Microdialysis for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies

Microdialysis (MD) has become one of the major tools to sample endogenous and exogenous substances in extracellular spaces. It is more suitable for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) studies than other techniques. This review aims to give an overview of MD for PK-PD (MD/PK-PD) studies, including PK-PD studies, three aspects (principles, recovery, advantages) of MD/PK-PD, and application examples of MD/PK-PD organized by types of drugs and information collected. It can be concluded that MD offers an unique opportunity, to study simultaneously pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of a drug and its effect on the extracellular levels of endogenous compounds, which may facilitate proof-of-concept demonstrations for target modulation, enhance the rational selection of an optimal drug dose and schedule. In addition, MD/PK-PD can also minimize uncertainties associated with predicting drug safety and efficacy, reduce the high levels of drug attrition during development, accelerate drug approval, and decrease the overall costs of drug development.

The p75 neurotrophin receptor is essential for neuronal cell survival and improvement of functional recovery after spinal cord injury

The mechanisms initiating post-spinal cord injury (SCI) apoptotic cell death remain incompletely understood. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) has been shown to exert both pro-survival and pro-apoptotic effects on neural cells in vitro. While a previous study had shown that there is decreased oligodendrocyte apoptosis distal to a clean partial transection injury of the cord in mice with nonfunctional p75(NTR), most human spinal cord injuries do not involve partial transections but are rather due to compression/contusion injuries with significant perilesional ischemia. Therefore, we sought to examine the role of the p75(NTR) in a clinically relevant clip compression model of SCI in p75 null mice with an exon III mutation. Mice with a functional p75(NTR) had increased caspase-9 activation at 3 days after SCI in comparison to the functionally deficient p75(NTR) mice. However, at 7 days following SCI there was no difference in the activation of the effector caspases (caspase-3 and caspase-6) at the spinal cord lesion. Moreover, at 7 days after injury, there was increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end (TUNEL) positive cell death at the injury site in the functionally deficient p75(NTR) mice. Using double labeling with TUNEL and cell specific markers we showed that the absence of p75(NTR) function increased the extent of neuronal but not oligodendroglial cell death at the injury site. This selective loss of neuronal cells after SCI was confirmed with a decrease in levels of microtubule-associated protein 2 in the p75 null mice. Furthermore, the wild-type animals had dramatically improved survival and enhanced locomotor recovery at 8 weeks after SCI when compared with the p75(NTR) null mice. Also at 8 weeks, there were significantly more neurons present at the injury site of wild-type mice when compared with p75 null mice. We conclude that the p75(NTR) receptor is integral to neuronal cell survival and endogenous reparative mechanisms after compressive/contusive SCI.

Detection ofEschericia coliO157:H7 by Fluorescence Polarization Assay and Polymerase Chain Reaction

It is recognized that cattle and other domestic animals can be a reservoir of pathogenic Escherichia coli, including serotype O157:H7. To contain this potential health hazard, the first step is the identification of the carrier animals. For these purposes, a rapid serological screening test, a fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) was developed and results obtained from a randomly selected cattle population as well as cattle immunized with E. coli O157:H7 were compared to those obtained with an indirect enzyme immunoassay (IELISA). To identify pathogenic strains in carrier animals, polymerase chain reactions (PCR) for Shiga-like toxins I and II were implemented using agarose electrophoresis. The sensitivity of the fecal extracted E. coli for Shiga-like toxin I and II was approximately 200 CFU per reaction using multiplex hot-start nested PCR. The sensitivity of the fecal extracted E. coli varied from approximately 5x10(2) to 2.5x10(3) CFU per reaction depending on the commercial kits used. The combination of the serological screening FPA and hot-start nested PCR confirmatory assays provided rapid identification of the pathogen.

Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms associated with prognosis for patients with gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

The present study analyzed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene polymorphisms and their impact on the prognosis for patients with gastric cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Five hundred and three consecutive patients with surgically resected gastric adenocarcinoma were enrolled in the present study. The genomic DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue and four VEGF (-460T > C, -116G > A, +405G > C, and +936C > T) gene polymorphisms were determined using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay.

RESULTS

The survival analysis showed no association of three VEGF gene polymorphisms with the prognosis. For the +936C > T polymorphism, the T/T genotype, however, had a worse overall survival (OS) compared with the C/C genotype (P = 0.037). The -460 T/C or C/C genotype was a poor prognostic factor in patients with stage 0 or I gastric cancer (OS: hazard ratio (HR) = 3.96, disease-free survival (DFS): HR = 4.87). In the haplotype analysis, the CACC haplotype was associated with a significantly worse survival when compared with the TGGC haplotype (OS: HR = 1.72, DFS: HR = 1.73).

CONCLUSIONS

VEGF gene polymorphisms were found to be an independent prognostic marker for patients with gastric cancer. Consequently, the analysis of VEGF gene polymorphisms can help identify patient subgroups at high risk of a poor disease outcome.

Spontaneous Subdural Hematoma in the Setting of Immune Thrombocytopenia Complicated by Ischemic Infarcts

The occurrence of spontaneous subdural hematoma (SDH) in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is rare. We report a spontaneous subacute subdural hematoma in a patient with chronic ITP. The patient presented with headache and a noncontrast head CT scan showed an 11 mm subacute right frontoparietal SDH causing an 8 mm right to left midline shift. The patient underwent medical management with platelets, FFP and packed RBC transfusions, steroids, IVIG and mannitol, which failed to prevent deterioration of her clinical condition. The patient then underwent burr hole drainage of the SDH. Her postoperative course was complicated by ischemic infarcts in the right posterior cerebral artery territory leaving her with a residual left homonymous hemianopia. Our patient was unique in the concurrent development of ischemic infarcts postoperatively, following burr hole drainage of the SDH in the setting of ITP. This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas involved in taking care of such patients.

368 FIELD STUDIES ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE YCD EMBRYO SEXING TECHNIQUE IN BOVINE

The YCD sexing technique is applied in many commercial breeding programs due to its ease of operation in the field and its reliable and accurate sex determination results. Less equipment requirements and more simplified protocols provide great convenience for field applications of this method, and processing errors and chances of assay contamination are reduced. To increase the effectiveness of this technique in future field applications, field data collected from commercial embryo transfer programs in 63 farms in China during June 2002 to December 2005 were analyzed. Embryos were flushed from superovulated dairy cattle and subjected to a biopsy for sex determination using protocols and YCD sexing kits supplied by AB Technology Ltd. (Pullman, WA, USA). Embryos were implanted fresh on the same day or frozen with AG freeze medium (AB Technology Ltd.) for later transfer. The chi-square test was used for statistic analysis. This study indicates that sampling with a piece of zona pellucida (ZP) during embryo sexing increased the incidence of no response (NR) but did not alter the accuracy of determining sex of offspring. Larger biopsies significantly reduced the incidence of NR after DNA amplification and electrophoresis separation, and increased the accuracy of sex determination of calves (from 88.1%, 111/126 to 98.5%, 129/131; P < 0.01). Biopsies containing dead and/or detached cells did not increase the NR incidence, but decreased the accuracy of sex determination of calves from 93.4% (240/257) to 86.6% (58/67; P < 0.05). There were no relationships between NR incidences and embryo quality, nor between the sex determination accuracy of calves and embryo quality or stages. However, the NR incidence increased for PCR analyses of earlier development stages (5.1% at morula to early blastocyst) compared to blastocyst (3.2%) and expanded blastocyst (2.2%; P < 0.05). The sex determination accuracy decreased to 77.4% (65/84) when embryos with unclear or expanded and faint female electrophoresis bands were transferred compared to those with clear bands (97.1%, 233/240). Field data suggest that larger biopsies during embryo sexing favor the effectiveness and accuracy of the YCD technique; however, increased sample size may affect the embryo survival, resulting in a decrease in the pregnancy success of embryo transfer. Reduced accuracy in YCD analyses using dead or detached blastomeres may be caused by the loss of male genes in dead or degenerated cells. Increased NR incidence in sampling of ZP for analysis may be due to biopsy loss when transferring the biopsy at the sampling step of the YCD method. In addition, the accuracy of sexing will be lower when embryos with unclear electrophoresis results are used. It is concluded that a proper and stage-dependent size of biopsy should be collected and used to ensure the accuracy of sex determination without reducing embryo survival, and the inclusion of a few live cells in a biopsy is important to the success of the sexing determination of this technique.

Modulation of the oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappaB activation by theaflavin 3,3'-gallate in the rats exposed to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion

The major pathobiological mechanisms of IR injury include excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation. TF3, a major constituent of black tea, possesses biological functions such as anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. The purpose of this study was to verify the neuronal protective potential of TF3 and its mechanisms against cerebral IR injury in rats. TF3 administration (10 and 20 mg.kg-1) ameliorated the infarct volume. TF3 also decreased the content of MDA and NO. TF3 significantly increased the activity of SOD and GSH-Px, which were reduced by IR injury. Administration of TF3 decreased mRNA and protein expression of COX-2 and iNOS. DNA binding and Western blotting revealed an increase in NF-kappaB activation and IkappaB depletion in IR brain tissue. Pretreatment with TF3 markedly inhibited IRinduced increase in nuclear localization of NF-kappaB, and preserved IkappaB in the cytoplasm. The results show that TF3 exerts protective effects against cerebral IR injury by reducing oxidative stress and modulating the NF-kappaB activation.

363 FACTORS INFLUENCING PREGNANCY RATES FOLLOWING TRANSFER OF BOVINE IN VIVO EMBRYOS BIOPSIED FOR SEX DETERMINATION

Data collected from commercial embryo transfer programs in 63 farms in China during June 2002 to December 2005 was analyzed to examine the effects of various factors (biopsy, freezing, sample size, embryo development and quality, in vitro culture, and recipient quality) on pregnancy rates of in vivo-biopsied embryos. Embryos were flushed from superovulated dairy cattle and subjected to a biopsy for sexing determination using protocols and sexing kits supplied by AB Technology Ltd. Fresh embryos were implanted on the same day or frozen with AG freeze medium (AB Technology Ltd., Pullman, WA, USA) for later transfer. Recipients were synchronized with CIDA + PG protocols. Embryos were cultured in 6-well dishes containing 1.3 mL of holding medium (AB Technology Ltd.) in each well at room temperature (20–25�C) for examination of embryo survival in vitro. The chi-square test was used in statistic analysis. The implantation of fresh embryos after biopsy did not affect pregnancy rates (49.6%, 257/518) compared to that of non-biopsied fresh and frozen–thawed embryo groups (52.9%, 47/140 and 46.6%, 177/380, respectively). However, for biopsied embryos subjected to frozen and thawed procedures before implantation, particularly for those subjected to the removal of a larger biopsy, a reduced pregnancy rate was observed (41.8%, 297/710; P < 0.01). Pregnancy rates among biopsied embryos at 3 different development stages (morula-early blastocyst, blastocyst, and expanded blastocyst) were not different. Similar results were found between embryo groups of grade 1 and 2. A significant decrease in pregnancy rate (0/10) was observed with embryos held in vitro for a longer period of time (>5 h), suggesting detrimental effects of in vitro conditions on embryo survival. The highest pregnancy rate (68.0%) was observed in recipients synchronized for the first time before being implanted with biopsied embryos. Significant decreases in such rates were found in recipients synchronized for the second or third times or those with an abortion history at the first or second synchronization-implantation treatment (P < 0.01). Better pregnancy rates (45.6%, 41/90; 46.1%, 76/165; and 45.5%, 5/11) were obtained for recipients implanted with biopsied embryos at Days 7.5, 8.0, and 8.5 post-heat detection, respectively, compared to 16% at Day 7 (3/18, P < 0.05). It is concluded that mechanical treatment (cutting) does not reduce the survival of biopsied embryos; however, cryopreservation reduces their ability to survive in vivo. The analyses also suggest that holding embryos in vitro should not be longer than 5 h unless more favorable in vitro conditions can be provided. To achieve better results of implantation of biopsied embryos, embryo transfer should be performed during 7.5–8.5 days post-estrus, and the healthy recipients synchronized for the first time should be used.

Induction of programmed cell death in aging Prorocentrum donghaiense cells as was evidenced preliminarily by the identification of associated transcripts

Prorocentrum donghaiense caused large-scale red tides off Chinese coast in recent years. Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis was carried out for this dinoflagellate in order to identify the genes involved in its proliferation and death. A cDNA library was constructed for P. donghaiense at late exponential growth phase, and 308 groups of EST were generated, which include 36 contigs and 272 singletons. Among 22 groups showed homologies with known genes, 2 matched significantly with caspase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Caspase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen are 2 key proteins involved in programmed cell death. Their identification evidenced preliminarily the induction of PCD in aging P. donghaiense. The identified included also calmodulin and protein phosphatase, two proteins involved in diverse cell processes including PCD by binding to or modifying others.

Crystal structure of carbohydrazidium(1+) p-toluenesulfonate, (NH2NHCONHNH3)[CH3C6H4SO3]

C16H28N8O8S2, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 61), a = 10.646(1) Å, b = 8.185(1) Å, c = 26.402(4) Å, V = 2300.6 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.038, wRref(F2) = 0.093, T = 293 K.

A novel amplification target, DUSP26, promotes anaplastic thyroid cancer cell growth by inhibiting p38 MAPK activity

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal of all human tumors, but cytogenetic information concerning ATC is extremely limited. Using our in-house array-based comparative genomic hybridization and 14 ATC cell lines with further fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, we demonstrated amplification of the DUSP26 gene, known by another report as MAP kinase phosphatase-8. DUSP26 was overexpressed in ATC cell lines and primary ATC tumor samples. When overexpressed, either exogenously or endogenously, DUSP26 promoted growth of the ATC cells. DUSP26 encodes a protein containing a dual-specificity phosphatase domain that can dephosphorylate itself. DUSP26 effectively dephosphorylates p38 and has a little effect on extracellular signal-regulated kinase in ATC cells. DUSP26 protein formed a physical complex with p38, and promoted survival of ATC cells by inhibiting p38-mediated apoptosis. Our findings suggest that DUSP26 may act as an oncogene in ATC, and might be a useful diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of this disease.

A review of adjuvant therapy for resected primary gastric cancer with an update on Taegu's phase III trial with intraperitoneal chemotherapy

AIMS

Because patients with advanced gastric cancers have less than 50% chance of cure after R0 resection, the need for an adjuvant treatment to eradicate residual microscopic disease is clear. The major treatment strategy during the last decades has been postoperative systemic therapy. The results of published trials were reviewed. And, perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy as an adjuvant to potentially curative surgery was evaluated.

METHODS

A literature search on this topic was performed for articles relating to clinical trials using adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of gastric cancer. Subset analyses of Taegu's phase III trial of early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy were performed.

RESULTS

Even after extended lymphadenectomy, the peritoneal surface and resection site had a high incidence of recurrence. Postoperative systemic chemotherapy treatment regimens available in the past showed no major improvement in survival. One of new approaches currently undergoing study was intraperitoneal chemotherapy given in the perioperative period. The Taegu data showed this treatment reduced the incidence of peritoneal recurrence and thereby improved the survival rate after potentially curative surgery for gastric cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

The eradication of micrometastatic foci in the peritoneal cavity can be achieved by the perioperative intraperitoneal administration of chemotherapeutic agents. Patients with serosa-positive gastric cancer are most likely to benefit from adjuvant intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

Rapid, field-adapted indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies in bovine whole blood and serum to Brucella abortus

A simple, rapid, field-adapted indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay (FldELISA) for the detection of antibodies to Brucella abortus in whole blood and serum has been developed. This assay detects antibodies to B. abortus in approximately 15 min or less. Over a 3-month period, this assay has consistently identified immunized and nonimmunized animals, while the percent coefficient of variation for each immunized animal has been less than 20%. As with any indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay, quality control can be established and maintained. Using defined positive and negative sera, the sensitivity and specificity of the FldELISA was 100% and 94.2%, respectively. As a model, this test can be readily extended to other disease applications that use lipopolysaccharide or other stable antigens for the detection of antibodies, such as those to Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, or Yersinia spp.

Phase II study of capecitabine and irinotecan combination chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination regimen of capecitabine plus irinotecan in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Patients with previously untreated metastatic or recurrent, measurable gastric cancer received oral capecitabine 1000 mg m⁻² twice daily from day 1 to 14 and intravenous irinotecan 100 mg m⁻² on days 1 and 8, based on a 3-week cycle. Forty-one patients were enrolled in the current study, among whom 38 were assessable for efficacy and 40 assessable for toxicity. Three complete responses and 16 partial responses were confirmed, giving an overall response rate of 46.3%. At a median follow-up of 269 days, the median time to progression and overall survival were 5.1 and 8.6 months, respectively. Grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred in four patients and grade 3 febrile neutropenia was observed in two patients. Grade 3 diarrhoea and grade 2 hand–foot syndrome occurred in six patients and eight patients, respectively. The combination of capecitabine and irinotecan was found to be well tolerated and effective in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Accordingly, this regimen can be regarded as one of first-line treatment options for advanced gastric cancer.

Estimating the number of people at risk for and living with HIV in China in 2005: methods and results

BACKGROUND

No new estimates of HIV infection have been available for China since 2003. However, since then, data availability has increased dramatically.

OBJECTIVES

To use internationally recommended methods to make new estimates of the number of people exposed to HIV in China, the number living with HIV, and the number of new HIV infections and deaths in 2005.

METHODS

The UNAIDS Workbook method was adapted to meet the needs of China. Local data were used to estimate the size of each risk population and HIV prevalence by risk group for every prefecture. These estimates were combined into provincial and national estimates. The UNAIDS Estimates and Projections Package and Spectrum were used to derive estimates of incidence and mortality from prevalence data, taking into account treatment.

RESULTS

It was estimated that 650,000 people are living with HIV/AIDS in China (range 540,000-760,000), of whom 70,000 were newly infected in 2005 (range 60,000-80,000). Between 20,000 and 30,000 people are estimated to have died of HIV in 2005. The new estimate compares with an estimate of 840,000 people living with HIV/AIDS in 2003 (range 650,000-1,020,000). The estimated number of infected former plasma donors fell from 199,000 to 55,000. Infections remain concentrated among drug injectors, those buying and selling sex, and men who have sex with men.

CONCLUSION

The new estimates are based on a much wider range of surveillance data as well as mass screening of former plasma donors, and are made at the prefecture level. More limited data from high prevalence provincial surveillance sites led to past estimates that now seem too high. New infections outpace death, and the HIV epidemic in China is still growing.

Phase II study of capecitabine and irinotecan combination chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer

14037

Background: Several studies have shown the efficacy of capecitabine and irinotecan combination chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer, while no results have yet been reported for advanced gastric cancer. Accordingly, the current study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a combination regimen of capecitabine plus irinotecan in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Methods: Patients with previously untreated metastatic or recurrent, measurable gastric cancer received oral capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 twice daily from day 1 to 14 and intravenous irinotecan 100 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, based on a 3-week cycle. Results: Forty-one patients were enrolled in the current study, among whom 38 were assessable for efficacy and 40 assessable for toxicity. Three complete responses and 16 partial responses were confirmed, giving an overall response rate of 46.3%. At a median follow-up of 269 days, the median time to progression and overall survival were 5.1 months and 8.6 months, respectively. Grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred in 4 patients and grade 3 febrile neutropenia was observed in 2 patients. Grade 3 diarrhea and grade 2 hand-foot syndrome occurred in 6 patients and 8 patients, respectively. Conclusions: The combination of capecitabine and irinotecan was found to be well tolerated and effective in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Accordingly, this regimen can be regarded as an important first-line treatment option for advanced gastric cancer.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Phase I, pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic study of paricalcitol [19-nor-1 alpha, 25-(OH)2 D2] in combination with gemcitabine [2’,2’ difluorodeoxycytidine] in patients with advanced malignancies

12010

Background: Calcitriol+ gemcitabine (gem) combination results in synergistic anti-tumor effect in preclinical models. Cytidine deaminase (CDD) inactivates gem into 2’,2’-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) and its overexpression may lead to gem resistance. Calcitriol decreases CDD activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM). Paricalcitol is cytotoxic in vitro and synergistic with several chemotherapeutic agents, including gem. We are conducting a phase I study of paricalcitol + fixed-dose gem. Objectives: The primary aim is to determine maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the combination in patients (pts) with advanced cancer. Secondary aims are to evaluate toxicity, the effect of paricalcitol on gem PK, CDD activity in PBM and clinical outcome. Methods: Each cycle is 4 weeks: Gem 800 mg/m2 (over 80 min) weekly × 3, starting day 1; paricalcitol weekly, 24 h prior to gem, starting day 7. Standard 3+3 dose-escalation schema is used. Planned paricalcitol doses are 0.24, 0.72, 1.20, 1.8, 2.4 μg/kg, and 25% increments till MTD. Gem PK and CDD activity (PBM) are studied on days 1 and 8. Paricalcitol PK studies are obtained on day 7. Results: Fourteen pts with the following cancers: pancreatic (n=3), colon (n=3), lung (n=5), esophageal (n=1), bladder (n=1) and unknown primary (n=1) have been enrolled. No dose limiting toxicities have occurred. Median of 2 cycles were delivered (range 1–9). Grade 3 toxicities: anemia (n=3 pts), neutropenia (n=5), thrombocytopenia (n=3), thrombosis (n=2), anorexia (n=1), hypophosphatemia (n=1), dehydration (n=1), syncope (n=1), pneumonia (n=1) and chills (n=1). Grade 4 toxicities: anemia (n=1) and neutropenia (n=1). Hypercalcemia (> grade 1) did not occur. Stable disease occurred in 2 and progressive disease in 3. Conclusions: MTD was not reached at 1.8 μg/kg of paricalcitol with gem 800 mg/m2/week. Dose escalation is ongoing. PK data will be presented at meeting. Supported by NIH grants CA67267 and CA85142.

[Table: see text]

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphism is associated with prognosis of patients with gastric cancer

4019

Background: Recent studies demonstrated that the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family had a prognostic significance in patients with gastric cancer. The present study analyzed VEGF polymorphism and its impact on prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Methods: Five hundred three consecutive patients with surgically resected gastric adenocarcinoma at a single institution between January 2000 and December 2001 were enrolled into the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tumor tissue and four VEGF (-460T > C, +405C > G, 936C> T, and -1154G > A) genotypes were determined using a PCR-RFLP assay. Results: The median age of patients was 60.0 years (range, 25–83 years), and 337 (67.0%) patients were male. Pathologic stages after resection were as follows: stage 0 (n=6, 1.2%), stage I (n=277, 55.1%), stage II (n=105, 20.9%), stage III (n=74, 14.7%), and stage IV (n=41, 8.2%). The estimated 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates according to stage were significantly different (p < 0.0001). Three VEGF polymorphisms (+405C > G, 936C, and -1154G > A > T) were not associated with survival of patients, while -460T > C polymorphism had a prognostic significance. In patients with early stage gastric cancer (stage 0 or 1, n=283), the estimated 5-year DFS and carcinoma-specific survival (CSS) for patients with homozygous genotype (CC or TT) of -460T > C were superior to those for heterozygous genotype (CT) (98.1% versus 90.3%, p=0.0047; 98.1% versus 92.5%, p=0.0284). In Cox multivariate regression, stage and VEGF -460T > C genotype were an independent prognostic factors for both DFS (p=0.007; p=0.010) and CSS (p=0.013; p=0.038). Conclusions: VEGF -460T > C polymorphism was found to be an independent prognostic marker for patients with curatively resected early stage gastric adenocarcinoma. Accordingly, VEGF -460T > C polymorphism can help to identify patients with unfavorable clinical outcome and thereby may be useful to refine therapeutic decisions in early stage gastric cancer.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Antitumor activities of the four sesquiterpene lactones from Elephantopus scaber L

AIM

To evaluate antitumor activity of sesquiterpene lactones (scabertopin (ES-2), isoscabertopin (ES-3), deoxyelephantopin (ES-4), isodeoxyelephantopin (ES-5)) isolated from Elephantopus scaber L. in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

SMMC-7721, Caco-2 and HeLa cell lines were treated with ES-2,3,4,5. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to detect DNA fragmentation. To evaluate in vivo antitumor activity of ES-4, experimental murine tumor model was used.

RESULTS

It was shown that ES-2, ES-4, ES-5 exhibited significant antitumor effect in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the effect of ES-3 on the growth of tested cell lines was relatively weak. In HeLa cells exposed to ES-4 for 48 h, morphological changes and DNA ladder pattern evidencing on apoptosis were detected. ES-4 revealed in vivo antitumor activity.

CONCLUSION

Antitumor activity of studied sesquiterpene lactones may be due, at least in part, to induction of apoptosis in vitro. ES-4 possesses also antitumor activity in vivo.

Crystal structure of 2-nitrobenzene-1,4-dioxyacetic acid dihydrate, C6H3(NO2)(OCH2COOH)2 · 2H2O

C10H13NO10, monoclinic, P121/n1 (no. 14), a = 7.351(2) Å, b = 22.077(5) Å, c = 8.129(2) Å, β = 99.907(4)°, V = 1299.5 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.041, wRref(F2) = 0.106, T = 294 K.