1
|
Luo M, Liu Y, Nikolovska K, Riederer B, Patrucco E, Hofmann F, Seidler U. cGMP-dependent kinase 2, Na +/H + exchanger NHE3, and PDZ-adaptor NHERF2 co-assemble in apical membrane microdomains. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14125. [PMID: 38533975 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
AIM Trafficking, membrane retention, and signal-specific regulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) are modulated by the Na+/H+ Exchanger Regulatory Factor (NHERF) family of PDZ-adapter proteins. This study explored the assembly of NHE3 and NHERF2 with the cGMP-dependent kinase II (cGKII) within detergent-resistant membrane microdomains (DRMs, "lipid rafts") during in vivo guanylate cycle C receptor (Gucy2c) activation in murine small intestine. METHODS Small intestinal brush border membranes (siBBMs) were isolated from wild type, NHE3-deficient, cGMP-kinase II-deficient, and NHERF2-deficient mice, after oral application of the heat-stable Escherichia coli toxin (STa) analog linaclotide. Lipid raft and non-raft fractions were separated by Optiprep density gradient centrifugation of Triton X-solubilized siBBMs. Confocal microscopy was performed to study NHE3 redistribution after linaclotide application in vivo. RESULTS In the WT siBBM, NHE3, NHERF2, and cGKII were strongly raft associated. The raft association of NHE3, but not of cGKII, was NHERF2 dependent. After linaclotide application to WT mice, lipid raft association of NHE3 decreased, that of cGKII increased, while that of NHERF2 did not change. NHE3 expression in the BBM shifted from a microvillar to a terminal web region. The linaclotide-induced decrease in NHE3 raft association and in microvillar abundance was abolished in cGKII-deficient mice, and strongly reduced in NHERF2-deficient mice. CONCLUSION NHE3, cGKII, and NHERF2 form a lipid raft-associated signal complex in the siBBM, which mediates the inhibition of salt and water absorption by Gucy2c activation. NHERF2 enhances the raft association of NHE3, which is essential for its close interaction with the exclusively raft-associated activated cGKII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectiology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectiology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Katerina Nikolovska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectiology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte Riederer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectiology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Enrico Patrucco
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, TU München, München, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Franz Hofmann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, TU München, München, Germany
| | - Ursula Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectiology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Matoo S, Graves MJ, Choi MS, Idris RAES, Acharya P, Thapa G, Nguyen T, Atallah SY, Tipirneni AK, Stevenson PJ, Crawley SW. The microvillar protocadherin CDHR5 associates with EBP50 to promote brush border assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar36. [PMID: 38170579 PMCID: PMC10916864 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-02-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Transporting epithelial cells of the gut and kidney interact with their luminal environment through a densely packed collection of apical microvilli known as a brush border (BB). Proper brush border assembly depends on the intermicrovillar adhesion complex (IMAC), a protocadherin-based adhesion complex found at the distal tips of microvilli that mediates adhesion between neighboring protrusions to promote their organized packing. Loss of the IMAC adhesion molecule Cadherin-related family member 5 (CDHR5) results in significant brush border defects, though the functional properties of this protocadherin have not been thoroughly explored. Here, we show that the cytoplasmic tail of CDHR5 contributes to its correct apical targeting and functional properties in an isoform-specific manner. Library screening identified the Ezrin-associated scaffolds EBP50 and E3KARP as cytoplasmic binding partners for CDHR5. Consistent with this, loss of EBP50 disrupted proper brush border assembly with cells exhibiting markedly reduced apical IMAC levels. Together, our results shed light on the apical targeting determinants of CDHR5 and further define the interactome of the IMAC involved in brush border assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Matoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Maura J. Graves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Myoung Soo Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | | | - Prashun Acharya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Garima Thapa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Tram Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Sarah Y. Atallah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Ashna K. Tipirneni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | | | - Scott W. Crawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martineau-Côté D, Achouri A, Pitre M, Karboune S, L'Hocine L. Improved in vitro gastrointestinal digestion protocol mimicking brush border digestion for the determination of the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) of different food matrices. Food Res Int 2024; 178:113932. [PMID: 38309864 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) is the new gold standard method for the assessment of protein nutritional quality. The DIAAS is evaluated with in vivo models, that are complex, constraining and costly. There is still no established method to assess it in vitro. In this study, we proposed to add a jejunal-ileal digestion phase to the standardized in vitro gastrointestinal digestion protocol developed by the International Network of Excellence on the Fate of Food in the Gastrointestinal Tract (INFOGEST protocol) to mimic brush border digestion and to enable DIAAS assessment in vitro in a more physiologically relevant manner. This jejunal-ileal digestion phase was performed with a porcine intestinal aminopeptidase as an alternative to brush border membrane extract, which is more difficult to obtain in a standardized way. This modified INFOGEST protocol was applied to various food matrices (faba bean, pea and soy flours, whey protein isolate and caseins) and the results were compared to published in vivo data to assess the model's physiological relevance. The addition of the jejunal-ileal digestion phase lead to a significant (p < 0.05) increase of 31 and 29 % in free and total amino acid digestibility, respectively, and of 83 % on average for the in vitro DIAAS values for all food matrices. Although the in vitro DIAAS remained underestimated compared to the in vivo ones, a strong correlation between them was observed (r = 0.879, p = 0.009), stating the relevance of this last digestion phase. This improved digestion protocol is proposed as a suitable alternative to evaluate the DIAAS in vitro when in vivo assays are not applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Martineau-Côté
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada; Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Allaoua Achouri
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada.
| | - Mélanie Pitre
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada.
| | - Salwa Karboune
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Lamia L'Hocine
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Corbee RJ, Mes JJ, de Jong GAH, van den Dool RTM, Neumer F, Theis S, Bosch G. Brush border enzyme hydrolysis and glycaemic effects of isomaltulose compared to other saccharides in dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1456-1464. [PMID: 37448186 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Digestible carbohydrates differ in glycaemic response, therewith having the potential to influence metabolic conditions such as insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Isomaltulose has been proven to lower the glycaemic response in humans, which to date has not been studied in dogs. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterise the digestibility, as well as the physiological effects of isomaltulose in dogs, in comparison to other saccharides. To this end, three studies were performed. Study 1 was an in vitro study, evaluating the small intestinal hydrolysis of isomaltulose compared to other relevant carbohydrate sources. Three of these saccharides, having close and low-moderate degrees of hydrolysis by brush border enzymes, were also evaluated in vivo for their glycaemic effects by measuring plasma levels of glucose, insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) 0-180 min after administration of a single dosage after an overnight fast (i.e., isomaltulose, sucrose and maltodextrin in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design, in 9 dogs, Study 2). To understand if digestive enzymes, underlying glycaemic responses for isomaltulose and sucrose can be upregulated, we exposed dogs to these saccharides for 2 weeks and repeated the measurements after an overnight fast in 18 dogs (Study 3). Isomaltulose was hydrolysed by intestinal enzyme preparation from all three dogs, but the degrading activity was low (e.g., 3.95 ± 1.03 times lower vs. sucrose), indicating a slower rate of hydrolysis. Isomaltulose had a low glycaemic response, in line with in vitro data. In vitro hydrolysis of sucrose was comparable or even higher than maltodextrin in contrast to the more pronounced glycaemic response to maltodextrin observed in vivo. The numerically higher blood glucose response to sucrose after continuous consumption, might indicate an adaptive response. In conclusion, the current work provides valuable insights into the digestion physiology of various saccharides in dogs. Further investigations on related benefits are thus warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Corbee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan J Mes
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Govardus A H de Jong
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald T M van den Dool
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Guido Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cencer CS, Silverman JB, Meenderink LM, Krystofiak ES, Millis BA, Tyska MJ. Adhesion-based capture stabilizes nascent microvilli at epithelial cell junctions. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2048-2062.e7. [PMID: 37832537 PMCID: PMC10615885 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
To maximize solute transport, epithelial cells build an apical "brush border," where thousands of microvilli are linked to their neighbors by protocadherin-containing intermicrovillar adhesion complexes (IMACs). Previous studies established that the IMAC is needed to build a mature brush border, but how this complex contributes to the accumulation of new microvilli during differentiation remains unclear. We found that early in differentiation, mouse, human, and porcine epithelial cells exhibit a marginal accumulation of microvilli, which span junctions and interact with protrusions on neighboring cells using IMAC protocadherins. These transjunctional IMACs are highly stable and reinforced by tension across junctions. Finally, long-term live imaging showed that the accumulation of microvilli at cell margins consistently leads to accumulation in medial regions. Thus, nascent microvilli are stabilized by a marginal capture mechanism that depends on the formation of transjunctional IMACs. These results may offer insights into how apical specializations are assembled in diverse epithelial systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Cencer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer B Silverman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Leslie M Meenderink
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Evan S Krystofiak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bryan A Millis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zachos NC, Vaughan H, Sarker R, Est-Witte S, Chakraborty M, Baetz NW, Yu H, Yarov-Yarovoy V, McNamara G, Green JJ, Tse CM, Donowitz M. A Novel Peptide Prevents Enterotoxin- and Inflammation-Induced Intestinal Fluid Secretion by Stimulating Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3 Activity. Gastroenterology 2023; 165:986-998.e11. [PMID: 37429363 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute diarrheal diseases are the second most common cause of infant mortality in developing countries. This is contributed to by lack of effective drug therapy that shortens the duration or lessens the volume of diarrhea. The epithelial brush border sodium (Na+)/hydrogen (H+) exchanger 3 (NHE3) accounts for a major component of intestinal Na+ absorption and is inhibited in most diarrheas. Because increased intestinal Na+ absorption can rehydrate patients with diarrhea, NHE3 has been suggested as a potential druggable target for drug therapy for diarrhea. METHODS A peptide (sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 stimulatory peptide [N3SP]) was synthesized to mimic the part of the NHE3 C-terminus that forms a multiprotein complex that inhibits NHE3 activity. The effect of N3SP on NHE3 activity was evaluated in NHE3-transfected fibroblasts null for other plasma membrane NHEs, a human colon cancer cell line that models intestinal absorptive enterocytes (Caco-2/BBe), human enteroids, and mouse intestine in vitro and in vivo. N3SP was delivered into cells via a hydrophobic fluorescent maleimide or nanoparticles. RESULTS N3SP uptake stimulated NHE3 activity at nmol/L concentrations under basal conditions and partially reversed the reduced NHE3 activity caused by elevated adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, and Ca2+ in cell lines and in in vitro mouse intestine. N3SP also stimulated intestinal fluid absorption in the mouse small intestine in vivo and prevented cholera toxin-, Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin-, and cluster of differentiation 3 inflammation-induced fluid secretion in a live mouse intestinal loop model. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest pharmacologic stimulation of NHE3 activity as an efficacious approach for the treatment of moderate/severe diarrheal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Hannah Vaughan
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rafiquel Sarker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Savannah Est-Witte
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Molee Chakraborty
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas W Baetz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongzhe Yu
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vladimir Yarov-Yarovoy
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - George McNamara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jordan J Green
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chung-Ming Tse
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Di Guglielmo MD, Holbrook J, Stabley D, Robbins KM, Boyce B, Hardy H, Adeyemi A. The Intestinal Tract Brush Border in Young Children Uniformly Expresses Guanylate Cyclase C. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2023; 31:154-162. [PMID: 36735491 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined staining of guanylate cyclase C (GCC/GUCY2C) in the small and large intestines of children younger than age 7 years. Normal intestinal tissue from children aged 0 to 7 years was stained using GCC, uroguanylin, and villin antibodies and scored for staining intensity. A subset underwent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using t test of independent means, descriptive statistics, and logistic regression. Four hundred sixty-four specimens underwent immunohistochemistry; 291 specimens underwent real-time polymerase chain reaction. GCC, villin, and uroguanylin were detected across age groups and anatomic sites. No significant differences were identifiable across age groups. GUCY2C and uroguanylin mRNA was detected in all samples, with no variability of statistical significance of either target-to-villin normalization between any age cohorts. A gradient of expression of GCC across age groups does not seem to exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Holbrook
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Nemours Children's Health, Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware Valley, DE
| | - Deborah Stabley
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Nemours Children's Health, Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware Valley, DE
| | - Katherine M Robbins
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Nemours Children's Health, Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware Valley, DE
| | - Bobbie Boyce
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Nemours Children's Health, Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware Valley, DE
| | - Heather Hardy
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Nemours Children's Health, Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware Valley, DE
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang C, Deng Z, Yuan J, Xu K, Sha L, Guan X, Huang Z, Shao E. Removal of an Aminopeptidase N From Midgut Brush Border Does Not Affect Susceptibility of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae to Four Insecticidal Proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillales: Bacillaceae). J Econ Entomol 2023; 116:223-232. [PMID: 36421056 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera litura is one of the most destructive lepidopteran insects of cabbages and cauliflowers in the world. Cry1 and Vip3 toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis have been reported to show toxicity in multiple lepidopteran insects. Binding of toxic molecules to specific receptors on the midgut epithelial cells is known to be a key step in the action mode of Bt toxins. Aminopeptidase N (APN) -like proteins have been reported to be binding sites of multiple Cry toxins in the midgut of Cry susceptible insects. In the present study, we identified six midgut APNs by analysis of the genome and midgut transcriptome of S. litura. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene-knockout system was utilized to mutate the GPI-anchor signal peptide at the C terminus of SlAPN1. SlAPN1 was verified to be removed from the midgut brush border membrane vesicles of a homozygous knockout strain of S. litura (SlAPN1-KO). Bioassay results indicated that susceptibility of the SlAPN1-KO strain to Cry1Aa, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ca, and Vip3Aa toxins was close to that of the wild-type strain of S. litura. RT-qPCR results showed that the transcriptional level of SlAPN2-6 was not up-regulated after knockout of the SlAPN1. Results in this study indicated that the SlAPN1 did not play a critical role in the pathway of toxicity of Cry1Aa, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ca, and Vip3Aa toxins in S. litura.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhimin Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jin Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Li Sha
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Xiong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ensi Shao
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maheshwari N, Khan AA, Mahmood R. Pentachlorophenol causes redox imbalance, inhibition of brush border membrane and metabolic enzymes, DNA damage and histological alterations in rat kidney. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2023; 190:105318. [PMID: 36740338 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a synthetic organochlorine compound that is widely used in biocide and pesticide industries, and in preservation of wood, fence posts, cross arms and power line poles. Humans are usually exposed to PCP through air, contaminated water and food. PCP enters the body and adversely affects liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney and lungs. PCP is a highly toxic class 2B or probable human carcinogen that produces large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells. This work aimed to determine PCP-induced oxidative damage in rat kidney. Adult rats were given PCP (25, 50, 100, 150 mg/kg body weight), in corn oil, once a day for 5 days while control rats were given similar amount of corn oil by oral gavage. PCP increased hydrogen peroxide level and oxidation of thiols, proteins and lipids. The antioxidant status of kidney cells was compromised in PCP treated rats while enzymes of brush border membrane (BBM) and carbohydrate metabolism were inhibited. Plasma level of creatinine and urea was also increased. Administration of PCP increased DNA fragmentation, cross-linking of DNA to proteins and DNA strand scission in kidney. Histological studies supported biochemical findings and showed significant damage in the kidneys of PCP-treated rats. These changes could be due to redox imbalance or direct chemical modification by PCP or its metabolites. These results signify that PCP-induced oxidative stress causes nephrotoxicity, dysfunction of BBM enzymes and DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Maheshwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Aijaz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Anatomy, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India; Department of Anatomy, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morales EA, Gaeta I, Tyska MJ. Building the brush border, one microvillus at a time. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 80:102153. [PMID: 36827850 PMCID: PMC10033394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Microvilli are actin bundle-supported surface protrusions assembled by diverse cell types to mediate biochemical and physical interactions with the external environment. Found on the surface of some of the earliest animal cells, primordial microvilli likely contributed to bacterial entrapment and feeding. Although millions of years of evolution have repurposed these protrusions to fulfill diverse roles such as detection of mechanical or visual stimuli in inner ear hair cells or retinal pigmented epithelial cells, respectively, solute uptake remains a key essential function linked to these structures. In this mini review, we offer a brief overview of the composition and structure of epithelial microvilli, highlight recent discoveries on the growth of these protrusions early in differentiation, and point to fundamental questions surrounding microvilli biogenesis that remain open for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Angelo Morales
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Isabella Gaeta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Klee KMC, Hess MW, Lohmüller M, Herzog S, Pfaller K, Müller T, Vogel GF, Huber LA. A CRISPR screen in intestinal epithelial cells identifies novel factors for polarity and apical transport. eLife 2023; 12:e80135. [PMID: 36661306 PMCID: PMC9889089 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial polarization and polarized cargo transport are highly coordinated and interdependent processes. In our search for novel regulators of epithelial polarization and protein secretion, we used a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen and combined it with an assay based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to measure the secretion of the apical brush-border hydrolase dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). In this way, we performed the first CRISPR screen to date in human polarized epithelial cells. Using high-resolution microscopy, we detected polarization defects and mislocalization of DPP4 to late endosomes/lysosomes after knockout of TM9SF4, anoctamin 8, and ARHGAP33, confirming the identification of novel factors for epithelial polarization and apical cargo secretion. Thus, we provide a powerful tool suitable for studying polarization and cargo secretion in epithelial cells. In addition, we provide a dataset that serves as a resource for the study of novel mechanisms for epithelial polarization and polarized transport and facilitates the investigation of novel congenital diseases associated with these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina MC Klee
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Michael W Hess
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Michael Lohmüller
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Kristian Pfaller
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Georg F Vogel
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Morgan J, Pettmann J, Dushek O, Lindsay AE. T cell microvilli simulations show operation near packing limit and impact on antigen recognition. Biophys J 2022; 121:4128-4136. [PMID: 36181267 PMCID: PMC9675027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are immune cells that continuously scan for foreign-derived antigens on the surfaces of nearly all cells, termed antigen-presenting cells (APCs). They do this by dynamically extending numerous protrusions called microvilli (MVs) that contain T cell receptors toward the APC surface in order to scan for antigens. The number, size, and dynamics of these MVs, and the complex multiscale topography that results, play a yet unknown role in antigen recognition. We develop an anatomically informed model that confines antigen recognition to small areas representing MVs that can dynamically form and dissolve and use the model to study how MV dynamics impact antigen sensitivity and discrimination. We find that MV surveillance reduces antigen sensitivity compared with a completely flat interface, unless MV are stabilized in an antigen-dependent manner, and observe that MVs have only a modest impact on antigen discrimination. The model highlights that MV contacts optimize the competing demands of fast scanning speeds of the APC surface with antigen sensitivity. Our model predicts an interface packing fraction that corresponds closely to those observed experimentally, indicating that T cells operate their MVs near the limits imposed by anatomical and geometric constraints. Finally, we find that observed MV contact lifetimes can be largely influenced by conditions in the T cell/APC interface, with these lifetimes often being longer than the simulation or experimental observation period. This work highlights the role of MVs in antigen recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Morgan
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Johannes Pettmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alan E Lindsay
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dooley SA, Engevik KA, Digrazia J, Stubler R, Kaji I, Krystofiak E, Engevik AC. Myosin 5b is required for proper localization of the intermicrovillar adhesion complex in the intestinal brush border. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G501-G510. [PMID: 36218265 PMCID: PMC9639760 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00212.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal enterocytes have an elaborate apical membrane of actin-rich protrusions known as microvilli. The organization of microvilli is orchestrated by the intermicrovillar adhesion complex (IMAC), which connects the distal tips of adjacent microvilli. The IMAC is composed of CDHR2 and CDHR5 as well as the scaffolding proteins USH1C, ANKS4B, and Myosin 7b (MYO7B). To create an IMAC, cells must transport the proteins to the apical membrane. Myosin 5b (MYO5B) is a molecular motor that traffics ion transporters to the apical membrane of enterocytes, and we hypothesized that MYO5B may also be responsible for the localization of IMAC proteins. To address this question, we used two different mouse models: 1) neonatal germline MYO5B knockout (MYO5B KO) mice and 2) adult intestinal-specific tamoxifen-inducible VillinCreERT2;MYO5Bflox/flox mice. In control mice, immunostaining revealed that CDHR2, CDHR5, USH1C, and MYO7B were highly enriched at the tips of the microvilli. In contrast, neonatal germline and adult MYO5B-deficient mice showed loss of apical CDHR2, CDHR5, and MYO7B in the brush border and accumulation in a subapical compartment. Colocalization analysis revealed decreased Mander's coefficients in adult inducible MYO5B-deficient mice compared with control mice for CDHR2, CDHR5, USH1C, and MYO7B. Scanning electron microscopy images further demonstrated aberrant microvilli packing in adult inducible MYO5B-deficient mouse small intestine. These data indicate that MYO5B is responsible for the delivery of IMAC components to the apical membrane.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The intestinal epithelium absorbs nutrients and water through an elaborate apical membrane of highly organized microvilli. Microvilli organization is regulated by the intermicrovillar adhesion complexes, which create links between neighboring microvilli and control microvilli packing and density. In this study, we report a new trafficking partner of the IMAC, Myosin 5b. Loss of Myosin 5b results in a disorganized brush border and failure of IMAC proteins to reach the distal tips of microvilli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Dooley
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kristen A Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica Digrazia
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Rachel Stubler
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Evan Krystofiak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Amy C Engevik
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cai E, Beppler C, Eichorst J, Marchuk K, Eastman SW, Krummel MF. T cells use distinct topographical and membrane receptor scanning strategies that individually coalesce during receptor recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203247119. [PMID: 35914144 PMCID: PMC9372542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203247119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During immune surveillance, CD8 T cells scan the surface of antigen-presenting cells using dynamic microvillar palpation and movements as well as by having their receptors preconcentrated into patches. Here, we use real-time lattice light-sheet microscopy to demonstrate the independence of microvillar and membrane receptor patch scanning. While T cell receptor (TCR) patches can distribute to microvilli, they do so stochastically and not preferentially as for other receptors such as CD62L. The distinctness of TCR patch movement from microvillar movement extends to many other receptors that form patches that also scan independent of the TCR. An exception to this is the CD8 coreceptor which largely comigrates in patches that overlap with or are closely adjacent to those containing TCRs. Microvilli that assemble into a synapse contain various arrays of the engaged patches, notably of TCRs and the inhibitory receptor PD-1, creating a pastiche of occupancies that vary from microvillar contact to contact. In summary, this work demonstrates that localization of receptor patches within the membrane and on microvillar projections is random prior to antigen detection and that such random variation may play into the generation of many individually composed receptor patch compositions at a single synapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- En Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
| | - Casey Beppler
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
| | - John Eichorst
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
- ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
| | - Scott W. Eastman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY 10016
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
- ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Agarwal N, Kolba N, Khen N, Even C, Turjeman S, Koren O, Tako E. Quinoa Soluble Fiber and Quercetin Alter the Composition of the Gut Microbiome and Improve Brush Border Membrane Morphology In Vivo ( Gallus gallus). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030448. [PMID: 35276807 PMCID: PMC8838577 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a gluten-free pseudo-cereal, has gained popularity over the last decade due to its high nutritional value. Quinoa is a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, fibers, tocopherols (Vitamin E), unsaturated fatty acids and a wide range of polyphenols. The study used Gallus gallus intra-amniotic feeding, a clinically validated method, to assess the effects of quinoa soluble fiber (QSF) and quercetin 3-glucoside (Q3G) versus control. Quercetin is a pharmacologically active polyphenol found in quinoa. Six groups (no injection, 18 Ω H2O, 5% inulin, 1% Q3G, 5% QSF, 1% Q3G + 5% QSF) were assessed for their effect on the brush border membrane (BBM) functionality, intestinal morphology and cecal bacterial populations. Our results showed a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in BBM morphology, particularly goblet and Paneth cell numbers, in the group administered with quinoa and quercetin. However, there were no significant changes seen in the expression of the genes assessed both in the duodenum and liver between any of the treatment groups. Furthermore, fibrous quinoa increased the concentration of probiotic L. plantarum populations compared to the control (H2O). In conclusion, quercetin and quinoa fiber consumption has the potential to improve intestinal morphology and modulate the microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Agarwal
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (N.A.); (N.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Nikolai Kolba
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (N.A.); (N.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Noa Khen
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (N.A.); (N.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Carmel Even
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (C.E.); (S.T.); (O.K.)
| | - Sondra Turjeman
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (C.E.); (S.T.); (O.K.)
| | - Omry Koren
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (C.E.); (S.T.); (O.K.)
| | - Elad Tako
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (N.A.); (N.K.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-607-255-0884
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang M, Yang H, Yang E, Li J, Dong L. Berberine Decreases Intestinal GLUT2 Translocation and Reduces Intestinal Glucose Absorption in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:327. [PMID: 35008753 PMCID: PMC8745600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia is an important causative factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and permanent localization of intestinal GLUT2 in the brush border membrane is an important reason of postprandial hyperglycemia. Berberine, a small molecule derived from Coptidis rhizome, has been found to be potent at lowering blood glucose, but how berberine lowers postprandial blood glucose is still elusive. Here, we investigated the effect of berberine on intestinal glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) translocation and intestinal glucose absorption in type 2 diabetes mouse model. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding of a high-fat diet and injection of streptozotocin and diabetic mice were treated with berberine for 6 weeks. The effects of berberine on intestinal glucose transport and GLUT2 translocation were accessed in isolated intestines and intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6), respectively. We found that berberine treatment improved glucose tolerance and systemic insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice. Furthermore, berberine decreased intestinal glucose transport and inhibited GLUT2 translocation from cytoplasm to brush border membrane in intestinal epithelial cells. Mechanistically, berberine inhibited intestinal insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1R) phosphorylation and thus reduced localization of PLC-β2 in the membrane, leading to decreased GLUT2 translocation. These results suggest that berberine reduces intestinal glucose absorption through inhibiting IGF-1R-PLC-β2-GLUT2 signal pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ling Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (E.Y.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hurbain I, Macé AS, Romao M, Prince E, Sengmanivong L, Ruel L, Basto R, Thérond PP, Raposo G, D'Angelo G. Microvilli-derived extracellular vesicles carry Hedgehog morphogenic signals for Drosophila wing imaginal disc development. Curr Biol 2021; 32:361-373.e6. [PMID: 34890558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Morphogens are secreted molecules that regulate and coordinate major developmental processes, such as cell differentiation and tissue morphogenesis. Depending on the mechanisms of secretion and the nature of their carriers, morphogens act at short and long range. We investigated the paradigmatic long-range activity of Hedgehog (Hh), a well-known morphogen, and its contribution to the growth and patterning of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to Hh long-range activity; however, the nature, the site, and the mechanisms underlying the biogenesis of these vesicular carriers remain unknown. Here, through the analysis of mutants and a series of Drosophila RNAi-depleted wing imaginal discs using fluorescence and live-imaging electron microscopy, including tomography and 3D reconstruction, we demonstrate that microvilli of the wing imaginal disc epithelium are the site of generation of small EVs that transport Hh across the tissue. Further, we show that the Prominin-like (PromL) protein is critical for microvilli integrity. Together with actin cytoskeleton and membrane phospholipids, PromL maintains microvilli architecture that is essential to promote its secretory function. Importantly, the distribution of Hh to microvilli and its release via these EVs contribute to the proper morphogenesis of the wing imaginal disc. Our results demonstrate that microvilli-derived EVs are carriers for Hh long-range signaling in vivo. By establishing that members of the Prominin protein family are key determinants of microvilli formation and integrity, our findings support the view that microvilli-derived EVs conveying Hh may provide a means for exchanging signaling cues of high significance in tissue development and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Macé
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Maryse Romao
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Elodie Prince
- Université Côte d'Azur, UMR7277 CNRS, Inserm U1091, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Lucie Sengmanivong
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Laurent Ruel
- Université Côte d'Azur, UMR7277 CNRS, Inserm U1091, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Pascal P Thérond
- Université Côte d'Azur, UMR7277 CNRS, Inserm U1091, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Gisela D'Angelo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bidaud-Meynard A, Demouchy F, Nicolle O, Pacquelet A, Suman SK, Plancke CN, Robin FB, Michaux G. High-resolution dynamic mapping of the C. elegans intestinal brush border. Development 2021; 148:dev200029. [PMID: 34704594 PMCID: PMC10659032 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal brush border is made of an array of microvilli that increases the membrane surface area for nutrient processing, absorption and host defense. Studies on mammalian cultured epithelial cells have uncovered some of the molecular players and physical constraints required to establish this apical specialized membrane. However, the building and maintenance of a brush border in vivo has not yet been investigated in detail. Here, we combined super-resolution imaging, transmission electron microscopy and genome editing in the developing nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to build a high-resolution and dynamic localization map of known and new brush border markers. Notably, we show that microvilli components are dynamically enriched at the apical membrane during microvilli outgrowth and maturation, but become highly stable once microvilli are built. This new toolbox will be instrumental for understanding the molecular processes of microvilli growth and maintenance in vivo, as well as the effect of genetic perturbations, notably in the context of disorders affecting brush border integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Bidaud-Meynard
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Flora Demouchy
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ophélie Nicolle
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Anne Pacquelet
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Shashi Kumar Suman
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR7622, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Camille N. Plancke
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR7622, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - François B. Robin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR7622, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Michaux
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Husain N, Hasan S, Khan AA, Mahmood R. Copper chloride inhibits brush border membrane enzymes, alters antioxidant and metabolic status and damages DNA in rat intestine: a dose-dependent study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:43711-43724. [PMID: 33837945 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an extensively used heavy metal and an indispensible micronutrient for living beings. However, Cu is also toxic and exerts multiple adverse health effects when humans are exposed to high levels of this metal. We have examined the effect of single acute oral dose of copper chloride (CuCl2) on parameters of oxidative stress, cellular metabolism, membrane and DNA damage in rat intestine. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups and separately administered a single oral dose of 5, 15, 30 and 40 mg CuCl2/kg body weight. Rats not administered CuCl2 served as the control. Oral administration of CuCl2 led to significant alterations in the activities of metabolic and membrane-bound enzymes; brush border enzymes were inhibited by 45-75% relative to the control set. Inhibition of antioxidant enzymes diminished the metal-reducing and free radical quenching ability of the cells. Oxidative damage caused cellular oxidation of thiols, proteins and lipids. Diphenylamine and comet assays showed that CuCl2 treatment enhanced DNA damage while DNA-protein crosslinking was also increased in the intestinal cells. Examination of stained sections showed that CuCl2 treatment led to marked histological changes in the intestine. All the changes seen were in a CuCl2 dose-dependent manner with more prominent alterations at higher doses of CuCl2. These results clearly show that oral administration of CuCl2 results in oxidative damage to the intestine which can impair its digestive and absorptive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazim Husain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India
| | - Samra Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India
| | - Aijaz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is a major gatekeeper for restraining T cell activation. Its exclusion from the immunological synapse (IS) is crucial for T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction. Here, we use expansion super-resolution microscopy to reveal that CD45 is mostly pre-excluded from the tips of microvilli (MV) on primary T cells prior to antigen encounter. This pre-exclusion is diminished by depleting cholesterol or by engineering the transmembrane domain of CD45 to increase its membrane integration length, but is independent of the CD45 extracellular domain. We further show that brief MV-mediated contacts can induce Ca2+ influx in mouse antigen-specific T cells engaged by antigen-pulsed antigen presenting cells (APC). We propose that the scarcity of CD45 phosphatase activity at the tips of MV enables or facilitates TCR triggering from brief T cell-APC contacts before formation of a stable IS, and that these MV-mediated contacts represent the earliest step in the initiation of a T cell adaptive immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunmin Jung
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Lai Wen
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amnon Altman
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gaeta IM, Meenderink LM, Postema MM, Cencer CS, Tyska MJ. Direct visualization of epithelial microvilli biogenesis. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2561-2575.e6. [PMID: 33951456 PMCID: PMC8222192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microvilli are actin-bundle-supported surface protrusions that play essential roles in diverse epithelial functions. To develop our understanding of microvilli biogenesis, we used live imaging to directly visualize protrusion growth at early stages of epithelial differentiation. Time-lapse data revealed that specific factors, including epidermal growth factor pathway substrate 8 (EPS8) and insulin-receptor tyrosine kinase substrate (IRTKS) (also known as BAIAP2L1), appear in diffraction-limited puncta at the cell surface and mark future sites of microvillus growth. New core actin bundles elongate from these puncta in parallel with the arrival of ezrin and subsequent plasma membrane encapsulation. In addition to de novo growth, we also observed that new microvilli emerge from pre-existing protrusions. Moreover, we found that nascent microvilli can also collapse, characterized first by loss of membrane wrapping and ezrin enrichment, followed by a sharp decrease in distal tip EPS8 and IRTKS levels, and ultimately disassembly of the core actin bundle itself. These studies are the first to offer a temporally resolved microvillus growth mechanism and highlight factors that participate in this process; they also provide important insights on the growth of apical specializations that will likely apply to diverse epithelial contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M Gaeta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Leslie M Meenderink
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Meagan M Postema
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Caroline S Cencer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen L, Luo S, Dupre A, Vasoya RP, Parthasarathy A, Aita R, Malhotra R, Hur J, Toke NH, Chiles E, Yang M, Cao W, Flores J, Ellison CE, Gao N, Sahota A, Su X, Bonder EM, Verzi MP. The nuclear receptor HNF4 drives a brush border gene program conserved across murine intestine, kidney, and embryonic yolk sac. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2886. [PMID: 34001900 PMCID: PMC8129143 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brush border is comprised of microvilli surface protrusions on the apical surface of epithelia. This specialized structure greatly increases absorptive surface area and plays crucial roles in human health. However, transcriptional regulatory networks controlling brush border genes are not fully understood. Here, we identify that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) transcription factor is a conserved and important regulator of brush border gene program in multiple organs, such as intestine, kidney and yolk sac. Compromised brush border gene signatures and impaired transport were observed in these tissues upon HNF4 loss. By ChIP-seq, we find HNF4 binds and activates brush border genes in the intestine and kidney. H3K4me3 HiChIP-seq identifies that HNF4 loss results in impaired chromatin looping between enhancers and promoters at gene loci of brush border genes, and instead enhanced chromatin looping at gene loci of stress fiber genes in the intestine. This study provides comprehensive transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and a functional demonstration of a critical role for HNF4 in brush border gene regulation across multiple murine epithelial tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Shirley Luo
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Abigail Dupre
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Roshan P Vasoya
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Aditya Parthasarathy
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Rohit Aita
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Raj Malhotra
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph Hur
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Natalie H Toke
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Eric Chiles
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Weihuan Cao
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Juan Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher E Ellison
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Amrik Sahota
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Janecke AR, Liu X, Adam R, Punuru S, Viestenz A, Strauß V, Laass M, Sanchez E, Adachi R, Schatz MP, Saboo US, Mittal N, Rohrschneider K, Escher J, Ganesh A, Al Zuhaibi S, Al Murshedi F, AlSaleem B, Alfadhel M, Al Sinani S, Alkuraya FS, Huber LA, Müller T, Heidelberger R, Janz R. Pathogenic STX3 variants affecting the retinal and intestinal transcripts cause an early-onset severe retinal dystrophy in microvillus inclusion disease subjects. Hum Genet 2021; 140:1143-1156. [PMID: 33974130 PMCID: PMC8263458 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biallelic STX3 variants were previously reported in five individuals with the severe congenital enteropathy, microvillus inclusion disease (MVID). Here, we provide a significant extension of the phenotypic spectrum caused by STX3 variants. We report ten individuals of diverse geographic origin with biallelic STX3 loss-of-function variants, identified through exome sequencing, single-nucleotide polymorphism array-based homozygosity mapping, and international collaboration. The evaluated individuals all presented with MVID. Eight individuals also displayed early-onset severe retinal dystrophy, i.e., syndromic-intestinal and retinal-disease. These individuals harbored STX3 variants that affected both the retinal and intestinal STX3 transcripts, whereas STX3 variants affected only the intestinal transcript in individuals with solitary MVID. That STX3 is essential for retinal photoreceptor survival was confirmed by the creation of a rod photoreceptor-specific STX3 knockout mouse model which revealed a time-dependent reduction in the number of rod photoreceptors, thinning of the outer nuclear layer, and the eventual loss of both rod and cone photoreceptors. Together, our results provide a link between STX3 loss-of-function variants and a human retinal dystrophy. Depending on the genomic site of a human loss-of-function STX3 variant, it can cause MVID, the novel intestinal-retinal syndrome reported here or, hypothetically, an isolated retinal dystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas R Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, MSB 7.046, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas HSC (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rüdiger Adam
- University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sumanth Punuru
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, MSB 7.046, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas HSC (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Arne Viestenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Valeria Strauß
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Martin Laass
- Klinik und Poliklinik f. Kinder- u. Jugendmedizin, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Sanchez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Adachi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Martha P Schatz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ujwala S Saboo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Naveen Mittal
- Department of Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Johanna Escher
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anuradha Ganesh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sana Al Zuhaibi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Fathiya Al Murshedi
- Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Badr AlSaleem
- King Fahad Medical City, Children's Specialized Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Genetics Division and Medical Genomic Research Lab, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siham Al Sinani
- Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ruth Heidelberger
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, MSB 7.046, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas HSC (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Roger Janz
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, MSB 7.046, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas HSC (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cheng K, Larabee SM, Tolaymat M, Hanscom M, Shang AC, Schledwitz A, Hu S, Drachenberg CB, Zhan M, Chahdi A, Raufman JP. Targeted intestinal deletion of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7, βPIX, impairs enterocyte proliferation, villus maturation, and mucosal defenses in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G627-G643. [PMID: 33566751 PMCID: PMC8238171 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00415.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) regulate Rho GTPase activity and cytoskeletal and cell adhesion dynamics. βPix, a CDC42/RAC family RhoGEF encoded by ARHGEF7, is reported to modulate human colon cancer cell proliferation and postwounding restitution of rat intestinal epithelial monolayers. We hypothesized that βPix plays a role in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis. To test this hypothesis, we examined βPix distribution in the human and murine intestine and created mice with intestinal epithelial-selective βPix deletion [βPixflox/flox/Tg(villin-Cre); Arhgef7 CKO mice]. Using Arhgef7 conditional knockout (CKO) and control mice, we investigated the consequences of βPix deficiency in vivo on intestinal epithelial and enteroid development, dextran sodium sulfate-induced mucosal injury, and gut permeability. In normal human and murine intestines, we observed diffuse cytoplasmic and moderate nuclear βPix immunostaining in enterocytes. Arhgef7 CKO mice were viable and fertile, with normal gross intestinal architecture but reduced small intestinal villus height, villus-to-crypt ratio, and goblet cells; small intestinal crypt cells had reduced Ki67 staining, compatible with impaired cell proliferation. Enteroids derived from control mouse small intestine were viable for more than 20 passages, but those from Arhgef7 CKO mice did not survive beyond 24 h despite addition of Wnt proteins or conditioned media from normal enteroids. Adding a Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor partially rescued CKO enteroid development. Compared with littermate control mice, dextran sodium sulfate-treated βPix-deficient mice lost more weight and had greater impairment of intestinal barrier function, and more severe colonic mucosal injury. These findings reveal βPix expression is important for enterocyte development, intestinal homeostasis, and resistance to toxic injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To explore the role of βPix, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor encoded by ARHGEF7, in intestinal development and physiology, we created mice with intestinal epithelial cell Arhgef7/βPix deficiency. We found βPix essential for normal small intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, villus development, and mucosal resistance to injury. Moreover, Rho kinase signaling mediated developmental arrest observed in enteroids derived from βPix-deficient small intestinal crypts. Our studies provide insights into the role Arhgef7/βPix plays in intestinal epithelial homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunrong Cheng
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shannon M Larabee
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mazen Tolaymat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marie Hanscom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aaron C Shang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alyssa Schledwitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shien Hu
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cinthia B Drachenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Min Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ahmed Chahdi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rahman MM, Afroz S, Arthur S, Sundaram U. Mast Cell Mediated Regulation of Small Intestinal Chloride Malabsorption in SAMP1/YitFc Mouse Model of Spontaneous Chronic Ileitis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030697. [PMID: 33801010 PMCID: PMC8004028 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), malabsorption of electrolytes (NaCl) results in diarrhea. Inhibition of coupled NaCl absorption, mediated by the dual operation of Na:H and Cl:HCO3 exchangers on the brush border membrane (BBM) of the intestinal villus cells has been reported in IBD. In the SAMP1/YitFcs (SAMP1) mice model of spontaneous ileitis, representing Crohn’s disease, DRA (Downregulated in Adenoma) mediated Cl:HCO3 exchange was shown to be inhibited secondary to diminished affinity of the exchanger for Cl. However, NHE3 mediated Na:H exchange remained unaffected. Mast cells and their secreted mediators are known to be increased in the IBD mucosa and can affect intestinal electrolyte absorption. However, how mast cell mediators may regulate Cl:HCO3 exchange in SAMP1 mice is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of mast cell mediators on the downregulation of DRA in SAMP1 mice. Mast cell numbers and their degranulation marker enzyme (β-hexosaminidase) levels were significantly increased in SAMP1 mice compared to control AKR mice. However, treatment of SAMP1 mice with a mast cell stabilizer, ketotifen, restored the β-hexosaminidase enzyme levels to normal in the intestine, demonstrating stabilization of mast cells by ketotifen. Moreover, downregulation of Cl:HCO3 exchange activity was restored in ketotifen treated SAMP1 mice. Kinetic studies showed that ketotifen restored the altered affinity of Cl:HCO3 exchange in SAMP1 mice villus cells thus reinstating its activity to normal. Further, RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence studies showed that the expression levels of DRA mRNA and BBM protein, respectively remained unaltered in all experimental conditions, supporting the kinetic data. Thus, inhibition of Cl:HCO3 exchange resulting in chloride malabsorption leading to diarrhea in IBD is likely mediated by mast cell mediators.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
T cells communicate with the environment via surface receptors. Cooperation of surface receptors regulates T-cell responses to diverse stimuli. Recently, finger-like membrane protrusions, microvilli, have been demonstrated to play a role in the organization of receptors and, hence, T-cell activation. However, little is known about the morphogenesis of dynamic microvilli, especially in the cells of immune system. In this review, I focus on the potential role of lipids and lipid domains in morphogenesis of microvilli. Discussed is the option that clustering of sphingolipids with phosphoinositides at the plasma membrane results in dimpling (curved) domains. Such domains can attract phosphoinositide-binding proteins and stimulate actin cytoskeleton reorganization. This process triggers cortical actin opening and bundling of actin fibres to support the growing of microvilli. Critical regulators of microvilli morphogenesis in T cells are unknown. At the end, I suggest several candidates with a potential to organize proteins and lipids in these structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Cebecauer
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Han X, Ma L, Gu J, Wang D, Li J, Lou W, Saiyin H, Fu D. Basal microvilli define the metabolic capacity and lethal phenotype of pancreatic cancer. J Pathol 2021; 253:304-314. [PMID: 33159698 PMCID: PMC7898529 DOI: 10.1002/path.5588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Apical microvilli of polarized epithelial cells govern the absorption of metabolites and the transport of fluid in tissues. Previously, we reported that tall and dense basal microvilli present on the endothelial cells of pancreatic cancers, a lethal malignancy with a high metabolism and unusual hypomicrovascularity, contain nutrient trafficking vesicles and glucose; their length and density were related to the glucose uptake of pancreatic cancers in a small-scale analysis. However, the implications of basal microvilli on pancreatic cancers are unknown. Here, we evaluated the clinical implications of basal microvilli in 106 pancreatic cancers. We found that basal microvilli are a dominant change in pancreatic cancers. The presence of longer and denser basal microvilli on the microvessels in pancreatic cancer tissues positively correlated with increased glucose uptake and higher metastatic (or invasive) and proliferative potentials of neoplastic cells and vice versa. Clinically, postoperative patients with longer and denser basal microvilli were more prone to unfavorable pathological characteristics and dismal prognoses. They were even more refractory to adjuvant therapy than those with shorter and thinner basal microvilli were. Our findings show that basal microvilli define the metabolic capacity and lethal phenotype of pancreatic cancers. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of General SurgeryZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiPR China
| | - Lixiang Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiPR China
| | - Jichun Gu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Disease InstituteHuashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiPR China
| | - Dansong Wang
- Department of General SurgeryZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiPR China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Disease InstituteHuashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiPR China
| | - Wenhui Lou
- Department of General SurgeryZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiPR China
| | - Hexige Saiyin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiPR China
| | - Deliang Fu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Disease InstituteHuashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiPR China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Adams Y, Olsen RW, Bengtsson A, Dalgaard N, Zdioruk M, Satpathi S, Behera PK, Sahu PK, Lawler SE, Qvortrup K, Wassmer SC, Jensen AT. Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 variants induce cell swelling and disrupt the blood-brain barrier in cerebral malaria. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201266. [PMID: 33492344 PMCID: PMC7833209 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is caused by the binding of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) to the brain microvasculature, leading to inflammation, vessel occlusion, and cerebral swelling. We have previously linked dual intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)- and endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)-binding P. falciparum parasites to these symptoms, but the mechanism driving the pathogenesis has not been identified. Here, we used a 3D spheroid model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to determine unexpected new features of IEs expressing the dual-receptor binding PfEMP1 parasite proteins. Analysis of multiple parasite lines shows that IEs are taken up by brain endothelial cells in an ICAM-1-dependent manner, resulting in breakdown of the BBB and swelling of the endothelial cells. Via ex vivo analysis of postmortem tissue samples from CM patients, we confirmed the presence of parasites within brain endothelial cells. Importantly, this discovery points to parasite ingress into the brain endothelium as a contributing factor to the pathology of human CM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Adams
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca W. Olsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Bengtsson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna Dalgaard
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mykola Zdioruk
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Praveen K. Sahu
- Center for the Study of Complex Malaria in India, Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, India
| | - Sean E. Lawler
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Klaus Qvortrup
- Core Facility for Integrated Microscopy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel C. Wassmer
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anja T.R. Jensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Baasch Christensen I, Cheng L, Brewer JR, Bartsch U, Fenton RA, Damkier HH, Praetorius J. Multiple Na,K-ATPase Subunits Colocalize in the Brush Border of Mouse Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041569. [PMID: 33557294 PMCID: PMC7915972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The unusual accumulation of Na,K-ATPase complexes in the brush border membrane of choroid plexus epithelial cells have intrigued researchers for decades. However, the full range of the expressed Na,K-ATPase subunits and their relation to the microvillus cytoskeleton remains unknown. (2) Methods: RT-PCR analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, native PAGE, mass spectrometry, and differential centrifugation were combined with high-resolution immunofluorescence histochemistry, proximity ligase assays, and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy on mouse choroid plexus cells or tissues in order to resolve these issues. (3) Results: The choroid plexus epithelium expresses Na,K-ATPase subunits α1, α2, β1, β2, β3, and phospholemman. The α1, α2, β1, and β2, subunits are all localized to the brush border membrane, where they appear to form a complex. The ATPase complexes may stabilize in the brush border membrane via anchoring to microvillar actin indirectly through ankyrin-3 or directly via other co-precipitated proteins. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) may form part of the proposed multi-protein complexes in contrast to another membrane protein, the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 1 (NKCC1). NKCC1 expression seems necessary for full brush border membrane accumulation of the Na,K-ATPase in the choroid plexus. (4) Conclusion: A multitude of Na,K-ATPase subunits form molecular complexes in the choroid plexus brush border, which may bind to the cytoskeleton by various alternative actin binding proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Baasch Christensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (I.B.C.); (L.C.); (R.A.F.); (H.H.D.)
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (I.B.C.); (L.C.); (R.A.F.); (H.H.D.)
| | - Jonathan R. Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Udo Bartsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Robert A. Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (I.B.C.); (L.C.); (R.A.F.); (H.H.D.)
| | - Helle H. Damkier
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (I.B.C.); (L.C.); (R.A.F.); (H.H.D.)
| | - Jeppe Praetorius
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (I.B.C.); (L.C.); (R.A.F.); (H.H.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-61820576
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wanes D, Toutounji M, Sebai H, Rizk S, Naim HY. Rosa canina L. Can Restore Endoplasmic Reticulum Alterations, Protein Trafficking and Membrane Integrity in a Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease Phenotype. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020441. [PMID: 33572926 PMCID: PMC7911736 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosa canina L. is a natural polyphenol-rich medicinal plant that exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Recent in vivo studies have demonstrated that a methanol extract of Rosa canina L. (RCME) has reversed an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-like phenotype that has been triggered by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice. In the current study, we investigated the effects of RCME on perturbations of cellular mechanisms induced by DSS-treatment of intestinal Caco-2 cells, including stress response in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), protein trafficking and sorting as well as lipid rafts integrity and functional capacities of an intestinal enzyme. 6 days post-confluent cells were treated for 24 h with DSS (3%) or simultaneously with DSS (3%) and RCME (100 µg/mL) or exclusively with RCME (100 µg/mL) or not treated. The results obtained demonstrate the ability of RCME to counteract the substantial increase in the expression levels of several ER stress markers in DSS-treated cells. Concomitantly, the delayed trafficking of intestinal membrane glycoproteins sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) induced by DSS between the ER and the Golgi has been compromised by RCME. Furthermore, RCME restored the partially impaired polarized sorting of SI and DPP4 to the brush border membrane. An efficient sorting mechanism of SI and DPP4 is tightly associated with intact lipid rafts structures in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), which have been distorted by DSS and normalized by RCME. Finally, the enzymatic activities of SI are enhanced in the presence of RCME. Altogether, DSS treatment has triggered ER stress, impaired trafficking and function of membrane glycoproteins and distorted lipid rafts, all of which can be compromised by RCME. These findings indicate that the antioxidants in RCME act at two major sites in Caco-2 cells, the ER and the TGN and are thus capable of maintaining the membrane integrity by correcting the sorting of membrane-associated proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalanda Wanes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.W.); (M.T.)
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja 7800, Tunisia;
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Mohamad Toutounji
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.W.); (M.T.)
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja 7800, Tunisia;
| | - Sandra Rizk
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon;
| | - Hassan Y. Naim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.W.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-8780 or +49-511-953-8781
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Huang CR, Kuo CJ, Huang CW, Chen YT, Liu BY, Lee CT, Chen PL, Chang WT, Chen YW, Lee TM, Hsieh HC, Chen CS. Host CDK-1 and formin mediate microvillar effacement induced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2021; 12:90. [PMID: 33397943 PMCID: PMC7782584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) induces changes to the intestinal cell cytoskeleton and formation of attaching and effacing lesions, characterized by the effacement of microvilli and then formation of actin pedestals to which the bacteria are tightly attached. Here, we use a Caenorhabditis elegans model of EHEC infection to show that microvillar effacement is mediated by a signalling pathway including mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and diaphanous-related formin 1 (CYK1). Similar observations are also made using EHEC-infected human intestinal cells in vitro. Our results support the use of C. elegans as a host model for studying attaching and effacing lesions in vivo, and reveal that the CDK1-formin signal axis is necessary for EHEC-induced microvillar effacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Rung Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ju Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Yu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ta Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzer-Min Lee
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bentz J, Ellens H. Case Study 8: Status of the Structural Mass Action Kinetic Model of P-gp-Mediated Transport Through Confluent Cell Monolayers. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:737-763. [PMID: 34272715 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the first edition of this book, we presented the basics of explicitly incorporating the lipid biochemistry into a confluent cell monolayer transport model and the novel findings of this model up to 2013, including the use of global optimization to fit the elementary rate constants and the efflux active P-glycoprotein (P-gp) membrane concentrations for the transport of four P-gp substrates across MDCKII-hMDR1-NKI confluent cell monolayers. This chapter is an update on that model, which has been focused primarily on discovering how microvilli morphology regulates the efflux active P-gp and the existence of, as yet, unidentified uptake transporters of P-gp substrates in all of the commonly used P-gp expressing cell lines used in the pharmaceutical industry, thereby adding new players to DDI predictions and IVIVE. The structural mass action kinetic model uses the general mass action reactions for P-gp binding and efflux, with the membrane structural parameters for the confluent cell monolayer to predict drug transport over time. Binding of drug to P-gp occurs within the cytosolic monolayer of the apical membrane, according to (a) the molar partition coefficient of the drug to the cytosolic monolayer and (b) the association rate constant, k1 (M-1 s-1), of the drug from the basolateral or apical outer monolayers into the P-gp binding site. Release of substrate from P-gp back into the cytosolic monolayer occurs with a dissociation rate constant kr (s-1) or, much less frequently, into the apical aqueous chamber with an efflux rate constant k2 (s-1). The model fits the efflux active P-gp concentration, T(0), i.e., the P-gp whose effluxed drug actually reaches the apical aqueous chamber, as opposed to the majority of P-gp whose effluxed drug is reabsorbed back into the same or neighboring microvilli prior to reaching the apical aqueous chamber. Efflux active P-gp largely resides near the tips of the microvilli. We have shown using kinetics and structured illumination microscopy that: (a) efflux active P-gp is controlled by microvilli morphology; (b) there are apical (AT) and basolateral (BT) uptake transporters for P-gp substrates in most, if not all, P-gp expressing cell lines used in the pharmaceutical industry, which exist, but which remain unidentified; (c) the lab-to-lab variability in P-gp IC50 values observed in the P-gp IC50 initiative was due to the conflated inhibition of P-gp and the basolateral digoxin uptake transporters by all 15 P-gp substrates tested in that study; (d) even the IC50 values for P-gp inhibition alone do not obey the Cheng-Prusoff relationship; (e) the fitted elementary rate constants and the molecular dissociation constant Ki for this kinetic model are system independent; and (f) the time dependence of product formation for these confluent cell monolayers is correlated with the P-gp Vmax/Km, when defined by its fitted elementary rate constants and uptake transporter clearances, without any steady-state assumptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Bentz
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Harma Ellens
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Verdile N, Pasquariello R, Brevini TAL, Gandolfi F. The 3D Pattern of the Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Enterocytes and Intestinal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239192. [PMID: 33276531 PMCID: PMC7730110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that, according to the frequency and distribution of specific cell types, the rainbow trout (RT) intestinal mucosa can be divided in two regions that form a complex nonlinear three-dimensional (3D) pattern and have a different renewal rate. This work had two aims. First, we investigated whether the unusual distribution of cell populations reflects a similar distribution of functional activities. To this end, we determined the protein expression pattern of three well-defined enterocytes functional markers: peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), sodium-glucose/galactose transporter 1 (SGLT-1), and fatty-acid-binding protein 2 (Fabp2). Second, we characterized the structure of RT intestinal stem-cell (ISC) niche and determined whether the different proliferative is accompanied by a different organization and/or extension of the stem-cell population. We studied the expression and localization of well-characterized mammal ISC markers: LGR5, HOPX, SOX9, NOTCH1, DLL1, and WNT3A. Our results indicate that morphological similarity is associated with similar function only between the first portion of the mid-intestine and the apical part of the complex folds in the second portion. Mammal ISC markers are all expressed in RT, but their localization is completely different, suggesting also substantial functional differences. Lastly, higher renewal rates are supported by a more abundant ISC population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Verdile
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (N.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Rolando Pasquariello
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (N.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Tiziana A. L. Brevini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Fulvio Gandolfi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (N.V.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-7990
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chinowsky CR, Pinette JA, Meenderink LM, Lau KS, Tyska MJ. Nonmuscle myosin-2 contractility-dependent actin turnover limits the length of epithelial microvilli. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2803-2815. [PMID: 33026933 PMCID: PMC7851865 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-09-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brush border microvilli enable functions that are critical for epithelial homeostasis, including solute uptake and host defense. However, the mechanisms that regulate the assembly and morphology of these protrusions are poorly understood. The parallel actin bundles that support microvilli have their pointed-end rootlets anchored in a filamentous meshwork referred to as the "terminal web." Although classic electron microscopy studies revealed complex ultrastructure, the composition and function of the terminal web remain unclear. Here we identify nonmuscle myosin-2C (NM2C) as a component of the terminal web. NM2C is found in a dense, isotropic layer of puncta across the subapical domain, which transects the rootlets of microvillar actin bundles. Puncta are separated by ∼210 nm, the expected size of filaments formed by NM2C. In intestinal organoid cultures, the terminal web NM2C network is highly dynamic and exhibits continuous remodeling. Using pharmacological and genetic perturbations in cultured intestinal epithelial cells, we found that NM2C controls the length of growing microvilli by regulating actin turnover in a manner that requires a fully active motor domain. Our findings answer a decades-old question on the function of terminal web myosin and hold broad implications for understanding apical morphogenesis in diverse epithelial systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colbie R. Chinowsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Julia A. Pinette
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Leslie M. Meenderink
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ken S. Lau
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Matthew J. Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The Rab11 apical recycling endosome pathway is a well-established regulator of polarity and lumen formation; however, Rab11-vesicular trafficking also directs a diverse array of other cellular processes, raising the question of how Rab11 vesicles achieve specificity in space, time and content of cargo delivery. In part, this specificity is achieved through effector proteins, yet the role of Rab11 effector proteins in vivo remains vague. Here, we use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to study the role of the Rab11 effector Fip5 during zebrafish intestinal development. Zebrafish contain two paralogous genes, fip5a and fip5b, that are orthologs of human FIP5 We find that fip5a- and fip5b-mutant fish show phenotypes characteristic of microvillus inclusion disease, including microvilli defects and lysosomal accumulation. Single and double mutant analyses suggest that fip5a and fip5b function in parallel and regulate trafficking pathways required for assembly of keratin at the terminal web. Remarkably, in some genetic backgrounds, the absence of Fip5 triggers protein upregulation of a closely related family member, Fip1. This compensation mechanism occurs both during zebrafish intestinal development and in tissue culture models of lumenogenesis. In conclusion, our data implicate the Rab11 effectors Fip5 and Fip1 in a trafficking pathway required for apical microvilli formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cayla E Jewett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bruce H Appel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pacheco S, Quiliche JPJ, Gómez I, Sánchez J, Soberón M, Bravo A. Rearrangement of N-Terminal α-Helices of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab Toxin Essential for Oligomer Assembly and Toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100647. [PMID: 33049917 PMCID: PMC7601232 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cry proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis are pore-forming toxins that disrupt the membrane integrity of insect midgut cells. The structure of such pore is unknown, but it has been shown that domain I is responsible for oligomerization, membrane insertion and pore formation activity. Specifically, it was proposed that some N-terminal α-helices are lost, leading to conformational changes that trigger oligomerization. We designed a series of mutants to further analyze the molecular rearrangements at the N-terminal region of Cry1Ab toxin that lead to oligomer assembly. For this purpose, we introduced Cys residues at specific positions within α-helices of domain I for their specific labeling with extrinsic fluorophores to perform Föster resonance energy transfer analysis to fluorescent labeled Lys residues located in Domains II–III, or for disulfide bridges formation to restrict mobility of conformational changes. Our data support that helix α-1 of domain I is cleaved out and swings away from the toxin core upon binding with Manduca sexta brush border membrane vesicles. That movement of helix α-2b is also required for the conformational changes involved in oligomerization. These observations are consistent with a model proposing that helices α-2b and α-3 form an extended helix α-3 necessary for oligomer assembly of Cry toxins.
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhu X, Tu L, Liu S, You H, Xue J, Hao C. Complete remission of nephrotic syndrome in a young woman with anti-LRP2 nephropathy after immunosuppressive therapy. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:364. [PMID: 32831033 PMCID: PMC7446201 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-02027-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2) nephropathy/anti-brush border antibody (ABBA) disease is a disorder characterized by acute tubulointerstitial injury associated with circulating antibodies to kidney proximal tubular brush border protein LRP2/megalin. Patients are typically elderly and present with acute kidney injury and subnephrotic proteinuria. They progress to end-stage renal disease with poor response to immunosuppressive therapies. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 29-year-old Chinese woman, who presented with nephrotic syndrome with normal kidney function. Kidney biopsy showed no obvious tubular injury or interstitial inflammation. Positive immunoglobulin G (IgG) staining was revealed along the brush border of proximal tubular cells. Anti-LRP2 antibody was identified in serum, consistent with a diagnosis of anti-LRP2 nephropathy. The patient achieved complete remission after receiving prednisone and cyclophosphamide. CONCLUSIONS Anti-LRP2 nephropathy can also present as nephrotic syndrome in young patients and complete remission from nephrotic syndrome may be achieved after immunosuppressive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Lingxue Tu
- Department of Renal Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Huaizhou You
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Jun Xue
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Chuanming Hao
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
O’Sullivan MJ, Lindsay AJ. The Endosomal Recycling Pathway-At the Crossroads of the Cell. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176074. [PMID: 32842549 PMCID: PMC7503921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosomal recycling pathway lies at the heart of the membrane trafficking machinery in the cell. It plays a central role in determining the composition of the plasma membrane and is thus critical for normal cellular homeostasis. However, defective endosomal recycling has been linked to a wide range of diseases, including cancer and some of the most common neurological disorders. It is also frequently subverted by many diverse human pathogens in order to successfully infect cells. Despite its importance, endosomal recycling remains relatively understudied in comparison to the endocytic and secretory transport pathways. A greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms that support transport through the endosomal recycling pathway will provide deeper insights into the pathophysiology of disease and will likely identify new approaches for their detection and treatment. This review will provide an overview of the normal physiological role of the endosomal recycling pathway, describe the consequences when it malfunctions, and discuss potential strategies for modulating its activity.
Collapse
|
39
|
Sviben S, Spaeker O, Bennet M, Albéric M, Dirks JH, Moussian B, Fratzl P, Bertinetti L, Politi Y. Epidermal Cell Surface Structure and Chitin-Protein Co-assembly Determine Fiber Architecture in the Locust Cuticle. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:25581-25590. [PMID: 32343541 PMCID: PMC7304823 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The geometrical similarity of helicoidal fiber arrangement in many biological fibrous extracellular matrices, such as bone, plant cell wall, or arthropod cuticle, to that of cholesteric liquid mesophases has led to the hypothesis that they may form passively through a mesophase precursor rather than by direct cellular control. In search of direct evidence to support or refute this hypothesis, here, we studied the process of cuticle formation in the tibia of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, where daily growth layers arise by the deposition of fiber arrangements alternating between unidirectional and helicoidal structures. Using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) volume imaging and scanning X-ray scattering, we show that the epidermal cells determine an initial fiber orientation, from which the final architecture emerges by the self-organized co-assembly of chitin and proteins. Fiber orientation in the locust cuticle is therefore determined by both active and passive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Sviben
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oliver Spaeker
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mathieu Bennet
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marie Albéric
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Laboratoire
Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7574, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jan-Henning Dirks
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Biomimetics-Innovation-Centre, Hochschule Bremen—City University of Applied
Sciences, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Institute
of Biology Valrose, Université Côte
d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yael Politi
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Khorramnejad A, Domínguez-Arrizabalaga M, Caballero P, Escriche B, Bel Y. Study of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ia Protein Oligomerization Promoted by Midgut Brush Border Membrane Vesicles of Lepidopteran and Coleopteran Insects, or Cultured Insect Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020133. [PMID: 32098045 PMCID: PMC7076784 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces insecticidal proteins that are either secreted during the vegetative growth phase or accumulated in the crystal inclusions (Cry proteins) in the stationary phase. Cry1I proteins share the three domain (3D) structure typical of crystal proteins but are secreted to the media early in the stationary growth phase. In the generally accepted mode of action of 3D Cry proteins (sequential binding model), the formation of an oligomer (tetramer) has been described as a major step, necessary for pore formation and subsequent toxicity. To know if this could be extended to Cry1I proteins, the formation of Cry1Ia oligomers was studied by Western blot, after the incubation of trypsin activated Cry1Ia with insect brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) or insect cultured cells, using Cry1Ab as control. Our results showed that Cry1Ia oligomers were observed only after incubation with susceptible coleopteran BBMV, but not following incubation with susceptible lepidopteran BBMV or non-susceptible Sf21 insect cells, while Cry1Ab oligomers were persistently detected after incubation with all insect tissues tested, regardless of its host susceptibility. The data suggested oligomerization may not necessarily be a requirement for the toxicity of Cry1I proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayda Khorramnejad
- Departamento de Genética/ERI BioTecMed, Universitat de València, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (A.K.); (B.E.)
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 31578-77871, Alborz, Iran
| | - Mikel Domínguez-Arrizabalaga
- Departamento de Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, 31006 Navarra, Spain; (M.D.-A.); (P.C.)
| | - Primitivo Caballero
- Departamento de Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, 31006 Navarra, Spain; (M.D.-A.); (P.C.)
| | - Baltasar Escriche
- Departamento de Genética/ERI BioTecMed, Universitat de València, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (A.K.); (B.E.)
| | - Yolanda Bel
- Departamento de Genética/ERI BioTecMed, Universitat de València, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (A.K.); (B.E.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bian Y, Dong Y, Sun J, Sun M, Hou Q, Lai Y, Zhang B. Protective Effect of Kaempferol on LPS-Induced Inflammation and Barrier Dysfunction in a Coculture Model of Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Intestinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:160-167. [PMID: 31825618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of intestinal mucosa and submucosa, characterized by the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier, increased production of inflammatory mediators, and excessive tissue injury. Intestinal epithelial cells, as well as microvascular endothelial cells, play important roles in IBD. To study the potential effects of kaempferol in IBD progress, we established a novel epithelial-endothelial cells coculture model to investigate the intestinal inflammation and barrier function. Data demonstrated an obvious increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) (1222 ± 60.40 Ω cm2 vs 1371 ± 38.77 Ω cm2), decreased flux of FITC (180.8 ± 20.06 μg/mL vs 136.7 ± 14.78 μg/mL), and up-regulated occludin and claudin-2 expression in Caco-2 that was specifically cocultured with endothelial cells. Meanwhile, 80 μM kaempferol alleviated the drop of TEER, the increase of FITC flux, and the overexpression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) induced by 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Additionally, kaempferol also ameliorated the LPS-induced decrease of protein expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-2, together with the inhibited protein expressions of the phosphorylation level of NF-κB and I-κB induced by LPS. Our results suggest that kaempferol alleviates the IL-8 secretion and barrier dysfunction of the Caco-2 monolayer in the LPS-induced epithelial-endothelial coculture model via inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , China Agricultural University , Yuanmingyuan West Road , Haidian District, Beijing , 100193 , China
| | - Yuanyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , China Agricultural University , Yuanmingyuan West Road , Haidian District, Beijing , 100193 , China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , China Agricultural University , Yuanmingyuan West Road , Haidian District, Beijing , 100193 , China
| | - Meng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , China Agricultural University , Yuanmingyuan West Road , Haidian District, Beijing , 100193 , China
| | - Qihang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , China Agricultural University , Yuanmingyuan West Road , Haidian District, Beijing , 100193 , China
| | - Yujiao Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , China Agricultural University , Yuanmingyuan West Road , Haidian District, Beijing , 100193 , China
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , China Agricultural University , Yuanmingyuan West Road , Haidian District, Beijing , 100193 , China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bel Y, Zack M, Narva K, Escriche B. Specific binding of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ea toxin, and Cry1Ac and Cry1Fa competition analyses in Anticarsia gemmatalis and Chrysodeixis includens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18201. [PMID: 31796830 PMCID: PMC6890801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticarsia gemmatalis (velvetbean caterpillar) and Chrysodeixis includens (soybean looper) are two important defoliation pests of soybeans. In the present study, we have investigated the susceptibility and brush border membrane-binding properties of both species to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ea toxin. Bioassays performed in first-instar larvae demonstrated potent activity against both soybean pests in terms of mortality or practical mortality. Competition-binding studies carried out with 125Iodine-labelled Cry1Ea, demonstrated the presence of specific binding sites on the midgut brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) of both insect species. Heterologous competition-binding experiments indicated that Cry1Ea does not share binding sites with Cry1Ac or Cry1Fa in either soybean pest. This study contributes to the knowledge of Cry1Ea toxicity and midgut binding sites in A. gemmatalis and C. includens and sheds light on the cross-resistance potential of Cry1Ea with other Bt proteins aimed at controlling lepidopteran pests in soybeans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Bel
- ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, , Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Marc Zack
- Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ken Narva
- Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Baltasar Escriche
- ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, , Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Faust JJ, Millis BA, Tyska MJ. Profilin-Mediated Actin Allocation Regulates the Growth of Epithelial Microvilli. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3457-3465.e3. [PMID: 31607529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transporting epithelial cells, like those that line the intestinal tract, are specialized for solute processing and uptake. One defining feature is the brush border, an array of microvilli that serves to amplify apical membrane surface area and increase functional capacity. During differentiation, upon exit from stem-cell-containing crypts, enterocytes build thousands of microvilli, each supported by a parallel bundle of actin filaments several microns in length. Given the high concentration of actin residing in mature brush borders, we sought to determine whether enterocytes were resource (i.e., actin monomer) limited in assembling this domain. To examine this possibility, we inhibited Arp2/3, the ubiquitous branched actin nucleator, to increase G-actin availability during brush border assembly. In native intestinal tissues, Arp2/3 inhibition led to increased microvilli length on the surface of crypt, but not villus, enterocytes. In a cell culture model of brush border assembly, Arp2/3 inhibition accelerated the growth and increased the length of microvilli; it also led to a redistribution of F-actin from cortical lateral networks into the brush border. Effects on brush border growth were rescued by treatment with the G-actin sequestering drug, latrunculin A. G-actin binding protein, profilin-1, colocalized in the terminal web with G-actin, and knockdown of this factor compromised brush border growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, the acceleration in brush border assembly induced by Arp2/3 inhibition was abrogated by profilin-1 knockdown. Thus, brush border assembly is limited by G-actin availability, and profilin-1 directs unallocated actin monomers into microvillar core bundles during enterocyte differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Faust
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bryan A Millis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Palaniappan B, Arthur S, Sundaram VL, Butts M, Sundaram S, Mani K, Singh S, Nepal N, Sundaram U. Inhibition of intestinal villus cell Na/K-ATPase mediates altered glucose and NaCl absorption in obesity-associated diabetes and hypertension. FASEB J 2019; 33:9323-9333. [PMID: 31107610 PMCID: PMC6662973 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802673r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During obesity, diabetes and hypertension inevitably coexist and cause innumerable health disparities. In the obesity, diabetes, and hypertension triad (ODHT), deregulation of glucose and NaCl homeostasis, respectively, causes diabetes and hypertension. In the mammalian intestine, glucose is primarily absorbed by Na-glucose cotransport 1 (SGLT1) and coupled NaCl by the dual operation of Na-H exchange 3 (NHE3) and Cl-HCO3 [down-regulated in adenoma (DRA) or putative anion transporter 1 (PAT1)] exchange in the brush border membrane (BBM) of villus cells. The basolateral membrane (BLM) Na/K-ATPase provides the favorable transcellular Na gradient for BBM SGLT1 and NHE3. How these multiple, distinct transport processes may be affected in ODHT is unclear. Here, we show the novel and broad regulation by Na/K-ATPase of glucose and NaCl absorption in ODHT in multiple species (mice, rats, and humans). In vivo, during obesity inhibition of villus-cell BLM, Na/K-ATPase led to compensatory stimulation of BBM SGLT1 and DRA or PAT1, whereas NHE3 was unaffected. Supporting this new cellular adaptive mechanism, direct silencing of BLM Na/K-ATPase in intestinal epithelial cells resulted in selective stimulation of BBM SGLT1 and DRA or PAT1 but not NHE3. These changes will lead to an increase in glucose absorption, maintenance of traditional coupled NaCl absorption, and a de novo increase in NaCl absorption from the novel coupling of stimulated SGLT1 with DRA or PAT1. Thus, these novel observations provide the pathophysiologic basis for the deregulation of glucose and NaCl homeostasis of diabetes and hypertension, respectively, during obesity. These observations may lead to more efficacious treatment for obesity-associated diabetes and hypertension.-Palaniappan, B., Arthur, S., Sundaram, V. L., Butts, M., Sundaram, S., Mani, K., Singh, S., Nepal, N., Sundaram, U. Inhibition of intestinal villus cell Na/K-ATPase mediates altered glucose and NaCl absorption in obesity-associated diabetes and hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Palaniappan
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Subha Arthur
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Sundaram
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Molly Butts
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Shanmuga Sundaram
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kathiresh Mani
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Soudamani Singh
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Niraj Nepal
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Uma Sundaram
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Javed MA, Coutu C, Theilmann DA, Erlandson MA, Hegedus DD. Proteomics analysis of Trichoplusia ni midgut epithelial cell brush border membrane vesicles. Insect Sci 2019; 26:424-440. [PMID: 29064633 PMCID: PMC7379565 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The insect midgut epithelium is composed of columnar, goblet, and regenerative cells. Columnar epithelial cells are the most abundant and have membrane protrusions that form the brush border membrane (BBM) on their apical side. These increase surface area available for the transport of nutrients, but also provide opportunities for interaction with xenobiotics such as pathogens, toxins and host plant allelochemicals. Recent improvements in proteomic and bioinformatics tools provided an opportunity to determine the proteome of the T. ni BBM in unprecedented detail. This study reports the identification of proteins from BBM vesicles (BBMVs) using single dimension polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with multi-dimensional protein identification technology. More than 3000 proteins were associated with the BBMV, of which 697 were predicted to possess either a signal peptide, at least one transmembrane domain or a GPI-anchor signal. Of these, bioinformatics analysis and manual curation predicted that 185 may be associated with the BBMV or epithelial cell plasma membrane. These are discussed with respect to their predicted functions, namely digestion, nutrient uptake, cell signaling, development, cell-cell interactions, and other functions. We believe this to be the most detailed proteomic analysis of the lepidopteran midgut epithelium membrane to date, which will provide information to better understand the biochemical, physiological and pathological processes taking place in the larval midgut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzal Javed
- Saskatoon Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Saskatoon Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - David A. Theilmann
- Summerland Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSummerlandBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Martin A. Erlandson
- Saskatoon Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Dwayne D. Hegedus
- Saskatoon Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
- Department of Food & Bio‐Product SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Apelin is an insulin-sensitizing hormone increased in abundance with obesity. Apelin and its receptor, APJ, are expressed in the human placenta, but whether apelin regulates placental function in normal body mass index (BMI) and obese pregnant women remains unknown. We hypothesized that apelin stimulates amino acid transport in cultured primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells and that maternal circulating apelin levels are elevated in obese pregnant women delivering large babies. Treating PHT cells with physiological concentrations of the pyroglutamated form [Pyr1]apelin-13 (0.1-10.0 ng/ml) for 24 h dose-dependently increased System A amino acid transport (P < 0.05) but did not affect System L transport activity. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2), and AMP-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα) signaling were unaffected by apelin (P > 0.05). Plasma apelin was not different in obese women (BMI 35.8 ± 0.7, n = 21) with large babies compared with normal-BMI women (23.1 ± 0.5, n = 16) delivering normal birth weight infants. Apelin was highly expressed in placental villous tissue (20-fold higher vs. adipose), and APJ was present in syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membrane, but neither differed in abundance between normal-BMI and obese women. Phosphorylation (Thr172) of placental AMPKα strongly correlated with microvillous membrane APJ expression (P < 0.01, R = 0.63) but negatively correlated with placental apelin abundance (P < 0.01, R = -0.62). Neither placental APJ nor apelin abundance correlated with maternal BMI, plasma insulin, birth weight, or mTOR or ERK1/2 signaling (P > 0.05). Hence, apelin stimulates trophoblast amino acid uptake, establishing a novel mechanism regulating placental function. We found no evidence that apelin constitutes an endocrine link between maternal obesity and fetal overgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O R Vaughan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - T L Powell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - T Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Palaniappan B, Manoharan P, Arthur S, Singh S, Murughiyan U, Sundaram U. Stimulation of constitutive nitric oxide uniquely and compensatorily regulates intestinal epithelial cell brush border membrane Na absorption. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14086. [PMID: 31074207 PMCID: PMC6509550 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian small intestine, sodium is primarily absorbed by Na+ /H+ exchange (NHE3) and Na-glucose cotransport (SGLT1) in the brush border membrane (BBM) of villus cells. However, how enhanced cellular constitutive nitric oxide (cNO) may affect NHE3 and SGLT1 remains unclear. Both in vivo in rabbit intestinal villus cells and in vitro IEC-18 cells, administration of NO donor, GSNAP, modestly increased cNO. GSNAP stimulated SGLT1 in villus and IEC-18 cells. The mechanism of stimulation was secondary to an increase in the affinity of SGLT1 for glucose. The change in SGLT1 was not secondary to altered Na-extruding capacity of the cell since Na+ /K+ -ATPase was decreased by GSNAP treatment. In contrast, GSNAP inhibited NHE3 activity in villus cell BBM. The mechanism of NHE3 inhibition was secondary to reduced BBM transporter numbers. These studies demonstrated that the physiological increase in cNO uniquely regulates mammalian small intestinal NHE3 and SGLT1 to maintain Na homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Palaniappan
- Department of Clinical and Translational SciencesJoan C Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest Virginia
| | - Palanikumar Manoharan
- Department of Clinical and Translational SciencesJoan C Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest Virginia
| | - Subha Arthur
- Department of Clinical and Translational SciencesJoan C Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest Virginia
| | - Soudamani Singh
- Department of Clinical and Translational SciencesJoan C Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest Virginia
| | - Usha Murughiyan
- Department of Clinical and Translational SciencesJoan C Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest Virginia
| | - Uma Sundaram
- Department of Clinical and Translational SciencesJoan C Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The adult gastrointestinal tract (GI) is a series of connected organs (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon) that develop via progressive regional specification of a continuous tubular embryonic organ anlage. This chapter focuses on organogenesis of the small intestine. The intestine arises by folding of a flat sheet of endodermal cells into a tube of highly proliferative pseudostratified cells. Dramatic elongation of this tube is driven by rapid epithelial proliferation. Then, epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk and physical forces drive a stepwise cascade that results in convolution of the tubular surface into finger-like projections called villi. Concomitant with villus formation, a sharp epithelial transcriptional boundary is defined between stomach and intestine. Finally, flask-like depressions called crypts are established to house the intestinal stem cells needed throughout life for epithelial renewal. New insights into these events are being provided by in vitro organoid systems, which hold promise for future regenerative engineering of the small intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wang
- University of Michigan, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Katherine D Walton
- University of Michigan, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- University of Michigan, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bruurs LJM, van der Net MC, Zwakenberg S, Zwartkruis FJT, Bos JL. A Tuba/Cdc42/Par6A complex is required to ensure singularity in apical domain formation during enterocyte polarization. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207159. [PMID: 30408122 PMCID: PMC6224091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Apico-basal polarity establishment is a seminal process in tissue morphogenesis. To function properly it is often imperative that epithelial cells limit apical membrane formation to a single domain. We previously demonstrated that signaling by the small GTPase Cdc42, together with its guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Tuba, is required to prevent the formation of multiple apical domains in polarized Ls174T:W4 cells, a single cell model for enterocyte polarization. To further chart the molecular signaling mechanisms that safeguard singularity during enterocyte polarization we generated knockout cells for the Cdc42 effector protein Par6A. Par6A loss results in the formation of multiple apical domains, similar to loss of Cdc42. In Par6A knockout cells, we find that active Cdc42 is more mobile at the apical membrane compared to control cells and that wild type Cdc42 is more diffusely localized throughout the cell, indicating that Par6A is required to restrict Cdc42 signaling. Par6A, Cdc42 and its GEF Tuba bind in a co-immunoprecipitation experiment and they partially colocalize at the apical membrane in polarized Ls174T:W4 cells, suggesting the formation of a trimeric complex. Indeed, in a rescue experiment using Par6A mutants, we show that the ability to establish this trimeric complex correlates with the ability to restore singularity in Par6A knockout cells. Together, these experiments therefore indicate that a Tuba/Cdc42/Par6A complex is required to ensure the formation of a single apical domain during enterocyte polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. M. Bruurs
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam C. van der Net
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Zwakenberg
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fried J. T. Zwartkruis
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L. Bos
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
De Gregorio V, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Netti PA. Micro-patterned endogenous stroma equivalent induces polarized crypt-villus architecture of human small intestinal epithelium. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:43-59. [PMID: 30282052 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine is the major site for digestion, drug and nutrient absorption, as well as a primary site for many diseases. Current in vitro gut models fail in reproducing the complex intestinal extracellular matrix (ECM) network of the lamina propria and the peculiar architecture of the crypt-villus axis. Here we proposed a novel in vitro human intestine model that mimics the intestinal stromal topography and composition and strictly reproduces the tissue polarity with the crypt-villus architecture. First we developed a 3D human intestinal stromal equivalent (3D-ISE) composed of human intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) embedded in their own extracellular matrix. Then, we seeded human colon carcinoma-derived cells (Caco-2) onto flat or patterned cell-synthetized stromal equivalent structure and cultured them until the formation of a well-oriented epithelium. We demonstrated that the patterned stroma increases the absorbing surface area, the epithelial proliferation rate, and the density of microvilli. In addition it induces changes in the biological functions of the epithelial cells such as enzymes and mucus production, polarization and tightness showing a physiological cell-lineage compartmentalization along the crypt/villi axes with the undifferentiated phenotypes at the base. At last, we reproduced an inflamed intestinal tissue model in which we identified the contribution of the stromal microenvironment by molecular (cytokines release and MMPs production) and immunofluorescence analyses and the effects of the epithelial-stromal cross-talk in the intestinal innate immunity by multiphoton investigation that revealed differences in the collagen network architecture. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The intestinal stroma morphology and composition has a fundamental role in crypt-villus development and appropriate epithelial cell-lineage compartmentalization. On this base, here we develop an engineered organotypic model of human intestine equivalent in which a functional epithelial/ECM crosstalk is recapitulated. Due to its accessible luminal surface it provides a new platform for preclinical studies of mucosal immunology and bowel inflammation as well as the assessment of pharmaco-toxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza De Gregorio
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|