The dielectric properties of Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)Cr(x)Ti(1-x)O(3) thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition

Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)Cr(x)Ti(1-x)O(3) (BSCT) films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition with the value of x varying from 0 mol% to 2.0 mol%. X-ray diffraction analysis detected an increase in the lattice parameters, which could be due to the characteristics of the growth process. Dielectric properties and tunability of the BSCT films were measured. The dissipation factors of the films decreased with increasing Cr-concentration. The highest figure of merit (FOM) value of 33.3 was obtained in 1.0 mol%-doped BSCT film. As a result, the effect of Cr doping is positive.

Combined subtemporal and retrosigmoid keyhole approach for extensive petroclival meningioma surgery: report of experience with 7 cases

OBJECTIVE

Resection of petroclival meningiomas offers great challenges to the neurosurgeons. Our experience of 7 cases using a combined subtemporal and retrosigmoid keyhole approach surgery was evaluated for the treatment of extensive petroclival meningiomas.

METHODS

From July 2002 to July 2005, resections of 7 petroclival meningiomas, which involved both supra- and infratentorial regions, were performed via a combined subtemporal and retrosigmoid keyhole approach. The extent of tumor resection was evaluated by MRI 3 months after surgery, and postoperative complications were investigated.

RESULTS

The maximum diameter of the tumors ranged from 3.4 to 6.0 cm (mean: 4.4 cm). Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 3 cases, giving a GTR rate of 43%. Subtotal resection (STR) was carried out in 4 cases. Neurological status remained intact in one case, while others presented with cranial nerve deficits (VII, VI, V, III and lower CN). No death was reported in the cases during the postoperative period.

CONCLUSION

The combined keyhole approach is suitable for the treatment of extensive petroclival meningiomas. It provides easy and quick access to the supra- and infratentorial juxtaclival region without any petrous bone drilling. Complications related to the approach can be minimized.

Circulating FGF-21 levels in normal subjects and in newly diagnose patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Fibroplast growth factor (FGF-21) is a recently discovered metabolic regulator. Its pathophysiologic role in humans remains unknown. In this study, we have investigated whether or not plasma FGF-21 level was different in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-diabetic controls. We also assessed associations between plasma FGF-21 body composition and several metabolic parameters. Fasting FGF-21 levels were significantly increased in patients with T2DM compared with controls (1.82+/-0.65 VS. 1.53+/-0.60 microg/L, P<0.05). In T2DM patients, fasting plasma FGF-21 correlate negatively with fasting blood glucose ( R= -0.31, P<0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that FBG, plasma insulin and HOMA (IS) were independent influencing plasma FGF-21 levels. The present work suggests a potential role for FGF-21 in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM.

Use of pyrosequencing to identify point mutations in domain V of 23S rRNA genes of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis

A pyrosequencing assay was used for the rapid characterization of linezolid-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The assay identified base substitutions in copies of the 23S rRNA gene and determined the percentage of alleles with the mutation. Modifications of the assay were necessary to identify all mutations in the 23S rRNA genes of S. epidermidis that were associated with linezolid resistance. A C2534T mutation was identified in S. epidermidis that was not previously reported in a linezolid-resistant isolate.

Evaluation of a micro carrier weighted coagulation flocculation process for the treatment of combined sewer overflow

Modified bench scale jar tests were conducted to evaluate a treatment strategy for combined sewer overflow (CSO) generated during wet-weather conditions in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Alum and an anionic polymer (Polymer A-3330) were used as a primary coagulant and coagulant aid, respectively. Commercially available silica sand was employed as the micro carrier. Under the operating conditions optimized in the study, alum dose of 9.7 - 17.8 mg l(-1) as Al3+ and polymer dosage of 1.0 - 1.8 mg l(-1) were observed to be the most effective in solids removal. Addition of the micro carrier (MC) up to 3 g l(-1) significantly increased the settleability of suspended solids, and about a five-fold increase in settleability was observed with 3 g l(-1) MC. In the size range of < 300 microm and at 3 g l(-1) concentration, the effect of MC size on the performance of the process was observed to be insignificant. Using the developed process, suspended solids and BOD removal efficiencies of > 98% and > 60%, respectively, were obtained with wet-weather flow after 8 minutes of settling, under both low and high suspended solids conditions.

Intestinal tight junction in allograft after small bowel transplantation

INTRODUCTION

In the intestinal physical barrier, tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells play a central role. There is increasing evidence that rejection after small bowel transplantation promotes intestinal barrier injury to allografts. Our aim was to study the morphological changes of tight junctions in allografts during rejection.

METHODS

Small bowel transplantation was performed using the F344 to Lewis rat model. Animals were divided into three groups: isogeneic controls, acute rejection group, and chronic rejection group. Allograft rejection was characterized by hemotoxylin and eosin staining of mucosal tissue sections. Tight junctions in grafts were investigated by transmission electron microscopy.

RESULTS

Acutely rejected allografts showed severe mucosal injury and completely loosened tight junctions, while chronically rejected allografts revealed less mucosal injury and remained with partial integrity of their tight junctions.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated for the first time the morphological alterations of tight junctions in allograft mucosa during acute and chronic rejections, suggesting disruption of tight junctions was relative to the intestinal inflammatory processes.

Gender differences in QTc interval in young, trained individuals with lower spinal cord injury

STUDY DESIGN

Cross-sectional comparison.

OBJECTIVE

To examine gender differences in rate-corrected QT interval (QTc), an index of ventricular depolarization/repolarization, in young, trained men and women with lower spinal cord injury (SCI) and able-bodied (AB) controls.

SETTING

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Exercise and Cardiovascular Research Lab, USA.

METHODS

Subjects consisted of 16 athletes with SCI (eight men and eight women) and 16 age-matched AB active controls (eight men and eight women). QT interval dynamics was derived from ECG recordings and rate corrected using the Bazett formula.

RESULTS

Men with SCI had QTc similar to that of AB men (369.3+/-7.5 versus 357.9+/-3.0 ms, P>0.05). Women with SCI had QTc similar to that of AB women (400.0+/-4.6 versus 385.2+/-6.5 ms, P>0.05). AB women had longer QTc interval than AB men, and SCI women had longer QTc than SCI men (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Gender differences in ventricular depolarization/repolarization are present in trained individuals with SCI. Thus, similar to their AB gender-matched peers, women with SCI have longer QTc intervals and may be at greater risk for the development of untoward cardiac arrhythmias than men with SCI.

Oily skin: specific features in Chinese women

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

Inconsistent data are available on the various types of skin, their prevalence and characterization, particularly regarding Asian skins. This observation prompted to conduct a large study in China to assess the prevalence of oily skin and identify the specific factors related to that type of skin.

METHODS

The multicentre trial involved 1787 Chinese women in Shenyang, Harbin, Beijing, Chengdu and Suzhou, between 18 and 65 years of age. Data on history of acne, the presence of environmental factors and a detailed self-evaluation of the skin were collected using a standardized questionnaire. A clinical evaluation of facial skin oiliness was carried-out by a dermatologist at each centre. Sebum secretion was measured on the forehead using Sebumeter SM810. Statistical analysis (multiple correspondence analysis) of typology was conducted based on self-evaluation data.

RESULTS

According to self-evaluation data, oily skin prevalence in the overall Chinese population of the study was 25.6%. Self-evaluation results were quite consistent with sebum measurements and with clinical assessment by dermatologist. Parameters associated with oily skin were (i) shiny skin and a past history of acne, (ii) irregular menstruation, and (iii) highly reactive or sensitive skin. Moreover, a clear and significant link was noted between oily skin and the ingestion of spicy or sweet food. Lastly, sebum levels were found to be twice as high in Beijing as in the other cities and were correlated to higher oily skin prevalence.

CONCLUSION

The study demonstrated the capacity of women for proper self-evaluation of their skin type. It also suggests a potential link between nutritional factors such as spicy and/or sweet diets and oily skin as well as between sensitive and oily skin in this population.

The expression analysis of ICOS-L on activated T cells and immature dendritic cells as well as malignant B cells and Grave's-disease-derived thyroid tissues by two novel mAbs against human ICOS-L

ICOS-L, a newly identified member of B7 superfamily, plays an important role in immune responses. In this article, we report on two novel mouse anti-human ICOS-L monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) named as 11C4 and 12B11, whose specificities were verified by methods of flow cytometry, western blotting, and epitope competition assay. The two mAbs bound to distinct ICOS-L epitopes on B cells. Interestingly, mAb 11C4 could well recognize ICOS-L molecule on activated T cells and Jurkat cell lines, which is different from commercial anti-ICOS-L mAb (clone number MIH12) and the other mAb 12B11. In addition, we found that the expression of ICOS-L molecule was only detected on the surface of immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) and was sharply decreased after induction of mature Mo-DCs activated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha or CD40. Furthermore, we showed that 11C4 could effectively suppress the maturation of Mo-DCs in vitro as evidenced by the low expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, and human leukocyte antigen-DR, which suggested that ICOS-L may be involved in the maturation of Mo-DCs. Using immunohistochemistry staining with mAb 11C4, the expression of ICOS-L was found in B lymphoma tissues and thyroid tissues from the Grave's disease but not in thyroid adenoma and normal thyroid tissues.

The frequency of symptoms in transient ischaemic attack: analysis of Nanjing Stroke Register Program data

The clinical characteristics of 172 patients experiencing single or multiple (two or more) transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) were investigated. Risk factors, clinical manifestations and vascular examinations were compared. Intracranial and extra-cranial large-artery disease (stenosis > or = 50%) occurred more frequently in multiple-TIA patients than in single-TIA patients, and weakness and atrial fibrillation were observed more frequently in single TIA than in multiple TIA patients. The type of aetiological examination performed in TIA patients should depend on the frequency of attacks.

Arterial stenosis detected by digital subtraction angiography and its relationship with the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classification

The aim of this study was to assess extra-and intracranial arterial stenosis in first-ever stroke patients and to analyse the relationship between arterial stenosis and the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project (OCSP) classification. Chinese patients (n = 817) were classified according to OCSP criteria, and arterial abnormalities were evaluated in 342 of the patients by digital subtraction angiography. Prevalence of significant stenosis in the extracranial internal carotid artery was highest among total anterior circulation infarct patients and lowest among patients with lacunar infarct. There was no evidence that the frequency of patients with intracranial arterial significant stenosis was different among OCSP subtypes. The results suggest that extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis was significantly related to OCSP subtype and that patients with total anterior circulation infarct were more likely to have extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis than patients having partial anterior circulation infarct, posterior circulation infarct or lacunar infarct.

Antiviral property and mechanisms of a sulphated polysaccharide from the brown alga Sargassum patens against Herpes simplex virus type 1

A sulphated polysaccharide (SP-2a) from the brown alga Sargassum patens (Kütz.) Agardh (Sargassaceae) was found to significantly inhibit the in vitro replication of both the acyclovir (ACV)-sensitive and -resistant strains of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), in dose-dependent manners, with 50% inhibitions occurring with 1.5-5.3 microg/ml of the polysaccharide. SP-2a exhibited extracellular virucidal activity only against the ACV-sensitive strains, but not the resistant strain, at the concentration of 100 microg/ml. The strongest antiviral activities against the different strains of HSV-1 were observed when this polysaccharide was present during and after adsorption of the virus to host cells. The inhibitory effect of SP-2a on virus adsorption occurred dose-dependently in all the HSV-1 strains tested, and the adsorption of the ACV-resistant DM2.1 strain was reduced by 81.9% (relative to control) with 4 microg/ml of the polysaccharide. This study clearly demonstrated that the antiviral mode of action of SP-2a is mediated mainly by inhibiting virus attachment to host cells, and this sulphated polysaccharide might have different modes of action against the ACV-sensitive and -resistant strains of HSV-1.

A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial of a long-acting formulation of octreotide in promoting weight loss in obese adults with insulin hypersecretion

OBJECTIVE

To compare changes in weight in obese patients who received long-acting octreotide (octreotide LAR) at one of three dose levels (20, 40, or 60 mg) or placebo over 6 months and to identify the lowest dose of octreotide LAR that safely achieved optimal weight loss.

DESIGN

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of octreotide LAR at three dose levels.

PATIENTS

A total of 172 adults (28 men and 144 women) with at least moderate obesity (body mass index (BMI) range 30-65 kg/m2) and evidence of insulin hypersecretion were enrolled. Patients were predominantly either Caucasian (50.0%) or African American (45.3%). The mean age (38 +/- 11 year), weight (110.7 +/- 23 kg), and BMI (39.8 +/- 6.5 kg/m2) were similar across the four treatment groups.

MEASUREMENTS

Efficacy measures included weight, BMI, fasting serum glucose; triglycerides; percentage of total body fat and abdominal fat as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; skin fold thickness; waist-to-hip circumference; leptin; percentage of carbohydrates, fat, and protein ingested; nutritional evaluation (including dietary analysis--3-day food record); quality of life (QoL; using the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite); Beck Depression Inventory; and Carbohydrate Craving Questionnaire. Safety measures included medical history, vital signs, physical examinations, hematology, blood chemistries, thyroid function tests, hemoglobin A1c, gallbladder ultrasound, electrocardiograms, and adverse events.

RESULTS

After 6 months of treatment, patients receiving 40 or 60 mg of octreotide LAR experienced statistically significant weight loss compared to baseline, with mean differences from placebo in percent weight change of -1.98 and -1.87%, respectively. This finding was accompanied by statistically significant mean decreases in BMI compared to baseline, that is, a mean decrease of 0.73 and 0.79 kg/m2 for the 40 and 60 mg treatment arms, respectively. The observed weight loss was progressive during the 6-month treatment in the two higher dose groups. The lowest dose to reach statistical significance in weight loss after 6 months' treatment was 40 mg. Post hoc analysis revealed a 3.5-3.8% weight loss at month 6 in the two higher dose groups among Caucasian patients having insulin secretion greater than the median of the cohort, defined as CIR(gp) (corrected insulin response at the glucose peak) > or = 1.43. There were no statistically significant changes in QoL scores, body fat, leptin concentration, Beck Depression Inventory, or macronutrient intake. Mean changes of blood glucose AUC(0-180 min) during an oral glucose tolerance test in patients taking octreotide LAR were 39-40 mg/dl h higher than those on placebo. A total of 7-21% of the patients taking octreotide LAR reached a 5% or greater decrease in body weight from Baseline, compared to 11% for the placebo group. This was not statistically significant. The most common adverse events included diarrhea, headache, cholelithiasis, nausea, and abdominal pain.

CONCLUSION

Octreotide LAR given at 40 or 60 mg resulted in statistically significant weight loss. A post hoc analysis stratifying patients by race and CIR(gp) indicated that Caucasian patients with the greater degree of insulin hypersecretion appeared to derive the most benefit from treatment. The observed safety profile was consistent with the known effects of octreotide from previous studies.

Comparative study of barnidipine and felodipine in Chinese patients with essential hypertension

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of barnidipine for the treatment of mild-to-moderate essential hypertension in Chinese patients. A total of 131 patients were randomized to receive either barnidipine (10 -15 mg) or felodipine (5 - 10 mg) once daily for 4 weeks. Both drugs reduced blood pressure significantly, with > or = 87% of patients obtaining a marked or moderate effect. The mean +/- SD reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 19.2 +/- 13.6 and 14.4 +/- 7.0 mmHg, respectively, for barnidipine treatment, and 20.3 +/- 11.3 and 14.7 +/- 7.7 mmHg, respectively, for felodipine treatment. There were no significant differences between the two drugs in terms of anti-hypertensive effect, heart rate, laboratory test results or incidence of adverse events. More patients taking felodipine experienced palpitations, but this difference was not statistically significant. Barnidipine is as efficacious and safe as felodipine in the treatment of essential hypertension in Chinese patients.

Absorption characteristics of EC-MPS – an enteric-coated formulation of mycophenolic sodium

Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium is an advanced formulation delivering mycophenolic acid (MPA), designed to improve MPA-related upper gastrointestinal adverse events by delaying MPA release until the small intestine.

OBJECTIVE

Two studies were undertaken to identify the absolute bioavailability and dose-proportionality of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in stable renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporine.

METHODS

Study 1: The mean MPA AUC(0-t) was shown to be greater after MPA infusion than after oral enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (42.1 vs. 28.9 microg x h/ml). Mean absolute bioavailability was 0.71 +/- 0.21 (SD). Study 2: The AUC(0-t) and C(max) for MPA were proportional to the dose of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium, similarly mean AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) for MPA glucuronide were proportional to dose administered.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

In patients receiving cyclosporine the absolute bioavailability of MPA provided by enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium is equivalent to that provided by mycophenolate mofetil when administered in combination with cyclosporine, and exhibits dose-proportionality. Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium was well tolerated from 180 - 2,160 mg with no serious adverse events reported.

Observation of plasma toroidal-momentum dissipation by neoclassical toroidal viscosity

Dissipation of plasma toroidal angular momentum is observed in the National Spherical Torus Experiment due to applied nonaxisymmetric magnetic fields and their plasma-induced increase by resonant field amplification and resistive wall mode destabilization. The measured decrease of the plasma toroidal angular momentum profile is compared to calculations of nonresonant drag torque based on the theory of neoclassical toroidal viscosity. Quantitative agreement between experiment and theory is found when the effect of toroidally trapped particles is included.