Up-regulation of hepatic LDL receptor gene expression by monatepil, a novel calcium antagonist, in high cholesterol diet-fed Japanese monkeys

The action of the novel antihypertensive calcium antagonist monatepil on the hepatic LDL receptor was investigated at the gene expression level to clarify the mechanism of its hypolipidemic effect. In cholesterol-fed control monkeys, the LDL receptor mRNA level decreased to approximately 30% of that in the normal diet-fed monkeys. However, the administration of monatepil increased LDL receptor mRNA to normal levels (three- to fourfold stimulation). It is suggested that monatepil raises the number of LDL receptors in liver tissue and that this increase may accelerate the removal of plasma LDL. Treatment with prazosin, an alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, also increased the LDL receptor mRNA level, but this restorative effect was much weaker than that of monatepil, suggesting that mechanisms additional to its alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking activity are involved in the hypolipidemic effect of monatepil.

[Severe thrombocytopenia during interferon-alpha therapy for chronic active hepatitis C associated with systemic lupus erythematosus]

We herein report a case of chronic active hepatitis C which developed a severe thrombocytopenia during an interferon therapy. The case is a 34 year-old-female, who admitted for the inactive stage systemic lupus erythematosus based on the laboratory findings and the episodes of polyarthralgia. HCV-RNA was positive and the Ristology of the liver biopsy specimen showed the feature of chronic active hepatitis. Under the diagnosis of C type chronic active hepatitis, the natural interferon-alfa therapy was started. After administering the total dose of 366M units of the interferon, purpura developed and the total blood counts revealed pancytopenia, especially severe thrombocytopenia. However, by administering packed red blood cells, platelets and prednisolone, the pancytopenia promptly recovered. Involvement of an immunological mechanism is considered as a cause of the pancytopenia. However, anti-platelet antibody and platelet-associated antibody were both negative and the bone marrow tap revealed a hypoplastic marrow. Therefore, cytotoxic cytokines induced by the interferon was considered to be a factor which caused the pancytopenia in this patient.

Radioimmunoassay for DS-4574, an antiallergic agent: development, evaluation, and application to human plasma samples

A sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for DS-4574, an antiallergic drug, in plasma has been developed. As the three major metabolites have a hydroxyl group on the cyclohexyl ring, the triazole ring in the terminal part of molecule was attached to ovalbumin with a spacer of beta-chloropropionic acid succinimido ester to prepare an immunogen. Anti-DS-4574 antisera was obtained in rabbits immunized with the immunogen emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. The detection limit of the present RIA method was 1 mg/mL of plasma, which was 100-fold more sensitive than the HPLC method developed previously. Cross-reactivities with three major metabolites were less than 3%. The precision of the assay based on triplicate samples showed intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variations of less than 5% and 4%, respectively. This RIA method was applied to plasma samples of six volunteers who had received a single oral 10 mg dose of DS-4574. Plasma concentrations increased rapidly and reached 60 ng/mL at 0.5 h after administration. The concentration decreased to near the detection limit at 4 h postdose. The present RIA method was shown to possess adequate sensitivity to evaluate pharmacokinetic properties of the drug for clinical study, which was not possible by the HPLC method.

Effects of benidipine on renal function in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats

Effects of benidipine on urine volume, excretion of electrolytes and renal hemodynamics were investigated in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Benidipine at 3 and 10 micrograms/kg (i.v.) significantly increased urine volume, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) excretion with no change of creatinine clearance (CCRE). The increase in K excretion was relatively slight when compared with that in Na excretion. In another series of experiments, the tubular sites of action of benidipine were determined by the lithium clearance (CLi) technique and the stop-flow method. Benidipine at 3 micrograms/kg (i.v.) increased CLi, decreased creatinine concentration and increased Na concentration in the stop-flow urine from the distal nephron. These results suggest that benidipine produces diuresis and natriuresis by the inhibition of water and Na reabsorption at both the proximal tubule and the distal nephron. Benidipine increased p-aminohippuric acid clearance, but not CCRE, at doses of 3 and 10 micrograms/kg (i.v.), suggesting that benidipine dilates the glomerular efferent arteriole as well as the afferent arteriole. It is, therefore, expected that benidipine does not cause intraglomerular hypertension and has a beneficial effect in progressive renal disease.

[Clinical effects and safety of granisetron administration against CDDP chemotherapy in lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group]

Granisetron (3 mg/body) was administered immediately before single CDDP administration (80 mg/m2 or more) to 53 patients with lung cancer. This chemotherapy was performed a total of 73 times. Concerning Grade 2 or 3 nausea and vomiting, good conditions were observed on day 1 (day of treatment), most marked aggravation on day 2, and initiation of improvement on day 4. Vomiting was slight on day 1, most aggravated on day 2, but began to improve on day 3; good results were generally observed thereafter. Decreased appetite was slight on day 1, but was most aggravated on day 3 and 4; its recovery was delayed even until day 7. In the treatment for delayed emesis, comparison was made among the group treated with granisetron alone who did not require treatment for delayed emesis, the group with delayed emesis treated with granisetron, and the group with delayed emesis treated with drugs other than granisetron. Slightly better results were observed in terms of nausea, vomiting, and the frequency of vomiting in the group treated with granisetron alone on days 2 and 3. However, no significant difference was observed in decreased appetite among the 3 groups. Granisetron had no side effects and was safe. It inhibited vomiting, but measures to improve decreased appetite are needed.

Angiotropic B-cell lymphoma with hemophagocytic syndrome

A unique autopsy case of angiotropic lymphoma, which is a rare lymphoma characterized by the lymphoma cells confined in blood vessels and with a minimal involvement of lymph nodes, is presented. The clinical diagnosis was a malignant histiocytosis (histiocytic medullary reticulosis), since clinical manifestations were muscle weakness of the extremities, pancytopenia, fever and hepatosplenonephromegaly, and biopsy exhibited infiltration by histiocytic cells showing hemophagocytosis in the liver sinusoids and the bone marrow, the latter with myelofibrosis. Postmortem examination revealed lymphoma cell proliferation within small blood vessels of the kidneys, perineural tissue of extremities and lungs. Lymph nodes were not involved. In the liver, spleen and bone marrow, prominent infiltration of benign histiocytic cells with active hemophagocytosis was evident but there was no lymphoma cell infiltration. No viral infection, including Epstein-Barr (EBV), was demonstrable either serologically or immunohistochemically. Autopsy diagnosis was angiotropic lymphoma of B-cell origin (immunophenotypically CD 45+, CD 20-related+, CD 45R+, CD 45 RO-, CD 43-, CD 57-, CD 30-, CD 68-) accompanied by hemophagocytic syndrome clinicopathologically simulating malignant histiocytosis.

Analysis of gene amplification and overexpression in human esophageal-carcinoma cell lines

Gene amplification/overexpression was analyzed in 23 cell lines derived from human esophageal squamous-cell-carcinoma tissues by Southern and Northern hybridizations to c-myc, c-erbB, hst-1 and cyclin-D1 probes. Amplification of the c-myc gene was observed in 5 cell lines derived from well-differentiated carcinomas and all of them were accompanied by co-amplification of other examined oncogenes. The c-erbB gene was amplified in 3 cell lines. Co-amplification of hst-1 and cyclin D1, both of which are located in chromosome 11q13, was found in 9 cell lines. Without exception their amplification was simultaneous and the magnitudes were similar. Their amplification, but not their overexpression, was significantly correlated with poor prognosis in patients from whom the cell lines were established. While hst-1-gene expression was not detected, at least 1 of the genes analyzed was overexpressed in 20 cell lines vs. its expression in normal esophageal mucosal tissues. However, gene amplification was not necessarily accompanied by overexpression of the corresponding genes. Expression of the cyclin D1 gene, which has been assumed to be a target gene for 11q13 amplification, was not detected in one particular cell line with amplification of 11q13. These results suggest that the amplification/overexpression of more than I oncogene is involved in the carcinogenic process of esophageal carcinoma and that c-myc-gene amplification is associated with a well-differentiated subtype. There remains a possibility that key oncogenes other than cyclin D1 are involved in 11q13 amplification.

The retinoblastoma binding factor 1 (RBF-1) site in RB gene promoter binds preferentially E4TF1, a member of the Ets transcription factors family

The tumor suppressor retinoblastoma gene product, pRB, is a well known regulator of G1/S cell cycle progression. Moreover, mutational inactivations within the retinoblastoma gene (RB) are found in many human malignant tumors, and thus, believed to be an essential step in tumor formation. The human RB gene is considered as a housekeeping gene with no characteristic TATA or CAAT elements in its promoter region, but the sequence between 206 and 185 bases upstream of the initiation codon, essential for RB promoter activity, contains putative Sp1 and ATF recognition sites. We have previously reported that point mutations in this region, causing low penetrance retinoblastomas, completely reduced RB promoter activity, and that a nuclear factor, named RBF-1 (retinoblastoma binding factor 1), could specifically bind to this sequence, overlapping Sp1 recognition sequence. We show here, that RBF-1 can recognize a specific DNA sequence, 5'-GGCGGAAGT-3', overlapping the Sp1 and ATF sites and corresponding to the consensus DNA binding site for members of Ets transcription factors family. When RBF-1 site was used for sequence specific DNA affinity purification from erythroleukemia cells, reconstitution assays, immunoblotting analysis and peptide mapping show that the two major co-purified proteins are identical to human E4TF1-60 and -53 proteins. This reveals that E4TF1 can bind to the RBF-1 site of RB gene promoter, which, thus, constitutes a new target for this member of Ets transcription factors family.

Purification and primary structure of a new guanylic acid specific ribonuclease from Pleurotus ostreatus

A guanine nucleotide-specific RNase (RNase Po1) was isolated from caps of the fruit bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus. RNase Po1 is most active towards RNA at pH 8.0. The effect of heating on the molar ellipticity at 210 nm of RNase Po1 showed that RNase Po1 is more stable than RNase T1. The primary structure of RNase Po1 was determined to be < ETGVRSCNCAGRSFTGTDVTNAIRSARAGGSGNYPHVYNNFEGFSFSCTPTFFEFPVFRGSVYSGGSPG ADRVIYD- QSGRFCACLTHTGAPSTNGFVECRF. It consisted of 101 amino acid residues, with a molecular weight of 10,760. RNase Po1 has relatively higher sequence homology with RNase T1 family RNase. It contains 6 half cystine residues. The locations of four of them are superimposable on those of RNase U1 and RNase U2. The amino acid residues forming the active site of RNase T1 were well conserved in this RNase. Therefore, RNase Po1 is a unique member of the RNase T1 family in respect of the location of one disulfide bridge, and its stability.

Synthesis and antitumor activities of novel 6-5 fused ring heterocycle antifolates: N-[4-[omega-(2-amino-4-substituted-6,7-dihydrocyclopenta [d]pyrimidin-5-yl)alkyl]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acids

Novel antifolates with a 6-5 fused ring system, 6,7-dihydrocyclopenta [d]pyrimidine, (3a,b and 4a,b) were synthesized on the basis of combined modification of the heterocycle and bridge regions of the folate molecule. The synthetic method involves (1) synthesis of key intermediates of tert-butyl 4-[omega-(2-substituted-3-oxocyclopentanyl) alkyl]benzoates (8a,b and 9a,b) by a carbon-carbon radical coupling of tert-butyl 4-(omega-iodoalkyl)benzoates (7a,b) with 2-substituted-2-cyclopenten-1-ones (5 and 6) utilizing tributyltin hydride, (2) cyclization of either the methyl enol-ethers derived from the 2-cyanocyclopentanones (8a,b) or the 2-(methoxycarbonyl)cyclopentanones (9a,b) themselves by treatment with guanidine which leads to 6,7-dihydrocyclopenta [d]pyrimidines with a 4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)phenylalkyl group (11a,b and 14a,b), (3) deprotection to the corresponding carboxylic acids (12a,b and 15a,b), and (4) amidation with diethyl glutamate and deesterification. Potent dihydrofolate reductase inhibition and highly potent cell growth inhibition were found with 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-fused cyclopentene compounds containing the trimethylene (3a) or ethylene bridge (3b) but not with the corresponding 2-amino-4-hydroxy analogs (4a,b). Compounds 3a and 3b were more growth inhibitory to several tumor cell lines (P388, colon 26, colon 38, and KB) than was methotrexate, with 3a being the most potent. Both 3a and 3b gave increases in the lifespan of P388 leukemic mice comparable to that observed with MTX. Both compounds were therapeutic against colon 26 colorectal carcinoma in mice. Compound 3a was highly effective against LC-6 non-small cell lung carcinoma in nude mice.

Cloning of a cDNA encoding a mouse homolog of the interleukin-8 receptor

A mouse cDNA library was screened using a DNA fragment generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with oligodeoxyribonucleotide primers which were derived from the conserved sequences in cDNAs encoding the human and rabbit interleukin-8 receptors (hIL-8R and rIL-8R). A novel cDNA was obtained encoding 359 amino acids (aa) with seven putative transmembrane portions similar to hIL-8R and rIL-8R. Its aa sequence shows 64 and 69% homology to those of type-1 and type-2 hIL-8R, respectively. COS-7 cells transfected with the isolated cDNA in a mammalian expression vector bind IL-8, but do not bind a related protein, monocyte chemotactic and activating factor, suggesting that the isolated cDNA encodes the mouse homolog of IL-8R. Northern blot analysis showed that mRNA of this clone was highly expressed in mouse peritoneal neutrophils, and the single band was observed in Southern blotting analysis on mouse genomic DNA digested with HindIII or KpnI, suggesting that this is a single-copy gene.

Novel 6,5-fused ring heterocyclic antifolates: biochemical and biological characterization

Six novel antifolates with 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-fused five-membered rings containing either pyrrole or cyclopentene rings were characterized at the cellular and biochemical level. Five of these antifolates were more growth inhibitory to the CCRF-CEM human leukemia cell line than methotrexate [MTX; drug concentration effective at inhibiting cell growth by 50% relative to untreated control (EC50), 12 nM], the antifolate used in the clinic, and two were more potent than 10-ethyl-10-deazaaminopterin (EC50, 2.7 nM); similar patterns of response were obtained in the FaDu and A253 squamous carcinoma cell lines. In addition, the growth inhibitory potency of these antifolates was generally less dependent on exposure time than was MTX. Growth inhibitory effects could be reversed by leucovorin, indicating an antifolate mechanism. These antifolates targeted dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) based on direct human DHFR inhibition assays [drug concentration inhibiting enzyme activity by 50% (IC50), 0.6-28 nM; MTX IC50, 0.8 nM] and the cross-resistance of MTX-resistant CCRF-CEM cells containing elevated DHFR. Inhibition of human thymidylate synthase was generally weak. These 6,5-fused ring heterocyclic antifolates utilized the reduced folate/MTX transporter for uptake, based on the cross-resistance of MTX uptake-impaired CCRF-CEM cells, and were efficient substrates for this uptake system, based on inhibition of [3H]MTX uptake (IC50, 0.3-5.8 microM; aminopterin IC50, 2.6 microM). These analogues were substrates for CCRF-CEM folylpolyglutamate synthetase, with several being among the most active substrates now known (highest Vrel/Km 0.73; MTX and 10-ethyl-10-deazaaminopterin, 0.013 and 0.24, respectively). Substrate activity for murine intestinal folylpolyglutamate synthetase was also assayed, and a different specificity pattern was observed. These new antifolates are apparently not substrates for aldehyde oxidase. Analogues containing the fused cyclopentene ring are preferred to those containing the fused pyrrole ring based on growth inhibitory potency, effectiveness against decreased uptake mutants and apparent affinity for transport, and inhibition of DHFR. In addition, fused cyclopentene-containing analogues are efficiently polyglutamylated. The data indicate that antifolates with 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-fused five-membered rings, especially those containing the fused cyclopentene ring, are an important new class of antifolates which warrant further exploration at the synthetic and preclinical levels.

Intracellular-free magnesium in the smooth muscle of guinea pig taenia caeci: a concomitant analysis for magnesium and pH upon sodium removal

This study is concerned with the regulation of intracellular-free Mg2+ concentration ([Mg2+]i) in the smooth muscle of guinea pig taenia caeci. To assess an interaction of Ca2+ on the Na(+)-dependent Mg(2+)-extrusion mechanism (Na(+)-Mg2+ exchange), effects of Na+ removal (N-methyl-D-glucamine substitution) were examined in Ca(2+)-containing solutions. As changes in pHi in Na(+)-free solutions perturb estimation of [Mg2+]i using the single chemical shift only of the beta-ATP peak in 31P NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectra, [Mg2+]i and pHi were concomitantly estimated from the chemical shifts of the gamma- and beta-peaks. When extracellular Na+ was substituted with N-methyl-D-glucamine, [Mg2+]i was reversibly increased. This increase in [Mg2+]i was eliminated in Mg(2+)-free solutions and enhanced in excess Mg2+ solutions. ATP content fluctuated little during removal and readmission of Na+, indicating that [Mg2+]i changes were not induced by Mg2+ release from ATP, and that Mg(2+)-extruding system would not be inhibited by fuel restriction. A slow acidification in Na(+)-free solutions and transient alkalosis by a readmission of Na+ were observed regardless of the extracellular Mg2+ concentration. When the extracellular Ca2+ concentration was increased from normal (2.4 mM) to 12 mM, only a marginal increase in [Mg2+]i was caused by Na+ removal, whereas a similar slow acidosis was observed, indicating that extracellular Ca2+ inhibits Mg2+ entry, and that the increase in [Mg2+]i is negligible through competition between Mg2+ and Ca2+ in intracellular sites. These results imply that Na(+)-Mg2+ exchange is the main mechanism to maintain low [Mg2+]i even under physiological conditions.

Expression of metastasis-related nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 genes in ovarian carcinomas: correlation with clinicopathology, EGFR, c-erbB-2, and c-erbB-3 genes, and sex steroid receptor expression

To verity the role of metastasis-related nm23 genes in carcinogenesis and progression of ovarian carcinoma, we analyzed the mRNA levels of the nm23 genes of both isoforms, -H1 and -H2, together with those of the epidermal growth factor receptor, the c-erbB-2, and the c-erbB-3 genes in 45 ovarian carcinomas and 5 benign cystadenomas. Expressions of nm23 gene products/nucleoside diphosphate kinases, epidermal growth factor receptor, erbB-2 protein, and sex steroid receptor status in ovarian carcinomas were also examined by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA levels of nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 were higher in carcinoma tissues compared with benign tumors (H1, P < 0.01). The mRNA levels of c-erbB-2 and c-erbB-3 were also elevated in carcinoma tissues, and there was a positive correlation between mRNA levels of the nm23-H1 and the c-erbB-2 genes (r = 0.58; P < 0.05). Correlation of immunohistochemical staining between nucleoside diphosphate kinases and erbB-2 protein was also observed in ovarian carcinoma tissues. Sex steroid receptor positivity was related to a higher expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinases. Expression levels of the nm23 genes in ovarian carcinomas were not related to either histological subtype or local extension and peritoneal dissemination. Among stage III ovarian carcinomas, however, tumors possessing lymph node metastasis showed significantly lower nm23-H1 mRNA levels than those without nodal involvement (P < 0.05). Stage IV carcinomas also exhibited lower nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 expression levels compared with other stages (P < 0.05). These results suggest that expression of the nm23 genes, especially nm23-H1, is activated, accompanied by c-erbB-2 and c-erbB-3 overexpressions, in early stages of the carcinogenic process of ovarian carcinoma and reduction of nm23-H1 expression occurs in association with lymph nodal and/or distant metastasis.

Expression of multidrug resistance gene and localization of P-glycoprotein in human primary ovarian cancer

Resistance to chemotherapy is the major obstacle to controlling malignant tumors. To characterize multidrug resistance phenotype in human primary ovarian cancer without chemotherapy, expressions of the mdr1 gene in 52 cases of ovarian cancer (44 common epithelial, 5 nonepithelial, and 3 metastatic cancers) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction of RNA after reverse transcription. Furthermore, localization of P-glycoprotein, which is encoded by the mdr1 gene, was studied immunohistochemically. Although overall expression of the mdr1 gene was relatively low, its expression level was the highest in well-differentiated cancer tissues. Serous and mucinous adenocarcinomas showed higher levels of expression compared with clear cell and endometrioid carcinomas. P-glycoprotein was positive on luminal surfaces of lining cells of ovarian cancer and on those of inclusion cysts from which epithelial ovarian cancer is considered to develop. Thus, some ovarian cancer cases before chemotherapy are intrinsically multidrug resistant, which can be determined by mdr1 gene expression, and this phenotype should be taken into account for effective chemotherapy of ovarian epithelial carcinomas.

[A case with stereopsis following early surgery for unilateral congenital cataract]

We report a case of stereopsis following early surgery for congenital monocular cataract. The patient was a 3.75-year-old girl who underwent early surgery for congenital monocular cataract at the age of 19 weeks and received an immediate gas-permeable hard contact lens fitting and occlusion therapy consisting of daily patching the sound eye for 6 hours. During the subsequent years, patching was increased to 50% to 80% of the waking day. Three years and two months postoperatively, she showed good visual acuity of 0.7 in the operated eye and also demonstrated stereoacuity of 1200 to 1500 seconds of arc in the Lang Stereotest or the TV-Random Dot Stereo test, duplicatably. From recent reports with excellent results of stereopsis, including this, we conclude that stereopsis is obtainable in patients undergoing congenital monocular cataract extraction by the end of month 2, contact lens fitting with a good compliance, and a progressive regimen of part-time occlusive therapy not to exceed 80% of the waking time.

The effect of orally-administered retinoid on lectin binding in guinea pig keratinocytes

Retinoids influence proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells. The present paper was designed to examine the change of lectin binding in isolated keratinocytes from retinoid-treated guinea pigs. Aromatic retinoid, etretinate, in peanut oil (5 mg/kg/day) was given orally for a period of 14 days. Skin samples were obtained from animals on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after beginning the administration. Free keratinocytes were obtained by treatment with EDTA and trypsin. They were separated into 3 fractions by centrifugation on a continuous colloidal silica (Percoll) density gradient. The cells in each fraction were stained by biotinyl lectins and avidin-FITC, and the fluorescence intensity was measured by cytofluorometry. The lectins used were Concanavalin A (Con A), soybean agglutinin (SBA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA). The PNA-binding was diminished in both the intermediate and lower density fractions at 7 and 14 days. The binding of SBA was reduced in all fractions from 1 to 7 days. With Con A, RCA and DBA, no changes in intensity were found.

A pathological study of intracranial posterior circulation dissecting aneurysms with subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of three autopsied cases and review of the literature

Three autopsied cases of dissecting aneurysms with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage of the intracranial posterior circulation are reported, and the literature is reviewed to investigate the pathological characteristics and pathogenesis of this lesion. The location and pathological features of the aneurysms were different in each of the cases presented. Subadventitial hemorrhage associated with the subarachnoid hemorrhage, multiple noncontiguous intramural hemorrhages, and new vessels in and around the arterial wall were noteworthy findings in our series. All 20 reported autopsied cases of the vertebrobasilar artery have a dissection between the media and adventitia with a rupture site in the thin adventitia. Seventeen of them had disruption of the entire arterial wall, but the remaining three cases had no apparent luminal connection. The clinicopathological features of this disease are various. On the basis of the pathological investigations of these reported cases, the pathogenesis of this lesion is discussed. Intramural hemorrhage associated with dissection without luminal connection should not be disregarded as a causative factor.

Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding a LD78 receptor and putative leukocyte chemotactic peptide receptors

Several cDNA clones encoding receptors for leukocyte chemoattractants, including IL-8, C5a, N-formyl peptides (FP), and platelet-activating factor, have been isolated in the past 3 years. The primary structure of these receptors revealed that they are members of the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors containing seven transmembrane domains. In this study the polymerase chain reaction was carried out to isolate novel cDNA clones encoding human receptors of IL-8 related cytokines, chemokines, from a human monocyte cDNA library using degenerate oligonucleotide primers devised from conserved sequences among the cDNAs encoding the human receptors for IL-8, FP and C5a. Four novel cDNA clones (HM63, HM74, HM89, and HM145) in addition to cDNAs for FP and C5a receptors were isolated. All polypeptides encoded by the cloned cDNAs share common features with the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, such as seven putative hydrophobic transmembrane domains and, except for HM74, N-linked glycosylation sites near the N-terminus. The amino acid sequence identities among HM63, HM89, HM145, IL-8 receptors, FP receptor, and C5a receptor are in the range of 24-68%, higher than those of other members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Moreover, the number of amino acids between the fifth and sixth transmembrane domains, which varies within this superfamily, is the same in these receptors. Thus, three of the newly identified proteins probably belong to a 'leukocyte chemotactic peptide receptor family'. HM74 differs from the other clones with respect to the amino acid homology, suggesting that this may be the receptor for a different type of ligand. Furthermore, it was confirmed that HM145 is a functional receptor for LD78, one of the C-C chemokines, as revealed by the measurement of decrease of cAMP accumulation as well as calcium influx using stable transfectants.

Alpha 1B-adrenoceptor-mediated stimulation of Ca2+ mobilization and cAMP accumulation in isolated rat hepatocytes

Noradrenaline stimulates not only Ca2+ mobilization but also cAMP formation through activation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors in hepatocytes from mature male rats. We examined which subtype(s) of alpha 1-adrenoceptor mediate these signal transduction mechanisms. Treatment of hepatocytes with chloroethylclonidine produced a dose-dependent inhibition of noradrenaline-induced Ca2+ mobilization, involving both transient and sustained components. Chloroethylclonidine also blocked noradrenaline-induced cAMP accumulation. It was observed that prazosin was much more potent than WB4101 (2-(2,6-dimethoxy-phenoxyethyl)aminomethyl-1,4-benzodioxane) in antagonizing noradrenaline-induced Ca2+ mobilization. The same potency order was found in cAMP formation studies. Pretreatment of rats with pertussis toxin did not affect alpha 1-adrenergic responsiveness. Incubations of hepatocytes with tumor-promoting phorbol esters eliminated both Ca2+ mobilization and cAMP accumulation caused by noradrenaline. Our data suggest that in hepatocytes from mature male rats, single alpha 1B-adrenoceptors are linked to cAMP formation as well as Ca2+ mobilization.

Reduction of the leukemogenic potential of malignant murine leukemic cells by in vivo treatment with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

We have investigated the effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) administration on the leukemogenic potential of L-103 murine leukemic cells. Leukemogenic potential was assessed by comparing the regression lines drawn between the number of inoculated leukemic spleen cells and the mean survival time (MST) of the syngeneic recipients. rhG-CSF injected 2.5 micrograms daily for 14 days reduced the leukemogenic potential of spleen cells of the leukemic mice to 1/200 of the control. This phenomenon was not observed with the leukemic spleen cells treated with r-murine granulocyte-macrophage (rmGM)-CSF in vivo. Cytochemical study indicated that morphologically identifiable blast cells were fewer in the rhG-CSF-treated leukemic spleen. Furthermore, leukemic cells in the rhG-CSF-treated spleen were less proliferative than the control in spite of having more clonogenic cells in the leukemic cell preparation. Cytogenetical analysis showed that chromosome abnormalities found in the original leukemic cells were not altered by rhG-CSF administrations. It also showed that the frequency of the abnormal karyotype was reduced in rhG-CSF-treated leukemic spleen (4/17) as compared with the control (8/8), indicating that the mitotic fraction was smaller in the rhG-CSF-treated leukemic cells. These findings indicate that in addition to the reduced number of leukemic cells in the spleen cell preparation, a reduction of the proliferative capacity of the original leukemic cells is involved in the reduction of leukemogenic potential of leukemic cells treated with rhG-CSF in vivo.