1
|
Betchem G, Dabbour M, Tuly JA, Lu F, Liu D, Monto AR, Dusabe KD, Ma H. Effect of magnetic field-assisted fermentation on the in vitro protein digestibility and molecular structure of rapeseed meal. J Sci Food Agric 2024; 104:3883-3893. [PMID: 38270454 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a significant growth in demand for plant-derived protein, and this has been accompanied by an increasing need for sustainable animal-feed options. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of magnetic field-assisted solid fermentation (MSSF) on the in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and functional and structural characteristics of rapeseed meal (RSM) with a mutant strain of Bacillus subtilis. RESULTS Our investigation demonstrated that the MSSF nitrogen release rate reached 86.3% after 96 h of fermentation. The soluble protein and peptide content in magnetic field feremented rapeseed meal reached 29.34 and 34.49 mg mL-1 after simulated gastric digestion, and the content of soluble protein and peptide in MF-FRSM reached 61.81 and 69.85 mg mL-1 after simulated gastrointestinal digestion, which significantly increased (p > 0.05) compared with the fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM). Studies of different microstructures - using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) - and protein secondary structures have shown that the decline in intermolecular or intramolecular cross-linking leads to the relative dispersion of proteins and improves the rate of nitrogen release. The smaller number of disulfide bonds and conformational alterations suggests that the IVPD of RSM was improved. CONCLUSIONS Magnetic field-assisted solid fermentation can be applied to enhance the nutritional and protein digestibility of FRSM. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garba Betchem
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mokhtar Dabbour
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Egypt
| | - Jamila Akter Tuly
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feng Lu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Abdul Razak Monto
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Marchis F, Vanzolini T, Maricchiolo E, Bellucci M, Menotta M, Di Mambro T, Aluigi A, Zattoni A, Roda B, Marassi V, Crinelli R, Pompa A. A biotechnological approach for the production of new protein bioplastics. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300363. [PMID: 37801630 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The future of biomaterial production will leverage biotechnology based on the domestication of cells as biological factories. Plants, algae, and bacteria can produce low-environmental impact biopolymers. Here, two strategies were developed to produce a biopolymer derived from a bioengineered vacuolar storage protein of the common bean (phaseolin; PHSL). The cys-added PHSL* forms linear-structured biopolymers when expressed in the thylakoids of transplastomic tobacco leaves by exploiting the formation of inter-chain disulfide bridges. The same protein without signal peptide (ΔPHSL*) accumulates in Escherichia coli inclusion bodies as high-molar-mass species polymers that can subsequently be oxidized to form disulfide crosslinking bridges in order to increase the stiffness of the biomaterial, a valid alternative to the use of chemical crosslinkers. The E. coli cells produced 300 times more engineered PHSL, measured as percentage of total soluble proteins, than transplastomic tobacco plants. Moreover, the thiol groups of cysteine allow the site-specific PEGylation of ΔPHSL*, which is a desirable functionality in the design of a protein-based drug carrier. In conclusion, ΔPHSL* expressed in E. coli has the potential to become an innovative biopolymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Marchis
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Division of Perugia, National Research Council, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tania Vanzolini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Elisa Maricchiolo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Michele Bellucci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Division of Perugia, National Research Council, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Menotta
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Tomas Di Mambro
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Annalisa Aluigi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Rita Crinelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Andrea Pompa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huber EM. Epipolythiodioxopiperazine-Based Natural Products: Building Blocks, Biosynthesis and Biological Activities. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200341. [PMID: 35997236 PMCID: PMC10086836 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Epipolythiodioxopiperazines (ETPs) are fungal secondary metabolites that share a 2,5-diketopiperazine scaffold built from two amino acids and bridged by a sulfide moiety. Modifications of the core and the amino acid side chains, for example by methylations, acetylations, hydroxylations, prenylations, halogenations, cyclizations, and truncations create the structural diversity of ETPs and contribute to their biological activity. However, the key feature responsible for the bioactivities of ETPs is their sulfide moiety. Over the last years, combinations of genome mining, reverse genetics, metabolomics, biochemistry, and structural biology deciphered principles of ETP production. Sulfurization via glutathione and uncovering of the thiols followed by either oxidation or methylation crystallized as fundamental steps that impact expression of the biosynthesis cluster, toxicity and secretion of the metabolite as well as self-tolerance of the producer. This article showcases structure and activity of prototype ETPs such as gliotoxin and discusses the current knowledge on the biosynthesis routes of these exceptional natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Huber
- Chair of Biochemistry, Center for Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zaremska V, Fischer IM, Renzone G, Arena S, Scaloni A, Knoll W, Pelosi P. Reverse Chemical Ecology Suggests Putative Primate Pheromones. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msab338. [PMID: 34897488 PMCID: PMC8789041 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheromonal communication is widespread among living organisms, but in apes and particularly in humans there is currently no strong evidence for such phenomenon. Among primates, lemurs use pheromones to communicate within members of the same species, whereas in some monkeys such capabilities seem to be lost. Chemical communication in humans appears to be impaired by the lack or malfunctioning of biochemical tools and anatomical structures mediating detection of pheromones. Here, we report on a pheromone-carrier protein (SAL) adopting a "reverse chemical ecology" approach to get insights on the structures of potential pheromones in a representative species of lemurs (Microcebus murinus) known to use pheromones, Old-World monkeys (Cercocebus atys) for which chemical communication has been observed, and humans (Homo sapiens), where pheromones and chemical communication are still questioned. We have expressed the SAL orthologous proteins of these primate species, after reconstructing the gene encoding the human SAL, which is disrupted due to a single base mutation preventing its translation into RNA. Ligand-binding experiments with the recombinant SALs revealed macrocyclic ketones and lactones as the best ligands for all three proteins, suggesting cyclopentadecanone, pentadecanolide, and closely related compounds as the best candidates for potential pheromones. Such hypothesis agrees with the presence of a chemical very similar to hexadecanolide in the gland secretions of Mandrillus sphinx, a species closely related to C. atys. Our results indicate that the function of this carrier protein has not changed much during evolution from lemurs to humans, although its physiological role has been certainly impaired in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Zaremska
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Giovanni Renzone
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Simona Arena
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Tulln, Austria
- Department of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Tulln, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu J, Renzone G, Arena S, Dani FR, Paulsen H, Knoll W, Cambillau C, Scaloni A, Pelosi P. The Odorant-Binding Proteins of the Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136828. [PMID: 34202019 PMCID: PMC8269058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spider mites are one of the major agricultural pests, feeding on a large variety of plants. As a contribution to understanding chemical communication in these arthropods, we have characterized a recently discovered class of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in Tetranychus urticae. As in other species of Chelicerata, the four OBPs of T. urticae contain six conserved cysteines paired in a pattern (C1-C6, C2-C3, C4-C5) differing from that of insect counterparts (C1-C3, C2-C5, C4-C6). Proteomic analysis uncovered a second family of OBPs, including twelve members that are likely to be unique to T. urticae. A three-dimensional model of TurtOBP1, built on the recent X-ray structure of Varroa destructor OBP1, shows protein folding different from that of insect OBPs, although with some common features. Ligand-binding experiments indicated some affinity to coniferyl aldehyde, but specific ligands may still need to be found among very large molecules, as suggested by the size of the binding pocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhu
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (J.Z.); (W.K.)
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (G.R.); (S.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Simona Arena
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (G.R.); (S.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Francesca Romana Dani
- Department of Biology, University of Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (J.Z.); (W.K.)
- Department of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (UMR 7257), CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, CDEX 09, 13288 Marseille, France;
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (G.R.); (S.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz Straße, 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (J.Z.); (W.K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Horak M, Barackova P, Langore E, Netolicky J, Rivas-Ramirez P, Rehakova K. The Extracellular Domains of GluN Subunits Play an Essential Role in Processing NMDA Receptors in the ER. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:603715. [PMID: 33796003 PMCID: PMC8007919 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.603715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) belong to a family of ionotropic glutamate receptors that play essential roles in excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Functional NMDARs consist of heterotetramers comprised of GluN1, GluN2A-D, and/or GluN3A-B subunits, each of which contains four membrane domains (M1 through M4), an intracellular C-terminal domain, a large extracellular N-terminal domain composed of the amino-terminal domain and the S1 segment of the ligand-binding domain (LBD), and an extracellular loop between M3 and M4, which contains the S2 segment of the LBD. Both the number and type of NMDARs expressed at the cell surface are regulated at several levels, including their translation and posttranslational maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), intracellular trafficking via the Golgi apparatus, lateral diffusion in the plasma membrane, and internalization and degradation. This review focuses on the roles played by the extracellular regions of GluN subunits in ER processing. Specifically, we discuss the presence of ER retention signals, the integrity of the LBD, and critical N-glycosylated sites and disulfide bridges within the NMDAR subunits, each of these steps must pass quality control in the ER in order to ensure that only correctly assembled NMDARs are released from the ER for subsequent processing and trafficking to the surface. Finally, we discuss the effect of pathogenic missense mutations within the extracellular domains of GluN subunits with respect to ER processing of NMDARs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Horak
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Barackova
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Emily Langore
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jakub Netolicky
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Paula Rivas-Ramirez
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kristyna Rehakova
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pacheco S, Quiliche JPJ, Gómez I, Sánchez J, Soberón M, Bravo A. Rearrangement of N-Terminal α-Helices of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab Toxin Essential for Oligomer Assembly and Toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100647. [PMID: 33049917 PMCID: PMC7601232 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cry proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis are pore-forming toxins that disrupt the membrane integrity of insect midgut cells. The structure of such pore is unknown, but it has been shown that domain I is responsible for oligomerization, membrane insertion and pore formation activity. Specifically, it was proposed that some N-terminal α-helices are lost, leading to conformational changes that trigger oligomerization. We designed a series of mutants to further analyze the molecular rearrangements at the N-terminal region of Cry1Ab toxin that lead to oligomer assembly. For this purpose, we introduced Cys residues at specific positions within α-helices of domain I for their specific labeling with extrinsic fluorophores to perform Föster resonance energy transfer analysis to fluorescent labeled Lys residues located in Domains II–III, or for disulfide bridges formation to restrict mobility of conformational changes. Our data support that helix α-1 of domain I is cleaved out and swings away from the toxin core upon binding with Manduca sexta brush border membrane vesicles. That movement of helix α-2b is also required for the conformational changes involved in oligomerization. These observations are consistent with a model proposing that helices α-2b and α-3 form an extended helix α-3 necessary for oligomer assembly of Cry toxins.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mthembu SN, Sharma A, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. Breaking a Couple: Disulfide Reducing Agents. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1947-1954. [PMID: 32196882 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine is present in a large number of natural and synthetic (bio)molecules. Although the thiol side chain of Cys can be in a free form, in most cases it forms a disulfide bond either with a second Cys (bridge) or with another thiol, as in the case of protecting groups. Efficient reduction of these disulfide bridges is a requirement for many applications of Cys-containing molecules in the fields of chemistry and biochemistry. Here we review reducing methods for disulfide bonds, taking into consideration the solubility of the substrates when selecting the appropriate reducing reagent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinenhlanhla N Mthembu
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,KRISP, School of Laboratory of Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Anamika Sharma
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,KRISP, School of Laboratory of Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine IQAC, CSIC, Jordi Girona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KRISP, School of Laboratory of Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shahabadi N, Shiri F, Hadidi S, Kashanian S. Direct effects of low-energy electrons on including sulfur bonds in proteins: a second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation (MP2) theory approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:1681-1687. [PMID: 32151206 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1740788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to describe how low-energy electrons (LEEs) damage the polypeptide chain at disulfide bridges, ab initio electronic structure estimates on LEE interactions with cysteine-cysteine (Cys-Cys) disulfide bond model have been performed. Here, the fundamental mechanisms in LEE impression on S-S and C-S bond ruptures in the Cys-Cys model have been discussed. The electronic energy was calculated using the MP2 method with a Hartree-Fock exchange during the SCF and the Møller-Plesset correlation energy correction on the converged HF orbitals with 6-311++G(d,p) atomic orbital basis set. Further, six more sets of diffuse s and p functions with extra basis on the sulfur and relevant carbon atoms were used to describe the added electron to located away as much as possible from the nuclei in anions. The bonds rupture mechanisms involve the primary placement of LEEs to the π* orbital of the model to construct the shape-resonance state following by an adiabatic or nonadiabatic electron migration to either S-S or C-S bond σ* orbital. The formed radical anion undergoes S-S or C-S bonds cleavage by energy barriers of ca. 5.68 and 9.19 kcal/mol, respectively, to produce either (2-amino-2-carboxyethyl) sulfanyl (cysteine radical), aziridine-2-carboxylic acid or mercapto-L-cysteine lesions. In SMD solvent, calculations suggest electronically stable of the formed π* and σ* states by solvation, something that induces either S-S or C-S bond break even when the electron energy is near zero. The required barrier energy of only 0 to < 0.4 eV indicates a high kinetic favorable fragmentation for involved sulfur polypeptides with LEEs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Shahabadi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farshad Shiri
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saba Hadidi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soheila Kashanian
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.,Nano Drug Delivery Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu J, Liang N, Li S, Han Y, Yan P, Kawashima Y, Cui F, Sun S. Tumor-targeting and redox-sensitive micelles based on hyaluronic acid conjugate for delivery of paclitaxel. J Biomater Appl 2020; 34:1458-1469. [PMID: 32046573 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220905256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Na Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Pengfei Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Yoshiaki Kawashima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fude Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaoping Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cai L, Zhang M, Shao T, He Y, Li J, Ren B, Zhou C. Effect of introducing disulfide bridges in C-terminal structure on the thermostability of xylanase XynZF-2 from Aspergillus niger. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2019; 65:240-245. [PMID: 30905899 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a mutant xylanase of high thermostability was obtained by site-directed mutagenesis. The homologous 3D structure of xylanase was successfully modeled and the mutation sites were predicted using bioinformatics software. Two amino acids of XynZF-2 were respectively substituted by cysteines (T205C and A52C) and a disulfide bridge was introduced into the C-terminal of XynZF-2. The mutant gene xynZFTA was cloned into pPIC9K and expressed in P. pastoris. The optimum temperature of the variant XynZFTA was improved from 45°C to 60°C, and XynZFTA retained greater than 90.0% activity (XynZF-2 retained only 50.0% activity) after treatment at 50°C for 5 min. The optimum pH of mutant xylanase was similar to XynZF-2 (pH = 5.0). The pH stability span (5.0~7.0) of the mutant xylanase was increased to 3.0~9.0. Overall, the results implied that the introduction of a disulfide bridge in the C-terminal structure improved the thermostability and pH stability of XynZF-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liutengzi Cai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University.,Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province
| | - Mishuai Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University.,Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province
| | - Tianci Shao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University.,Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province
| | - You He
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University.,Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province
| | - Jingyi Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University.,Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province
| | - Bingjie Ren
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University.,Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province
| | - Chenyan Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University.,Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kobayakawa T, Ebihara K, Honda Y, Fujino M, Nomura W, Yamamoto N, Murakami T, Tamamura H. Dimeric C34 Derivatives Linked through Disulfide Bridges as New HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitors. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2101-2108. [PMID: 31012222 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
C34, a 34-mer fragment peptide, is contained in the HIV-1 envelope protein gp41. A dimeric derivative of C34 linked through a disulfide bridge at its C terminus was synthesized and found to display potent anti-HIV activity, comparable with that of a previously reported PEGylated dimer of C34REG. The reduction in the size of the linker moiety for dimerization was thus successful, and this result might shed some light on the mechanism of the suppression of six-helix bundle formation by these C34 dimeric derivatives. Addition of a Gly-Cys(CH2 CONH2 )-Gly-Gly motif at the N-terminal position of a C34 monomeric derivative significantly increased the anti-HIV-1 activity. This moiety functions as a new pharmacophore, and this might provide a useful insight into the design of potent HIV-1 fusion inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kento Ebihara
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yuzuna Honda
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Tsutomu Murakami
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nagy TM, Knapp K, Illyés E, Timári I, Schlosser G, Csík G, Borics A, Majer Z, Kövér KE. Photochemical and Structural Studies on Cyclic Peptide Models. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092196. [PMID: 30200264 PMCID: PMC6225265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-violet (UV) irradiation has a significant impact on the structure and function of proteins that is supposed to be in relationship with the tryptophan-mediated photolysis of disulfide bonds. To investigate the correlation between the photoexcitation of Trp residues in polypeptides and the associated reduction of disulfide bridges, a series of small, cyclic oligopeptide models were analyzed in this work. Average distances between the aromatic side chains and the disulfide bridge were determined following molecular mechanics (MM) geometry optimizations. In this way, the possibility of cation–π interactions was also investigated. Molecular mechanics calculations revealed that the shortest distance between the side chain of the Trp residues and the disulfide bridge is approximately 5 Å in the cyclic pentapeptide models. Based on this, three tryptophan-containing cyclopeptide models were synthesized and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Experimental data and detailed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were in good agreement with MM geometry calculations. Selected model peptides were subjected to photolytic degradation to study the correlation of structural features and the photolytic cleavage of disulfide bonds in solution. Formation of free sulfhydryl groups upon illumination with near UV light was monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy after chemical derivatization with 7-diethylamino-3-(4-maleimidophenyl)-4-methylcoumarin (CPM) and mass spectrometry. Liquid cromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) measurements indicated the presence of multiple photooxidation products (e.g., dimers, multimers and other oxidated products), suggesting that besides the photolysis of disulfide bonds secondary photolytic processes take place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Milán Nagy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Knapp
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, H-1518 Budapest, 112. P.O. Box 32, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Illyés
- Chemie Ltd., H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15, Hungary.
| | - István Timári
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, H-1518 Budapest 112, P.O. Box 32, Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Csík
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University Budapest, H-1428 Budapest, P.O. Box 2, Hungary.
| | - Attila Borics
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsa Majer
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, H-1518 Budapest, 112. P.O. Box 32, Hungary.
| | - Katalin E Kövér
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The different proteins of any proteome evolve at enormously different rates. What factors contribute to this variability, and to what extent, is still a largely open question. We hypothesized that disulfide bonds, by increasing protein stability, should make proteins' structures relatively independent of their amino acid sequences, thus acting as buffers of deleterious mutations and enabling accelerated sequence evolution. In agreement with this hypothesis, we observed that membrane proteins with disulfide bonds evolved 88% faster than those without disulfide bonds, and that extracellular proteins with disulfide bonds evolved 49% faster than those without disulfide bonds. In addition, genes encoding proteins with disulfide bonds exhibit an increased likelihood of showing signatures of positive selection. Multivariate analyses indicate that the trend is independent of a number of potentially confounding factors. The effect, however, is not observed among the longest proteins, which can become stabilized by mechanisms other than disulfide bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Feyertag
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tarasava K, Chesnov S, Freisinger E. Oxidation of the N-terminal domain of the wheat metallothionein Ec -1 leads to the formation of three distinct disulfide bridges. Biopolymers 2016; 106:295-308. [PMID: 27061576 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are low molecular weight proteins, characterized by a high cysteine content and the ability to coordinate large amounts of d(10) metal ions, for example, Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cu(I), in form of metal-thiolate clusters. Depending on intracellular conditions such as redox potential or metal ion concentrations, MTs can occur in various states ranging from the fully metal-loaded holo- to the metal-free apo-form. The Cys thiolate groups in the apo-form can be either reduced or be involved in disulfide bridges. Although oxidation-mediated Zn(II) release might be a possible mechanism for the regulation of Zn(II) availability by MTs, no concise information regarding the associated pathways and the structure of oxidized apo-MT forms is available. Using the well-studied Zn2 γ-Ec -1 domain of the wheat Zn6 Ec -1 MT we attempt here to answer several question regarding the structure and biophysical properties of oxidized MT forms, such as: (1) does disulfide bond formation increase the stability against proteolysis, (2) is the overall peptide backbone fold similar for the holo- and the oxidized apo-MT form, and (3) are disulfide bridges specifically or randomly formed? Our investigations show that oxidation leads to three distinct disulfide bridges independently of the applied oxidation conditions and of the initial species used for oxidation, that is, the apo- or the holo-form. In addition, the oxidized apo-form is as stable against proteolysis as Zn2 γ-Ec -1, rendering the currently assumed degradation of oxidized MTs unlikely and suggesting a role of the oxidation process for the extension of protein lifetime in absence of sufficient amounts of metal ions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 295-308, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsiaryna Tarasava
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Serge Chesnov
- University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Eva Freisinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nawrocka A, Szymańska-Chargot M, Miś A, Wilczewska AZ, Markiewicz KH. Dietary Fiber-Induced Changes in the Structure and Thermal Properties of Gluten Proteins Studied by Fourier Transform-Raman Spectroscopy and Thermogravimetry. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:2094-2104. [PMID: 26927821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between gluten proteins and dietary fiber supplements at the stage of bread dough formation are crucial in the baking industry. The dietary fiber additives are regarded as a source of polysaccharides and antioxidants, which have positive effects on human health. The fiber enrichment of bread causes a significant reduction in its quality, which is connected with changes in the structure of gluten proteins. Changes in the structure of gluten proteins and their thermal properties induced by seven commercial dietary fibers (fruit, vegetable, and cereal) were studied by FT-Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetry (TGA), respectively. For this aim the bread dough at 500 FU consistency was made of a blend of wheat starch and wheat gluten as well as the fiber, the content of which ranged from 3 to 18% w/w. The obtained results revealed that all dietary fibers apart from oat caused similar changes in the secondary structure of gluten proteins. The most noticeable changes were observed in the regions connected with hydrogen-bonded β-sheets (1614 and 1684 cm(-1)) and β-turns (1640 and 1657 cm(-1)). Other changes observed in the gluten structure, concerning other β-structures, conformation of disulfide bridges, and aromatic amino acid microenvironment, depend on the fibers' chemical composition. The results concerning structural changes suggested that the observed formation of hydrogen bonds in the β-structures can be connected with aggregation or abnormal folding. This hypothesis was confirmed by thermogravimetric results. Changes in weight loss indicated the formation of a more complex and strong gluten network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Nawrocka
- Bohdan Dobrzanski Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Szymańska-Chargot
- Bohdan Dobrzanski Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Antoni Miś
- Bohdan Dobrzanski Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Z Wilczewska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok , Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Karolina H Markiewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok , Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cajot S, Schol D, Danhier F, Préat V, Gillet De Pauw MC, Jérôme C. In vitro investigations of smart drug delivery systems based on redox-sensitive cross-linked micelles. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1661-70. [PMID: 24339277 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Redox-sensitive micelles are designed by using block copolymers of different architectures composed of a hydrophilic block of poly(ethylene oxide), and hydrophobic blocks of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) and poly(α-azide-ϵ-caprolactone). Stability of these micelles is insured in diluted media by cross-linking their core via the addition of a bifunctional cross-linker, while redox sensitivity is provided to these micelles by inserting a disulfide bridge in the cross-linker. The potential of these responsive micelles to be used as nanocarriers is studied in terms of cytotoxicity and cellular internalization. The release profiles are also investigated by varying the environment reductive strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Cajot
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Chemistry Department, University of Liege, B6 Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Boone CD, Habibzadegan A, Tu C, Silverman DN, McKenna R. Structural and catalytic characterization of a thermally stable and acid-stable variant of human carbonic anhydrase II containing an engineered disulfide bond. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2013; 69:1414-22. [PMID: 23897465 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913008743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of mostly zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate and a proton. Recently, there has been industrial interest in utilizing CAs as biocatalysts for carbon sequestration and biofuel production. The conditions used in these processes, however, result in high temperatures and acidic pH. This unfavorable environment results in rapid destabilization and loss of catalytic activity in CAs, ultimately resulting in cost-inefficient high-maintenance operation of the system. In order to negate these detrimental industrial conditions, cysteines at residues 23 (Ala23Cys) and 203 (Leu203Cys) were engineered into a wild-type variant of human CA II (HCAII) containing the mutation Cys206Ser. The X-ray crystallographic structure of the disulfide-containing HCAII (dsHCAII) was solved to 1.77 Å resolution and revealed that successful oxidation of the cysteine bond was achieved while also retaining desirable active-site geometry. Kinetic studies utilizing the measurement of (18)O-labeled CO2 by mass spectrometry revealed that dsHCAII retained high catalytic efficiency, and differential scanning calorimetry showed acid stability and thermal stability that was enhanced by up to 14 K compared with native HCAII. Together, these studies have shown that dsHCAII has properties that could be used in an industrial setting to help to lower costs and improve the overall reaction efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Boone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Varshney NK, Suresh Kumar R, Ignatova Z, Prabhune A, Pundle A, Dodson E, Suresh CG. Crystallization and X-ray structure analysis of a thermostable penicillin G acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:273-7. [PMID: 22442220 PMCID: PMC3310528 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111053930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme penicillin G acylase (EC 3.5.1.11) catalyzes amide-bond cleavage in benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) to yield 6-aminopenicillanic acid, an intermediate chemical used in the production of semisynthetic penicillins. A thermostable penicillin G acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis (AfPGA) has been crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method in two different space groups: C222(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 72.9, b = 86.0, c = 260.2 , and P4(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 85.6, c = 298.8 . Data were collected at 293 and the structure was determined using the molecular-replacement method. Like other penicillin acylases, AfPGA belongs to the N-terminal nucleophilic hydrolase superfamily, has undergone post-translational processing and has a serine as the N-terminal residue of the β-chain. A disulfide bridge has been identified in the structure that was not found in the other two known penicillin G cylase structures. The presence of the disulfide bridge is perceived to be one factor that confers higher stability to this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Suresh Kumar
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Zoya Ignatova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Asmita Prabhune
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Archana Pundle
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Eleanor Dodson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - C. G. Suresh
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stengel A, Benz JP, Soll J, Bölter B. Redox-regulation of protein import into chloroplasts and mitochondria: similarities and differences. Plant Signal Behav 2010; 5:105-9. [PMID: 20009579 PMCID: PMC2884109 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.2.10525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Redox signals play important roles in many developmental and metabolic processes, in particular in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Furthermore, redox reactions are crucial for protein folding via the formation of inter- or intramolecular disulfide bridges. Recently, redox signals were described to be additionally involved in regulation of protein import: in mitochondria, a disulfide relay system mediates retention of cystein-rich proteins in the intermembrane space by oxidizing them. Two essential proteins, the redox-activated receptor Mia40 and the sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1 participate in this pathway. In chloroplasts, it becomes apparent that protein import is affected by redox signals on both the outer and inner envelope: at the level of the Toc complex (translocon at the outer envelope of chloroplasts), the formation/reduction of disulfide bridges between the Toc components has a strong influence on import yield. Moreover, the stromal metabolic redox state seems to be sensed by the Tic complex (translocon at the inner envelope of chloroplasts) that is able to adjust translocation efficiency of a subgroup of redox-related preproteins accordingly. This review summarizes the current knowledge of these redox-regulatory pathways and focuses on similarities and differences between chloroplasts and mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stengel
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPS(M-), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Navarro MVDAS, Vierira DF, Nagem RAP, de Araújo APU, Oliva MLV, Garratt RC. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a novel Kunitz-type kallikrein inhibitor from Bauhinia bauhinioides. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2005; 61:910-3. [PMID: 16511193 PMCID: PMC1991323 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309105028496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A Kunitz-type protease inhibitor (BbKI) found in Bauhinia bauhinioides seeds has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and crystallized at 293 K using PEG 4000 as the precipitant. X-ray diffraction data have been collected to 1.87 A resolution using an in-house X-ray generator. The crystals of the recombinant protein (rBbKI) belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 46.70, b = 64.14, c = 59.24 A. Calculation of the Matthews coefficient suggests the presence of one monomer of rBbKI in the asymmetric unit, with a corresponding solvent content of 51% (VM = 2.5 A3 Da(-1)). Iodinated crystals were prepared and a derivative data set was also collected at 2.1 A resolution. Crystals soaked for a few seconds in a cryogenic solution containing 0.5 M NaI were found to be reasonably isomorphous to the native crystals. Furthermore, the presence of iodide anions could be confirmed in the NaI-derivatized crystal. Data sets from native and derivative crystals are being evaluated for use in crystal structure determination by means of the SIRAS (single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering) method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Vicente de A. S. Navarro
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora F. Vierira
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A. P. Nagem
- Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula U. de Araújo
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza V. Oliva
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Três de Maio 100, CEP 04044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Richard C. Garratt
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guijarro JI, M'Barek S, Gómez-Lagunas F, Garnier D, Rochat H, Sabatier JM, Possani L, Delepierre M, Possani L. Solution structure of Pi4, a short four-disulfide-bridged scorpion toxin specific of potassium channels. Protein Sci 2003; 12:1844-54. [PMID: 12930984 PMCID: PMC2323982 DOI: 10.1110/ps.03186703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pi4 is a short toxin found at very low abundance in the venom of Pandinus imperator scorpions. It is a potent blocker of K(+) channels. Like the other members of the alpha-KTX6 subfamily to which it belongs, it is cross-linked by four disulfide bonds. The synthetic analog (sPi4) and the natural toxin (nPi4) have been obtained by solid-phase synthesis or from scorpion venom, respectively. Analysis of two-dimensional (1)H NMR spectra of nPi4 and sPi4 indicates that both peptides have the same structure. Moreover, electrophysiological recordings of the blocking of Shaker B K(+) channels by sPi4 (K(D) = 8.5 nM) indicate that sPi4 has the same blocking activity of nPi4 (K(D) = 8.0 nM), previously described. The disulfide bonds have been independently determined by NMR and structure calculations, and by Edman-degradation/mass-spectrometry identification of peptides obtained by proteolysis of nPi4. Both approaches indicate that the pairing of the half-cystines is (6)C-(27)C, (12)C-(32)C, (16)C-(34)C, and (22)C-(37)C. The structure of the toxin has been determined by using 705 constraints derived from NMR data on sPi4. The structure, which is well defined, shows the characteristic alpha/beta scaffold of scorpion toxins. It is compared to the structure of the other alpha-KTX6 subfamily members and, in particular, to the structure of maurotoxin, which shows a different pattern of disulfide bridges despite its high degree of sequence identity (76%) with Pi4. The structure of Pi4 and the high amounts of synthetic peptide available, will enable the detailed analysis of the interaction of Pi4 with K(+) channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Iñaki Guijarro
- Unité de RMN des Biomolécules (CNRS URA 2185), Dépt. de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|