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Huang G, Cong Z, Liu Z, Chen F, Bravo A, Soberón M, Zheng J, Peng D, Sun M. Silencing Ditylenchus destructor cathepsin L-like cysteine protease has negative pleiotropic effect on nematode ontogenesis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10030. [PMID: 38693283 PMCID: PMC11063044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ditylenchus destructor is a migratory plant-parasitic nematode that severely harms many agriculturally important crops. The control of this pest is difficult, thus efficient strategies for its management in agricultural production are urgently required. Cathepsin L-like cysteine protease (CPL) is one important protease that has been shown to participate in various physiological and pathological processes. Here we decided to characterize the CPL gene (Dd-cpl-1) from D. destructor. Analysis of Dd-cpl-1 gene showed that Dd-cpl-1 gene contains a signal peptide, an I29 inhibitor domain with ERFNIN and GNFD motifs, and a peptidase C1 domain with four conserved active residues, showing evolutionary conservation with other nematode CPLs. RT-qPCR revealed that Dd-cpl-1 gene displayed high expression in third-stage juveniles (J3s) and female adults. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that Dd-cpl-1 was expressed in the digestive system and reproductive organs. Silencing Dd-cpl-1 in 1-cell stage eggs of D. destructor by RNAi resulted in a severely delay in development or even in abortive morphogenesis during embryogenesis. The RNAi-mediated silencing of Dd-cpl-1 in J2s and J3s resulted in a developmental arrest phenotype in J3 stage. In addition, silencing Dd-cpl-1 gene expression in female adults led to a 57.43% decrease in egg production. Finally, Dd-cpl-1 RNAi-treated nematodes showed a significant reduction in host colonization and infection. Overall, our results indicate that Dd-CPL-1 plays multiple roles in D. destructor ontogenesis and could serve as a new potential target for controlling D. destructor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ziwen Cong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhonglin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Feng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Donghai Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ming Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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de Oliveira JL, Gómez I, Sánchez J, Soberón M, Polanczyk RA, Bravo A. Performance insights into spray-dryer microencapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis cry pesticidal proteins with gum arabic and maltodextrin for effective pest control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:181. [PMID: 38285209 PMCID: PMC10824793 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces crystals composed mainly of Cry pesticidal proteins with insecticidal activity against pests but are highly susceptible to degradation by abiotic factors. In this sense, encapsulation techniques are designed to improve their performance and lifetime. However, the effects of polymeric matrix encapsulation such as gum arabic and maltodextrin by spray-dryer in the mechanisms of action of Bt kurstaki and Bt aizawai are unknown. We analyzed crystal solubilization, protoxin activation, and receptor binding after microencapsulation and compared them with commercial non-encapsulated products. Microencapsulation did not alter protein crystal solubilization, providing 130 kDa (Cry1 protoxin) and 70 kDa (Cry2 protoxin). Activation with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and larval midgut juice was analyzed, showing that this step is highly efficient, and the protoxins were cleaved producing similar ~ 55 to 65 kDa activated proteins for both formulations. Binding assays with brush border membrane vesicles of Manduca sexta and Spodoptera frugiperda larvae provided a similar binding for both formulations. LC50 bioassays showed no significant differences between treatments but the microencapsulated treatment provided higher mortality against S. frugiperda when subjected to UV radiation. Microencapsulation did not affect the mechanism of action of Cry pesticidal proteins while enhancing protection against UV radiation. These data will contribute to the development of more efficient Bt biopesticide formulations. KEY POINTS: • Microencapsulation did not affect the mechanisms of action of Cry pesticidal proteins produced by Bt. • Microencapsulation provided protection against UV radiation for Bt-based biopesticides. • The study's findings can contribute to the development of more efficient Bt biopesticide formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhones Luiz de Oliveira
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Isabel Gómez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Antonio Polanczyk
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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He X, Yang Y, Soberón M, Bravo A, Zhang L, Zhang J, Wang Z. Bacillus thuringiensis Cry9Aa Insecticidal Protein Domain I Helices α3 and α4 Are Two Core Regions Involved in Oligomerization and Toxicity. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:1321-1329. [PMID: 38175929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry9 proteins show high insecticidal activity against different lepidopteran pests. Cry9 could be a valuable alternative to Cry1 proteins because it showed a synergistic effect with no cross-resistance. However, the pore-formation region of the Cry9 proteins is still unclear. In this study, nine mutations of certain Cry9Aa helices α3 and α4 residues resulted in a complete loss of insecticidal activity against the rice pest Chilo suppressalis; however, the protein stability and receptor binding ability of these mutants were not affected. Among these mutants, Cry9Aa-D121R, Cry9Aa-D125R, Cry9Aa-D163R, Cry9Aa-E165R, and Cry9Aa-D167R are unable to form oligomers in vitro, while the oligomers formed by Cry9Aa-R156D, Cry9Aa-R158D, and Cry9Aa-R160D are unstable and failed to insert into the membrane. These data confirmed that helices α3 and α4 of Cry9Aa are involved in oligomerization, membrane insertion, and toxicity. The knowledge of Cry9 pore-forming action may promote its application as an alternative to Cry1 insecticidal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang He
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Wang Z, Yang Y, Li S, Ma W, Wang K, Soberón M, Yan S, Shen J, Francis F, Bravo A, Zhang J. JAK/STAT signaling regulated intestinal regeneration defends insect pests against pore-forming toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011823. [PMID: 38236820 PMCID: PMC10796011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A variety of coordinated host-cell responses are activated as defense mechanisms against pore-forming toxins (PFTs). Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a worldwide used biopesticide whose efficacy and precise application methods limits its use to replace synthetic pesticides in agricultural settings. Here, we analyzed the intestinal defense mechanisms of two lepidopteran insect pests after intoxication with sublethal dose of Bt PFTs to find out potential functional genes. We show that larval intestinal epithelium was initially damaged by the PFTs and that larval survival was observed after intestinal epithelium regeneration. Further analyses showed that the intestinal regeneration caused by Cry9A protein is regulated through c-Jun NH (2) terminal kinase (JNK) and Janus tyrosine kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathways. JAK/STAT signaling regulates intestinal regeneration through proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells to defend three different Bt proteins including Cry9A, Cry1F or Vip3A in both insect pests, Chilo suppressalis and Spodoptera frugiperda. Consequently, a nano-biopesticide was designed to improve pesticidal efficacy based on the combination of Stat double stranded RNA (dsRNA)-nanoparticles and Bt strain. This formulation controlled insect pests with better effect suggesting its potential use to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides in agricultural settings for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sirui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Frederic Francis
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sánchez JC, Picola N, Rodriguez‐Vida A, Costa M, Castañeda DM, Márquez MP, Rodriguez JM, Gaya JM, Bravo A, Buisan O, Servian P, Suarez JF, Felip MM, Caparrós MJR, Asensio AA, Vilaseca A. Apalutamide for prostate cancer: Multicentre and multidisciplinary real-world study of 227 patients. Cancer Med 2023; 12:21969-21977. [PMID: 38063364 PMCID: PMC10757138 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of apalutamide prostate cancer compared to the pivotal trials patients and to identify the first subsequent therapy in a real-world setting. METHODS The study is prospective and observational based on real-world evidence, performed by different medical disciplines and eight academics centres around Barcelona, Spain. It included all patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) and high-risk non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) treated with apalutamide from June 2018 to December 2022. RESULTS Of 227 patients treated with apalutamide, 10% had ECOG-PS 2, and 41% were diagnosed with new-generation imaging. In the mHSPC group (209 patients), 75 years was the median age, 53% had synchronous metastases, and 22% were M1a. In the nmCRPC (18 patients), 82 years was the median age, and 81% ≤6 months had PSA doubling time. Patients achieved PSA90 in 92% of mHSPC and 50% of nmCRPC and PSA ≤0.2 in 71% of mHSPC and 39% of nmCRPC. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 40.1% of mHSPC and 44.4% of nmCRPC. After discontinuation of apalutamide due to disease progression, 54.5% in mHSPC and 75% in nmCRPC started chemotherapy, while after discontinuation because of adverse events, 73.3% in mHSPC and 100% in nmCRPC continued with other hormonal-therapies. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy and safety of apalutamide were similar to that described in the pivotal trials, despite including an older and more comorbid population. Usually, subsequent therapies after apalutamide differed depending on the reason for discontinuation: by disease progression started chemotherapy and by adverse events hormonal sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc Costa
- Urology DepartmentHospital Val D'HebronBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | | | - J. M. Gaya
- Urology DepartmentFundació PuigvertBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Oscar Buisan
- Urology DepartmentHospital BelltvigeBarcelonaSpain
| | - Pol Servian
- Urology DepartmentHospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalonaSpain
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Bravo A, Soberón M. Can microbial-based insecticides replace chemical pesticides in agricultural production? Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2011-2014. [PMID: 37462982 PMCID: PMC10616638 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive use of chemical insecticides to control insect pests in agriculture has improved yields and production of high-quality food products. However, chemical insecticides have been shown to be harmful also to beneficial insects and many other organisms like vertebrates. Thus, there is a need to replace those chemical insecticides by other control methods in order to protect the environment. Insect pest pathogens, like bacteria, viruses or fungi, are interesting alternatives for production of microbial-based insecticides to replace the use of chemical products in agriculture. Organic farming, which does not use chemical pesticides for pest control, relies on integrated pest management techniques and in the use of microbial-based insecticides for pest control. Microbial-based insecticides require precise formulation and extensive monitoring of insect pests, since they are highly specific for certain insect pests and in general are more effective for larval young instars. Here, we analyse the possibility of using microbial-based insecticides to replace chemical pesticides in agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCuernavacaMexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCuernavacaMexico
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Diana P, Gallioli A, Fontana M, Territo A, Bravo A, Piana A, Baboudjian M, Gavrilov P, Rodriguez-Faba Ó, Gaya JM, Algaba F, Palou J, Breda A. Energy source comparison in en-bloc resection of bladder tumors: subanalysis of a single-center prospective randomized study. World J Urol 2023; 41:2591-2597. [PMID: 35639159 PMCID: PMC9152642 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-022-04042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Different energy sources are employed to perform en-bloc transurethral resection of bladder tumor (ERBT). No study compared different energy sources in ERBT. The aim is to compare the different ERBT sources in terms of pathological, surgical and postoperative outcomes. METHODS This is a sub-analysis of a prospective randomized trial enrolling patients submitted to ERBT vs conventional TURBT from 03/2018 to 06/2021 (NCT04712201). 180 patients enrolled in ERBT group were randomized 1:1:1 to receive monopolar (m-ERBT), bipolar (b-ERBT) or thulium laser (l-ERBT). Endpoints were the comparison between energies in term of pathological analysis, intra, and post-operative outcomes. RESULTS 49 (35%) m-ERBT, 45 (32.1%) b-ERBT, and 46 (32.9%) l-ERBT were included in final analysis. The rate of detrusor muscle (DM) presence was comparable between the energies used (p = 0.796) or the location of the lesion (p = 0.662). Five (10.2%), 10 (22.2%) and 0 cases of obturator nerve reflex (ONR) were recorded in m-ERBT, b-ERBT and I-ERBT groups, respectively (p = 0.001). Conversion to conventional TURBT was higher for lesions located in the anterior wall/dome/neck (p < 0.001), irrespective from the energy used. The presence of artifact in the pathological specimen was higher for lesions at the posterior wall (p = 0.03) and trigone (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS In our study, no difference in staging feasibility among energies was found. Laser energy might be beneficial in lateral wall lesions to avoid ONR. Since there is an increased risk of ERBT conversion to conventional TURBT for lesions of the anterior wall, electrocautery might be preferred over laser to avoid waste of material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Diana
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Urology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cartagena 340-350, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gallioli
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Urology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cartagena 340-350, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matteo Fontana
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Urology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cartagena 340-350, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angelo Territo
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Urology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cartagena 340-350, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Urology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cartagena 340-350, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Piana
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Urology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cartagena 340-350, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Baboudjian
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Urology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cartagena 340-350, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, APHM, North Academic Hospital, Marseille, France
- Department of Urology, La Croix du Sud Hôpital, Quint Fonsegrives, France
| | - Pavel Gavrilov
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Urology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cartagena 340-350, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar Rodriguez-Faba
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Urology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cartagena 340-350, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Gaya
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Urology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cartagena 340-350, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Algaba
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Pathology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Palou
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Urology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cartagena 340-350, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Breda
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Urology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cartagena 340-350, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
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Territo A, Uleri A, Gallioli A, Gaya JM, Verri P, Basile G, Farré A, Bravo A, Tedde A, Faba ÓR, Palou J, Breda A. Robot-assisted oncologic pelvic surgery with Hugo™ robot-assisted surgery system: A single-center experience. Asian J Urol 2023; 10:461-466. [PMID: 38024434 PMCID: PMC10659963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To report the outcomes of intra- and extra-peritoneal robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with Hugo™ robot-assisted surgery (RAS) system (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Methods Data of twenty patients who underwent RARP and one RARC at our institution between February 2022 and January 2023 were reported. The primary endpoint of the study was to report the surgical setting of Hugo™ RAS system to perform RARP and RARC. The secondary endpoint was to assess the feasibility of RARP and RARC with this novel robotic platform and report the outcomes. Results Seventeen patients underwent RARP with a transperitoneal approach, and three with an extraperitoneal approach; and one patient underwent RARC with intracorporeal ileal conduit. No intraoperative complications occurred. Median docking and console time were 12 (interquartile range [IQR] 7-16) min and 185 (IQR 177-192) min for transperitoneal RARP, 15 (IQR 12-17) min and 170 (IQR 162-185) min for extraperitoneal RARP. No intraoperative complications occurred. One patient submitted to extraperitoneal RARP had a urinary tract infection in the postoperative period that required an antibiotic treatment (Clavien-Dindo Grade 2). In case of transperitoneal RARP, two minor complications occurred (one pelvic hematoma and one urinary tract infection; both Clavien-Dindo Grade 2). Conclusion Hugo™ RAS system is a novel promising robotic platform that allows to perform major oncological pelvic surgery. We showed the feasibility of RARP both intra- and extra-peritoneally and RARC with intracorporeal ileal conduit with this novel platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Gallioli
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Gaya
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Verri
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Basile
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Farré
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Tedde
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar Rodríguez Faba
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Palou
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Breda
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Velásquez C. LF, Cantón PE, Sanchez-Flores A, Soberón M, Bravo A, Cerón S. JA. Identification of Cry toxin receptor genes homologs in a de novo transcriptome of Premnotrypes vorax (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291546. [PMID: 37708134 PMCID: PMC10501650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The white potato worm Premnotrypes vorax (Hustache) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the most destructive insect pests of potato crops in South America. Like many coleopteran insects, P. vorax shows low susceptibility to Cry insecticidal proteins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, the presence of Cry toxin receptors in the midgut of this this insect has never been studied. The main Cry-binding proteins described in other insect species are cadherin (CAD), aminopeptidase N (APN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. In this study, we analyzed and validated a de novo assembled transcriptome of Illumina sequencing data to identify and to characterize homologs of Cry toxin receptors. We identified the protein sequences in P. vorax that show high identity with their orthologous sequences of the Cry toxin binding proteins in other coleopteran larvae such as APN, ALP, CAD and ABC transporter. This study provides preliminary identification of putative receptor genes of Cry proteins that would be useful for future studies involving biocontrol of this important potato crop pest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Emiliano Cantón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jairo A. Cerón S.
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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10
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Wei W, Wang L, Pan S, Wang H, Xia Z, Liu L, Xiao Y, Bravo A, Soberón M, Yang Y, Liu K. Helicoverpa armigera GATAe transcriptional factor regulates the expression of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac receptor gene ABCC2 by its interplay with additional transcription factors. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2023; 194:105516. [PMID: 37532331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera is a worldwide pest that has been efficiently controlled by transgenic plants expressing Bt Cry toxins. To exert toxicity, Cry toxins bind to different receptors located in larval midgut cells. Previously, we reported that GATA transcription factor GATAe activates the expression of multiple H. armigera Cry1Ac receptors in different insect cell lines. Here, the mechanism involved in GATAe regulation of HaABCC2 gene expression, a key receptor of Cry1Ac, was analyzed. HaGATAe gene silencing by RNAi in H. armigera larvae confirmed the activation role of HaGATAe on the expression of HaABCC2 in the midgut. The contribution of all potential GATAe-binding sites was analyzed by site-directed mutagenesis using Hi5 cells expressing a reporter gene under regulation of different modified HaABCC2 promoters. DNA pull-down assays revealed that GATAe bound to different predicted GATA-binding sites and mutations of the different GATAe-binding sites identified two binding sites responsible for the promoter activity. The binding site B9, which is located near the transcription initiator site, has a major contribution on HaABCC2 expression. Also, DNA pull-down assays revealed that all other members of GATA TF family in H. armigera, besides GATAe, HaGATAa, HaGATAb, HaGATAc and HaGATAd also bound to the HaABCC2 promoter and decreased the GATAe dependent promoter activity. Finally, the potential participation in the regulation of HaABCC2 promoter of several TFs other than GATA TFs expressed in the midgut cells was analyzed. HaHR3 inhibited the GATAe dependent activity of the HaABCC2 promoter, while two other midgut-related TFs, HaCDX and HaSox21, also bound to the HaABCC2 promoter region and increased the GATAe dependent promoter activity. All these data showed that GATAe induces HaABCC2 expression by binding to HaGATAe binding sites in the promoter region and that additional TFs participate in modulating the HaGATAe-driven expression of HaABCC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China; Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Institute of Hubei Agriculture Academy, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuang Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhichao Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Leilei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China; Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, China
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Yongbo Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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11
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Chen F, Pang C, Zheng Z, Zhou W, Guo Z, Xiao D, Du H, Bravo A, Soberón M, Sun M, Peng D. Aminopeptidase MNP-1 triggers intestine protease production by activating daf-16 nuclear location to degrade pore-forming toxins in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011507. [PMID: 37440595 PMCID: PMC10368266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are effective tools for pathogens infection. By disrupting epithelial barriers and killing immune cells, PFTs promotes the colonization and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms in their host. In turn, the host triggers defense responses, such as endocytosis, exocytosis, or autophagy. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria produce PFT, known as crystal proteins (Cry) which damage the intestinal cells of insects or nematodes, eventually killing them. In insects, aminopeptidase N (APN) has been shown to act as an important receptor for Cry toxins. Here, using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as model, an extensive screening of APN gene family was performed to analyze the potential role of these proteins in the mode of action of Cry5Ba against the nematode. We found that one APN, MNP-1, participate in the toxin defense response, since the mnp-1(ok2434) mutant showed a Cry5Ba hypersensitive phenotype. Gene expression analysis in mnp-1(ok2434) mutant revealed the involvement of two protease genes, F19C6.4 and R03G8.6, that participate in Cry5Ba degradation. Finally, analysis of the transduction pathway involved in F19C6.4 and R03G8.6 expression revealed that upon Cry5Ba exposure, the worms up regulated both protease genes through the activation of the FOXO transcription factor DAF-16, which was translocated into the nucleus. The nuclear location of DAF-16 was found to be dependent on mnp-1 under Cry5Ba treatment. Our work provides evidence of new host responses against PFTs produced by an enteric pathogenic bacterium, resulting in activation of host intestinal proteases that degrade the PFT in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiyun Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Wang K, Shu C, Bravo A, Soberón M, Zhang H, Crickmore N, Zhang J. Development of an Online Genome Sequence Comparison Resource for Bacillus cereus sensu lato Strains Using the Efficient Composition Vector Method. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:393. [PMID: 37368694 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An automated method was developed for differentiating closely related B. cereus sensu lato (s.l.) species, especially biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis, from other human pathogens, B. anthracis and B. cereus sensu stricto (s.s.). In the current research, four typing methods were initially compared, including multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), single-copy core genes phylogenetic analysis (SCCGPA), dispensable genes content pattern analysis (DGCPA) and composition vector tree (CVTree), to analyze the genomic variability of 23 B. thuringiensis strains from aizawai, kurstaki, israelensis, thuringiensis and morrisoni serovars. The CVTree method was the best option to be used for typing B. thuringiensis strains since it proved to be the fastest method, whilst giving high-resolution data about the strains. In addition, CVTree agrees well with ANI-based method, revealing the relationship between B. thuringiensis and other B. cereus s.l. species. Based on these data, an online genome sequence comparison resource was built for Bacillus strains called the Bacillus Typing Bioinformatics Database to facilitate strain identification and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Changlong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Pacheco S, Gómez I, Peláez-Aguilar AE, Verduzco-Rosas LA, García-Suárez R, do Nascimento NA, Rivera-Nájera LY, Cantón PE, Soberón M, Bravo A. Structural changes upon membrane insertion of the insecticidal pore-forming toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. Front Insect Sci 2023; 3:1188891. [PMID: 38469496 PMCID: PMC10926538 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1188891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Different Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains produce a broad variety of pore-forming toxins (PFTs) that show toxicity against insects and other invertebrates. Some of these insecticidal PFT proteins have been used successfully worldwide to control diverse insect crop pests. There are several studies focused on describing the mechanism of action of these toxins that have helped to improve their performance and to cope with the resistance evolved by different insects against some of these proteins. However, crucial information that is still missing is the structure of pores formed by some of these PFTs, such as the three-domain crystal (Cry) proteins, which are the most commercially used Bt toxins in the biological control of insect pests. In recent years, progress has been made on the identification of the structural changes that certain Bt insecticidal PFT proteins undergo upon membrane insertion. In this review, we describe the models that have been proposed for the membrane insertion of Cry toxins. We also review the recently published structures of the vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips; e.g. Vip3) and the insecticidal toxin complex (Tc) in the membrane-inserted state. Although different Bt PFTs show different primary sequences, there are some similarities in the three-dimensional structures of Vips and Cry proteins. In addition, all PFTs described here must undergo major structural rearrangements to pass from a soluble form to a membrane-inserted state. It is proposed that, despite their structural differences, all PFTs undergo major structural rearrangements producing an extended α-helix, which plays a fundamental role in perforating their target membrane, resulting in the formation of the membrane pore required for their insecticidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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14
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Gómez IS, Huguet J, Bravo A, Robalino J, Faba ÓR, Territo Á, Gaya JM, Palou J, Breda A. Sequential treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Güerin (BCG) and mitomycin C administered with Electromotive Drug Administration (EMDA) in patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after BCG failure. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2023:S1558-7673(23)00061-7. [PMID: 37076337 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, there is no standard non-surgical treatment for patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) in whom Bacillus Calmette-Güerin (BCG) therapy has failed. OBJECTIVES To assess the clinical and oncological outcomes of sequential treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and Mitomycin C (MMC) administered with Electromotive Drug Administration (EMDA) in patients with high-risk NMIBC who fail BCG immunotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively studied patients with NMIBC who failed BCG and received alternating BCG and Mitomycin C with EMDA between 2010 and 2020. Treatment schedule consisted in an induction therapy with 6 instillations (BCG, BCG, MMC + EMDA, BCG, BCG, MMC + EMDA) and a 1-year maintenance. Complete response (CR) was defined as the absence of high-grade (HG) recurrences during follow-up, and progression was defined as the occurrence of muscle invasive or metastatic disease. CR rate was estimated at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Progression rate and toxicity were also assessed. RESULTS Twenty-two patients were included with a median age of 73 years. Fifty percent of tumors were single, 90% were smaller than 1.5cm, 40% were GII (HG) and 40% were Ta. CR rate was 95.5%, 81% and 70% at 3 and 6 months, 12 months and 24 months, respectively. With a median follow-up of 28.8 months, 6 patients (27%) presented HG recurrence and only 1 patient (4.5%) progressed and ended in cystectomy. This patient died due to metastatic disease. Treatment was well tolerated and 22% of the patients presented adverse effects, being dysuria the most frequent one. CONCLUSION Sequential treatment with BCG and Mitomycin C with EMDA achieved good responses and low toxicity in selected patients who did not respond to BCG. Only 1 patient ended in cystectomy and died due to metastatic disease, therefore, cystectomy was avoided in most cases.
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15
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Diana P, Gallioli A, Territo A, Rodriguez-Faba Ó, Gaya J, Sanguedolce F, Huguet J, Parada R, Aumatell J, Bravo A, Algaba F, Palou J, Breda A. One year oncological outcome updated analysis of a single-center prospective, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial: En bloc vs. conventional transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Eur Urol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(23)00332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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16
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García-Gomez BI, Sánchez TA, Cano SN, do Nascimento NA, Bravo A, Soberón M. Insect chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90 cooperatively enhance toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins and counteract insect resistance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1151943. [PMID: 37153577 PMCID: PMC10157212 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces different insecticidal proteins effective for pest control. Among them, Cry insecticidal proteins have been used in transgenic plants for the control of insect pests. However, evolution of resistance by insects endangers this technology. Previous work showed that the lepidopteran insect Plutella xylostella PxHsp90 chaperone enhanced the toxicity of Bt Cry1A protoxins by protecting them from degradation by the larval gut proteases and by enhancing binding of the protoxin to its receptors present in larval midgut cells. In this work, we show that PxHsp70 chaperone also protects Cry1Ab protoxin from gut proteases degradation, enhancing Cry1Ab toxicity. We also show that both PxHsp70 and PxHsp90 chaperones act cooperatively, increasing toxicity and the binding of Cry1Ab439D mutant, affected in binding to midgut receptors, to cadherin receptor. Also, insect chaperones recovered toxicity of Cry1Ac protein to a Cry1Ac-highly resistant P. xylostella population, NO-QAGE, that has a disruptive mutation in an ABCC2 transporter linked to Cry1Ac resistance. These data show that Bt hijacked an important cellular function for enhancing its infection capability, making use of insect cellular chaperones for enhancing Cry toxicity and for lowering the evolution of insect resistance to these toxins.
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Pacheco S, Gómez I, Soberón M, Bravo A. A major conformational change of N-terminal helices of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab insecticidal protein is necessary for membrane insertion and toxicity. FEBS J 2022; 290:2692-2705. [PMID: 36560841 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pore forming toxins rely on oligomerization for membrane insertion to kill their targets. Bacillus thuringiensis produces insecticidal Cry-proteins composed of three domains that form pores that kill the insect larvae. Domain I is involved in oligomerization and membrane insertion, whereas Domains II and III participate in receptor binding and specificity. However, the structural changes involved in membrane insertion of these proteins remain unsolved. The most widely accepted model for membrane insertion, the 'umbrella model', proposed that the α-4/α-5 hairpin of Domain I swings away and is inserted into the membrane. To determine the topology of Cry1Ab in the membrane, disulfide bonds linking α-helices of Domain I were introduced to restrict their movement. Disulfide bonds between helices α-2/α-3 or α-3/α-4 lost oligomerization and toxicity, indicating that movement of these helices is needed for insecticidal activity. By contrast, disulfide bonds linking helices α-5/α-6 did not affect toxicity, which contradicts the 'umbrella model'. Additionally, Föster resonance energy transfer closest approach analyses measuring distances of different points in the toxin to the membrane plane and collisional quenching assays analysing the protection of specific fluorescent-labeled residues to the soluble potassium iodide quencher in the membrane inserted state were performed. Overall, the data show that Domain I from Cry1Ab may undergo a major conformational change during its membrane insertion, where the N-terminal region (helices α-1 to α-4) participates in oligomerization and toxicity, probably forming an extended helix. These data break a paradigm, showing a new 'folding white-cane model', which better explains the structural changes of Cry toxins during insertion into the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Pacheco
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Isabel Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
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18
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Guo Z, Guo L, Qin J, Ye F, Sun D, Wu Q, Wang S, Crickmore N, Zhou X, Bravo A, Soberón M, Zhang Y. A single transcription factor facilitates an insect host combating Bacillus thuringiensis infection while maintaining fitness. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6024. [PMID: 36224245 PMCID: PMC9555685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining fitness during pathogen infection is vital for host survival as an excessive response can be as detrimental as the infection itself. Fitness costs are frequently associated with insect hosts countering the toxic effect of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which delay the evolution of resistance to this pathogen. The insect pest Plutella xylostella has evolved a mechanism to resist Bt toxins without incurring significant fitness costs. Here, we reveal that non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated forms of a MAPK-modulated transcription factor fushi tarazu factor 1 (FTZ-F1) can respectively orchestrate down-regulation of Bt Cry1Ac toxin receptors and up-regulation of non-receptor paralogs via two distinct binding sites, thereby presenting Bt toxin resistance without growth penalty. Our findings reveal how host organisms can co-opt a master molecular switch to overcome pathogen invasion with low cost, and contribute to understanding the underlying mechanism of growth-defense tradeoffs during host-pathogen interactions in P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Le Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianying Qin
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QE, UK
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, 62250, México
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, 62250, México
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Uleri A, Verri P, Gallioli A, Territo A, Baboudjian M, Bravo A, Izquierdo P, Gaya J, Rodriguez-Faba Ó, Breda A, Palou J. Robotic-assisted radical cystectomy with Hugo RAS: The first European case. EUR UROL SUPPL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(22)02253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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20
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Verri P, Uleri A, Diana P, Baboudjian M, Gaya J, Rodriguez-Faba O, Gallioli A, Huguet J, Bravo A, Aumatell J, Breda A, Palou J. Challenging robotic-assisted radical cystectomy in patient with history of radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy. EUR UROL SUPPL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(22)02225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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21
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Bravo A, Soberón M. Mining versus
in vitro
evolution for the selection of novel microbial insecticidal proteins. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2518-2520. [PMID: 36170342 PMCID: PMC9518981 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca Mexico
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22
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Piana A, Huguet J, Sanchez-Puy A, Territo A, Diana P, Gallioli A, Sanguedolce F, Bravo A, Rosales A, Parada R, Palou J, Breda A. PD32-12 RADICAL CYSTECTOMY FOR THE TREATMENT OF PELVIC RADIATION CYSTITIS: A SINGLE HIGH-EXPERIENCE CENTER STUDY. J Urol 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/ju.0000000000002583.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Schwartzmann I, Bravo A, Aumatell J, Moncada E, Montlleó M, Palou J, Ponce De León J. En-bloc encoscopic enculeation of the prostate with thulium fiber laser with minimal mechanical traction. EUR UROL SUPPL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(22)00107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Sun D, Zhu L, Guo L, Wang S, Wu Q, Crickmore N, Zhou X, Bravo A, Soberón M, Guo Z, Zhang Y. A versatile contribution of both aminopeptidases N and ABC transporters to Bt Cry1Ac toxicity in the diamondback moth. BMC Biol 2022; 20:33. [PMID: 35120513 PMCID: PMC8817492 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biopesticides and transgenic crops based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are extensively used to control insect pests, but the rapid evolution of insect resistance seriously threatens their effectiveness. Bt resistance is often polygenic and complex. Mutations that confer resistance occur in midgut proteins that act as cell surface receptors for the toxin, and it is thought they facilitate its assembly as a membrane-damaging pore. However, the mechanistic details of the action of Bt toxins remain controversial. RESULTS We have examined the contribution of two paralogous ABC transporters and two aminopeptidases N to Bt Cry1Ac toxicity in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate a series of homozygous polygenic knockout strains. A double-gene knockout strain, in which the two paralogous ABC transporters ABCC2 and ABCC3 were deleted, exhibited 4482-fold resistance to Cry1A toxin, significantly greater than that previously reported for single-gene knockouts and confirming the mutual functional redundancy of these ABC transporters in acting as toxin receptors in P. xylostella. A double-gene knockout strain in which APN1 and APN3a were deleted exhibited 1425-fold resistance to Cry1Ac toxin, providing the most direct evidence to date for these APN proteins acting as Cry1Ac toxin receptors, while also indicating their functional redundancy. Genetic crosses of the two double-gene knockouts yielded a hybrid strain in which all four receptor genes were deleted and this resulted in a > 34,000-fold resistance, indicating that while both types of receptor need to be present for the toxin to be fully effective, there is a level of functional redundancy between them. The highly resistant quadruple knockout strain was less fit than wild-type moths, but no fitness cost was detected in the double knockout strains. CONCLUSION Our results provide direct evidence that APN1 and APN3a are important for Cry1Ac toxicity. They support our overarching hypothesis of a versatile mode of action of Bt toxins, which can compensate for the absence of individual receptors, and are consistent with an interplay among diverse midgut receptors in the toxins' mechanism of action in a super pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sun
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Liuhong Zhu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Le Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QE, UK
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, México
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, México
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Territo A, Verri P, Uleri A, Diana P, Gallioli A, Baboudjian M, Gaya JM, Sanguedolce F, Aumatell J, Basile G, Bravo A, Palou J, Breda A. Endourological treatment of uretero-enteric benign stricture after radical cystectomy and kidney transplant. Cent European J Urol 2022; 76:70. [PMID: 37064264 PMCID: PMC10091890 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2022.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Territo
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Verri
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Uleri
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pietro Diana
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Gallioli
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Baboudjian
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, La Croix du Sud Hôpital, Quint Fonsegrives, France
| | - Josep Maria Gaya
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Sanguedolce
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Aumatell
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Basile
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Palou
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Breda
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Pacheco S, Gómez I, Chiñas M, Sánchez J, Soberón M, Bravo A. Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis GR007 Reveals Multiple Pesticidal Protein Genes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:758314. [PMID: 34795652 PMCID: PMC8594373 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.758314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are soil ubiquitous bacteria. They produce a great variability of insecticidal proteins, where certain of these toxins are used worldwide for pest control. Through their adaptation to diverse ecosystems, certain Bt strains have acquired genetic mobile elements by horizontal transfer, harboring genes that encode for different virulent factors and pesticidal proteins (PP). Genomic characterization of Bt strains provides a valuable source of PP with potential biotechnological applications for pest control. In this work, we have sequenced the complete genome of the bacterium Bt GR007 strain that is toxic to Spodoptera frugiperda and Manduca sexta larvae. Four replicons (one circular chromosome and three megaplasmids) were identified. The two largest megaplasmids (pGR340 and pGR157) contain multiple genes that codify for pesticidal proteins: 10 cry genes (cry1Ab, cry1Bb, cry1Da, cry1Fb, cry1Hb, cry1Id, cry1Ja, cry1Ka, cry1Nb, and cry2Ad), two vip genes (vip3Af and vip3Ag), two binary toxin genes (vpa2Ac and vpb1Ca), five genes that codify for insecticidal toxin components (Tc’s), and a truncated cry1Bd-like gene. In addition, genes that codify for several virulent factors were also found in this strain. Proteomic analysis of the parasporal crystals of GR007 revealed that they are composed of eight Cry proteins. Further cloning of these genes for their individual expression in Bt acrystalliferous strain, by means of their own intrinsic promoter showed expression of seven Cry proteins. These proteins display differential toxicity against M. sexta and S. frugiperda larvae, where Cry1Bb showed to be the most active protein against S. frugiperda larvae and Cry1Ka the most active protein against M. sexta larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Pacheco
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Isabel Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Marcos Chiñas
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Oñate H, Segovia-Chamorro J, Cárcamo R, Bravo A. Experiences of professionalized Chilean dental educators. A qualitative study. J Oral Res 2021. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2021.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:The active learning process is certainly one of the most complex challenges in dental education. It is essential for the development of critical thinking and clinical skills. There is evidence of the need for teacher professionalization, but there is scarce literature reporting on the positive changes in the teaching profession based on such professionalization. The aim of the present study is to explore the experiences of the pedagogical performance of professionalized educators in dentistry. Material and Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using a design based on content analysis. The sample was selected for convenience and included dentists who have completed a master's degree in teaching in higher education, who were part of the teaching staff of a dental university program and with a career experience of at least 5 years. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, with three initial dimensions: Teaching Career, Motivation for Teacher Professionalization, and Impact on the teaching-learning process. The interviews were verbatim transcribed and content analysis was performed by the researchers using data triangulation. The research was approved by the research and ethics committee. Results: Six categories were established: Generational clash, Motivations to practice teaching, Motivations to professionalize teaching, Competences acquired after professionalization, Effects of professionalization in the classroom context, and Shortcomings of the professionalized educator. Conclusion: Professionalized dental educators show comprehensive improvements in their performance. They have developed practical competences for the specific needs of the courses they give.
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Zhang D, Jin M, Yang Y, Zhang J, Yang Y, Liu K, Soberón M, Bravo A, Xiao Y, Wu K. Synergistic resistance of Helicoverpa armigera to Bt toxins linked to cadherin and ABC transporters mutations. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 137:103635. [PMID: 34363975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Resistance evolution of target pests reduces efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins used in insect-pest control. Mutations in Cadherin (CAD) or ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters genes are linked to Cry resistance in different pests. Also, it has been shown that ABCC2 and CAD have synergistic interaction on Cry toxicity when co-express in cell lines, which we confirmed here by Helicoverpa armigera HaABCC2 and HaCAD expression in Hi5 cells. To confirm that CAD and ABC transporters interact in vivo, we constructed nearly H. armigera isogenic lines such as LFC2 and 96CAD strains, linked to HaABCC2 and HaCAD mutations that showed 512- and 396-fold Cry1Ac resistance-ratios, respectively. Interestingly, Fusion-1 strain linked to both HaABCC2 and HaCAD mutations, showed 6273-fold resistance-ratio, significantly higher than the single mutant strains. To confirm the interaction of HaABCC2 and CAD in Cry1Ac resistance, we analyzed the Cry1Ac susceptibility in CRISPR/Cas9 knockdown strains, C2-KO (ABCC2-gene knockout-strain) and CAD-KO (CAD-gene knockout-strain), that showed 112- and 531-fold Cry1Ac resistance-ratios, respectively. However, the resistance-ratio of Fusion-2 strain obtained from crossing C2-KO and CAD-KO strains, was only 816-fold. The analysis of HaABCC3 gene transcript levels showed nearly 4-fold lower expression in LFC2 and Fusion-1 strains compared to the susceptible strain, suggesting that additional mutations in these strains resulted in low HaABCC3 expression, which contribute to their enhanced Cry1Ac resistance. Our data show that the CAD and ABCC2/ABCC3 interact synergistically to induce high Cry1Ac resistance in H. armigera. These results can be helpful for Bt resistance monitoring and pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Jin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanchao Yang
- College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongbo Yang
- College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Guo Z, Kang S, Wu Q, Wang S, Crickmore N, Zhou X, Bravo A, Soberón M, Zhang Y. The regulation landscape of MAPK signaling cascade for thwarting Bacillus thuringiensis infection in an insect host. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009917. [PMID: 34495986 PMCID: PMC8452011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are central components of ecological networks where the MAPK signaling pathways act as central hubs of these complex interactions. We have previously shown that an insect hormone modulated MAPK signaling cascade participates as a general switch to trans-regulate differential expression of diverse midgut genes in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) to cope with the insecticidal action of Cry1Ac toxin, produced by the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The relationship between topology and functions of this four-tiered phosphorylation signaling cascade, however, is an uncharted territory. Here, we carried out a genome-wide characterization of all the MAPK orthologs in P. xylostella to define their phylogenetic relationships and to confirm their evolutionary conserved modules. Results from quantitative phosphoproteomic analyses, combined with functional validations studies using specific inhibitors and dsRNAs lead us to establish a MAPK "road map", where p38 and ERK MAPK signaling pathways, in large part, mount a resistance response against Bt toxins through regulating the differential expression of multiple Cry toxin receptors and their non-receptor paralogs in P. xylostella midgut. These data not only advance our understanding of host-pathogen interactions in agricultural pests, but also inform the future development of biopesticides that could suppress Cry resistance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZG); (YZ)
| | - Shi Kang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZG); (YZ)
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Liu Y, Jin M, Wang L, Wang H, Xia Z, Yang Y, Bravo A, Soberón M, Xiao Y, Liu K. SfABCC2 transporter extracellular loops 2 and 4 are responsible for the Cry1Fa insecticidal specificity against Spodoptera frugiperda. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 135:103608. [PMID: 34119653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria produce Cry toxins that kill insect pests. Insect specificity of Cry toxins relies on their binding to larval gut membrane proteins such as cadherin and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins. Mutations in ABC transporters have been implicated in high levels of resistance to Cry toxins in multiple pests. Spodoptera frugiperda is an insect pest susceptible to Cry1Fa and Cry1Ab toxins while Mythimna separata is tolerant to Cry1Fa and less susceptible to Cry1Ab. Here, we analyzed the potential role of ABCC2 in determining the susceptibility of S. frugiperda to Cry1Fa and Cry1Ab, by expressing SfABCC2 or MsABCC2 in Hi5 insect cell line and by the systematic replacements of extracellular loops (ECLs) between these two proteins. Expression of SfABCC2 in Hi5 conferred susceptibility to both Cry1Fa and Cry1Ab, in contrast to the expression of MsABCC2 that mediated low toxicity to Cry1Ab and no toxicity to Cry1Fa in agreement with their larvicidal toxicities. The SfABCC2 and MsABCC2 amino acid sequences showed differential residues among ECL1, ECL2, ECL4 and ECL6 loops, while ECL3 and ECL5 share the same primary sequence. The exchange of ECLs between SfABCC2 and MsABCC2 demonstrated that ECL4 and ECL2 contribute to Cry1Fa toxicity, where ECL4 plays a major role. The medium region (named M2) of ECL4 was identified as the most important region of SfABCC2 involved in Cry1Fa toxicity as shown by point mutations in this region. These findings will be helpful to understand the mechanisms of action of Bt toxins in S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Minghui Jin
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Disease, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Zhichao Xia
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Yongbo Yang
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
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Xiao Y, Li W, Yang X, Xu P, Jin M, Yuan H, Zheng W, Soberón M, Bravo A, Wilson K, Wu K. Rapid spread of a densovirus in a major crop pest following wide-scale adoption of Bt-cotton in China. eLife 2021; 10:e66913. [PMID: 34263726 PMCID: PMC8324301 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops have been widely planted and the effects of Bt-crops on populations of the target and non-target insect pests have been well studied. However, the effects of Bt-crops exposure on microorganisms that interact with crop pests have not previously been quantified. Here, we use laboratory and field data to show that infection of Helicoverpa armigera with a densovirus (HaDV2) is associated with its enhanced growth and tolerance to Bt-cotton. Moreover, field monitoring showed a much higher incidence of cotton bollworm infection with HaDV2 in regions cultivated with Bt-cotton than in regions without it, with the rate of densovirus infection increasing with increasing use of Bt-cotton. RNA-seq suggested tolerance to both baculovirus and Cry1Ac were enhanced via the immune-related pathways. These findings suggest that exposure to Bt-crops has selected for beneficial interactions between the target pest and a mutualistic microorganism that enhances its performance on Bt-crops under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Wenjing Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xianming Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Pengjun Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoChina
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster UniversityLancasterUnited Kingdom
| | - Minghui Jin
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - He Yuan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Weigang Zheng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMorelosUnited States
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMorelosUnited States
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster UniversityLancasterUnited Kingdom
| | - Kongming Wu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been recognized for its high potential in the control of various agricultural pests. Developments in micro/nanotechnology have opened new perspectives for the production of more efficient formulations that can overcome some obstacles associated with its use in the field, such as formulation instability and loss of activity as a result of the degradation of pesticidal protein by its exposure to ultraviolet radiation, among other problems. This review describes current studies and recent discoveries related to Bt and processes for the encapsulation of Bt derivatives, such as Cry pesticidal proteins. Different techniques are described, such as extrusion, emulsion, spray drying, spray cooling, fluidized bed, lyophilization, coacervation, and electrospraying to obtain micro- and nanoparticulate systems. It is noteworthy that products based on microorganisms present less risk to the environment and non-target organisms. However, systematic risk assessment studies of these new Bt biopesticides are necessary, considering issues, such as interactions with other organisms, the formation of toxic secondary metabolites, or the interspecific transfer of genetic material. Given the great potential of these new formulations, a critical assessment is provided for their future use, considering the technological challenges that must be overcome to achieve their large-scale production for efficient agricultural use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhones L de Oliveira
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 201, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Antonio Polanczyk
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
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Jin M, Yang Y, Shan Y, Chakrabarty S, Cheng Y, Soberón M, Bravo A, Liu K, Wu K, Xiao Y. Two ABC transporters are differentially involved in the toxicity of two Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1 toxins to the invasive crop-pest Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:1492-1501. [PMID: 33145907 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is a major agricultural pest that has invaded the East Hemisphere since 2016, generating a serious threat to food security worldwide including Africa and Asia. The Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been shown to be effective against this insect pest. In different insect ABC transporters (ABCC2 or ABCC3) have been shown to be involved as receptors of some Cry1 toxins. Here we analyzed the role of SfABCC2 and SfABCC3 in the toxicity of Cry1Fa and Cry1Ab toxins in this insect pest. RESULTS Two S. frugiperda SfABCC2 and SfABCC3 knockout strains, coding for potential functional Bt receptors, were created using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. Both knockout strains showed resistance to both Cry1Fa and Cry1Ab toxins compared with the susceptible strain. SfABCC2 knockout strain showed higher resistance to both Cry toxins than SfABCC3 knockout strain, suggesting a major role of SfABCC2 in the mode of action of these Cry toxins. In addition, expression of SfABCC2 and SfABCC3 genes in Trichoplusia ni Hi5 cells also increased the susceptibility to Cry1Ab and Cry1Fa toxins, in agreement with the genome editing results. The double knockout of SfABCC2 and SfABCC3 strain was not viable in contrast to other lepidopteran species. Furthermore, we report here that SfABCC2 or SfABCC3 knockout strains increased their susceptibility to abamectin and spinosad insecticides. CONCLUSION We provide functional evidence that in S. frugiperda these two ABCC transporters serve as receptors of Bt Cry1Fa and Cry1Ab toxins. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Jin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinxue Shan
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Swapan Chakrabarty
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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López-Molina S, do Nascimento NA, Silva-Filha MHNL, Guerrero A, Sánchez J, Pacheco S, Gill SS, Soberón M, Bravo A. In vivo nanoscale analysis of the dynamic synergistic interaction of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry11Aa and Cyt1Aa toxins in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009199. [PMID: 33465145 PMCID: PMC7846010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The insecticidal Cry11Aa and Cyt1Aa proteins are produced by Bacillus thuringiensis as crystal inclusions. They work synergistically inducing high toxicity against mosquito larvae. It was proposed that these crystal inclusions are rapidly solubilized and activated in the gut lumen, followed by pore formation in midgut cells killing the larvae. In addition, Cyt1Aa functions as a Cry11Aa binding receptor, inducing Cry11Aa oligomerization and membrane insertion. Here, we used fluorescent labeled crystals, protoxins or activated toxins for in vivo localization at nano-scale resolution. We show that after larvae were fed solubilized proteins, these proteins were not accumulated inside the gut and larvae were not killed. In contrast, if larvae were fed soluble non-toxic mutant proteins, these proteins were found inside the gut bound to gut-microvilli. Only feeding with crystal inclusions resulted in high larval mortality, suggesting that they have a role for an optimal intoxication process. At the macroscopic level, Cry11Aa completely degraded the gastric caeca structure and, in the presence of Cyt1Aa, this effect was observed at lower toxin-concentrations and at shorter periods. The labeled Cry11Aa crystal protein, after midgut processing, binds to the gastric caeca and posterior midgut regions, and also to anterior and medium regions where it is internalized in ordered "net like" structures, leading finally to cell break down. During synergism both Cry11Aa and Cyt1Aa toxins showed a dynamic layered array at the surface of apical microvilli, where Cry11Aa is localized in the lower layer closer to the cell cytoplasm, and Cyt1Aa is layered over Cry11Aa. This array depends on the pore formation activity of Cry11Aa, since the non-toxic mutant Cry11Aa-E97A, which is unable to oligomerize, inverted this array. Internalization of Cry11Aa was also observed during synergism. These data indicate that the mechanism of action of Cry11Aa is more complex than previously anticipated, and may involve additional steps besides pore-formation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira López-Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | - Adán Guerrero
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sabino Pacheco
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sarjeet S. Gill
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Yang Y, Huang X, Yuan W, Xiang Y, Guo X, Wei W, Soberón M, Bravo A, Liu K. Bacillus thuringiensis cry toxin triggers autophagy activity that may enhance cell death. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2021; 171:104728. [PMID: 33357550 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well known that Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins kill insect pest by disrupting midgut cells of susceptible larvae through their pore formation activity, it is not clear what intracellular events are triggered after pore formation on the cell membrane of the target cells. Here we analyzed the role of Cry toxins on autophagy activation using several cell lines as models as well as in Helicoverpa armigera larvae. The selected insect cell lines (Hi5, Sl-HP and Sf9) were susceptible to activated Cry1Ca toxin, but only Sl-HP cells were also susceptible to activated Cry1Ac toxin. In contrast, the mammalian cell line 293 T was not susceptible to Cry1Ac or to Cry1Ca. Results show that Cry toxins induced autophagy only in the susceptible cell lines as shown by the analysis of the changes in the ratio of Atg8-PE to Atg8 and by formation of autophagosome dots containing Atg8-PE. The Cry1Ac enhanced autophagy in the midgut tissue of H. armigera larvae. Silencing expression of specific genes by RNAi assays confirmed that the autophagy induced by activated Cry toxins was dependent on AMPK and JNK pathways. Finally, inhibition of autophagy in the cell lines by specific inhibitors or RNAi assays resulted in delayed cell death triggered by Cry toxins, suggesting that the increased autophagy activity observed after toxin intoxication may contribute to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wanli Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xueqin Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China,.
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Shi J, Zhang F, Chen L, Bravo A, Soberón M, Sun M. Systemic mitochondrial disruption is a key event in the toxicity of bacterial pore-forming toxins to Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:4896-4907. [PMID: 33368933 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are important weapons of multiple bacterial pathogens to establish their infections. PFTs generally form pores in the plasma membrane of target cells; however, the intracellular pathogenic processes triggered after pore-formation remain poorly understood. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model and Bacillus thuringiensis nematicidal Cry PFTs, we show here that the localized PFT attack causes a systemic mitochondrial damage, important for the PFT toxicity. We find that PFTs punch pores only in gut cells of nematodes, but unexpectedly mitochondrial disruption is able to occur in distal unperforated regions, such as the head and muscle tissues. We demonstrate that PFTs affect the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complex I resulting in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ), which causes further mitochondrial fragmentation and the reduction of total mitochondrial content. Worms with decreased ΔΨm or inhibited MRC activity show higher sensitivity to PFTs. The inhibition of mitochondrial fission or the increase of mitochondrial content markedly improves the survival of animals treated with PFTs. These findings suggest that mitochondrial changes underpin PFT-mediated toxicity against nematodes and that systemic mitochondrial disruption caused by localized pore-formation represents a conserved key intracellular event in the mode of action of PFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Wang Z, Gan C, Wang J, Bravo A, Soberón M, Yang Q, Zhang J. Nutrient conditions determine the localization of Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa protein in the mother cell compartment. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 14:551-560. [PMID: 33252200 PMCID: PMC7936315 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vip3Aa was first identified as a protein secreted during the vegetative growth phase of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria and which shows high insecticidal toxicity against lepidopteran insect pests (Estruch et al., 1996). Bt strains formulated as bio‐insecticides only had low amounts of Vip3Aa secreted to the medium. Here, we report that Vip3Aa proteins produced by three different Bt strains, including an industrial strain, were indeed not secreted to the culture solution when grown in sporulation medium, but were retained in the mother cell compartment. In order to further investigate the Vip3Aa secretion and location, we grew the strains in rich medium. We found that in rich medium, a fraction of Vip3Aa was secreted, suggesting that Vip3Aa secretion is nutrient‐dependent. Regardless of the growth conditions, we found that Vip3Aa retained in cell pellets exhibited high toxicity against Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. Hence, we speculate that the accumulation of Vip3Aa protein in the mother cell compartment under sporulation conditions could still be used as an efficient strategy for industrial production in commercial Bt strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunxia Gan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62250, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62250, Mexico
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Wang Z, Wang K, Bravo A, Soberón M, Cai J, Shu C, Zhang J. Coexistence of cry9 with the vip3A Gene in an Identical Plasmid of Bacillus thuringiensis Indicates Their Synergistic Insecticidal Toxicity. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:14081-14090. [PMID: 33180493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains may express several insecticidal proteins with synergistic features, achieving high insecticidal toxicity and delaying development of resistance in insect pests. Previous work showed that Cry9Aa and Vip3Aa proteins present synergistic activity against Chilo suppressalis. In this study, genome-wide analysis of 489 Bt genomes revealed that cry9A was associated with the vip3A gene in seven Bt strains. Among all Bt genomes analyzed, not a single strain was found to have the cry9A gene alone without the presence of the vip3A gene. The complete genome sequencing of two Bt strains, 4AP1 and 4AO1, revealed that cry9A and vip3A genes were located in the same plasmid in both strains. The genome context analysis suggested a recombination mechanism responsible for the insertion of the cry9A gene into the plasmid containing vip3A. The coexistence of Cry9A with Vip3A proteins in strain 4AP1 was confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and western blot analyses. Furthermore, another Cry9 protein codified by the gene in the identical plasmid also showed synergistic activity with the Vip3A protein. Overall, our results support that cry9 genes coexisted with vip3A and that complete genome sequencing combined with protein expression analysis may be used to identify associations of insecticidal proteins with potential synergistic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Jilin Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Changlong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Pacheco S, Quiliche JPJ, Gómez I, Sánchez J, Soberón M, Bravo A. Rearrangement of N-Terminal α-Helices of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab Toxin Essential for Oligomer Assembly and Toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100647. [PMID: 33049917 PMCID: PMC7601232 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cry proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis are pore-forming toxins that disrupt the membrane integrity of insect midgut cells. The structure of such pore is unknown, but it has been shown that domain I is responsible for oligomerization, membrane insertion and pore formation activity. Specifically, it was proposed that some N-terminal α-helices are lost, leading to conformational changes that trigger oligomerization. We designed a series of mutants to further analyze the molecular rearrangements at the N-terminal region of Cry1Ab toxin that lead to oligomer assembly. For this purpose, we introduced Cys residues at specific positions within α-helices of domain I for their specific labeling with extrinsic fluorophores to perform Föster resonance energy transfer analysis to fluorescent labeled Lys residues located in Domains II–III, or for disulfide bridges formation to restrict mobility of conformational changes. Our data support that helix α-1 of domain I is cleaved out and swings away from the toxin core upon binding with Manduca sexta brush border membrane vesicles. That movement of helix α-2b is also required for the conformational changes involved in oligomerization. These observations are consistent with a model proposing that helices α-2b and α-3 form an extended helix α-3 necessary for oligomer assembly of Cry toxins.
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Torres L, Puerto A, Bravo A, Acuña M, Sánchez J, Bejarano O, Peña P, Cataño JG. Analysis of Correlation and Agreement between the Uroflowmetry and the International Prostate Symptom Score in Patients after retropubic Radical Prostatectomy: A Multicenter Prospective Study. Revista Urología Colombiana / Colombian Urology Journal 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1697998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives Patients undergoing retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) may suffer from lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). We aim to characterize LUTS and to evaluate the correlation and agreement between uroflowmetry and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) in patients after RRP in two reference centers.
Methods An observational multicenter prospective study was conducted between December 2015 and September 2016. Patients with at least 12-months of follow-up after RRP were included; these were evaluated with uroflowmetry and the IPSS.
Results A total of 90 patients were included. The mean follow-up was of 54.6 months (standard deviation [SD] = 27.52), and the mean age was 65 (SD = 6.85) years old. The mean IPSS was 7.41 (SD = 6.29), with 33.3% (n = 54) of the patients with moderate symptoms and 6.7% (n = 6) with severe symptoms. A total of 50% (n = 45) of the patients had normal uroflowmetry. Patients with an abnormal/equivocal result in the uroflowmetry had a mean of 9.31 (SD = 7.03) points in the IPSS versus 5.51 (SD = 4.82) in patients with a normal uroflowmetry result (p < 0.01). The level of agreement between mild versus moderate-to-severe LUTS and normal uroflowmetry versus abnormal/equivocal was 61.1% (k = 0.22, p = 0.04). We found that a score ≥ 10 in the IPSS had a level of agreement of 65.6% (k = 0.31, p = 0.0004).
Conclusions We consider that although the IPSS cannot replace uroflowmetry and vice versa, these tests are complementary and may be useful tools in the evaluation of patients with LUTS after RRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Torres
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Angie Puerto
- Department of Urology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá and Universidad de los Andes School of Medicine, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Miguel Acuña
- Department of Urology, Fundación Cardioinfantil, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Juan Sánchez
- Department of Urology, Fundación Cardioinfantil, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Olga Bejarano
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Paula Peña
- Department of Urology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Juan Guillermo Cataño
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia
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Onofre J, Pacheco S, Torres-Quintero MC, Gill SS, Soberon M, Bravo A. The Cyt1Aa toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis inserts into target membranes via different mechanisms in insects, red blood cells, and lipid liposomes. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9606-9617. [PMID: 32444494 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis produces crystal inclusions composed of three-domain Cry proteins and cytolytic Cyt toxins, which are toxic to different mosquito larvae. A key component is the Cyt toxin, which synergizes the activity of the other Cry toxins, thereby resulting in high toxicity. The precise mechanism of action of Cyt toxins is still debated, and two models have been proposed: the pore formation model and the detergent effect. Here, we performed a systematic structural characterization of the Cyt toxin interaction with different membranes, including in Aedes aegypti larval brush border membrane vesicles, small unilamellar vesicle liposomes, and rabbit erythrocytes. We examined Cyt1Aa insertion into these membranes by analyzing fluorescence quenching in solution and in the membrane-bound state. For this purpose, we constructed several Cyt1Aa variants having substitutions with a single cysteine residue in different secondary structures, enabling Cys labeling with Alexa Fluor 488 for quenching analysis using I-soluble quencher in solution and in the membrane-bound state. We identified the Cyt1Aa residues exposed to the solvent upon membrane insertion, predicting a possible topology of the membrane-inserted toxin in the different membranes. Moreover, toxicity assays with these variants revealed that Cyt1Aa exerts its insecticidal activity and hemolysis through different mechanisms. We found that Cyt1Aa exhibits variable interactions with each membrane system, with deeper insertion into mosquito larva membranes, supporting the pore formation model, whereas in the case of erythrocytes and small unilamellar vesicles, Cyt1Aa's insertion was more superficial, supporting the notion that a detergent effect underlies its hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette Onofre
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Sabino Pacheco
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Mary Carmen Torres-Quintero
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Sarjeet S Gill
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Mario Soberon
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Barrientos RE, Simirgiotis MJ, Palacios J, Paredes A, Bórquez J, Bravo A, Cifuentes F. Chemical Fingerprinting, Isolation and Characterization of Polyphenol Compounds from Heliotropium taltalense (Phil.) I.M. Johnst and Its Endothelium-Dependent Vascular Relaxation Effect in Rat Aorta. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143105. [PMID: 32650373 PMCID: PMC7397318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heliotropium taltalense is an endemic species of the northern coast of Chile and is used as folk medicine. The polyphenolic composition of the methanolic and aqueous extract of the endemic Chilean species was investigated using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Heated Electrospray Ionization and Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-HESI-MS). Fifty-three compounds were detected, mainly derivatives of benzoic acid, flavonoids, and some phenolic acids. Furthermore, five major compounds were isolated by column chromatography from the extract, including four flavonoids and one geranyl benzoic acid derivative, which showed vascular relaxation and were in part responsible for the activity of the extracts. Since aqueous extract of H. taltalense (83% ± 9%, 100 μg/mL) produced vascular relaxation through an endothelium-dependent mechanism in rat aorta, and the compounds rhamnocitrin (89% ± 7%; 10−4 M) and sakuranetin (80% ± 6%; 10−4 M) also caused vascular relaxation similar to the extracts of H. taltalense, these pure compounds are, to some extent, responsible for the vascular relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E. Barrientos
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Mario J. Simirgiotis
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
- Correspondence: or (M.J.S.); (J.P.); Tel.: +56-63-63233257 (M.J.S.); +56-57-2526910 (J.P.)
| | - Javier Palacios
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1110939, Chile
- Correspondence: or (M.J.S.); (J.P.); Tel.: +56-63-63233257 (M.J.S.); +56-57-2526910 (J.P.)
| | - Adrián Paredes
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Casilla 170, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile; (A.P.); (J.B.)
| | - Jorge Bórquez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Casilla 170, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile; (A.P.); (J.B.)
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Experimental (EPhyL), Instituto Antofagasta (IA), Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile; (A.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Fredi Cifuentes
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Experimental (EPhyL), Instituto Antofagasta (IA), Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile; (A.B.); (F.C.)
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Oñate H, Bravo A, Arancibia C, Bustos P, Cabrera K. Association between chronic periodontitis and herpes viruses: A review of the literature. J Oral Res 2020. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2020.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This research aims to analyze the available spe-cialized literature concerning the association between Herpesviruses [Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), Herpes Simplex virus (HSV)] and chronic periodontitis to clarify the possible role of these microorganisms in the progression and severity of the disease. Materials and Methods: A search for scientific articles was carried out in March 2019 in the main metasearch engines: PubMed /MEDLINE, SciELO, EBSCO, and the Trip search engine, to select articles according to the exclusion and inclusion criteria. The analysis of the articles was carried out through a data matrix expressed in frequency tables using descriptive statistics with measures of central tendency, dispersion, and correlation. Results: The results of this study show that the presence of CMV, EBV, and HSV in patients with chronic periodontitis is related to an increase in clinical parameters such as probing pocket depth (PD), clinical insertion loss (CIL) and bleeding on probing (BOP), in 96%, 60% and 40% of the studies, respectively, for HCMV; 96.55% (PD), 51.72% (CIL), and 48.28% (BOP) for EBV, and 80% (PD), 90% (CIL), and 60% (BOP) for HSV. The average prevalence of EBV, HCMV, and HSV was 46.3%, 35.4%, and 40.1%, respectively. Conclusions: EBV, CMV, and HSV could be associated with the progression and severity of periodontal disease as they are related to a greater probing depth, greater clinical insertion loss, and greater bleeding on probing. EBV presented a higher prevalence in the reviewed literature. More clinical studies are needed to verify a direct relationship between EBV, HSV, CMV, and periodontal disease, to confirm the trends observed in this work.
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Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Dong Z, Xie C, Bravo A, Soberón M, Mahillon J, Sun M, Peng D. The CRISPR-Cas systems were selectively inactivated during evolution of Bacillus cereus group for adaptation to diverse environments. ISME J 2020; 14:1479-1493. [PMID: 32132663 PMCID: PMC7242445 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas systems are considered as barriers to horizontal gene transfer (HGT). However, the influence of such systems on HGT within species is unclear. Also, little is known about the impact of CRISPR-Cas systems on bacterial evolution at the population level. Here, using Bacillus cereus sensu lato as model, we investigate the interplay between CRISPR-Cas systems and HGT at the population scale. We found that only a small fraction of the strains have CRISPR-Cas systems (13.9% of 1871), and most of such systems are defective based on their gene content analysis. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the CRISPR-Cas systems are barriers to HGT within this group, since strains harboring active systems contain less mobile genetic elements (MGEs), have lower fraction of unique genes and also display limited environmental distributions than strains without active CRISPR-Cas systems. The introduction of a functional CRISPR-Cas system into a strain lacking the system resulted in reduced adaptability to various stresses and decreased pathogenicity of the transformant strain, indicating that B. cereus group strains could benefit from inactivating such systems. Our work provides a large-scale case to support that the CRISPR-Cas systems are barriers to HGT within species, and that in the B. cereus group the inactivation of CRISPR-Cas systems correlated with acquisition of MGEs that could result in better adaptation to diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaoxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chuanshuai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 2 - L7.05.12, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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Anaya P, Onofre J, Torres-Quintero MC, Sánchez J, Gill SS, Bravo A, Soberón M. Oligomerization is a key step for Bacillus thuringiensis Cyt1Aa insecticidal activity but not for toxicity against red blood cells. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 119:103317. [PMID: 31978588 PMCID: PMC7245338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cyt1Aa toxin shows toxicity to mosquitoes, to certain coleopteran pests and also to red blood cells (RBC). However, its mode of action in the different target cells is not well defined. This protein is a single α-β domain pore-forming toxin, where a β sheet is wrapped by two α-helices layers. The Cyt1Aa α-helix hairpin in the N-terminal has been proposed to be involved in initial membrane binding and oligomerization, while the β sheet inserts into the membrane to form a pore that lyze the cells. To determine the role of the N-terminal α-helix hairpin region of Cyt1Aa in its mode of action, we characterized different single point mutations located in helices α-1 and α-2. Eight cysteine substitutions in different residues were produced in Bt, and we found that three of them: Cyt1AaA65C, Cyt1AaL85C and Cyt1AaN89C, lost insecticidal toxicity against Aedes aegypti larvae but retained similar or increased hemolytic activity towards rabbit RBC. Analysis of toxin binding and oligomerization using Ae. aegypti midgut brush border membrane vesicles showed that the three Cyt1Aa mutants non-toxic to Ae. aegypti were affected in oligomerization. However, these mutants were still hemolytic. Our data shows that oligomerization of Cyt1Aa toxin is essential for its toxicity to Ae. aegypti but not for its toxicity against RBC indicating that the mode of action of Cyt1Aa is different in these distinct target membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Anaya
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62250, Mexico
| | - Janette Onofre
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62250, Mexico
| | - Mary Carmen Torres-Quintero
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62250, Mexico
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62250, Mexico
| | - Sarjeet S Gill
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62250, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62250, Mexico.
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Wei W, Pan S, Ma Y, Xiao Y, Yang Y, He S, Bravo A, Soberón M, Liu K. GATAe transcription factor is involved in Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin receptor gene expression inducing toxin susceptibility. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 118:103306. [PMID: 31843687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The insecticidal Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are powerful tools for insect control. Cry toxin receptors such as cadherin (CAD), ABCC2 transporter and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), located on insect midgut cells, are needed for Cry toxicity. Although insect cell lines are useful experimental models for elucidating toxin action mechanism, most of them show low expression of Cry-receptors genes. The GATA transcription factor family plays important roles in regulating development and differentiation of intestine stem cells. Here, we investigated whether GATAs transcription factors are involved in the expression of Cry1Ac-receptors genes, using multiple insect cell lines. Four GATA genes were identified in the transcriptome of the midgut tissue from the lepidopteran larvae Helicoverpa armigera. These HaGATA genes were transiently expressed in three lepidopteran cell lines, Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9, H. armigera QB-Ha-E5 and Trichoplusia ni Hi5. Analysis of transcription activity using transcriptional gene-fusions showed that only H. armigera GATAe (HaGATAe) significantly increased the transcription of CAD, ABCC2 and ALP receptors genes in all insect cell lines. Key DNA regions for HaGATAe regulation were identified in the promoter sequence of these Cry-receptors genes by using promoter deletion mapping. The transient expression of HaGATAe in these cell lines, conferred sensitivity to Cry1Ac toxin, although in Hi5 cells the susceptibility to Cry1Ac was lower than in other two cell lines. High sensitivity to Cry1Ac correlated with simultaneous transcription of ABCC2 and CAD genes in Sf9 and QB-Ha-E5 cells. Our results reveal that HaGATAe enhances transcription of several lepidopteran Cry1Ac receptor genes in cultured insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuang Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuemin Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yongbo Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sijia He
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Perez J, Chavarriaga J, Peña P, Ramos G, Torres L, Bravo A, Orrego P, Fernandez N. Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder in Pediatric Patients: Where Do We Stand? Rev Urol 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCCB) is uncommon in the pediatric population, and its etiology, natural history and epigenetics remain poorly understood. We aim to describe six cases of TCCB in pediatric patients and discuss the state of the art in the management and follow-up of the patients with this uncommon early presentation.
Methods The clinicopathological data of 6 patients with TCCB who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) were obtained from our institutional database. The patient data were collected retrospectively. A review of the literature was performed, and the most relevant and trending data were analyzed.
Results A total of 6 patients (4 female, 2 male) were treated at our institution between 2004 and 2019. The mean age of the sample was 12 years, and the presenting symptoms were macroscopic hematuria (3 cases), suprapubic pain (2 cases), and 1 case was an incidental finding during pelvic ultrasonography. The long-term follow-up (median follow-up of 61 months) did not reveal recurrence.
Conclusion Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder rarely presents in the pediatric population. Genetic and epigenetic anomalies have been proposed as causes, as well as carcinogenic exposure. The reported cases tend to have a good prognosis, and most are non-invasive at the diagnosis. Follow-up protocols are still lacking, as well as molecular insights on tumor development and prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Perez
- Division of Urology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Urology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julián Chavarriaga
- Division of Urology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paula Peña
- Division of Urology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Ramos
- Division of Urology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Division of Urology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lynda Torres
- Division of Urology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Department of Urology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paola Orrego
- Division of Urology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolás Fernandez
- Division of Urology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Urology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia
- Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), University of Toronto, Canada
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Shabbir MZ, Zhang T, Prabu S, Wang Y, Wang Z, Bravo A, Soberón M, He K. Identification of Cry1Ah-binding proteins through pull down and gene expression analysis in Cry1Ah-resistant and susceptible strains of Ostrinia furnacalis. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 163:200-208. [PMID: 31973858 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis produces insecticidal Cry toxins used in the control of multiple insect pests. Evolution of insect resistance to Bt toxins endangers the use of Cry toxins for pest control. Analysis of the Cry1Ah-binding proteins from brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) of Ostrinia furnacalis, Asian corn borer (ACB) from the Cry1Ah-resistant (ACB-AhR) and susceptible (ACB-BtS) strains was performed by an improved pull down assay that includes coupling Cry1Ah to NHS-activated Sepharose combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Our data show that Cry1Ah bound to alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cadherin-like (CAD), actin, aminopeptidase-N (APN), prophenoloxidase (proPO), serine proteinase inhibitor (SPI), immulectin, and V-ATPase and to other proteins that were not previously characterized as Cry-binding proteins in ACB-BtS strain. Analysis of Cry1Ah-pulled down proteins of the BBMV from ACB-AhR revealed that Cry1Ah toxin did not bind to ALP in ACB-AhR strain, suggesting that this protein may correlate with the resistant phenotype of this strain. Additionally, we analyzed the expression of representative genes coding for Cry1Ah-binding proteins such as ALP, APN, CAD, proPO, SPI, and immulectin by qRT-PCR. ACB-AhR showed increased expression levels of proPO (7.5 fold), ALP (6.2 fold) and APN (1.4 fold) in comparison to ACB-BtS strain. In contrast, the cad gene showed slight decreased expression in ACB-AhR strain (0.7 fold) compared with ACB-BtS strain. Our data suggest that differences in the susceptibility to Cry1Ah toxin in the ACB-AhR strain may be associated with reduced ALP binding sites and with an increased immune response. This study also brings evidence of a possible binding interaction of Cry1Ah toxin to immune related proteins like proPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zeeshan Shabbir
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Sivaprasath Prabu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Guo Z, Gong L, Kang S, Zhou J, Sun D, Qin J, Guo L, Zhu L, Bai Y, Bravo A, Soberón M, Zhang Y. Comprehensive analysis of Cry1Ac protoxin activation mediated by midgut proteases in susceptible and resistant Plutella xylostella (L.). Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 163:23-30. [PMID: 31973862 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insecticidal Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been widely used to control agricultural pests in both foliage sprays and transgenic crops. Nevertheless, rapid evolution of insect resistance to Cry toxins requires elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in Cry resistance. Two proposed models have been described to explain the toxicity of Cry proteins, the classic model states that Cry protoxin is activated by midgut proteases resulting in activated toxin that binds to receptors and forms a pore in the midgut cells triggering larval death, and the newly proposed dual model of the mode of action of Bt Cry toxins states that protoxin and activated toxins may have different mechanisms of action since several resistant strains to activated Cry toxins are still susceptible to the same Cry-protoxin. Protoxin activation by midgut proteases is a key step in both models. Herein, we evaluated Cry1Ac protoxin activation in a susceptible Plutella xylostella (L.) strain (DBM1Ac-S) and in the near-isogenic strain (NIL-R) with high field-evolved Cry1Ac resistance. Previous work showed that Cry1Ac resistance in NIL-R correlates with reduced binding to midgut receptors due to enhanced MAPK signaling pathway and down regulation of ABCC2 receptor. However, reduced midgut trypsin levels and altered midgut protease gene transcription were also observed in the Cry1Ac-resistant field isolated strain that is parent of the NIL-R strain. Therefore, we analyzed the midgut protease activities in both DBM1Ac-S and NIL-R strains. Detection of enzymatic activities showed that caseinolytic protease, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were not significantly different between the susceptible and resistant strains. Furthermore, treatment with different trypsin or chymotrypsin inhibitors, such as Nα-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) or Np-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) did not affect the susceptibility to Cry1Ac protoxin of the DBM1Ac-S and NIL-R larvae. Bioassay results indicated that the NIL-R larvae showed similar resistant levels to both Cry1Ac protoxin and trypsin-activated toxin. Taken together, our results demonstrated that high-level field-evolved Cry1Ac resistance in the NIL-R strain is independent of Cry1Ac protoxin activation and the specific protoxin mechanism of action. This discovery will strengthen our comprehensive understanding of the complex mechanistic basis of Bt resistance in different insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Lijun Gong
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shi Kang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junlei Zhou
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianying Qin
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Le Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liuhong Zhu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Gong L, Kang S, Zhou J, Sun D, Guo L, Qin J, Zhu L, Bai Y, Ye F, Akami M, Wu Q, Wang S, Xu B, Yang Z, Bravo A, Soberón M, Guo Z, Wen L, Zhang Y. Reduced Expression of a Novel Midgut Trypsin Gene Involved in Protoxin Activation Correlates with Cry1Ac Resistance in a Laboratory-Selected Strain of Plutella xylostella (L.). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020076. [PMID: 31979385 PMCID: PMC7076802 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produce diverse insecticidal proteins to kill insect pests. Nevertheless, evolution of resistance to Bt toxins hampers the sustainable use of this technology. Previously, we identified down-regulation of a trypsin-like serine protease gene PxTryp_SPc1 in the midgut transcriptome and RNA-Seq data of a laboratory-selected Cry1Ac-resistant Plutella xylostella strain, SZ-R. We show here that reduced PxTryp_SPc1 expression significantly reduced caseinolytic and trypsin protease activities affecting Cry1Ac protoxin activation, thereby conferring higher resistance to Cry1Ac protoxin than activated toxin in SZ-R strain. Herein, the full-length cDNA sequence of PxTryp_SPc1 gene was cloned, and we found that it was mainly expressed in midgut tissue in all larval instars. Subsequently, we confirmed that the PxTryp_SPc1 gene was significantly decreased in SZ-R larval midgut and was further reduced when selected with high dose of Cry1Ac protoxin. Moreover, down-regulation of the PxTryp_SPc1 gene was genetically linked to resistance to Cry1Ac in the SZ-R strain. Finally, RNAi-mediated silencing of PxTryp_SPc1 gene expression decreased larval susceptibility to Cry1Ac protoxin in the susceptible DBM1Ac-S strain, supporting that low expression of PxTryp_SPc1 gene is involved in Cry1Ac resistance in P. xylostella. These findings contribute to understanding the role of midgut proteases in the mechanisms underlying insect resistance to Bt toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Gong
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China; (L.G.); (L.G.); (F.Y.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
| | - Shi Kang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
| | - Junlei Zhou
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
| | - Le Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China; (L.G.); (L.G.); (F.Y.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
| | - Jianying Qin
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
| | - Liuhong Zhu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
| | - Fan Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China; (L.G.); (L.G.); (F.Y.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
| | - Mazarin Akami
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
| | - Baoyun Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
| | - Zhongxia Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China; (L.G.); (L.G.); (F.Y.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico; (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico; (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
- Correspondence: (Z.G.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-82109518 (Z.G.); +86-0731-84618163 (L.W.); +86-10-62152945 (Y.Z.)
| | - Lizhang Wen
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China; (L.G.); (L.G.); (F.Y.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Z.G.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-82109518 (Z.G.); +86-0731-84618163 (L.W.); +86-10-62152945 (Y.Z.)
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.K.); (J.Z.); (D.S.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.A.); (Q.W.); (S.W.); (B.X.)
- Correspondence: (Z.G.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-82109518 (Z.G.); +86-0731-84618163 (L.W.); +86-10-62152945 (Y.Z.)
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