Impact of diabetes duration on hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin glargine or NPH insulin

AIM

To compare the impact of diabetes duration on hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with insulin glargine or NPH insulin.

METHODS

A pooled analysis of 24-week patient level data from randomized controlled studies comparing once-daily insulin glargine with once-daily NPH insulin in insulin-naïve adult patients with T2DM was performed, stratifying patients into quartiles by duration of diabetes: <5.8 years; 5.8 to <9.2 years; 9.2 to <14 years and ≥14 years. Daytime and nocturnal hypoglycaemia events were evaluated.

RESULTS

Data from 2330 patients in four randomized controlled trials were included in the analysis; 1258 treated with insulin glargine and 1072 with NPH insulin. The rates of daytime hypoglycaemia were similar for insulin glargine and NPH insulin, irrespective of disease duration. Patients with longer T2DM duration treated with glargine experienced greater glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reductions. Rates of severe nocturnal hypoglycaemia and nocturnal hypoglycaemia [self-monitored blood glucose < 70 mg/dl (3.89 mmol/l) and < 50 mg/dl (2.78 mmol/l)] were all significantly and positively correlated with the duration of diabetes for patients treated with NPH insulin but not with insulin glargine. Despite improvements in HbA1c, rates of symptomatic nocturnal hypoglycaemia were significantly lower with insulin glargine than with NPH insulin in patients with longer T2DM duration.

CONCLUSION

There is a lower risk for nocturnal hypoglycaemia with insulin glargine than with NPH insulin. When considering diabetes duration, insulin glargine (compared to NPH insulin) may be particularly beneficial in patients with a longer duration of T2DM.

Elevated cell proliferation and VEGF production by high-glucose conditions in Müller cells involve XIAP

PURPOSE

Müller cells have important roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy by promoting cell proliferation and inducing the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) under hyperglycemic conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the potential mechanism of Müller cell proliferation and VEGF production due to high-glucose conditions.

METHODS

Primary cultured rat Müller cells were incubated with medium containing variable concentrations of glucose and/or embelin, a specific inhibitor of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), for 72 h. The proliferation of Müller cells was assessed by the MTT assay. The expression and/or phosphorylation of 146 proteins were assessed using protein pathway array.

RESULTS

High concentrations of glucose-induced Müller cell proliferation and altered expression and/or phosphorylation of 47 proteins that have been identified to have key roles in several important signaling pathways (XIAP, VEGF, HIF1α, NFκB, etc) and are involved in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, or apoptosis. However, Müller cell alterations induced by high-glucose conditions were counteracted by the XIAP inhibitor embelin, and 26 proteins/phosphorylations (out of 47) were restored to their normal levels. Nine proteins, including NFκB p65, p-p38, tumor necrosis factor-α, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, CREB, IL-1β, HCAM, estrogen receptor-α, and p-Stat3, were involved in regulatory networks between XIAP and VEGF.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study suggests that XIAP may be a potential regulator that can mediate a series of pathological changes induced by high-glucose conditions in Müller cells. Therefore, embelin could be a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

High-performance top-gated monolayer SnS2 field-effect transistors and their integrated logic circuits

Two-dimensional (2D) layered semiconductors are very promising for post-silicon ultrathin channels and flexible electronics due to the remarkable dimensional and mechanical properties. Besides molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), the first recognized 2D semiconductor, it is also important to explore the wide spectrum of layered metal chalcogenides (LMCs) and to identify possible compounds with high performance. Here we report the fabrication of high-performance top-gated field-effect transistors (FETs) and related logic gates from monolayer tin disulfide (SnS2), a non-transition metal dichalcogenide. The measured carrier mobility of our monolayer devices reaches 50 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), much higher than that of the back-gated counterparts (~1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)). Based on a direct-coupled FET logic technique, advanced Boolean logic gates and operations are also implemented, with a voltage gain of 3.5 and output swing of >90% for the NOT and NOR gates, respectively. The superior electrical and integration properties make monolayer SnS2 a strong candidate for next-generation atomic electronics.

Neuroprotective effect of resveratrol on arsenic trioxide–induced oxidative stress in feline brain

Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is a known environmental toxicant and potent chemotherapeutic agent. Significant correlation has been reported between arsenic exposure (including consumption of arsenic-contaminated water and clinical use of As2O3) and dysfunction in the nervous system. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of resveratrol with neuroprotective activities on As2O3-induced oxidative damage and cerebral cortex injury. Twenty-four healthy Chinese Dragon Li cats of either sex were randomly divided into four groups: control (1 ml/kg physiological saline), As2O3 (1 mg/kg), resveratrol (3 mg/kg) and As2O3 (1 mg/kg) + resveratrol (3 mg/kg). As2O3+resveratrol-treated group were given resveratrol (3 mg/kg) 1 h before As2O3 (1 mg/kg) administration. Pretreatment with resveratrol upregulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes and attenuated As2O3-induced increases in reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production. In addition, resveratrol attenuated the As2O3-induced reduction in the level of reduced glutathione and the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidised glutathione, and accumulation of arsenic in the cerebral cortex. These findings support neuroprotective effect of resveratrol on As2O3 toxicity in feline brain and provide a better understanding of the mechanism that resveratrol modulates As2O3-induced oxidative damage and a stronger rational for clinical use of resveratrol to protect brain against the toxicity of arsenic.

Tunablity of the unconventional Fano resonances in coated nanowires with radial anisotropy

We establish full-wave electromagnetic scattering theory to study the near-field and far-field spectra of radially anisotropic coated nanowires. For coated nanowires containing radially anisotropic core and plasmonic shell, unconventional Fano resonances are predicted due to the interference between dipole cloaking mode and dipole resonant mode. In contrast to Z-shaped Fano profile with small modulation depth for coated nanospheres in Argyropoulos et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 263905 (2012), we predict S-shaped Fano profile with high depth for coated nanowires. An off-resonance field enhancement in the radially anisotropic core is found at the Fano dip, and its' magnitude is approximately the same as that the one at the low-energy resonant wavelength. Furthermore, with our adjustment of the inner size and the permittivity elements of the anisotropic core, tunable Fano-like profiles can be realized. These results may be useful for potential applications in different fields of nanotechnology.

Effects of platelet-activating factor and its differential regulation by androgens and steroid hormones in prostate cancers

Background:

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an arachidonic acid metabolite that plays an important role in cell proliferation, migration and neoangiogenesis, but whether it is involved in the progression of prostate cancer remains undiscovered.

Methods:

Clinical prostate specimens were investigated with immunohistochemistry method and in vitro cell experiments referred to MTS cell proliferation assay, invasion and migration experiment, quantitative real-time RT–PCR assay, western blotting analysis and ELISA assay.

Results:

Platelet-activating factor synthetase, lyso-PAF acetyl transferase (LPCAT1), increased significantly in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) specimens and CRPC PC-3 cells than that in controls. Intriguingly, PAF induced invasion and migration of PC-3 cells but not LNCaP cells. The PAF receptor antagonist inhibited proliferation of LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment caused a decrease in LPCAT1 expression and PAF release in LNCaP cells, which could be blocked by androgen receptor antagonists. Finally, DHT increased LPCAT1 expression and PAF release in PC-3 cells in a Wnt/β-catenin-dependent manner.

Conclusion:

For the first time, our data supported that PAF might play pivotal roles in the progression of prostate cancer, which might throw a new light on the treatment of prostate cancer and the prevention of the emergence of CRPC.

High efficiency Nd:YAG ceramic eye-safe laser operating at 1442.8 nm

We report on a diode-pumped Nd:YAG ceramic laser operating at 1442.8 nm for the first time. In our experiment, two different Nd:YAG ceramics with the Nd-doped concentrations of 1.0 and 0.6 at. % and a Nd:YAG with the Nd-doped concentration of 1.0 at. % were used as the laser gain mediums, respectively. At a pump power of 20.7 W, a maximum output power of up to 3.96 W with optical-to-optical efficiency of up to 19.1% was obtained by using the 1.0 at. % Nd-doped ceramic as the laser gain medium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power of a LD-pumped 1.44 μm Nd:YAG ceramic laser and the highest optical-to-optical efficiency of a LD-pumped 1.44 μm Nd-doped crystal laser.

Enhanced preservation of pig cardiac allografts by combining erythropoietin with glyceryl trinitrate and zoniporide

Erythropoietin has a tissue-protective effect independent of its erythropoietic effect that may be enhanced by combining it with the nitric oxide donor glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) and the sodium-hydrogen exchange inhibitor zoniporide in rat hearts stored with an extracellular-based preservation solution (EBPS). We thus sought to test this combination of agents in a porcine model of orthotopic heart transplantation incorporating donor brain death and total ischaemic time of approximately 260 min. Pig hearts were stored in one of four storage solutions: unmodified EBPS (CON), EBPS supplemented with GTN and zoniporide (GZ), EBPS supplemented with erythropoietin and zoniporide (EZ), or EBPS supplemented with all three agents (EGZ). A total of 4/5 EGZ hearts were successfully weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass compared with only 2/5 GZ hearts, 0/5 CON hearts and 0/5 EG hearts (p = 0.017). Following weaning from bypass EGZ hearts demonstrated superior contractility and haemodynamics than GZ hearts. All weaned hearts displayed impaired diastolic function. Release of troponin I from EGZ hearts was lower than all other groups. In conclusion, supplementation of EBPS with erythropoietin, glyceryl trinitrate and zoniporide provided superior donor heart preservation than all other strategies tested.

An immunofluorescence assay for the detection of wheat rust species using monoclonal antibody against urediniospores of Puccinia triticina

AIMS

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important crop species, but yields are often drastically reduced by rust epidemics. In this report, we describe a rapid and sensitive immunofluorescence method for the detection of urediniospores of the fungi Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Puccinia triticina and Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, which are causal agents of wheat rust.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The method uses monoclonal antibody LPT-2 against the urediniospores of P. triticina and PE-cy3 goat anti-mouse. Urediniospores of P. triticina or those of two species that are difficult to distinguish from P. triticina, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici or P. graminis f. sp. tritici were immobilized on a glass slide, and the sample was then treated with LPT-2. Thereafter, a second antibody, goat anti-mouse conjugated PE-cy3, was added, and the slide was observed in a fluoroscope. The fluorescent signal was strong with P. triticina urediniospores, weak with P. striiformis f. sp. tritici urediniospores and weak-to-intermediate with P. graminis f. sp. tritici urediniospores. The detection limit of this method was 2 ng ml(-1) of the monoclonal antibody LPT-2.

CONCLUSIONS

In this article, we describe the production and diagnostic application of a novel mouse monoclonal antibody specific to urediniospores of P. triticina.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

After further technical development, this method may become a tool for on-site identification of P. triticina urediniospores and will therefore help in the selection and timing of fungicide applications for control of wheat rust outbreaks.

Observation of self-similarity in the magnetic fields generated by the ablative nonlinear Rayleigh-Taylor instability

Magnetic fields generated by the nonlinear Rayleigh-Taylor growth of laser-seeded three-dimensional broadband perturbations were measured in laser-accelerated planar targets using ultrafast proton radiography. The experimental data show self-similar behavior in the growing cellular magnetic field structures. These observations are consistent with a bubble competition and merger model that predicts the time evolution of the number and size of the bubbles, linking the cellular magnetic field structures with the Rayleigh-Taylor bubble and spike growth.

Controlling light scattering and polarization by spherical particles with radial anisotropy

Based on full-wave electromagnetic theory, we derive the zero-forward and zero-backward scattering conditions for radially anisotropic spheres within the quasi-static limit. We find that the near-field intensity can be tuned dramatically through the adjustment of the radial anisotropy, while the far-field light scattering diagrams are similar under the zero-forward or zero-backward scattering conditions. Generalized "Brewster's angle" for anisotropic spheres is also derived, at which the scattering light is totally polarized. In addition, the high-quality polarized scattering wave and the tunable polarization conversion can be achieved for the radially anisotropic spheres.

Design and implementation of a 150 GHz single-channel millimeter wave interferometer on Joint TEXT tokamak

A simple, single-channel millimeter-wave interferometer system has been designed, fabricated, and installed on the J-TEXT tokamak. For the plasma density anticipated on J-TEXT, a solid-state source operating at 150 GHz has been chosen to minimize errors due to both vibration along the beam path and refraction in the plasma. The new aspect of the interferometer design is to use a subharmonic mixer for detection with a frequency doubled 150 GHz source. It employs a single source which is bias-tuned and modulated with a sawtooth wave form up to 100 kHz in order to generate the intermediate frequency. The 12.5 GHz voltage-controlled oscillator is multiplied to 75 GHz before a final doubler raises it to 150 GHz. A portion of the 75 GHZ power is used for the local oscillator (LO) and is directly connected to the LO input of the subharmonic mixer. The phase is evaluated by a digital phase comparator using a software-based algorithm. Detection noise limits the minimum resolvable phase change with the interferometer to ±0.05 fringe, which corresponds to an averaged electron density change along the chord of ±1.1 × 10(17) m(-2). The maximum measurable electron density is expected to be ∼9 × 10(19) m(-3). A comparison of preliminary results from the millimeter wave interferometer with that from the far-infrared hydrogen cyanide laser (wavelength of 337 μm) interferometer shows good agreement during the pulse flat-top period. The millimeter wave interferometer system will be used as a part of the density feedback control system in the future.

Paradoxical role of autophagy in the dysplastic and tumor-forming stages of hepatocarcinoma development in rats

Many reports have shown that autophagy has a role as both a promoter and inhibitor in tumor development. However, the mechanism of this paradox is unknown. Tumor development is a multistep process. Therefore, we investigated whether the role of autophagy in hepatocarcinoma formation depended on the stage of tumor development. Based on our results, autophagy inhibition by chloroquine had a tumor-promotive effect in the rat model with N-diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in its dysplastic stage (Ds) and a tumor-suppressive effect in its tumor-forming stage (Ts). In the Ds, autophagy inhibition enhanced cell proliferation, DNA damage and inflammatory cytokines expression in liver. These changes were dependent on the upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that was resulted from autophagy inhibition, and ultimately accelerated the process of hepatocarcinogenesis. However, in the Ts, autophagy inhibition restrained tumor formation by decreasing tumor cell survival and proliferation. In this stage, autophagy inhibition led to excessive ROS accumulation in the tumor, which promoted cell apoptosis, and prominently suppressed tumor cell metabolism. Taken together, our data suggested that autophagy suppressed hepatocarcinogenesis in the Ds by protecting normal cell stability and promoted hepatocarcinogenesis in the Ts by supporting tumor cells growth. Autophagy always had a role as a protector throughout the process of hepatocarcinoma development.

Prediction for relapse and prognosis of newly diagnosed epilepsy

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to investigate the timing of therapy initiation and other clinical factors as potential predictors for relapse and prognosis of epilepsy, based on hospital-based prospective observational data in China.

METHODS

One hundred and seventy-one newly diagnosed patients with one or more seizures were recruited and followed for at least 2 years. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used for calculating recurrence and remission rates. Univariate and multivariate analyses for risk factors were performed using Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

Among the 171 patients analyzed, more patients had partial (54.4%) than generalized seizures (45.6%). The range of patients' age was 6-70 years, but 70% were under 16 years of age. Multiple seizure types (HR = 2.01; 95% CI, 1.31-3.10), epileptiform electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormality (HR = 1.95; 95% CI, 1.09-3.49), and >1 seizure monthly before treatment (HR = 2.74; 95% CI, 1.69-4.51) were predictors of seizure recurrence. The best negative predictors of remission were as follows: relapse (HR = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.07-0.23) and epileptiform EEG within 1 year of treatment (HR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.39-0.97). Delayed treatment after three or more seizures did not significantly increase the risk of recurrence (P = 0.70) or remission (P = 0.31) compared with early treatment after one or two seizures.

CONCLUSIONS

Multiple seizure types, epileptiform EEG abnormality, and >1 seizure monthly before treatment predict seizure recurrence. Relapse and epileptiform EEG within 1 year of treatment predict adverse seizure outcome. Early treatment does not affect relapse or prognosis.