatory reactions probably due to the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi in the joint. It has been suggested that Borrelia induces the immunological mechanisms that either can amplify the inflammatory response or can suppress it. To reveal the underlying mechanisms of chemoattraction and activation of responding leukocytes, we investigated the induction of chemokines in human synoviocytes exposed to two different B. burgdorferi sensu stricto isolates (strain Geho and B31). METHODS Synoviocytes were exposed in vitro up to 5 days. Semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to assess the relative chemokine mRNA expression of RANTES/CCL5, SDF-1alpha/CXCL12 alpha, SDF-1beta/CXCL12 beta, MCP-1/CCL2, MCP-2/CCL8, IL-8/CXCL8 and MIP-1alpha/CCL3, and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to assess the protein expression of RANTES, SDF-1, MCP-1, and MIP-1alpha in the culture supernatant. RESULTS MCP-1 gene expression was not changed by strain B31 but MCP-1 gene expression along with protein concentration was suppressed by strain Geho. Both strains induced RANTES mRNA and protein concentration. SDF-1 gene expression was suppressed, whereas protein concentrations were unchanged by both strains. IL-8 gene expression was unchanged by using strain Geho but significantly upregulated by strain B31. Both strains induced MCP-2 mRNA expression. MIP-1alpha mRNA expression was induced, but chemokine concentration was suppressed by both strains. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the orchestra of chemokines plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of early Lyme arthritis.
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Singh K, Singh SK, Sah R, Singh I, Raman R. Mutation C677T in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene is associated with male infertility in an Indian population1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 28:115-9. [PMID: 15811073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2004.00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A mutation (C677T) in the gene, MTHFR, is known to increase susceptibility to various multifactorial disorders. In order to assess this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) as risk factor for idiopathic male infertility, a case-control study was done on an Indian population. DNA from 151 cases of non-obstruction, idiopathic oligo-/azoospermia and 200 fertile males (controls) was polymerase chain reaction amplified using site-specific primers, and analysed for the mutation following HinfI-digestion. Our results show a significantly increased frequency of CT heterozygotes among infertile patients (p value <0.04). More importantly, while there were no T homozygotes in the control population, six of 151 infertile cases were T homozygous. Considering that T allele occurs in very low frequency in the control population, 677T is clearly a risk factor for infertility in the Indian population. We contend that the same could also be true for African and Southeast Asian populations where the frequency of 677T is very low. The lack of similar association in western populations could be because of the overall dietary enrichment of folates, which could nullify or minimize the effect of this polymorphism.
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